Holding

GOMs 164 and 133 are valid exercises of the State's power under Article 309, but GOM 200 is invalid; the selection process must be conducted afresh adhering to the 1:50 ratio, and only candidates who passed the written exam within that ratio are eligible for interview.

Summary

The Andhra Pradesh Public Service Commission conducted a multi‑stage recruitment for 30‑plus Group‑I posts, fixing a 66% cut‑off based on a 1:50 vacancy‑to‑candidate ratio. Several government orders (GOMs 164, 133 and 200) later altered age limits and reduced the cut‑off to 61%, allegedly to accommodate more candidates. The appellants challenged the validity of these orders, arguing that the tribunal lacked jurisdiction to lower the cut‑off and that the retrospective effect of the orders violated Articles 16 and 14 of the Constitution. The Supreme Court held that GOMs 164 and 133, issued under the proviso to Article 309, were valid and could be applied retrospectively, but GOM 200 was invalid because it was issued without an independent mind and contravened the established 1:50 ratio. Consequently, the selection process must be redone, and only candidates who passed the written exam within the prescribed ratio may be considered for interview. The appeals were partly allowed and no costs were awarded.

Issues considered

The legality and retrospective effect of GOMs 164, 133 and 200 issued under the proviso to Article 309 of the Constitution.
Whether a tribunal has jurisdiction to reduce the cut‑off marks fixed by the commission.
Whether reducing the cut‑off from 66% to 61% is arbitrary and violative of Article 14.
The extent of a candidate's right to be considered versus a right to appointment under Article 16.
Whether the selection ratio of 1:50 must be strictly adhered to and the impact of its relaxation.

Legislation cited

Constitution of Indias. Article 16, s. Article 30, s. Article 309

Subjects

service lawrecruitmentgovernment orderretrospective effectArticle 309cut‑off marksarbitrarinessright to be consideredselection ratiotribunal jurisdiction

Judgment

A PITIA NA VEEN KUMAR AND ORS.
v.
RAJA NARASAIAH ZANUITI AND 0 lS.

SEPTEMBER 14. 2006

B !S.B. SINHA AND DAL VEER BHANDARI, JJ.)

Service law:

Selectiun- A"otificatiun fur recruitment issued- -Preliminary examination
c cundut!ed pursuant tu notijicatiun-l'v'utiftcatiun issued by State relaxing
age bar- -Cummissioner issuing supplemental nutijirntiun fur filling up
additional vacancies -Nutificatiun issued by State 11/uwing candidates
fi1/jilling educutiunal and age qualijicution as per mhanced age limits
eligible for recruitment-Nutificatiuns challenged- -H~ld. candidates does
D nut have any right to he appointed hut has only a rig,'11 to he considered -
/'vo Change in q11r.1lijic·atiun made by amendi:d nutifirntions to disadvantage
of candidates -Right of candidates to be considered along with other
candidates nut taken away --Unly area of wnsideration has been increased-
State having power tu make nutijications with retrospective ejJixt- Purporl
and object fur which notifications issued cannot f-·e said tu be wholly
E arbitrary- Jn the facts of the case, the twu notifications are valid-
Constitution of India, 1950--Articles 1-1. 16 and 30~.

Selection- .lndhra Pradesh Public Service Commission issuing
notification uf vacancies--Recruitment was tu processed as per notification
and instructions issued by the State -Recruitment ,?rocess providing for
F holding ofpreliminary examination, main written examination and interview--
Government notification providing that number uf candidates to be admitted
to main examination was to he 50 times the total number uf vacancies
ai-ailahle-- Preliminwy examinations conducted .( ·ummissiun .ftxing 66% us
the cut--uff marks fur appearing in main exam.'n1.1tiun- -[;nsuccessfu/
G candidates approaching Tribunal-Tribunal by inter'm order reducing cut-
off marks fiwn 66% tu 61%- Notification issued by Government reducing
cut-uff marks fi·um 66% tu 61% - Nutifie!liun challen;!,ed- Main exwuinatinn
conducted- Application by 1111sw.:cessfi1I candidates dismissed hy Tribunal
and interim order stood vacated--Held 66% was arriv:d at by the Commission

H 230
PITT A NA VEEN KUMAR v. RAJA NARASAIAH ZANGITJ 231

by applying the ratio of 1:50 and the said Rule could not have been relaxed- A
Cut-off mark specified by the State is arbitrlll}' and does not have any
rational basis-Government Order was passed without independent
applicatic.·, nfmind-ln the.facts, Government Order struck down with direction
to undertake selection process aji-esh without considering candidates who
have not passed the written examination-Constitution of India-Article 14. B
.State of Andhra Pradesh notified 301 vacancies by notification bearing
No. 21 of2003 dated 21.11.2003. Andhra Pradesh Public Commission issued
a notification on or about 21.11.2003 for filling up the said notified vacancies.
The recruitment process infer alia provided that applicants were to be
subjected to a Screening Test (Objective Type) for admission in the Main C
(Written) Exam and candidates who obtained the minimum qualifying marks
in the written examination were to be called for interview in the ratio 1:2
with reference to the number of vacancies; and that recruitment was to be
processed as per notification and GOMs No. S70 dated 31.12.1997 which
provided that 11~mber of candidates to be admitted to written examination was
to be SO times the total number of vacancies available at the material time. D
Preliminary Examination was conducted by the Commission on 28.3.2004.
Notification being GOMs No. 164 was issued on 6.7.2004 fixing 1.7.1999,
instead of 1.7.2003 as originally stipulated, as the relevant date for fixing the
upper age limit for candidates eligible to appear at the examination. The
Commission thereafter issued a supplemental notification beiug No. 6 of 2004 E
on 7.8.2004 inviting applications for filling up of 170 additional vacancies.
Second preliminary test thereafter was held on 10.10.2004 for about 51,768
candidates who had applied in response to the said supplemental notification.
The Commission released a list of 28,86S candidates with reference to 524
notified vacancies as on 7.8.2004 stating that marks obtained by the last
candidate admitted into the main examination was 66% upon taking into F
account results of both the preliminary tests.

Some unsuccessful randidates not admitted into the main examination
filed an original application before the Tribunal praying that they are entitled
to be called for the main examination after correctly computing the number
of vacancies in the ratio of I :SO in which Tribunal passed an interim order G
reducing the cut-off marks for appearing in the main examination from 66%
to 61 %. However, by Order dated 9.4.2005 Tribunal directed Commission not
to declare the result of candidates permitted to appear in main examination
pursuant to interim order dated 9.4.200S.

State of Andhra Pradesh, however issued a Government Order bearing H
232 SUPREME COURT REPOR ! S (200.Jj Sl!PP. 6 S.C.R.

A GO Ms No. 200 dated 30th April, 2005 reducing the qualifying marks from
66% to 61% to allow more candidates to appear for the main examination.
Original applications came to be filed before the Tribunal challenging the
legality of the Government Order. During pendency of the said Original
applications before the Tribunal, the Main Written Examination was conducted •
by the Commission. The earlier Original Applications were dismissed by the
B Tribunal and consequently the interim order stood vacated. Tribunal struck
down GOMs No. 200 and directed respondents to finalise the process of
selection in accordance with GOMs No. 570 dated 30.12 . 1997 for 543 posts
instead of 524 posts. Respondent Nos. I to 3, filed writ petition before the
High Court challenging the Order passed by Tribunal. Some other writ
c petitions were also filed inter alia questioning GOMs No. 164 dated 6.7.2004
and GO Ms No. 133 of23..J.2005. High Court reversed the judgment and order
of the Tribunal. Bence the present appeals.

