Holding

The tenant’s rights under the Andhra Pradesh Buildings (Lease, Rent and Eviction) Control Act were not vested and ceased when the Act was exempted by the Government notification, rendering the Rent Controller without jurisdiction to entertain the pending applications.

Summary

The tenant filed three applications before the Andhra Pradesh Buildings (Lease, Rent and Eviction) Control Act, 1960 seeking rent‑deposit, fixation of standard rent and relief from inconvenience. While these applications were pending, the State Government issued a notification (effective 26 Oct 1983) exempting buildings with monthly rent above Rs 1,000 from the Act; the premises in question attracted Rs 1,300 rent and thus fell within the exemption. The Rent Controller dismissed the applications, a decision upheld by the appellate court but reversed by the High Court, which held that the exemption did not apply to pending proceedings. The Supreme Court held that the tenant’s rights under the Act were not vested and terminated the moment the statutory protection was withdrawn, so the Rent Controller correctly lacked jurisdiction. Consequently, the Supreme Court set aside the High Court’s order and allowed the landlord’s appeals, dismissing the tenant’s applications.

Issues considered

Whether the Government notification exempting premises from the Andhra Pradesh Buildings (Lease, Rent and Eviction) Control Act applies to applications pending before the Rent Controller.
Whether the tenant’s rights and remedies under the Act are vested and survive the withdrawal of statutory protection.

Legislation cited

Andhra Pradesh Buildings (Lease, Rent and Eviction) Control Act, 1960s. 26, s. 3(c), s. 6

Subjects

rent controlexemptionvested rightslandlord-tenantstatutory protectionjurisdictionnotificationstandard rentleaseeviction

Judgment

. j

PARRIPATI CHANDRASEKHARRAO AND SONS A
v.
~ -· ALAPATI JALAIAH

APRIL 26, 1995
B
[P.B. SAWANT AND S.B. MAJMUDAR, JJ.)

Andhra Pradesh Buildings (Lease, Rent and Eviction) Control Ac4
..,,
1960:
.....
Tenant-Applications for direction to deposit rent in court and fixation c
of standard rent--Govt. Notification during pendency of applications-Ex-
emption from provisions of Act to premises in questiorHfeld in view of the
notification Rent Controller has no jurisdiction to entertain the applica-
tions-Rights of tenant to claim relief against the landlord were not vested
li,ghts-Such rights got extinguished with the coming into force of the notifica- D
tion.

The respondent-tenant filed three applications on 4th/13th February,
1983 for directions (i) to permit him to deposit rent in the court; (ii)
fixation of standard rent; and (iii) to prevent inconvenience. In the
meanwhile the State Government by its notification dated 29th December, E
1983 exempted with effect from 26th October, 1983 all buildings whose
monthly rent exceeded Rs. 1,000 p.m. from the provisions of the Andhra
Pradesh Buildings (Lease, Rent and Eviction) Control Act, 1960 as a result
of which the suit premises stood exempted from the operation of the Act.
Consequently, the Rent Controller by his order dated 6.4.1985 Jlismissed F
the tenant's application on the ground that with the coming into force of
the Government notification it had no jnrisdiction to entertain and decide
the applications. The appellate conrt npheld the decision of the Rent
Controller. However, the High Court allowed the tenant's revision and held
that the Rent Controller had jurisdiction to entertain and decide the
applications since the notification in question did not apply· to pending G
proceedings. In· appeals to this conrt it was contended on behalf of the
appellant-landlord that with the coming into operation of the government
+ notification from 26th October, 1983, the protection given to the tenant
stood withdrawn and therefore, whatever rights he had nnder the
provisions of the Act, stood extingnished on and from the said date. H
817
818 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1995) 3 S.C.R.

A On behalf of the tenant-respondent it was contended that the tenant
had acquired vested rights under the Act and they were alive when the
applications were made and he could not be divested of the same by the
notification which came into operation from a subsequent date.

B Allowing the appeals and setting aside the decision of the High
Court, this Court

HELD : 1. The tenant who undoubtedly bad the rights and remedies
under the Act to claim reliefs against the landlord, lost the same the ...
moment the protection was taken away, the rights and remedies being not >.-
C vested once. The view taken both by the Rent Controller and the Appellate
Court was right and the decision of the High Court was not correct. As a
result, the applications filed by the respondent-tenant before the Rent
Controller will stand dismissed. [827-A·B]

