Holding

The grant of anticipatory bail to Jogendra Singh and Suryabhan Singh was unsustainable as the High Court failed to consider material aspects, the seriousness of the murder, and the specific allegations, warranting cancellation of the bail.

Summary

The case involved the murder of Vikas Singh, for which an FIR was lodged by his brother‑in‑law, Prashant Singh Rajput. The accused Jogendra Singh and Suryabhan Singh sought anticipatory bail under Section 438 of the CrPC, which the High Court granted on the basis of a police report stating they were not present at the scene. The Supreme Court examined whether the High Court had correctly applied the principles governing anticipatory bail, considering the FIR, statements under Sections 161 and 164, eye‑witness testimonies, and identified serious deficiencies in the investigation such as ignored statements, inadequate CCTV and fingerprint analysis. Applying the standards laid down in Mahipal v. Rajesh Kumar and other precedents, the Court held that the nature and gravity of the murder, and the specific allegations against the respondents, required a stricter approach. Consequently, the Court found the grant of anticipatory bail to be unsound and cancelled it, setting aside the High Court orders. The appeals were allowed and the pending applications disposed.

Issues considered

The High Court's application of the criteria for granting anticipatory bail under Section 438 CrPC in a murder case
Whether material evidence, including the FIR and statements under Sections 161 and 164, and eye‑witness testimony, was properly considered
Impact of identified investigative deficiencies (failure to collect CCTV, fingerprint analysis, etc.) on the validity of the anticipatory bail order
Application of precedents (Mahipal, Mangla, Sushila Aggarwal, Neeru Yadav, Pokar Ram) to the cancellation of anticipatory bail

Legislation cited

Arms Act, 1959s. 25
Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973s. 161, s. 164, s. 173, s. 438, s. 439
Indian Penal Code, 1860s. 302, s. 323, s. 34
Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985s. 20, s. 8

Subjects

anticipatory bailSection 438 CrPCmurderinvestigation deficienciesbail cancellationserious offencerole of accusedevidence assessmentCDRCCTV

Judgment

[2021] 10 S.C.R. 161 161

PRASHANT SINGH RAJPUT A
v.
THE STATE OF MADHYA PRADESH AND ANR.
(Criminal Appeal No. 1202 of 2021)
OCTOBER 08, 2021 B
[DR. DHANANJAYA Y CHANDRACHUD AND
B. V. NAGARATHNA, JJ.]
Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973: s. 439 – Anticipatory bail
in murder case – FIR and the statements under ss. 161 and 164
C
indicated a specific role in the crime to the two respondents – High
Court granted anticipatory bail to the two respondents – Challenge
against – Held: The order granting anticipatory bail ignored
material aspects including nature and gravity of the offence and
specific allegations against the respondents – Hence sufficient case
made out for cancelling anticipatory bail granted by High Court. D
Bail: Challenge to an order granting bail and application
seeking cancellation of bail granted – Difference in the approach
the Court should adopt – The considerations that guide the power
of an appellate court explained in Mahipal case.
Allowing the appeals, the Court E

HELD: 1. The material at this stage cannot be examined
with a fine toothcomb in the manner of a criminal trial. What needs
to be determined is whether the parameters for the grant of
anticipatory bail were correctly formulated and applied by the
Single Judge. [Para 21][174-A] F

2. In relation to the present incident, the appellant’s case
is supported by the FIR, his statements under Sections 161 and
164 of the CrPC, and the statements of the other two eye-
witnesses under Section 164 of the CrPC. On the other hand,
respondents rely on the counter FIR filed by co-accused according G
to which they were not present at the scene of crime and
co-accused shot the deceased in self-defense.The orders of the
JMFC advert to the contents of the FIR registered at the behest
of the appellant. The investigating officer’s first report dated
H
161
162 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2021] 10 S.C.R.

A 15 December 2020 indicated that there was a prima facie case
against the co-accused. The supplementary challan dated 8 March
2021 indicates that more material had emerged during the course
of investigation as against the events portrayed in the FIR
registered at the behest of co-accused. Hence, the case portrayed
by the appellant could not have been ignored by solely relying on
B
the counter-FIR. [Para 27][178-A-D]
3. The High Court has placed reliance upon the report
submitted under Section 173 of the CrPC on 15 December 2020
to hold that the respondents were not present when the incident
occurred. However, the High Court has not addressed the clear
C deficiencies in the course of the investigation which have been
highlighted in the order of the JMFC dated 13 February 2021
and the trial Court’s order dated 24 March 2021. These are, inter
alia: (i)the failure to notice eye-witness statements; (ii) reliance
on CCTV footage for the period of time after incident had occurred,
D ignoring prior or contemporaneous footage; (iii)not collecting
CCTV footage between Jabalpur and the scene of offence; (iv)
relying on CDRs without determining if the respondents had
actually used the number; and (v) not conducting any finger print
analysis. In the order dated 13 February 2021, the JMFC
identified these deficiencies with the investigation and directed
E further investigation. Upon the submission of the supplementary
challan, the JMFC noted in their order dated 10 March 2021
that the challan was only in relation to co-accused, and did not
address the role of the respondents. The obvious deficiencies in
the investigation have pointed out the errors in the trial Court’s
F order rejecting the respondent’s applications for anticipatory bail.
The Single Judge has, however, overlooked these crucial aspects.
[Para 28][178-D-H]
4. It was also argued on behalf of respondents that while
the appellant’s statement under Section 164 of the CrPC is that
G the respondents also shot at the appellant, the FIR and his
statement under Section 161 of the CrPC only record that he hit
him with the butt of the gun. The trial is yet to take place where
the evidence adduced by the prosecution will be appreciated,
and the veracity of appellant’s claim in his statement under Section