Appellants contended that since interim order passed by the Trihunal
stood vacalt'd and original application dismissed by the Tribunal, no cflect could
• D have been gi\·cn to GOMs No. 200; that High Court committed serio11s error
in opining that GOMs No. 200 was issued pursuant toi a conscious decision
of the State independent of the said interim order; that the entire selection
process was vitiated in law as the Tribunal had no juri!sdiction to reduce the
qualifying marks from 66'!/o to 61 % as a re~ult whereof more candidates
had appeared in the Main Examination iu relaxation ofGOMs No. 570 dated
E
31. 12.997; that although appellants did not have any right to be selected, they
had acquired a legal right to be considered in terms of extant rules; that those
candidates who were over-aged on the date of the initial notification could not
have been made eligii>le by reason of a subsequent notification ; that no
vacancy arising in future could have been taken jnto consideration ; and that
F the three notifications bearing Nos. 200, 164 and 133 are only prospective.

Commission contended that holding two preliminary examinations under
two different notifications cannot be said to be arbitrary or unreasonable as
it provided for only one opportunity to all the candidates to appear at the main
written examination; that the decision of the State to fill-up all the vacancies
G cannot be faulted with as the said steps were taken as one time measure; and
that validity of the impugned notifications cannot be questioned as the same
were issued in terms of the pr:1,·iso to Article 309 of the Constitution of India
and as thereby merely the age-bar was relaxed.

Partly allowing the appeals, the Court
H
PITTA NA VEEN KUMAR v. RAJA NARASAIAH ZANGITI 233
HELD: l. It was categorically stated in the advertisement issued by the A
Commission that recruitment to the notified vacancies although was to be
considered but the same was not sacrosanct as the Commission was given

-
liberty to take into consideration the vacancies arising at a later date also.
The jurisdiction of the Commission, however, was only restricted to the extent
that it could not have taken cognizance of any vacancy arising or reported B
after the completion of the selection and recruitment process. What was to
be considered as a subsequent vacancy, in terms of the said rules, thus, would
be such vacancies which arose after completion of the selection and
recruitment process or the last date as decided by the Commission.
(243-B-D, Fl

2. The three notifications in question were issued by the State in
c
exercise of its jurisdiction under proviso to Article 309 of the Constitution
of India. In terms of the said provisior., the State indisputably is entitled to
issue notification with retrospective effect GO Ms No. 200 indisputably affected
those who had appeared at the examination as by reason thereof qualifying
marks were reduced from 66% to 61 %. Similarly, by reason ofGOMs No. D
164, the maximum age limit prescribed in the relevant special rules for
appointment by direct recruitment was to be reckoned as on 1.7.1999 instead
of 1.7.2003. Expressly, the ad hoc rule made thereby was made applicable only
in respect of the notification No. 21 of2003 and the supplementary notification
of the Commission. Similarly, in terms of GOMs No. 133 dated 23.3.2005 E
those candidates who were not eligible on the date of issuance of the first
notification became entitled to avail the beneficient provision thereof as by
reason thereof all those who had not applied earlier became eligible therefor.
(246-A-D)

3. The State issued GOMs No. 164 dated 6.7.2004, having regard to the p
representations purported to have been received by it from the unemployed
candidates to allow age concessions, considering that there had been long
gap in issuing the notification, on taking a purported sympathetic view in the
matter. Such consideration was made to broad-base the field of selection in
view of the fact that since 1997 there had been no further recruitment. It is
also not in dispute that the vacancies were notified from time to time as they G
were brought to the notice of the concerned department by the other
departments. (244-E; 253-E-FI
I
4.1. The advertisement issued by the Commission was subject to GOMs
No. 570. Administrative instructions contained in GOMs No. 570 did not
H
234 SUPREME COURT REPORTS 1:~006] Sl'PP. 6 S.C.R.

A contain any statutory rules. Any rule made subsequen1ly by the State will
override the administrative instructions to the extent it was repugnant thereto.
It is, however, one thing to say that, a retrospective effoct was given to the
said rules but it is another thing to say that by reason thereof accrued or

B
vested right of a candidate has been taken away. 1246-D-EI

Ku/deep Singh v. <Juvl. uf .'YCT ujDelhi, (2006) SC ALE 588 and Saurahh
-
Chaudri (Dr.Iv. Lnion olfndia. 1200415SCC618, refrrred to.

4.2. A candidate does not have any legal right to be appointed. He in
terms of Article 16 of the Constitution of India ha!· only a right to be
considered therefor. Consideration of the case of an individual candidate
c although ordinarily is required to be made in terms of the extant rules but
strict adherence thereto would be necessary in case where the rules operate
only to the disadvantage of the candidates concerned and not otherwise. By
reason of the amended notifications, no change in the qualification has been
directed to be made. Only the area of consideration has been increased. Those
D who were not eligible due to age bar in 2003 became eligible if they were
within the prescribed age limit as on 01.07.1999. By reason thereof only the
field of choice was enlarged. 1247-E-FI

Umesh Chandra Shukla v. Union uflndia and On., (198513 SCC 721,
!•/. T. Derin Katti and Ors. v. Karna/aka Puhlic Service Cummissiun and Ors ..
E (199013SCC157, Shankarsan Dash v. Union of !ndiu, (19911 3 SCC 47,
Food Curpn. of India and Ors. v. Bhanu lodh and On., 120051 3 SCC 618,
Punjab State Electricity Buard and Ors. v. ,\4alkiat Singh, 120051 9 SCC 22,
Hoshiur Singh v. State of Huryana and Ors., ( 19931 Supp 4 SCC 377, <Jopal
Krushna Rath v. M.A.A. Baig (Dead) By LRs. and On., 1199911 SCC 544,
F Maharashtra State Ruud Transport Corpn. and Ors. v. Rajendra Bhimrao
A-fandve and Ors. (20011 10 SCC 51, Union Public 'lervice Commission v.
Gaurav Dwivedi and Ors.. 119991 5 SCC 180 and Asl'uk Kumar Sharma and
Anr. v. Chander Shekhar and Anr., ( 19931Supp2 SCC 611, referred to.

5. The authority of the State to frame rules is not in question. The
G purport and object for which the said notifications were issued also cannot be
said to be wholly arbitrary so as to attract the wrnth of Article 14 of the
Constitution of India. The Appellants herein no doubt had a right to be
considered but their right to be considered along with other candidates had
not been taken away. Both the groups appeared in the preliminary examination.