2. There is a material difference between the rights which accrue to
D
a landlord under the common law and the protection which is afforded to
the tenant by such legislation as the Act. In the former case the rights and
remedies of the landlord and tenant are governed by the law of contract
and the law governing the property relations. These rights and remedies
continue to govern their relationship unless they are regulated by such
E protective legislation as the present Act in which case the said rights and
remedies remain suspended till the protective legislation continues in
operation. Hence while it can legitimately be said that the landlords'
normal rights vested in by the general law continue to exist till and so long
as they are not abridged by a special protective legislation, in the case of
p the tenant, the protective shield extended to him survives only so long as
and to the extent the special legislation operates. In the case of the tenant
therefore the protection does not create any ves!ed right which can operate
beyond the period of protection or during the period the protection is not
in existence. When the protection does not exist, the normal relations of
the landlord and tenant come into operation. Hence the theory of the
G vested right which may validly be pleaded to support the landlord's case
is not available to the tenant. [826-B-E]

D. C. Bhatia & Ors. v. Union of India & Anr., (1995] l SCC 104 and +
Rafiquennessa v. Lal Bahadur Chetri (Dead) through His representatives &
H Ors., (1964] 6 SCR 876, referred to.
P.CHANDRASEJ<HARRAOANDSON.Sv.ALAPATIJALAIAH[SAWANf,J.) 819

Super Forgings & Steels (Sales) Pvt. Ltd. v. Thyabally Rasuljee (Dead) A
through Lrs., [1995] 1 SCR 410 ,Atma Ram Milla/ v. Ishwar Singh Punia,
(1988] Supp. 2 SCR 528, held inapplicable and Kay .v. Goodwin, [1830] 6
Bing 576:130 ER 1403 at 1405, cited.

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal Nos. 5479-81
of 1993. B

From the Judgment and Order dated 13.1.93 of the Andhra Pradesh
High Court in C.R.P. No. 624, 831 and 1043 of 1991.

C. Sitaramiah, Narasimhan P.S. and P.K. Pillai for the Appellants.
c
Subba Rao and A.D.N. Rao for the Respondent.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

SAWANT, J. The short question which falls for consideration in the
present appeal is whether on the coming into operation of the notification D
on 26th October, 1983 issued by the State Government in exercise of the
powers conferred upon it under Section 26 of the Andhra Pradesh Build-
ings (Lease, Rent and Eviction) Control Act, 1960 (hereinafter referred to
as the "Act"), the three applications made by the tenant for relief under
the Act survive or not. E
The relevant facts are that the suit premises were governed by the
Act till 29th December, 1983. On 4th February, 1983 and 13th February,
1983, the respondent-tenant filed variously three applications, viz., (i)
R.C.15/83 for direction to permit him to deposit rent in the court (ii) R.C.
16/83 for f1Xation of fair rent and (iii) R.C. 17/83 to prevent inconvenience. F
The .State Government issued notification dated 29th December, 1983
exempting w.e.f. 26th October, 1983 from all the provisions of the Act,
among others, buildings whose monthly rent exceeded Rs. 1,000. The
definition of the 'building' under the Act includes any t~nanted premises
and hence the suit premises stood exempted from the operation of the Act G
w.e.f. 26th October, 1983 since on the said date the monthly rent payable
in respect of the premises was Rs. 1,300.

The Rent Controller dismissed the tenant's applications by his order
of 6th April, 1985 on the ground that the rent of the premises being in
excess of Rs. 1,000 he had no jurisdiction to entertain and decide the H
820 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1995] 3 S.C.R.

A applications after 26th October, 1983. Against the said decision, the tenant
preferred three appeals in the three applications to the Subordinate Judge.
The appeals were dismissed upholding the decision of the Rent Controller.
Against the decision in appeal, the tenant preferred three revision peti-
tions, viz., C.R.P. Nos. 624, 831 and 1043/91 in the High Court and the
High Court by the impugned decis10n allowed the said petitions holding
B that the Rent Controller had jurisdiction to entertain and decide the
applications since the notification in question did not apply to the pending
proceedings.

2. It appears that while the tenant's appeals were pending before the
C Subordinate Judge, he had preferred a writ petition being W.P. No, 8081/86
in the High Court challenging the validity of clause (b) of the said notifica-
tion which states that the buildings fetching monthly rent exceeding Rs
1,000 stood exempted from the provisions of the Act. The learned Single
Judge of the High Court dismissed the writ petition upholding the validity
D of the said provisions. The tenant preferred a writ appeal which also met
the same fate. Against the decision in the writ appeal, the tenant preferred
special leave petition in this Court which was dismissed summarily at the
admission stage without a speaking order.