H
PRASHANT SINGH RAJPUT v. THE STATE OF MADHYA PRADESH 163

164 can be determined there. However, at the present stage, the A
FIR and both the appellant’s statements under Section 161 and
164 are consistent in as much as that respondent did hit him in
his head with the butt of the gun. An argument has also been
raised in relation to the nature of the injury caused to the appellant,
but this has to be decided at the stage of trial after evidence has
B
been led. [Para 29][179-A-C]
5. The Court has to determine whether on the basis of the
material available at this stage, the High Court has applied the
correct principles in allowing the applications for anticipatory bail.
The offence is of a serious nature in which victim was murdered.
The FIR and the statements under Sections 161 and 164 of the C
CrPC indicate a specific role to the respondents in the crime.
The order granting anticipatory bail has ignored material aspects,
including the nature and gravity of the offence, and the specific
allegations against them. Hence, a sufficient case has been made
out for cancelling the anticipatory bail granted by the High Court. D
[Para 30][179-D-E]
Mahipal v. Rajesh Kumar (2020) 2 SCC 118 : [2019]
14 SCR 529; Dr. Naresh Kumar Mangla v. Anita
Agarwal and Others 2020 SCC OnLine SC 1031 –
relied on. E
Case Law Reference
[2019] 14 SCR 529 relied on Para 15 (v)
CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal
No.1202 of 2021. F
From the Judgment and Order dated 01.07.2021 of the High Court
of Madhya Pradesh, Jabalpur Bench in MCRC No.31835 of 2021.
With
Criminal Appeal No.1203 of 2021
G
Uday Gupta, Ms. Shivani M. Lal, Sourabh Singh, M. K. Tripathi,
Harish Dasan, Rajiv Ranjan, Hiren Dasan, Abhinav Shrivastava, Sunny
Choudhary, Advs. for the Appellant.

H
164 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2021] 10 S.C.R.

A R. C. Mishra, Sr. Adv., S. K. Gangele, Ms. Priya Sharma, Prathvi
Raj Chauhan, Ms. Ritu Gangele, Rudra Kumar Dey, Arup Banerjee,
Ananya Mishra, Ilin Saraswat, Mahendra Kumar, Santosh Kumar Pandey,
Advs. for the Respondents.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
B DR. DHANANJAYA Y CHANDRACHUD, J.
Index
A The Appeal
B Facts
C
C Submissions
D Analysis
E Conclusion
A The appeal
D
1. These appeals arise from judgments dated 1 July 20211 and 31
May 20212 of a Single Judge of the Jabalpur Bench of the High Court
for the State of Madhya Pradesh through which it allowed the applications
for anticipatory bail filed by the second respondents in both the appeals
under Section 438 of the Code of Criminal Procedure 19733 in connection
E with a crime4 registered at the Police Station Majholi, District Jabalpur,
State of Madhya Pradesh for the offences punishable under Sections
302 and 323 read with Section 34 of the Indian Penal Code 18605.
2. The crime was registered on the basis of a dehatinalsi/FIR
lodged by the appellant on 29 September 2020. The allegation in the FIR
F is that the appellant was at Negai Tiraha with the deceased, Vikas Singh
(who was his brother in-law) and two other individuals (Rajkishore Rajput
and Dharmender Patel). It was alleged that the four accused persons,
namely Ujiyar Singh, his two sons Chandrabhan Singh and Suryabhan
Singh (the second respondent in the companion appeal) and his driver
G Jogendra Singh (the second respondent in the lead appeal) arrived in a
jeep. Thereafter, allegedly due to a previous rivalry, Ujiyar Singh and
1
SLP (Criminal) No 5786 of 2021 (the “lead appeal“)
2
SLP (Criminal) No 5788 of 2021 (the “companion appeal“)
3
“CrPC“
4
Crime No 329 of 2020
H 5
“IPC“
PRASHANT SINGH RAJPUT v. THE STATE OF MADHYA PRADESH 165
[DR. DHANANJAYA Y CHANDRACHUD, J.]