H
PITTA NA VEEN KUMAR v. RAJA NARASAIAH ZANGITI 235
A combined result was announced both in respect of the first preliminary A
examination as also the second preliminary examination. Both the
examinations were held to be a part of the same recruitment process. The
said examinations were held only for the purpose of elimination of candidates.
The result of the said examination was not to affect the ultimate selection
process. Those who had succeeded in the preliminary examination were, B
however, allowed to sit in the main examination and the candidature of those
had been taken into consideration for the purpose of viva-voce test who had
passed the written examination. (253-G; 248-A-B; 253-HJ

6.1. The question, however, remains as to whether the State could reduce
the cut-off marks. If the cut-off mark specified by the State is arbitrary, Article C
14 would be attracted. The Tribunal did !lot have any jurisdiction to pass an
interim directing reduction in the cut-ofl mark. The cut-off mark at 66%
was fixed having regard to the ratio of the candidates eligible for sitting at
the \vritten examination at I :50. An interim order as is well-known is issued
for a limited purpose. By reason thereof, the Tribunal had no jurisdiction to
grant a final relief. Morever, the Tribunal could not have directed the D
Commission to do something which was contrary to rules. An interim order
is subject to variation or modification. An interim order would ordinarily not
survive when the main matter is dismissed. The Commission also did not intend
to abide by the said directions. It wanted the State to pass an appropriate order.
It was, pursuant to or in furtherance of the said desire of the Commission as E
also the direction of the Tribunal as contained in its interim order dated
6.l.2005, GOMs 200 was issued. The said Government Order was, thus, not
issued by the State of its own: There was no independent application of mind.
The statutory requirements for passing a government order independent of
the interim directions issued by the Tribunal were wholly absent. The standard
was fixed as I :50. The Commission came to the conclusion, having regard to F
the results published on written examination, that 66% should be the cut-off
mark. It need not have been 66%. If the candidature of more candidates was
to be taken into consideration, the same would mean that the State shall give
a go by to principle of selection fixed by it, viz., I :50. If the submission of the
Commission and consequently, the State is to accepted that the ratio should
.
be 1:50, the same could not have been reduced to 10:90. A violation of that
G
rule would be arbitrary. In total 558 vacancies were notified. Thus, only 27,900
candidates could have been called for main written examination on the basis
of the norms fixed by the State itself. However, the actual number of candidates
who passed the examination is said to have been 50,726, although, actually it
is stated that 32,056 candidates appeared. Thus, indisputably, a large number . H
236 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2006] SUPP. 6 S.C.R.

A of candidates who had been allowed to appear at the exam.ination were evidently
permitted to do so in violation of norms of 1:50, as was specified by the State.
The aforementioned rule could not have been relaxed. It did not have any
rational basis, 66% cut-off mark not fixed by the Commission. It was arrived
at by the Commission in view of the marks secured by the respective
B candidates on applying the ratio of 1:50. Once a person falls beyond the said
ratio, he was not qualified. He was not to be considered any further. The State
and the Commission had themselves fixed three different stages of selection
process which were required to be adhered to. [254-A-D; F-H; 255-A-B[

Union Public Service Commission v. Gaurav Dwivedi and Ors., [19991
c 5 sec 180, referred to.
6.2. Relaxation can be given only if there exists any provision therefor
in the Rules. GOMs No. 200 dated 30th April, 2005 must fall having regard
to the vacation of interim order by the Tribunal and consequent dismissal of
the original application. It will bear repetition to state that, while issuing the
D same, the Government did not apply its own mind. Only those candidates who
came within the purview of the rule existing there to before could have been
subjected to further selection process. [255-EI

Sura) Parkash Gupta and Ors. v. State ofJ & Kand Ors., 1200017 SCC
561, referred to.
E
7. While GOMs No. 164 and 133 are not invalid, GOMs No. 200 is. The
Commission was, thus, statutorily enjoined to intervi•ew only such candidates
who had passed written examination in 1:SO ratio. Only upon shortlisting the
said candidates, the interview can be held at the ratio of 1:2. [255-FI

F 8. To the aforementioned extent, the Commission must undertake
selection process afresh. It is however made clear that those who have not
passed the written examination would not be entitled to be considered in terms
of the aforementioned directions. [255-G I

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil 1\ppeal No. 4121 of2006.
G
From the Judgment and Order dated 2.3.2006 of the High Court of
Andhra Pradesh at Hyderabad in W.P. No. 2031 of 2006.

WITH

H C.A. Nos. 4131, 4130 and 4132/2006.
PITTA NA VEEN KUMAR v. RAJA NARASAIAH ZANGITI [S.B. SINHA, J.] 237

P.P. Rao, L. Nageswara Rao, C.K. Sucharita, Abhishek Kumar, Anshuman A
Ashok D. Mahesh Babu, M. Surondra Rao, R. Santhan Krishnan, Radha Rani,
Praveen, K. Pandey, P. Vijay Kumar and K.N. Rai for the Appellants.

- A.K. Ganguli, Guntur Prabhakar, Ramakrishna Reddy, D. Bharati Reddy
and T. Anamika for the Respondents.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
B

S.B. SINHA, J. Leave granted in the S.L.Ps.

The State of Andhra Pradesh notified 30 I vacancies by a notification
bearing No. 21 of 2003 dated 21.11.2003 in respect of the following six categories C
of Group I ser ;ices:

(i) Deputy Collectors in A.P. Civil Service (Executive Branch)
(ii) Commercial Tax officers in A.P. Commercial Tax Service
(iii) Deputy Superintendent of Police (Category-2) in A.P. Police Service D
(iv) Regional Transport Officers in the A.P. Transport Service
(v) Assistant Prohibition and Excise Superintendents in A.P. Excise
Service
(vi) Manda) Parishad Development Officer in A.P. Panchayat Raj Rural E
Development Service.

For filling up of the vacancies so notified, the Andhra Pradesh Public
Service Commission (for short "the Commission") issued a notification on or
about 21.11.2003 inviting applications from candidates eligible therefor. The
salient features of the recruitment process are as under: F
(0 Recruitment was to be made to vacancies notified only.
(ii) Recruitment was to be processed as per the· notification and
GOMs No. 570 dated 31.12.1997 and instructions issued by the
State from time to time.
G
(iii) The candidates were to possess the essential qualifications
specified therefor as on the date of notification.
(iv) The minimum and maximum age specified for the post were to be
reckoned as on 1.7.2003.
(v) The applicants were to be subjected to a Screening Test (Objective H
238 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2006] Sl:PP. 6 S.C.R.

A Type) for admission in the Main (Written) Exam. The candidates
who obtained the minimum qualifying marks in the written
examination were to be called for interview in the ratio I :2 with
reference to the number of vacancies.

B
Procedure ~or filling up of the vacancies was laid down in GOMs No.
570 dated 31.12.1997 in terms whereof the number ~i candidates to be admitted
to the written examination was to be 50 times the total number of vacancies
-
available at the material time. On or about 10.12.2003. 18 more vacancies were
notified, totalling 319 vacancies. 1,52,000 candidates induding the Appellants
herein submitted their applications in response to the said notification. Yet
C again, 32 posts were declared vacant on or about 1.1.2004.

A Preliminary Examination was conducted by the Commission on
28.3.2004.

Thereafter an Original Application was filed before the Andhra Pradesh
D Administrative Tribunal by some candidates being OA No. 1708 of 2004 inter
ulia for a declaration that notification of vacancies in ni.1e categories of posts
only instead and place of twenty categories in Group I services was illegal.
By an interim order dated 16.4.2004, it was directed:

"Having regard to these facts and circumstanc~s of the case. there
E shall be a direction to the respondents to comp,~te and calculate the
vacancies pertaining to various categories of posts under Group I
services and notifying the same to the APPSC pending disposal of the
QA."