Shri Sitaramiah, learned counsel appearing for the appellant-
£ landlord contended that on the coming into operation of the said notifica-
tion from the 26th October, 1983, the protection given to the tenant stood
withdrawn and, therefore, whatever rights he had under the provisions of
the Act, stood extinguished on and from the said date. As against this, it
was contended by Shri Subba Rao for the tenant that the tenant had
F acquired vested rights under the Act and they were alive when the applica-
tions were made and he could not be divested of the same by the Notifica-
tion which came into operation from a subsequent date, as held by the
Division Bench of tjie High Court.

In support of his contention, the learned counsel for the landlord
G relied upon, among others, the following decisions of this Court. The first
of the decision is D.C. Bhatia & Ors., v. Union of India & Anr., [1995] 1 SCC
104 where a three-Judge Bench of this Court disposed of several appeals
+
arising out of an amendment of the Delhi Rent Control Act whereby
Section 3 (c) was introduced in the said Act withdrawing the protection of
H that Act to such premises whose rent was Rs. 3,500 per month or Rs. 42,000
.P. CHANDRASEKHARRAO AND SONS v. ALAPATI JALAIAH [SAWANI, J.) 821

per annum or above. One of the contentions advanced there on behalf of A
the tenants was that the amendment in question came into force on 1st
December, 1988 and, therefore, it would not apply to those tenancies which
were created prior to the said date. It was urged that the amendment was
not specifically made retrospective and hence it could not affect the rights
of the tenants already acquired under the said Act. Repelling these con- B
tentions, this Court held as follows :

"52. We are unable to uphold this contention for a number of
reasons. Prior to the enactment of the Rent Control Act by the
various State Legislatures, the legal relationship between the
landlord and tenant was governed by the provisions of the Transfer C
of Property Act. Delhi Rent Control Act provided protection to
the tenant from drastic enhancement of rent by the landlord as
well as eviction, except on certain specific grounds. The legislature
by the Amendment Act No. 57 of 1988 has partially repealed the
_Delhi Rent Control Act. This is a case of express repeal. By D
Amending Act the legislature has withdrawn the protection hither-
to enjoyed by the tenants who were paying Rs. 3,500.or above as
monthly rent. If the tenants were sought to be evicted prior to the
amendment of the Act, they could have taken advantage of the
provisions of the Act to resist such eviction by the landlord. But
this was nothing more than a right to take advantage of the E
enactment. The tenant enjoyed statutory protection as long as the
statute remained in force and was applicable to him. If the statute
ceases to be operative, the tenant cannot claim to continue to have
the old statutory protection. It was observed by Tinda~ C.J. in the
case of Kay v. Goodwin, [1830] 6 Bing 576: 130 ER 1403 at 1405.
F
"The effect of repealing a statute is to obliterate it as com-
pletely from the records of the Parliament as if it had never
been passed; and, it must be considered as a law that never
existed, except for the purpose of those actions which were
commenced, prosecuted, and concluded whilst it was an G
existing law/

"53. The provisions of a repealed statute cannot be relied upon
after it has been repealed. But, what has been acquired under the
Repealed Act cannot be disturbed. But, if any new or further step H
822 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1995] 3 S.C.R.

A is needed to be taken under the Act, that cannot be taken even
after the Act is repealed."
'
"5~ Jn the case of Kewal Singh v. Lajwanti, vires of Section 25-B
of the Delhi Rent Control Act was challenged. Section 25-B was
inserted to provide the landlord with a speedy remedy of eviction
B in case of bona fide necessity of the landlord. A contention was
raised on behalf of the tenants that the provisions of Section 25-B
violated Article 14 of the Constitution. Fazal Ali, J., speaking on
behalf of the Court, repelled this argument by observing (SCC
p.303, para 21)
c "Thus any right that the tenant possessed after the expiry of
the lease was conferred on him only by virtue of the Rent
Control Act. It is, therefore, manifest that if the legislature
considered in its wisdom to confer certain rights or facilities
on the tenants, it could due to changed circumstances curtail,
D modify, alter or even take away such rights or the procedure
enacted for the purpose of eviction and leave the tenants to
seek their remedy under the common law." )

"55. In the instant case the legislature has decided to curtail or
take away the protection of the Delhi Rent Control Act from a
E section of the tenants. The tenants had not acquired any vested right
under the Delhi Rent Control Act, but had a right to take ad-
vantage of the provisions of the repealed Act so long as that law
remained in force." (emphasis ours)

"56. In the case of Mohinder Kumar v. State of Haryana, the validity
F of the Amending Act of 1978 by which Haryana Urban (Control
of Rent and Eviction) Act, 1973, was amended was challenged.
The Amending Act by which a category of newly constructed
buildings were exempted from the provisions of the Act for a
period of ten years, was challenged, inter alia, on the ground that
G the provisions operated retrospectively and sought to take away
the vested rights of the tenants under the Act. This contention was
repelled by this Court in the following words : (SCC p.231, para
17)