Chandrabhan Singh shot at Vikas Singh, while Jogendra Singh held him, A
leading to his death while Suryabhan Singh hit the appellant on his head
with the butt of his gun, leading to an injury. Upon being brought to a
hospital, Vikas Singh was pronounced dead, following which the appellant
got the FIR registered.
3. Suryabhan Singh and Jogendra Singh filed applications seeking B
anticipatory bail under Section 438 of the CrPC, apprehending their arrest
in relation to the crime. While allowing the application for anticipatory
bail of Jogendra Singh, the High Court noted that according to the report
submitted by the investigating officer under Section173 of the CrPC, the
investigation did not reveal that he was even present at the spot of crime.
The High Court observed that the veracity of such a report could not be C
questioned at this stage. Further, it held that even if he was present at
the spot, there was no allegation against him of having fired at the
deceased-Vikas Singh or having provoked Ujiyar Singh/Chandrabhan
Singh to fire at the deceased-Vikas Singh. Hence, the High Court passed
the following order allowing his application for anticipatory bail: D
“So, looking to the facts and circumstances of the case, the
application is allowed and it is directed that if the applicant
surrenders himself before concerned court within fifteen days
from today, he shall be released on anticipatory bail on furnishing
a personal bond in the sum of Rs.50,000/- (Rupees Fifty Thousand E
only) with one surety in like amount to the satisfaction of the
concerned Court for his regular appearance before the Court during
trial.
This order will remain operative subject to compliance of the
following conditions by the applicant:- F
1.The applicant will comply with all the terms and conditions of
the bond executed by him;
2. The applicant will cooperate in the investigation/trial, as the
case may be;
3. The applicant will not indulge himself in extending inducement, G
threat or promise to any person acquainted with the facts of the
case so as to dissuade him from disclosing such facts to the Court
or to the Police Officer, as the case may be;
4. The applicant shall not commit an offence similar to the offence
of which he is accused; H
166 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2021] 10 S.C.R.

A 5. The applicant will not seek unnecessary adjournments during
the trial; and
6. The applicant will not leave India without previous permission
of the trial Court/Investigating Officer, as the case may be.”
Similarly, while considering the application filed by Suryabhan Singh,
B the High Court observed that the report of the investigating officer under
Section 173 of the CrPC indicated that he was not present at the spot of
the incident, but was in Jabalpur on the basis of the statements of
witnesses, tower location of mobile numbers of the accused persons
and the CCTV footage. The High Court held that the ‘only’ allegation
against Suryabhan Singh was that he attacked the appellant, but that it
C
only resulted in a simple injury. Hence, the High Court allowed his
application for anticipatory bail, observing:
“8… So, looking to the facts and circumstances of the case, the
application is allowed and it is directed that if the applicant
surrenders himself before concerned court within fifteen days
D from today, he shall be released on anticipatory bail on furnishing
a personal bond in the sum of Rs.50,000/- (Rupees Fifty Thousand
only) with one surety in like amount to the satisfaction of the
concerned Court for his regular appearance before the Court during
trial.
E 9. This order will remain operative subject to compliance of the
following conditions by the applicant:-
1. The applicant will comply with all the terms and conditions of
the bond executed by him;
2. The applicant will cooperate in the investigation/trial, as the
F case may be;
3. The applicant will not indulge himself in extending inducement,
threat or promise to any person acquainted with the facts of the
case so as to dissuade him from disclosing such facts to the Court
or to the Police Officer, as the case may be;
G 4. The applicant shall not commit an offence similar to the offence
of which he is accused;
5. The applicant will not seek unnecessary adjournments during
the trial; and
6. The applicant will not leave India without previous permission
H of the trial Court/Investigating Officer, as the case may be.”
PRASHANT SINGH RAJPUT v. THE STATE OF MADHYA PRADESH 167
[DR. DHANANJAYA Y CHANDRACHUD, J.]

B Facts A
4. The genesis of this dispute between the deceased-Vikas Singh
and the accused persons allegedly originated from complaints dated 23
February 2019 and 27 July 2020 which the deceased-Vikas Singh had
filed against the accused persons. In his complaint dated 23 February
2019 against Ujiyar Singh and Suryabhan Singh, he had alleged that the B
accused persons had been threatening him and his workers who were
engaged in farming activities, allegedly since they did not belong to the
area and had leased the land. He alleged that they had followed him in
their vehicle and had also gotten false complaints registered against him.
Further, he alleged that they were threatening him because they were
engaged in the business of illegal mining of sand from the nearby river C
and used to pass over the land on which he was cultivating presently
while transporting sand (which he had stopped them from doing since he
started farming). He also alleged that he, and other residents of the
village, had registered complaints against them previously but no action
had been taken by the police. D
5. Thereafter, in his complaint dated 27 July 2020 against Jogendra
Singh, Vikas Singh alleged that he had caught Jogendra Singh stealing
the illegally excavated sand which the police had seized from him earlier,
following which Jogendra Singh threatened his life. On the basis of his
complaint, a crime6 had been registered at the Police Station Panagar, E
District Jabalpur, State of Madhya Pradesh against Jogendra Singh under
Section 379 of the IPC on 28 July 2020. Deceased-Vikas Singh had also
lodged another written complaint on 4 August 2020 where he alleged
that the he apprehended that his life was at risk at the hands of the
Jogendra Singh and his brother, who had been threatening him since the
crime had been registered based on his complaint. F

6. On the other hand, according to Jogendra Singh and Suryabhan
Singh, the complaints made by Vikas Singh were in fact counter-blasts
filed in response to a complaint dated 30 January 2019 filed by Ujiyar
Singh against him. In his complaint, Ujiyar Singh had alleged that in fact
it was the deceased-Vikas Singh who headed the sand mafia and it was G
he who complained against the deceased-Vikas Singh. Further, they also
argue that the family of the deceased-Vikas Singh has criminal
antecedents since: (i)the father of the deceased–Vikas Singh, after being
convicted under Section 8 read with Section 20(b)(ii)(C) of the Narcotics
6
Crime No 720 of 2020 H
168 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2021] 10 S.C.R.

A Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act 1985 and Section 25(1)(1B)(a)
of the Arms Act 1959, has been undergoing rigorous imprisonment for
20 years and 3 years respectively; and (ii) the grandfather of the deceased
was arraigned as one of the accused in a case of murder with robbery.
7. In relation to the present case, according to the information
B provided under Section 154 of the CrPC by the appellant, at around
12:45 pm on 29 September 2020, the deceased-Vikas Singh along with
the appellant and two other individuals were near the Negai Tiraha. The
accused persons allegedly arrived in a jeep, which was being driven by
Jogendra Singh. Once they parked the jeep, Ujiyar Singh allegedly sat in
a chair while his sons (Chandrabhan Singh and Suryabhan Singh) stood
C near him. Allegedly, due to their pre-existing enmity, Ujiyar Singh shot
Vikas Singh in his abdomen. When Vikas Singh tried to run, he was held
by Jogendra Singh. Chandrabhan Singh then took the gun from Ujiyar
Singh and is alleged to have shot Vikas Singh in the head, while Suryabhan
Singh attacked the appellant on his head with the butt of the gun.
D Thereafter, the four accused persons are alleged to have left in their
jeep while the appellant and the other two individuals took Vikas Singh
to a hospital, where he was pronounced dead. The statement of the
appellant under Section 161 of the CrPC was recorded by the police on
30 September 2020. Later, the statements of the appellant and the other
alleged eye-witnesses under Section 164 of the CrPC were recorded on
E 16 October 2020.
8. In relation to this same incident, Ujiyar Singh also got a crime7
registered at the Police Station Majholi, District Jabalpur, State of Madhya
Pradesh against the deceased-Vikas Singh and the appellant on
30 September 2020 under Sections 294, 506, 323, 324 and 34 of the
F IPC.In the cross-FIR, he alleged that the crime took place between
12.45 pm to 1 pm on 29 September 2020. He alleged that he was being
driven by his driver Babloo when he came across the deceased-Vikas
Singh and the appellant near Negai Tiraha. There, the deceased-Vikas
Singh allegedly started recording a video, told him he belonged to the
G sand mafia and started abusing him. When he allegedly asked him to
stop, the appellant is alleged to have assaulted him with a lathi on the
left side of his head above the ear which started bleeding, while the
deceased-Vikas Singh starting assaulting him with kicks and punches.
He alleges that this is when he fired his registered firearm – a 0.22 rifle
7
H Crime No 331 of 2020
PRASHANT SINGH RAJPUT v. THE STATE OF MADHYA PRADESH 169
[DR. DHANANJAYA Y CHANDRACHUD, J.]

– at Vikas Singh, which hit him in his stomach and head. The appellant A
allegedly then hit his hand with the lathi, due to which the butt and barrel
of the gun broke apart and blood started oozing from his left hand.
Allegedly, he then managed to run away from the spot with his driver
Babloo.
9. During the investigation of the present incident, Jogendra Singh B
had filed an application for anticipatory bail in the crime registered against
him under Section 379 of the IPC for stealing sand. By its order dated 8
October 2020, the High Court rejected the application, while noting that
the objector (deceased-Vikas Singh) in the application had been murdered,
in which Jogendra Singh was one of the individuals who had been named
as an accused in the FIR. The High Court had held: C

“This case has transcended and gone beyond a simple case for
anticipatory bail in a case of theft of sand. Subsequently, during
the pendency of this application the objector has been murdered
in which the applicant herein has been named as an accused and
there are eyewitness testimony which speak about his presence D
at the scene of occurrence and also his participation in pulling
back the deceased when the deceased tried to run away and
saved his life.
Be that as it may, this court refrains from passing any observations
on the merits of Crime No. 329/2020 as the same is not before E
this court. But at the same time, this court cannot close its eyes to
the fact that the objector in this case has been murdered and the
case has taken a far more serious turn and is no more merely
restricted to a case of theft of sand.
Under the circumstances, this may be a case that would require F
custodial interrogation as far as Crime No.720/2020 is concerned
and, therefore, the application is dismissed.”
Thereafter, Jogendra Singh withdrew his application altogether,
seeking to move an application for regular bail under Section 439 of the
CrPC, which was recorded by the High Court in its final order dated 7 G
January 2021.
10. In the final report submitted on 15 December 2020under Section
173 of the CrPC, Ujiyar Singh and Chandrabhan Singh were named as
accused, butJogendra Singh and Suryabhan Singh were stated to have
had no role in the death of Vikas Singh since they were in Jabalpur, 40 H
170 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2021] 10 S.C.R.