A notification was issued being GOMs No. 164 on 6.7.2004 fo:ing 1.7.1999,
p instead of 1.7.2003 as originally stipulated. as the relevant date for fixing the
upper age limit for candidates eligible to appear at the <:xamination.

The Commission thereafter issued a suppl.:mental notification being No.
6 of 2004 on 7 .8.2004 inviting applications for tilling up of 170 additional
vacancies stipulating:
G
(i) The candidates who were eligible but failed to appear in response
to notification No. 21 dated 13.11.2003 may apply in response to
supplementary notification.
(ii) The candidates who had appeared in the scr-eening test held on
28.3.2004 in response to notification No. 21 of 2003 should not
H
PITT A NAVEEN KUMAR v. RAJA NARASAIAH ZANG rt I [S.B. SINHA, J.] 239

apply again. A·
A second preliminary test thereafter was held on 10.10.2004 for about
51,768 candidates who had applied in response to the said supplemental
examination. The Commission upon holding the said preliminary test released
a list of 28,865 candidates stating that the marks obtained by the last candidate
admitted into the main examination was 66% which was arrived at in terms of B
the ratio of I:2 stipulated in the rules of selection. The said list was prepared
with reference to 524 notified vacancies as on 7.8.2004 which included 223
vacancies notified after the issue of the initial notification for 30 I vacancies
on 21.11.2003 and upon taking into account the results of both the preliminary
tests held on 28.3.2004 and 10.10.2004. Questioning inter a/ia the said action C
on the part of the Commission, some candidates who had not been admitted
into the Main Examination filed an original application before the Tribunal
which was numbered as OA No. 26 of2005 praying for the following directions
to the Respondents:

(0 to compute the correct number of vacancies and notify the same D
before the main examination;

(ii) to declare that the petitioners therein are entitled to be called for
the main examination after correctly computing the number of vacancies in the
ratio of I :50 (i.e. as per GO Ms No. 520).
E
An interim order was passed therein by the Tribunal on 6.1.2005 reducing
the cut-off marks for appearing in the main examination from 66% to 61 % on
the p~emise "so that some opportunity is given to some more candidates to
appear for main examination as some more posts are there not notified have
to be considered."
F
An application for vacating the said interim order was filed by the
candidates aggrieved thereby whereupon by an order dated 9.4.2005 it was
directed:

" ... it would be just and proper to direct the APPSC not to declare the
result of the candidates who have been permitted to appear for group G
I main examination in terms of the interim orders of this Tribunal,
pending further orders in the OAs."

The State of Andhra Pradesh, however, issued a Government Order
bearing GOMs No. 200 dated 30th April, 2005 purported to be terms of the
directions of the Andhra Pradesh Administration Tribunal, the relevant portion H
240 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2006) SUPP. 6 S.C.R.

A whereof reads as under:
"In the circumstances, after careful consideration Government direct
the Andhra Pradesh Public Service Commission to reduce the qualifying
marks from 615 to 61 to allow more candidates for the main examination
for recruitment to Group-I Services with reference to the Notification
B No. 21/2003 and Supplemental Notification No. 6/2004 in relaxation of
the orders issued in the G.O. first read above."

The legality of the said Government Order came to be questioned by
some of the parties herein in OA Nos. 3960 of2005 and 5548 of2005. During
pendency of the said original applications before the Tribunal, the Main
C Written Examination was conducted by the Commission in the month of May/
June, 2005. Original Applications were dismissed by the Tribunal and
consequent!)' interim order dated 6.1.2005 stood vacated having regard to the
decision of this Court in Union Public Service Commission v. Gaurav Dwivedi
and Ors., [ 1999] 5 SCC 180 stating:
D (i) The Tribunal had no jurisdiction to interfere with the percentage
of marks fixed by the Commission as cut off marks for enabling
the candidates to appear for main examination. Interim order
dated 6.1.2005 and consequential GOMs No. 200 issued by the
Government has the effect of interfering with the cut-off marks
E prescribed by the Commission which the Tribunal cannot do.
(ii) The interim order dated 6.1.2005 and GOMs has the effect of
allowing 23,000 candidates who were otherwise ineligible to appear
in the examination thereby causing prejudice to the candidates
who were initially selected.
F The Tribunal by reason of its order dated 30.1.2006 directed the
Respondents to finalise the process of selection in accordance with GOMs
No. 570 dated 30.12.1997 for 543 posts instead of 524 posts and complete the
entire process of selection within three months.

G The State of Andhra Pradesh or the Commission did not question the
correctness or otherwise of the said judgment. Respondent Nos. I to 3,
however, filed a writ petition before the High Court. Some other writ petitions
were also filed inter alia questioning GOMs No. 164 dated 6.7.2004 and
GOMs No. 133 of23.3.2005.

H The High Court by reason of its impugned judgment reversed the
PITTANAVEEN KUMAR v. RAJA NARASAIAH ZANGITI [S.B. SINHA, J.] 241

judgment and order of the Tribunal opining: A
(i) There is nothing sacrosanct in GOMs No. 570 dated 30.12.1997
which stipulated the ratio of 1:50 between the number of vacancies
and the number of candidates to be admitted to the main written
·' examination;
(ii) Interim order dated 6.1.2005 of the Tribunal directing a cut off
B
mark lower than the one arrived at in accordance with the ratio
prescribed under GOMs No. 570 was fixed for the reason that if
eventually more number of posts in Group I are to be filled up,
fixing lower cut off mark would satisfy the requirement of the
ratio prescribed under GOMs No. 570. c
(iii) GOMs No. 200 was a result of decision of the government
independent of the interim order. The tenor of language of the
said GOMs is not conclusive.
(iv) GOMs No. 200 is merely a logical extension to the decision to
issue second notification to fill up 223 posts. D
(v) The contesting candidates cannot oppose issuance of GOMs
No. 200 which enable more number of candidates to appear in the
main examination as the number of candidates to be finally called
depended on the accident/ chance of how many candidates could
secure the cut off mark. E
(vi) The judgment of this Court in Gopal Krushna Rath v. MA.A.
Baig (Dead) By LRs. and Ors., [I 999] I SCC 544 holding that
calling more number of candidati:s for the interview than permitted
under the rules may result in prejudice to those who are entitled
to be called in accordance with rules must be read in the context F
of and in consonance with the judgment in Shankarsan Dash v.
Union of India, [1991]3 SCC 47 wherein it was laid down that
no candidate participating in the selection process has any
indefeasible and legally enforceable right to be appointed.

These appeals question the said judgment. G

Mr. P.P. Rao, learned senior counsel appearing on behalf of the
Appellants in Civil Appeal arising out ofS.L.P (C) Np. 6789 of2006 submitted:

(i) GOMs No. 200 dated 30.4.2005 having been issued pursuant to
H
242 Sl!PRE:'v!E l'OUR r RE PO RI S [20061SUPP.6 S.C.R.

A the interim order passed by the Tribunal on 6. l .2005: having
n:gan.1 to the fact that the same stood vacated and in any event
the original application having been dismissed by the Tribunal.
no effect could have been given thereto.

(ii) The High Coun committed a seriou~ error in opming that the said
B GOMs No. 200 was issued pursuant to a conscious decision of
the State independent of the said interim order.