"The argument that the tenants have acquired a vested right
H under the Act prior to its amendment is without any sub-
P.CHANDRASEKHARRAOANDSONSv.ALAPATIJA!.AIAH[SAWANT,J.] 823

stance. Prior to the amendment of Section 1(3) by the A
Amending Act of 1978, the provision as it originally stood
cannot be said to have conferred any vested right on the
tenants. The provision, as it originally stood prior to its
amendmen~ might not have been constitutionally valid as the
exemption, sought to be granted was for an indefinite period. B
That does not necessarily imply that any vested right in any
tenant was thereby created. The right claimed is the right to
be governed by the Act prior to its amendment. If the lei:·
Jature had thought it fit to repeal the entire Act, could the
tenant have claimed any such right? Obviously, they could not
have; the question of acquiring any vested rights really does C
not arise.' (emphasis ours)

"58. The last contention was as to whether the term 'rent' is to be
construed as "standard rent" and not as the rent which is actually
being paid. This argument is also not acceptable for a nnmber of
reasons. Firstly, the legislature has not used the expression 'stand- D
ard rent' in clause (c) of Section 3. Words normally should be
understood in the ordinary dictionary meaning."

"60. It had been contended on behalf of the tenants that unless
'standard rent' was determined in accordance with the provisions E
of Section 6 of the Act, the provisions of Section 3(c) could not
be made applicable. There is nothing in the wording of Section
3(c) to support this contention. Section 3(c) speaks of premises
'whose monthly rent. exceeds three thousand and five hundred
rupees'."
F
It, however, appears that in the judgment under appeal in that case
it had been held that the provisions of the said section 3(c) could not be
applicable to the cases which were pending before the Court. Since no
arguments were advanced on that point by any of the parties before this
Court, the Court made it clear that it was not expressing any opinion on G
the said controversy.

The next decision is reported in [1964] 6 SCR 876 in Rafiquennessa .
v. Lal Bahadur Chetri (dead) through His representatives & Ors. In that case
the appellant sued the lessee, the predecessor of the respondent for
ejectment on the latter's failure to deliver possession of a leased land at cH
824 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1995] 3 S.C.R.

A the expiration of the stipulated period. Under the.covenant, the lessee was
entitled to build a house for residential purposes. The Trial Court decreed !
the appellant's claim whereupon the lessee filed an appeal. While it was
pending, the Assam Non-Agricultural Urban Areas Tenancy Act was
passed, and thereafter the lessee prayed for permission to take an addi-
tional ground under Section 5 of that Act. Before that date, the High Court
B had taken the view that the said provision of the Act was applicable to
pending proceedings. The lower appellate court allowed the lessee's plea
and ultimately allowed the appeal and set aside the decree concluding that
the two houses had been constructed by the lessee within five years after
taking of the lease and that entitled the lessee to claim the benefit of
c Section 5 of the Act. The High Court on appeal, following its earlier
decision summarily dismissed the appeal. In the appeal filed to this Court,
the Court held that (i) the statutory provision is retroactive either when it
is so declared by the expressed terms or the intention to make retroactive
clearly follows from the relevant words and the context in which they occur
and (ii) the provisions of the Act clearly indicate that the legislature wanted
D
the beneficent provisions enacted by it to take within their protection not•
only leases executed after the Act came into force, but also leases executed
prior to the operation of the Act. The plain object of Section 5 was to
protect the tenants who had built a permanent structure either for business
or for residence, provided it had been built within five years from the date
E of the contract of tenancy, even thongh the construction had been made
before the date of the Act. (iii) A suit which was pending when the Act
came into force would be governed by Section 5(1)(a) of the Act. An
appeal likewise would be governed by the said Section provided it was
pending after the date. when the act came into force the appeal pending
being a continuation of the suit.
F
The learned counsel for the landlord also sought to derive support
to his contention from a decision of this Court in [1995) 1 SCR 410 Super
F01gings & Steels (Sales) Pvt. Ltd. v. Thyabally Rasuljee (dead) through Lrs.
According to us, the said decision is not apt for supporting his submissions
G since it relied upon the developments between the parties during the
pendency of the proceedings in this court for its conclusion that the said
developments could be taken into consideration for the decision in that +
matter.