A km away from the spot where the incident occurred.The report is stated
to have been based on: (i) Call Data Records8, Tower Mapping and
Public Switched Telephone Network9 data from Jogendra Singh and
Suryabhan Singh’s mobile phones; (ii) CCTV footage; and (iii) statements
of independent witnesses confirming their presence in Jabalpur.
B 11. The appellant and other family members of the deceased-
Vikas Singhfiled a protest petition. By an order dated 13 January 2021,
the Judicial Magistrate First Class, Siroha10 directed a further investigation,
for the following reasons: (i) the investigating officer’s report focused
more on the CCTV footage and witness statements proving Jogendra
Singh and Suryabhan Singh’s presence in Jabalpur, rather than the witness
C statements of the appellant and other eye-witnesses who noted their
presence at the spot where the crime occurred; (ii) the CCTV footage
obtained by the police of the scene of crime was from 1.00 pm to 5.00
pm, while the appellant’s FIR and even Ujiyar Singh’s FIR place the
time of the incident between 12 noon and 1 pm and 12.45 pm and 1.00
D pm respectively: (iii) the police had not checked the CCTV footage of
the roads between the place where the incident took place and Jabalpur;
(iv) there were inconsistencies between the statement of Ujiyar Singh
and his FIR; (v) Jogendra Singh’s fingerprints had not been obtained
from the jeep (which he was alleged to be driving); and (vi) Suryabhan
Singh’s finger prints had not been lifted from Ujiyar Singh’s gun.
E
12. The investigating officer then filed a supplementary challan
on 8 March 2021 indicating that on the basis of the further investigation
directed by the JMFC, evidence had emerged showing the involvement
of Ujiyar Singh and Chandrabhan Singh in the death of Vikas Singh.
Hence, in the order dated 10 March 2021, the JMFC observed that the
F investigating officer had conducted an investigation only against Ujiyar
Singh and Chandrabhan Singh, and had not properly considered the
accusations against Suryabhan Singh and Jogendra Singh. Both of them
were thus summoned.
13. Jogendra Singh and Suryabhan Singh thenfiled applications
G for anticipatory bail11. By separate orders dated 24 March 2021, the trial
Court rejected their applications while noting that: (i) the earlier order

8
“CDRs“
9
“PSTN“
10
“JMFC“
H 11
Bail Application No 89 of 2021 and Bail Application No 88 of 2021
PRASHANT SINGH RAJPUT v. THE STATE OF MADHYA PRADESH 171
[DR. DHANANJAYA Y CHANDRACHUD, J.]

dated 13 January 2021 of the JMFChad adverted to the omissions of the A
investigating officer; (ii) the investigating officer relied upon CDRs but
did not ascertain if Jogendra Singh and Suryabhan Singh even used those
numbers or whether they were just registered in their name; and (iii) the
witness statements under Sections 161 and 164 of the CrPC assign them
a specific role, which cannot be overlooked only because of a prior
B
enmity between the deceased-Vikas Singh and the accused persons.
14. Jogendra Singh and Suryabhan Singh then moved the High
Court in applications12 for anticipatory bail. The High Court allowed the
applications on 1 July 2021 and 31 May 2021 respectively. The orders of
the High Court are in question before this Court.
C Submissions C
15. Assailing the judgment of the Single Judge of the High Court,
Mr Uday Gupta, learned Counsel appearing on behalf of the appellant
has urged the following submissions:
(i) The Single Judge relied exclusively upon the report of the
investigating officer to hold that Jogendra Singh and D
Suryabhan Singh could not have been present at the spot
where the incident occurred and that the veracity of the
report could not be called into question at this stage;
(ii) The Single Judge ignored the observations in the order of
the JMFC dated 13 January 2021 and in the subsequent
order of the trial Court dated 24 March 2021, which indicate E
that the investigation conducted by the investigating officer
ignored vital circumstances pertaining to the crime;
(iii) The Single Judge ignored the FIR and the statements of
the appellant and the other eye-witnesses according to which
Jogendra Singh and Suryabhan Singhwere present at the F
spot since the four accused had come together in a jeep,
and each had specific role in the crime: (a)Jogendra Singh
was driving the jeep and then held Vikas Singh while he
was trying to escape after Ujiyar Singh had shot him in the
abdomen, following which Chandrabhan Singh shot him in
the head; and (b)Suryabhan Singh assaulted the appellant G
with the butt of the rifle;
(iv) That another Single Judge of the High Court rejected the
application for anticipatory bail filed by Jogendra Singh even
in the case registered against him for illegal sand mining on
12
MCRC No 31835 of 2021 and MCRC No 18604 of 2021 H
172 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2021] 10 S.C.R.

A the complaint filed by the deceased-Vikas Singh, due to the
nature of allegations against him in the present case; and
(v) The Single Judge has ignored the seriousness and gravity
of the crime as well as material aspects and hence, this
Court should cancel the anticipatory bail granted, in
B accordance with the principles laid down by this Court in
Mahipal v. Rajesh Kumar13 (“Mahipal”).
16. Mr S K Gangele, learned Counsel appearing on behalf of
Jogendra Singh urged that:
(i) The report filed by the investigating officer shows that
C Jogendra Singh was not present at the spot where the
incident occurred, but was in Jabalpur;
(ii) The FIR registered at the behest of Ujiyar Singh provides
an alternate explanation of the events leading to the death
of Vikas Singh, according to which Ujiyar Singh fired at the
D deceased since he and the appellant were threatening his
life; and
(iii) Ujiyar Singh’s FIR notes that his rifle was broken by the
appellant and he was also injured by a lathi on his head and
hand, both of which injuries have not been explained.
E 17. Mr R C Mishra, learned Senior Counsel appeared on behalf
of Suryabhan Singh, urged:
(i) The FIR has been registered due to enmity between his
family and the deceased-Vikas Singh who used to run a
sand mafia against which his father, accused Ujiyar Singh,
F had complained. The deceased-Vikas Singh also had criminal
antecedents;
(ii) The allegation that the appellant suffered an injury on his
head due to Suryabhan Singh assaulting him with the butt
of the rifle is inconsistent with the nature of the injury, which
is an abrasion; and
G
(iii) The FIR and the appellant’s statement under Section 161
of the CrPC do not make any allegation of Suryabhan
Singhhaving fired at the appellant prior to hitting him with a
gun, while his statement under Section 164 of the CrPC
13
H (2020) 2 SCC 118, para 16
PRASHANT SINGH RAJPUT v. THE STATE OF MADHYA PRADESH 173
[DR. DHANANJAYA Y CHANDRACHUD, J.]