(iii) The Tribunal having no jurisdiction to reduce the qualifying
marks from 66% to 61 % as a result whereof more candidates had
appeared in the Main Examination for recruitment to Group 1
c service in relaxation of GO Ms No. 570 dated 31.12.1997. the entire
selection process was vitiated in law.
(iv) Although. the Appellants did not ha·•e any right to be selected.
they had acquired a legal right to be considered in terms of the
extant rules.
D (v) The impugned judgment of the High Court cannot be sustained
as the Commission acted in violation thaeof.

Mr. L. Nageswara Rao. learned senior counsel appearing on behalf of
Appellants in Civil Arpcals arising out ofS.L.P (C) Nos. 6516. 7016 and 8275
of 2006 supplemcnkd the submissions of Mr. P.P. Rao urging that those
E candidates who were over-aged on the date of the initial notification could
not have bei:n made eligible by reason of a subsequent notification. The
~andidates, it was urged, who appeared at the preliminary i:xamination and the
main written examination had a legitimate expectation that the vacancies
which existed on the date of the notification would be tilled up in terms of
F the extant rub and in relation therdo no vacancy arising in future could have
been taken into consideration.

Mr. A.K. Ganguli. learned senior counsel appearing on behalf of the
Commission. on th.: other hand. would Jraw our attention to the fact tha:
some of the Appellants did not pass the preliminary examination. Although
G two preliminary examinations one, pursuant to the main notification and other
pursuant to the supplementary notification. in view of the fact that the same
provided for only one opportunity to all the candidates, vi::. to appear at the
main written examination and, thus, the same cannot be said to be arbitrary
or unreasonable. The decision of the State to fill-up all the vacancies cannot
H be faulted with as the sa.d skps were taken as one time measure. As the
PITT A NAVEEN KUMAR v. RAJA NARASAIAH ZANGITI (S.B. SINHA. l.] 243

impugned GO Ms were issued in tenns of the proviso to Article 309 of the A
Constitution of India. the validity of the impugned notifications cannot be
questioned as thereby merely the age-bar has been relaxed.

It is not in dispute that, at the material time, examination was to be
:
conducted in terms of the instructions issued by the State of Andhra Pradesh
as contained in GOMs No. 570 dated 31.12.1997. The advertisement was also B
issued by the Commission pursuant to or in furtherance of the said notification,
as would appear from Clause 2(a) of the notification No. 21. It was categorically
stated:

"The recruitment will be made to the vacancies notified only. There
shall be no waiting list as per G.O. Ms. No. 81 and Rule 6 of APPSC C
Rules. The available break-up of vacancies is given in Annexure-1.
However, the breakup is subject to variation and confirmation by the
Unit Officer, till such time as decided by the Commission and in any
case, no cognizance will be taken by the Commission of any vacancies
arising or reported after the completion of the selection and recruitment D
process, or . the last date as decided by the Commission, as far as this
Notification is concerned; and any such subsequently arising vacancies
will be further dealt with as per G.O. & Rule cited above."

Recruitment to the notified vacancies although was to be considered
but the same was not sacrosanct as the Commission was given liberty to take E
into consideration the vacancies arising at a later date also. The jurisdiction
of the Commission, however, was only restricted to the extent that it could
not have taken cognizance of any vacancy arising or reported after the
completion of the selection and recruitment process. What was to be considered
as a subsequent vacancy, in terms of the said rules, thus, would be such
vacancies which arose after completion of the selection and recruitment
process or the last· date as decided by the Commission.

It is not in dispute that all the candidates who had applied for the said
post were having the requisite educational qualifications. In terms of the said
advertisement, the selection process was to comprise in three parts, viz.,
G
· (i) A screening test for the purpose of admitting the candidates to
the main written examination.
(ii) Holding of main examination for those who would become entitled
to be admitted to main written examination and, thus, were to be
H

-
244 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2006] SUPP. 6 S.C.R.

A subjected to the process of selection -
(iii) A candidates who obtained minimum qualifying marks in the
written examination, as may be fixed by the Commission at their
discretion. were to be summoned for oral test in the ratio of I :2
with reference to the number of vacancies duly following the
B special representation as laid down in General Rule 22 of Andhra
Pradesh State and Subordinate Service Rules.

GOMs No. 200 dated 30th April, 2005 was issued by the State. Although
the High Court has opined that the said GOMs was issued upon an
independent decision taken by the State of Andhra Pradesh in that behalf,
C the recitals contained therein does not say so. The notification specifically
referred to the interim direction issued by the Tribunal which was treated to
be a general direction to admit all the candidates who had appeared in the
preliminary examination. It was in the aforementioned situation only the
qualifying marks were reduced from 66% to 61 % to allow more candidates for
D the main examination for recruitment to Group I service with reference to the
notification No. 21 of2003 and the supplementary notification No. 6 of2004.
The State of Andhra Pradesh, however, did not stop there. As has been
noticed hereinbefore. subsequent vacancies were also notified.

The State thereafter issued GO Ms No. 164 dated 6. 7.2004, having regard
E to the representations purported to have been received by it from the
unemployed candidates to allow age concessions, considering that there had
been long gap in issuing the notification, on taking a purported sympathetic
view in the matter, stating :

"(a) A supplementary notification will be issued for some more
F vacancies in addition to the vacancies already notified in various
categories of posts under Group I Services, under Notification No. 21/
2003 issued on 21-11-2003 by the A.P. Public Service Commission.

(b) For the candidates who could not appear for recruitment to Group
I Services with reference to Advt. No. 2112003 issued on 21.11.2003
G by the A.P. Public Service Commission, as they were over and above
the 33 years of age, age concession will be allowed duly reckoning
the age limits prescribed in the rules, with effect from I. 7.1999 for the
Notification No. 21/2003, and also for supplementary Notification to
be issued. This age concession is only a one time measure and will
not apply for further recruitments.
H
PITTA NA VEEN KUMAR v. RA.IA NARASAIAH ZANGITI [S.B. SINHA, J.) 245

The candidates who were within the age limits, according to rules A
before the present concession raising the upper age limit and who
could not apply for the notification issued on 21.11.2003 are also
eligible to apply for the posts to be notified in the supplementary
notification.

(c) The candidates for the main examination will be finalized by the B
Commission from the common list of candidates qualified both in the
preliminary examination already held and the preliminary exam to be
held as per the supplementary notification to be issued."

Ad hoc rule was made by the Governor of Andhra Pradesh in exercise
of the powers conferred by the proviso appended to Article 309 of the C
Constitution of India which reads as under :

"Notwithstanding anything contained in the Andhra Pradesh State
and Subordinate Rules or in the Special Rules for any State Services
or the Ad-hoc rules, the maximum age limit prescribed in the relevant
special Rules for appointment b~ direct recruitment shall be reckoned D
as on 1-7-1999 instead of 1-7-2003 in respect of direct recrJitment to
Group. I Services Recruitment 2003 notified by the Andhra Pradesh
Public Service Commission vide their Advertisement No. 21120031
Supplementary notification.

This adhoc rule will apply only for the notification No. 21 /2003/ E
Supplementary notification of A.P. Public Service Commission."