H As against this, the learned counsel for the tenant relied upon the
P.CHANDRASEKHARRAOANDSONSv.ALAPATIJALAIAH[SAWANf,J.] 825

decision of this Court reported in (1988] Supp. 2 SCR 528 Atma Ram Mittal A
' I v. Jshwar Singh Punia. In that case, the appellant-landlord had filed a civil
suit against the respondent-tenant for possession of a shop which had been
rented out by him in 1978. The suit was filed on the basis that the
respondent was in arrears of rent from 1st December, 1981 to 31st May,
1982, that the tenancy had been terminated by giving a suit notice, and that B
Section 1(3) of the Haryana Urban (Control of Rent and Eviction) Act,
• 1973 exempted the building from the purview of the Act. On 15th February,
1983, the respondent-tenant filed his written statement, and in November,
1984, moved an application for dismissal of the suit stating that the shop
in question was constructed in June 1974 and as such, the period of 10
years had expired by June 1984 in terms of Section 1(3) of the Act and as C
such the immunity from the application of the Act had expired. Hence the
suit was not maintainable and the jurisdiction of the civil court was barred.
On these facts this Court held :

"it is well-settled that no man should suffer because of the fault D
of the Court or delay in the procedure. Broom has stated the
maxim uactu.i. curiam neminem gravabit 11 - an act of Court shall
prejudice no man. Therefore, having regard to the time normally
consumed for adjudication, the 10 years exemption or holiday from
the application of the Rent Act would become illusory, if the suit
has to be filed within that time and be disposed of finally. It is E
common knowledge that unless a suit is instituted soon after the
date of letting it would never be disposed of within 10 years and
even within that time it may not be disposed of. That will make
the 10 years holidays from the Rent Act illusory and provide no
incentive to the landlords to build new houses to solve problem of F
shortages of houses. The purpose of legislation would thus be
defeated. Purposive interpretation in a social amelioration legisla-
tion is an imperative irrespective of anything else."

On this finding this Court set aside the decision of the High Court
which had taken the view that the processedings filed by the landlord had G
come to an end on the expiry of the period of 10 years from the date. of
the construction of the premises in question.

Relying on the aforesaid observations and the finding, the learned
counsel of the tenant urged that on the same analogy applications filed by H
826 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1995] 3 S.C.R.

A the tenant would also survive notwithstanding the coming into operation of
the Notification in question since the applications were pending in the r
court on that date.

According to us there is a material difference between the rights
which accrue to a landlord under the common law and the protection
B which is afforded to the tenant by such legislation as the Act. In the former
case the rights and remedies of the landlord and tenant are governed by
the law of contract and the law governing the property relations. These
rights and remedies continue to govern their relationship unless they are
regulated by such protective legislation as. the present Act in which case
C the said rights and remedies remain suspended till the protective legislation
continues in operation. Hence while it .can legitimately be said that the
landlords' normal rights vested in him by the general law continue to exist
till and so long as they are not abridged by a special protective legislation
in the case of the tenant, the protective shield extended to him survives
D only so long as and to the extent the special legislation operates. In the
case of the tenant therefor the protection does not create any vested right
. which can operate beyond the period of of protection or during the period
the protection is not in existence. When the protection does not exist, the
normal relations of the landlord and tenant come into operation. Hence
E the theory of the vested right which may validly be pleaded to support the
landlords' case is not available to the tenant. It is for this reason that the
analogy sought to be drawn by Shri Subbarao between the landlord's and
the tenant's rights relying upon the decision of this Court in (1988) Suppl.
2 SCR is misplaced. In that case the landlord's normal right to evict the
tenant from the premises was not interfered with for the first ten years of
F the construction of the premises by an exemption specifically incorporated
in the protective Rent legislation in question. The normal right was ob-
viously the tested right under the general law and once accrued it con-
tinued to operate. The protection given to the tenant by the Rent legislation
came into operation after the expiry of the period of 10 years. Hence,
G notwithstanding the coming into operation of the protection and in the
absence of the provisions to the contrary, the proceedings already com-
menced on the basis of the vested right could not be defeated by mere
passage of time consumed by the said proceedings. It is for this reason that
the Court there held that the right which had accrued to the landlord being
H a vested right could ·not be denied to him by the efflux of time.
1
P.CHANDRASEKHARRAOANDSONSv.ALAPATIJALAIAH[SAWANT,J.J 827

That is not the situation in the present case where the tenant who A
undoubtedly had the rights and remedies under the Act to claim reliefs
against landlord, lost the same the moment the protection was taken away,
the rights and remedies being not vested ones.

In this view of the matter, we are of the view that the view taken both
by the Rent Controller and the Appellate Court was right and the decision B
of the High Court is not correct. Hence, set aside the impugned decision
of the High Court and allow the appeals. As a result, the applications filed
by the respondent- tenant before the Rent Controller will stand dismissed.

T.N.A. Appeals allowed.
j