makes that claim for the first time. No such empty cartridge A
has been found and only the bullets in body of the deceased-
Vikas Singhhave been recovered.
18. Mr Abhinav Srivastava, learned Counsel has appeared on
behalf of the State of Madhya Pradesh, urged that the order granting
anticipatory bail is unsustainable since: B
(i) The crime is of a serious nature; and
(ii) As noted in JMFC’s order dated 13 January 2021, while
Ujiyar Singh and Chandrabhan Singh had been arrested and
kept in judicial custody, Jogendra Singh and Suryabhan Singh
continued to abscond. C
19. The rival submissions now fall for our consideration.
D Analysis
20. The FIR attributes specific roles to both Jogendra Singh and
Suryabhan Singh in the commission of the crime. The statement of the D
appellant under Section 161 of the CrPC adverts to the following:(i) that
Ujiyar Singh would take sand illegally mined through the land on which
he was cultivating along with the deceased-Vikas Singh; (ii) when they
told Ujiyar Singh to desist, he took offence and filed false complaints
against the deceased-Vikas Singh; (iii) on 29 September 2020, the
E
deceased-Vikas Singh and the appellant went to Negai Tiraha in the
vehicle of the deceased-Vikas Singhand reached there at about 1.00
pm, where they met the two others (Rajkishore Rajput and Dharmendra
Patel); (iv) the four accused persons (Ujiyar Singh, Chandrabhan Singh,
Suryabhan Singh and Jogendra Singh) arrived in a jeep being driven by
Jogendra Singh; (v) Vikas Singh received a call and started moving F
towards Negai Road when Ujiyar Singh shot him in the abdomen; (vi)
when Vikas Singh tried to flee, Jogendra Singh caught hold of him while
Chandrabhan Singh took the gun from Ujiyar Singh and shot him in the
head; (vii)SuryabhanSingh took the gun from Chandrabhan Singh and
assaulted the appellant on the head using the butt of the gun;(viii) one
Nilesh Gotia came around in his car and saw them, following which the G
appellant and the other two individuals took Vikas Singh to a hospital in
Nilesh’s car, from where they transferred him to the medical college in
an ambulance, where he was pronounced dead; and (ix) the police arrived
at the medical college, following which the appellant registered his
complaint. H
174 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2021] 10 S.C.R.

A 21. The material at this stage cannot be examined with a fine
tooth comb in the manner of a criminal trial. What needs to be determined
is whether the parameters for the grant of anticipatory bail were correctly
formulated and applied by the Single Judge. The line of submission of
the counsel for the accused persons dwells on some variance between
the statements of the appellant under Section 161 and Section 164 of the
B
CrPC, namely: (i) that the appellant and the deceased reached the Negai
Tiraha around 12.15 pm, and not 1.00 pm; and (ii) after Vikas Singh was
shot in the head by Chandrabhan Singh, Suryabhan Singh first shot at
the appellant but the shot went above his head. Thereafter, Suryabhan
Singh hit him in the head with the butt of the gun, following which the
C handle of the rifle broke and fell there.
22. The statement of Rajkishore Rajput, an eye-witness, under
Section 164 of the CrPC mentions that: (i) on 29 September 2020, the
deceased-Vikas Singh came to his house at 9 am and told him to meet
him at Negai Tiraha; (ii) he reached Negai Tiraha with Dharmender
D Patel at 12 noon, following which the deceased-Vikas Singh arrived in
his vehicle with the appellant; and (iii) after committing the murder of
the Vikas Singh, the four accused left in their jeep.
23. The statement of Dharmender Patel, another eye-witness,
under Section 164 of the CrPC, mentions that when he reached Negai
E Tiraha, he saw Rajkishore Rajput who informed him that the deceased-
Vikas Singh was about to arrive. Other than that, his statement accords
with those of the appellant and Rajkishore Rajput under Section 164.
D.1 Cancellation of Anticipatory Bail
24. In a recent judgment of a two Judge Bench of this Court in
F Mahipal(supra), this Court noted the difference in the approach that
this Court must adopt while considering a challenge to an order which
has granted bail and an application for cancelling the bail granted. The
Court held:
“16. The considerations that guide the power of an appellate court
G in assessing the correctness of an order granting bail stand on a
different footing from an assessment of an application for the
cancellation of bail. The correctness of an order granting bail
is tested on the anvil of whether there was an improper or
arbitrary exercise of the discretion in the grant of bail. The
test is whether the order granting bail is perverse, illegal
H
PRASHANT SINGH RAJPUT v. THE STATE OF MADHYA PRADESH 175
[DR. DHANANJAYA Y CHANDRACHUD, J.]