Yet again, GOMs No. 133 was issued on 23.3.2005, in terms whereof the
State allowed the candidates who had fulfilled the educational and age
qualification, as per enhanced age limits eligible for recruitment to Group I
service stating:
F

"Notwithstanding anything contained in the A.P. State and Subordinate
Service Rules or in the Special Rules for any State Services or the ad
hoc rules, all the eligible candidates who are within the age limits in
terms of the Orders issued in G.O. 164, G.A. (Ser.A) Department, dated G
6-7-2004 and also those candidates who fulfill the Educational
qualification as on the date of Supplemental Notification (Notification
No. 6/2004 to the Main Notification No. 21/2003) and who did not
apply earlier are eligible to apply."

One of the contentions raised before us is as to whether the H
246 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2006] SUPP. 6 S.C.R.

A aforementioned three notifications are retrospective in nature. Submission of
Mr. P.P. Rao is that they are only prospective. We, however, do not agree.
GOMs No. 570 dated 31.11.1997 did not have any statutory flavour. The
notifications in question were issued by the State in exercise of its jurisdiction
under proviso to Article 309 of the Constitution of India. In terms of the said
B provision, the State indisputably is entitled to issue a notification with
retrospectiw effect. GOMs No. 100 indisputably affected those who had
appeared at the examination as by reason thereof qualifying marks were
reduced from 66% to 61 %. Similarly, by reason of GO Ms No. 164, the maximum
age limit prescribed in the relevant special rules for appointment by direct
recruitment was to be reckoned as on 1.7.1999 instead of 1.7.2003. Expressly,
C the adhoc rule made thereby was made applicable only in respect of the
notification No. 21 of 2003 and the supplementary notification of the
Commission. Similarly, in terms of GOMs No. 133 dated 23.3.2005 those
candidates who were not eligible on the date of issuance of the first notification
became entitled to avail the beneficient provision thereof as by reason thereof
all those who had not applied earlier became eligible therefor.
D
..570. Administrative
The advertisement issued by tht: Commission was subject to GOMs No .
instructions contained in GOMs No. 570 did not contain
any statutory rules. Any rult: made subsequently by the State will override
the administrative instructions to the extent it was repugnant thereto. It is,
E however, one thing to say that, a retrospective effect was given to the said
rules but it is another thing to say that by reason thereof accrued or vested
right of a candidate has been taken away.

We begin our discussions by taking into consideration what would be
a vested right vis-a-vis an accrued right.
F
In Ku/deep Singh v. Govt. of NCT of Delhi, (2006) 6 SCALE 588, this
Court observed:

"What would be an acquired or accrued right in the present
situation is the question.
G In Director of Public Works and Anr. v. HO PO Sang and Ors.,
( 1961) AC 90 I, the Privy Council considered the said question having
regard to the rept:aling pru·1i;1ons of Landlord and Tenant Ordinance,
1947 as amended on 9th April, 1957. It was held that having regard
to the repeal of Sections 3A to 3E, when applications remained pending,
H no accrued or vested right was derived stating:
--;,

PITTA NA VEEN KUMAR v. RAJA NARASAIAH ZANGITI [S.B. SINHA. J.]247

"In summary, the application of the second appellant for a A
rebuilding certificate conferred no right on him which was preserved
after the repeal of sections 3A-E, but merely conferred hope or.
expectation that the Governor in Council would exercise his executive
or ministerial discretion in his favour and the first appellant would
thereafter issue a certificate. Similarly, the issue by the first appellant B
of notice of intention to grant a rebuilding certificate conferred no
right on the second appellant which was preserved after the repeal,
but merely instituted a procedure whereby the matter could be referred
to the Governor in Council. The repeal disentitled the first appellant
from thereafter issuing any rebuilding certificate where the matter had
been referred by petition to the Governor in Council but had not been C
determined by the Governor."

In Saurabh Chaudri (Dr.) v. Union of India, [2004] 5 SCC 618, it is
stated:

"A statute is applied prospectively only when thereby a vested or D
accrued right is taken away and not otherwise. (See S.S. Bola v. B.D.
Sardana) A judgment rendered by a superior court declaring the law
may even affect the right of the parties retrospectively."

The legal position obtaining in this behalf is not in dispute. A candidate
does not have any legal right to be appointed. He in terms of Article 16 of E
the Constitution of India has only a right to be considered therefor.
Consideration of the case of an individual candidate although ordinarily is
required to be made in terms of the extant rules but strict adherence thereto
would be necessary in a case where the rules operate only to the disadvantage
of the candidates concerned and not otherwise. By reason of the amended
notifications, no change in the qualification has been directed to be made. F
Only the area of consideration has been increased. Those who were not
eligible due to age bar in 2003 became eligible if they were within the prescribed
age limit as on 01.07.1999. By reason thereof only the field of choice was
enlarged. We would briefly consider the purport and effect thereof.
G
Initially, there had been 30 I vacan_cies. 223 va:ancies were later on
,.' added. 1,52,000 applications were received pursuant to the first advertisement.
About 51,768 applications were filed after issuance of the impugned GOs. By
reason of the subsequent GOs, however, those who had appeared in the first
preliminary examination were debarred from appearing in the second
examination. The reason therefor) is not far to seek. The result of the first H
248 SUPREME COUR f REPORTS (2006] SUPP. 6 S.C.R.

A preliminary examination had not been announced. A combined result was
announced both in respect of the first preliminary examination as also the
second preliminary examination. Both the examinations were held to be a part
of the same recruitment process. It may be that in relation thereto different
question papers were set or different examiners examined them but it must be
borne in mind that the said examinations were held only for the purpose of
B elimination of candidates. The result of the said examination was not to affect
the ultimate selection process.

We may at this juncture examine some of the decisions whereupon
reliance has been placed by the learned counsel.
c In Umesh Chandra Shukla v. Union of India and Ors., [1985] 3 SCC 721,
the candidates were admitted to the viva-voce test by the Selection Committee.
It is at that stage names of certain candidates, whose names had not been
included in the Select List, were included in the final list of the Selection
Committee and the names of certain candidates who had been interviewed by
D the Selection Committee had been omitted therefrom. This Court in the
aforementioned fact situation opined:

" ... The area of competition which the 27 candidates who had
been declared as candidates eligible to appear at the Viva Voce
examination before such moderation had to face became enlarged as
E they had to compete also against those who had not been so qualified
according to the Rules. The candidates who appear at the examination
under the Delhi Judicial Service Rules acquire a right immediately after
their names are included in the list prepared under Rule 16 of the
Rules which limits the scope of competition and that right cannot be
defeated by enlarging the said list by inclusion of certain other
F candidates who were otherwise ineligible, by adding extra marks by
way of moderation. In a competitive examination of this nature the
aggregate of the marks obtained in the written papers and at the Viva ..
Voce test should be the basis for selection ... "

This Court found a blatant violation of Rule 16 of the Delhi Judicial
G
Service Rules, 1970 which had limited the scope of competition. In the instant
case, the scope of the competition has not been limited by enlarging the field
of consideration.

In N. T. Devin Katti and Ors. v. Karnataka Public Service Commission
H and Ors., [1990] 3 sec 157, this Court was concerned with a situation where
PITT A NAVEEN KUMARv. RAJA NARASAIAH ZANGITI (S.B. SINHA,J.] 249

the advertisement expressly stated that selection wou.ld be made in accordance A
with the existing rules or government orders. In that case, it had categorically
been stated that a candidate on making application for a post pursuant to an
advertisement does not acquire any vested right of selection. Once, however,
he is found to be eligible and he is otherwise qualified in accordance with the
relevant mies, he acquires a vested right of being considered for selection in B
accordance with the rules as they existed.