or unjustified. On the other hand, an application for cancellation A
of bail is generally examined on the anvil of the existence of
supervening circumstances or violations of the conditions of bail
by a person to whom bail has been granted. In Neeru Yadav v.
State of U.P. [Neeru Yadav v. State of U.P., (2014) 16 SCC 508
: (2015) 3 SCC (Cri) 527] , the accused was granted bail by the
B
High Court [Mitthan Yadav v. State of U.P., 2014 SCC OnLine
All 16031] . In an appeal against the order [Mitthan Yadav v.
State of U.P., 2014 SCC OnLine All 16031] of the High Court, a
two-Judge Bench of this Court surveyed the precedent on the
principles that guide the grant of bail. Dipak Misra, J. (as the
learned Chief Justice then was) held: (Neeru Yadav case [Neeru C
Yadav v. State of U.P., (2014) 16 SCC 508 : (2015) 3 SCC (Cri)
527] , SCC p. 513, para 12)
“12. … It is well settled in law that cancellation of bail after it is
granted because the accused has misconducted himself or of some
supervening circumstances warranting such cancellation have D
occurred is in a different compartment altogether than an order
granting bail which is unjustified, illegal and perverse. If in a case,
the relevant factors which should have been taken into
consideration while dealing with the application for bail have
not been taken note of, or bail is founded on irrelevant
considerations, indisputably the superior court can set aside E
the order of such a grant of bail. Such a case belongs to a
different category and is in a separate realm. While dealing
with a case of the second nature, the Court does not dwell
upon the violation of conditions by the accused or the
supervening circumstances that have happened F
subsequently. It, on the contrary, delves into the justifiability
and the soundness of the order passed by the Court.”
17. Where a court considering an application for bail fails
to consider relevant factors, an appellate court may
justifiably set aside the order granting bail. An appellate G
court is thus required to consider whether the order
granting bail suffers from a non-application of mind or is
not borne out from a prima facie view of the evidence on
record. It is thus necessary for this Court to assess whether,
on the basis of the evidentiary record, there existed a prima
H
176 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2021] 10 S.C.R.

A facie or reasonable ground to believe that the accused had
committed the crime, also taking into account the
seriousness of the crime and the severity of the
punishment…”
(emphasis supplied)
B
25. In another decision in Dr. Naresh Kumar Mangla v. Anita
Agarwal and Others14 a three Judge Bench of this Court cancelled the
anticipatory bail granted to the accused, following the unnatural death of
his wife. The Court surveyed the authorities on the grant of anticipatory
bail and held:
C
“19. In the recent decision of the Constitution Bench in Sushila
Aggarwal v. State (NCT of Delhi) [(2020) 5 SCC 1], the
considerations which ought to weigh with the Court in deciding an
application for the grant of anticipatory bail have been reiterated.
The final conclusions of the Court indicate that:
D
“….92.3…While considering an application (for grant of
anticipatory bail) the court has to consider the nature of the offence,
the role of the person, the likelihood of his influencing the course
of investigation, or tampering with evidence (including intimidating
witnesses), likelihood of fleeing justice (such as leaving the
E country), etc.
92.4. Courts ought to be generally guided by considerations such
as the nature and gravity of the offences, the role attributed to the
applicant, and the facts of the case, while considering whether to
grant anticipatory bail, or refuse it. Whether to grant or not is a
F matter of discretion; equally whether and if so, what kind of special
conditions are to be imposed (or not imposed) are dependent on
facts of the case, and subject to the discretion of the court.”
20. The Constitution Bench has reiterated that the correctness of
an order granting bail is subject to assessment by an appellate or
G superior court and it may be set aside on the ground that the
Court granting bail did not consider material facts or crucial
circumstances…
[…]

H 14
2020 SCC OnLine SC 1031
PRASHANT SINGH RAJPUT v. THE STATE OF MADHYA PRADESH 177
[DR. DHANANJAYA Y CHANDRACHUD, J.]

22. It is apposite to mention here the distinction between the A
considerations which guide the grant of anticipatory bail and regular
bail. In Pokar Ram v. State of Rajasthan [(1985) 2 SCC 597],
while setting aside an order granting anticipatory bail, this Court
observed:
“…Says the learned Chief Justice that in regard to anticipatory B
bail, if the proposed accusation appears to stem not from motives
of furthering the ends of justice but from some ulterior motive, the
object being to injure and humiliate the applicant by having him
arrested, a direction for the release of the applicant on bail in the
event of his arrest would generally be made. It was observed that
C
“it cannot be laid down as an inexorable rule that anticipatory bail
cannot be granted unless the proposed accusation appears to be
actuated by mala fides; and, equally, that anticipatory bail must be
granted if there is no fear that the applicant will abscond”. Some
of the relevant considerations which govern the discretion, noticed
therein are “the nature and seriousness of the proposed charges, D
the context of the events likely to lead to the making of the charges,
a reasonable possibility of the applicant’s presence not being
secured at the trial, a reasonable apprehension that witnesses will
be tampered with and ‘the larger interests of the public or the
State’, are some of the considerations which the court has to
E
keep in mind while deciding an application for anticipatory bail”.
A caution was voiced that “in the evaluation of the consideration
whether the applicant is likely to abscond, there can be no
presumption that the wealthy and the mighty will submit themselves
to trial and that the humble and the poor will run away from the
course of justice, any more than there can be a presumption that F
the former are not likely to commit a crime and the latter are
more likely to commit it.””
26. Let us now consider these principles in the context of the
facts of the present case. Both the sides have presented their point-of-
view in relation to the enmity which existed between the deceased- G
Vikas Singh and the family of Ujiyar Singh. However, we are not required
to adjudicate on whether it was the deceased-Vikas Singh or Ujiyar
Singh who was mining sand illegally; rather, it is sufficient to note that
previous enmity did exist between both, whoever be the instigator.
H
178 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2021] 10 S.C.R.