With a view to ·understand the implication of the ratio laid down in the
said case, we may notice the factual matrix obtaining therein. The Appellants
therein were in service of the State Government. They had applied for selection
pursuant to the said advertisement. Written examination and viva-voce test C
had been held. The list of successful candidates ·vas finalized. It was also
notified in Karnataka Gazette. An additional list of successful candidates had
also been finalized. However, the said list was not approved by the State on
the ground that its reservation policy has not been madc·.iri accordance with
the directions and procedures issued subsequently, i.e., on 9th July, 1975
whereas the advertisement was issued on 23rd May, 1975. The matter relating D
to reservation was provided under the statutory rules.

The direction of the State to issue a fresh list on the Commission,
therefore, came to be questioned. It was in the aforementioned situation, the
-. law was laid down to the effect that the Appellants therein acquired s-0me
right for being considered for selection in view of the rules as they existed E
.on the date of advertisement. However, we may notice that no law in absolute
terms was laid down therefor. This Court categorically held:

"... If the recruitment Rules are amended retrospectively during the
pendency of selection, in that event selection must be held in F
accordance with the amended Rules. Whether the Rules have
retrospective effect or not, primarily depends upon the language of
the Rules and its construction to ascertain the legislative intent. The
legislative intent is ascertained either by express provision or by
necessary implication; if the amended Rules are not retrospective in
n~ture the selection must be regulated in accordance with the rules G
and orders which were in force on the date of advertisement.
Determination of this question largely depends on the facts of each
case having regard to the terms and conditions set out in the
advertisement and the relevant rules and orders ..."·

In that case it was held that the Government O~der dated 9th July, 1975 H
250 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2006] SUPP. 6 S.C.R.

A made the Government's intention clear that the revised directions which were
contained therein would not apply to the selections in respect of which
advertisement had already been issued and, therefore, the mode of selection
as contained in Annexure 2 of the said Order was not applicable to the
selection for filling 50 posts of Tehsildars pending before the Commission. A
B list, thus, validly prepared, could not have been directed to be changed
because of a policy adopted by the State which was not applicable.

In Shankarsan Dash (supra), this Court stated the law in the following
terms:

''It is not correct to say that if a number of vacancies are notified
c for appointment and adequate number of candidates are found fit, the
successful candidates acquire an indefeasible right to be appointed
which cannot be legitimately denied. Ordinarily the notification merely
amounts to an invitation to qualified candidates to apply for recruitment
and on their selection they do not acquire any right to the post.
D Unless the relevant recruitment rules so indicate, the State is under
no legal duty to fill up all or any of the vacancies. However, it does
not mean that the State has the licence of acting in an arbitrary
manner. The decision not to fill up the vacancies has to be taken bona
fide for appropriate reasons. And if the vacancies or any of them are
filled up, the State is bound to respect the comparative merit of the
E candidates, as reflected at the recruitment test, and no discrimination
can be permitted. This correct position has been consistently followed
by this Court, and we do not find any discordant note in the decisions
in State of Haryana v. Subhash Chander Marwaha, Neelima Shangla
v. State of Haryana, or Jatendra Kumar v. State of Punjab."
F [See also Food Corpn. of India and Ors. v. Bhanu Lodh and Ors., (2005]
3 SCC 618 and Punjab State Electricity Board and Ors. v. Malkiat Singh,
r2005J 9 sec 221

What is, therefore, required to be seen is as to whether the action of
G the State is arbitrary.
Strong reliance has been placed by Mr. P.P. Rao on Hoshiar Singh v.
State of Haryana and Ors., (1993] Supp 4 SCC 377 wherein it was observed:

" ... The appointment on the additional posts on the basis of such
selection and recommendation would deprive candidates who were
H
PITTA NA VEEN KUMAR v. RAJA NARASAIAH ZANGITI [S.B. SINHA, J.] 251

not eligible for appointment to the posts on the last date for submission A
of applications mentioned in the advertisement and who became eligible
for appointment thereafter, of the opportunity of being considered for
appointment on the additional posts because if the said additional

- posts are advertised subsequent!y those who become eligible for
appointment would be entitled to apply for the same ... "
B
Selection in that case was for police service. Selection had;bee.n made
in excess of requisition in violation of Rule 12.6 of the Punjab Police Rules,
1934. Standard of physical fitness was relaxed by the Selection Committee
which power in terms of the advertisement it dill not possess. There was
nothing on record to show that the Director General of Police had sent any C
further requisition apart from the 8 posts for which the notification was issued
and it was in that situation this Court opined that the Board on its own could
not recommend names of 19 persons for the selection and recommendation
of larger number of persons than the posts for which requisition was sent.

In Gopal Krushna Rath (supra), the question which arose for D
crmsideration was in regard to the qualification of the Appellant for being
appointed to the post of Professor at the relevant time. On fact it was held
that the Appellant did possess the requisite qualification which was in
accordance with the rules I guidelines then in force. He had also obtained
higher marks than the original Respondent at the selection. It was in the
aforementioned situation, this Court held that the subsequent change in the E
requirements regarding qualification by the University Grant Commission
would not affect the process of selection which had already commenced.

In this case, however, the private Respondents concerned cannot be
said to have no qualification on the date of advertisement.
F
Strong reliance has also been placed by Mr. P.P. Rao on Maharashtra
State Road Transport Corpn. and Ors. v. Rajendra Bhimrao Mandve and
Ors., [20\l I] I0 SCC 51. In that case, the rule of game said to be involved was
in terms of circular issued by the State. No statutory rule or requisition was
g<.1verning the field. A question arose as to which circular would apply. The G
contention ot the Respondent was that the circular dated 4.4.1995 would
apply providing for assignment of87Y, marks for written/trade test and 12Y,%
for the oral test (personal interview) which was accepted having regard to the
fact that the driving test had been conducted on 27.11.1995 and, therefore,
the circular letter which was issued on 24.6.1996 providing for a different
H
252 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2006) SUPP. 6 S.C.R.

A standards was held to be not applicable, as on fact it was found that the other
circulars issued have no application in respect of the driving tests held for
appointment of the drivers. In the aforementioned fact situation, it was opined:

·• ... Therefore, the High Court cannot be said to be correct in holding
that the circular order dat~d 24-6-1996 is illegal or arbitrary or against
B the orders of the State Government or the resolution of the Board of
the Transport Corporation. Instead, it would have been well open to
the High Court to have declared that the criteria sought to be fixed
by the circular dated 24-6-1996 as the sole determinative of the merit
or grade of a candidate for selection long after the last date fixed for

c receipt of application and in the middle of the course of selection
process (since in this case the driving test was stated to have been
conducted on 27-11-1995) cannot be applied to the selections under
consideration and challenged before the High Court.... "

The said decision is, thus, also not an authority for the proposition that
D a subsequent circular would not per se be illegal or invalid. The court in all
situations of this nature is required to consider only the applicability thereof.