A 27. In relation to the present incident, the appellant’s case is
supported by the FIR, his statements under Sections 161 and 164 of the
CrPC, and the statements of the other two eye-witnesses under Section
164 of the CrPC. On the other hand, Jogendra Singh and Suryabhan
Singh rely on the counter FIR filed by Ujiyar Singh according to which
they were not present at the scene of crime and Ujiyar Singh shot the
B
deceased-Vikas Singh in self-defense.The orders of the JMFC dated 13
January 2021 and 10 March 2021 advert to the contents of the FIR
registered at the behest of the appellant. The investigating officer’s first
report dated 15 December 2020 indicated that there was a prima facie
case against Ujiyar Singh and Chandrabhan Singh. The supplementary
C challan dated 8 March 2021 indicates that more material had emerged
during the course of investigation as against the events portrayed in the
FIR registered at the behest of Ujiyar Singh. Hence, the case portrayed
by the appellant could not have been ignored by solely relying on the
counter-FIR.
D 28. The High Court has placed reliance upon the report submitted
under Section 173 of the CrPC on 15 December 2020 to hold that
Jogendra Singh and Suryabhan Singh were not present when the incident
occurred. However, the High Court has not addressed the clear
deficiencies in the course of the investigation which have been highlighted
in the order of the JMFC dated 13 February 2021 and the trial Court’s
E order dated 24 March 2021. These are, inter alia: (i) the failure to
notice eye-witness statements; (ii) reliance on CCTV footage for the
period of time after incident had occurred, ignoring prior or
contemporaneous footage; (iii) not collecting CCTV footage between
Jabalpur and the scene of offence; (iv) relying on CDRs without
F determining if Jogendra Singh and Suryabhan Singh had actually used
the number; and (v) not conducting any finger print analysis. In the order
dated 13 February 2021, the JMFC identified these deficiencies with the
investigation and directed further investigation. Upon the submission of
the supplementary challan, the JMFC noted in their order dated 10
March 2021 that the challan was only in relation to Ujiyar Singh and
G Chandrabhan Singh, and did not address the role of Jogendra Singh and
Suryabhan Singh. The obvious deficiencies in the investigation have
pointed out the errors in thetrial Court’s order dated 24 March 2021
rejecting Jogendra Singh and Suryabhan Singh’s applications for
anticipatory bail. The Single Judge has, however, overlooked these crucial
H aspects.
PRASHANT SINGH RAJPUT v. THE STATE OF MADHYA PRADESH 179
[DR. DHANANJAYA Y CHANDRACHUD, J.]

29. Finally, it has also been argued on behalf of Suryabhan Singh A
that while the appellant’s statement under Section 164 of the CrPC is
that Suryabhan Singh also shot at the appellant, the FIR and his statement
under Section 161 of the CrPC only record that he hit him with the butt
of the gun. The trial is yet to take place where the evidence adduced by
the prosecution will be appreciated, and the veracity of appellant’s claim
B
in his statement under Section 164 can be determined there. However,
at the present stage, the FIR and both the appellant’s statements under
Section 161 and 164 are consistent in as much as that Suryabhan Singh
did hit him in his head with the butt of the gun. An argument has also
been raised in relation to the nature of the injury caused to the appellant,
but this has to be decided at the stage of trial after evidence has been C
led.
30. The Court has to determine whether on the basis of the material
available at this stage, the High Court has applied the correct principles
in allowing the applications for anticipatory bail. The offence is of a
serious nature in which Vikas Singh was murdered. The FIR and the D
statements under Sections 161 and 164 of the CrPC indicate a specific
role to Jogendra Singh and Suryabhan Singh in the crime. The order
granting anticipatory bail has ignored material aspects, including the nature
and gravity of the offence, and the specific allegations against Jogendra
Singh and Suryabhan Singh. Hence, a sufficient case has been made out
for cancelling the anticipatory bail granted by the High Court. E

E Conclusion
31 Therefore, the appeals are allowed. The impugned judgments
dated 1 July 2021 and 31 May 2021 of the Single Judge of the High
Court of Madhya Pradesh granting anticipatory bail to Jogendra Singh F
and Suryabhan Singh–the second respondents in these appeals– are set
aside.
32 Pending applications, if any, also stand disposed of.

G
Devika Gujral Appeals allowed.

H