In Union Public Service Commission v. Gaurav Dwivedi and Ors.,
[ 1999) 5 SCC 180, this Court held:

E "We are unable to agree with this contention. Once it is considered,
and :n our opinion rightly so, that the number of vacancies to be filled
could be reduced then the rules do not stipulate that the entire
process of examination must be completed, including the conduct of
the interview/viva voce, on the basis of the original number of vacancies
which were notified. When before the declaration of the result of the
F main examination, the number of vacancies have been determined then
it was only proper that candidates who are twice the number of
revised vacancies are called for interview and not more. It is to be
borne in mind that this is a competitive examination with the number
of vacancies being 470 only, 940 candidates were required to be called
for :nterview. By calling more than this number may result in prejudice
G
to one or more of the candidates who were in the position of 940 or
above. For example, it is possible that a candidate at Serial No. 941,
who is not entitled to be called for interview, if he is permitted to be
called for interview, may secure higher marks in the viva voce and oust
those candidates who were higher in rank to him in the merit list. The
H High Court, in our opinion. was not right in permitting more than 940
PITTA NAVEEN KUMAR v. RAJA NARASAIAH 7 ANGITI [S.B. SINHA,J.] 253

candidates being called for interview/viva voce." A
We may, however, notice that in Ashok Kumar Sharma and Anr. v.
Chander Shekher and Anr., (1993] Supp 2 SCC 611, advertisement was issued
on 9.6.1982. The last date of submission of applications was 15th July, 1982.
The Appellants and the Respondents by that date had submitted applications.
The Appellants, however, had appeared for B.E. Civil Examination. Its results, B
however, was not published. Rule 37 of the J&K Public Service Commission
Business Rules reads, thus:

"Applications of candidates who have appeared in the examination,
the passing of which may make them eligible to appear in an interview
for recruitment to a post to be made otherwise than by a competitive C
examination, but results whereof have not been declared up to the
date of making of the application, may be entertained provisionally,
but no such candidate shall be permitted to take the interview if he
is declared as having failed in the examination or if the results are not
available on the date the viva-voce test is held." D
In terms of the said Rules, therefore, the Appellants were found to be
eligible although they did not pass the examination on the date thereof. It was
in that situation, the Appellants were held to be eligible.

In this case, we are dealing with a peculiar situation. The Government E
took a sympathetic view about the fate of those candidates who could not
be accommodated earlier. Such consideration was made to broad-base the
field of selection in view of the fact that since 1997 there had been no further
recruitment. It is also not in dispute that the vacancies were notified from time
to time as they were brought to the notice of the concerned department by
the other departments. F
The authority of the State to frame rules is not in question. The purport
and object for which the said notifications were issued also cannot be said
to be wholly arbitrary so as to attract the wrath of Article 14 of the Constitution
of India. The Appellants herein no doubt had a right to be cunsidered but
their right to be considered along with other candidates had not been taken G
away. Both the groups appeared in the preliminary examination. Those who
had succeeded in the preliminary examination were, however, allowed to sit
in the main examination and the candidature of those had been taken into
consideration for the purpose of viva-voce test. who had passed the written
examination. H
254 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2006) SUPP. 6 S.C.R.

A The question, however, remains as to w.hether the State could reduce
the cut-off marks. If the cut-off mark specified by the State is arbitrary, Article
14 would be attracted. The Tribunal did not have any jurisdiction to pass an
interim order directing reduction in the cut-off mark. The cut-off mark at 66%
was fixed having regard to the ratio of the candidates eligible for sitting at
B the written examination at I :50. An interim order as is well-known is issued
for a limited purpose. By reason thereof, the Tribunal had no jurisdiction to
grant a final relief.

Moreover, the Tribunal could not have directed the Commission to do
something which was contrary to rules. An interim order is subject to variation
C or modification. An interim order would ordinarily not survive when the main
matter is dismissed. The Commission also did not intend to abide by the said
directions. It wanted the State to pass an appropriate order. It was, pursuant
to or in furtherance of the said desire of the Commission as also the direction
of the Tribunal as contained in its interim order dated 6.1.2005, GOMs 200 was
issued. The said Government Order was, thus, not issued by the State of its
D own. There was no independent application of mind. The statutory requirements
for passing government order independent of the interim directions issued by
the Tribunal were wholly absent.

In Gaurav Dwivedi (supra), this Court categorically held the possibility
that a person who was otherwise entitled to be called for an interview may
E lose its chance if the others who were not eligible are called for interview.

The standard was fixed as I :50. The Commission came to the conclusion,
having regard to the results published on written examination, that 66%
should be the cut-off mark. It need not have been 66%. If the candidature of
F more candidates was to be taken into consideration, the same would mean
that the State shall give a go by to principle of selection fixed by it, viz., I :50.
If the submission of the Commission and consequently, the State is to be
accepted that the ratio should be 1:50, the same could not have been reduced
to I 0:90. A violation of that rule would, in our opinion, be arbitrary.

G In total 558 vacancies were notified. Thus, only 27 ,900 candidates could
have been called for main written examination on the basis of the norms fixed
by the State itself. However, the actual number of candidates who passed the
examination are said to have been 50,726. Although, actually it is stated that
32,056 candidates appeared. Thus, indisputably, a large number of candidates
who had been allowed to appear at the examination were evidently permitted
H to do so in violation of norm of I :50, as was specified by the State. The
PITTA NA VEEN KUMAR v. RAJA NARASAIAH ZANGITI [S.B. SINHA. J.] 255

aforementioned rule could not have been relaxed. It did not have any rational A
basis. 66% cut-off mark was not fixed by the Commission. It was arrived at
by the Commission in view of the marks secured by the respective candidates
on applying the ratio of I :50. Once a person falls beyond the said ratio, he
was not qualified. He was not to be considered any further. The State and
the Commission had themselves fixed three different stages of selection B
process which were required to be adhered to. ·

We may notice at this stage Suraj Parkash Gupta and Ors. v. State of
J&K and Ors., [2000] 7 SCC 561, wherein it was held:

"The result of the discussion, therefore, is that the wholesale
regularisation by order dated 2-1-1998 (for the Electrical Wing), by C
way of implied relaxation of the Recruitment Rule to the gazetted
category is invalid. It is also bad as it has been done without following
the quota rule and without consulting the Service Commission. Further,
the power under Rule 5 of the J&K (CCA) Rules, 1956 to relax the
Rules cannot, in our opinion, be treated as wide enough to include D
a power to relax rules of recruitment."

Relaxation can be given only ifthere exists any provision therefor in the
Rules. GOMs No. 200 dated 30th April, 2005, in our opinion, must fall having
regard to the vacation of interim order by the Tribunal and consequent.
dismissal of the original application. It will bear repetition to state that, while E
issuing the same, the Government did not apply its own mind. Only those
candidates who came within the purview of the rule existing theretobefore
could have been subjected to further selection process.

For the foregoing reasons, we are of the opinion that while GOMs No.
164 and 133 are not invalid, GOMs No. 200 is. The Commission was, thus,· F
statutorily enjoined to intervie~ only such candidates who had passed the
written examination in 1:50 ratio. Only upon shortlisting the said candidates,
the interview can be held at the ratio of 1:2.

To the aforementioned extent, the Commission must undertake selection
process afresh. We, however, make it clear that those who have not passed G
the written examination would not be entitled to be considered in terms of the
aforementioned directions. The appeals are allowed to the aforementioned
extent. No costs.

A.KT. Appeals partly allowed. H