PANKAJBHAI RAMESHBHAI ZALAVADIYAversusJETHABHAI KALABHAI ZALAVADIYA (DECEASED)

                           [2017] 12 S.C.R. 1028


A            PANKAJBHAI RAMESHBHAI ZALAVADIYA
                                     v.
         JETHABHAI KALABHAI ZALAVADIYA (DECEASED)
                    THROUGH LRS & ORS.
B                     (Civil Appeal No. 15549 of2017)
                            OCTOBER 03, 2017
                     [ARUN MISHRA AND
                MOHAN M. SHANTANAGOUDAR, JJ.]
          Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 - Or.l,r.10, 01:XXJI, r.4 and
c  Or. VII, r.6 and s.151 - Applications filed under - Suit seeking
 · cancellation of sale deed - Application filed by the plaintiff to bring
   the legal representatives of the deceased-defendant no. 7 un record
   u/Or.XXIJ, 1:4 of CPC was dismissed as not maintainable- Thereafter,
   the appellant-plaintiff filed an application for impleading the legal
D representatives of deceased-defendant no.7 on record, 11/0r.I, r.10
   of CPC, the same was alw dismissed by the trial Court - Dismissal
   confirmed by the High Court - On appeal, held: In a suit seeking
   cancellation of sale deed, a person who has purchased the property
   and whose rights are likely to be affected pursuant to the judgment
E in the suit is a necessary party, and he has to be added - If such
   purchaser has expired, his legal representatives are necessary
   parties - In instant case, since the purchaser of the suit proper(v,
   i.e., defendant no. 7 has expired prior to the ft!ing of the suit, his
   legal representatives ought to have been arrayed as parties in the
   suit while presenting the plaint -As such impleadment was not made
F at the time offiling of the plaint as the plaintiff did not know about
 . the death of the purchaser, he cannot be non-suited mere£v because
   of his ignorance of the said fact - Legal representatives of the
   purchaser of the suit property are necessary parties, they have to
    be impleaded u/Or. I, r. JO of CPC - There is no bar for filing the
G application 11101:1, r.10 even when the application u!01:XXll, r.4 of
    CPC was dismissed as not maintainable under the facts of the case
   - Legal heirs of the deceased per"on in such a matter can be added
   in the array of parties u/Or.l,r.10 of CPC r/w. s.151 of CPC su~ject
   to the plea of limiiation as contemplated u/Or. VII, 1: 6 of CPC and

H
                                  1028
 PANKAJBHAI RAMESHBHAJ ZALAVADIYAv. JETHABHAI KALABHAI                     1029
                 ZALAVADIYA(D) THR. LRS


s.21 of the Limitation Act, to .be decided during the course of trial -    A
Necessary party - Limitation Act, 1963 - s.21
        Administration of Justice - Technical rules or procedures not
to be given precedence over justice - Held: In instant case, when
the trial court had dismissed 1he application u/Or.XX/l, 1:4 of CPC
 as not maintainable at an earlier point of time, the trial Court at       B
 1hat point of time itself could have treated the said application filed
 u/Or. XX//, r. 4 ofCPC as one filed u/01: /, r.10 of CPC, in order to
do justice between the parties - Merely because of the non-
mentioning of the correct provision as Or.I, t:JO of CPC at the initial
stage by the advocate for the plaintiff. the parties should not be
made to suffer - Mere wrong mention of the provision in the                C
application would not prohibit a party to the litigation from getting
justice - Ultimately, the Courts are meant to do justice and not to
 decide the applications based on technicalities - Code of Civil
Procedure, 1908 - 01:L r.10 and Or.XXIL r.4.
       Allowing the appeal, the Court                                      D

HELD: Whether the legal representatives of one of the
defendants can be implcaded under Order 1 Ruic 10 of the Code
where such defendant expired prior to the filing of the sui!.
particularly when the application filed by the plaintiff to bring the
legal representatives of the deceased on record under Order 22             E
Ruic 4 of the Code was dismissed earlier as not maintainable.
      1.1 In the matter on hand, though the trial court had rightly
dismissed the application under Order 22 Ruic 4 of the Code as
not maintainable at an earlier point of time, it needs to be
mentioned that the trial Court at that point of time itself could F
have treated the said application tiled under Order 22 Rule. 4 of
the Code as one filed under Order 1 Rule 10 of the CPC, in
order to do justice between the parties. Merely because of the
non- mentioning of the correct provision as Order 1 Rule 10 of
the Code at the initial stage by the advocate for the plaintiff, the G
parties should not be made to suffer. It is by now well settled
that a mere wrong mention of the provision in the application
would not prohibit a party to the litigation from getting justice.
Ultimately, the Courts are meant to do justice and not to clecicle
the applications based on technicalities. The provision under
                                                                     H
1030            SUPREME COURT REPORTS                       [2017) 12 S.C.R.



 A     Order 1 Rule 10 CPC speaks about judicial discretion        '    of the
       Court to strike out or add parties at any stage of the suit. It can
       strike out any party who is improperly joined, it can add any one
       as a plaintiff or defendant if it finds that such person is a necessary
       or proper party. The Court under Order 1 Rule 10(2) of the
       Code will of course act according to reason and fair play and not
 B
       according to whims and caprice. The expression "to settle all
       questions involved" used in Order 1 Ruic 10 (2) of the Code is
       susceptive to a liberal and wide interpretation, so as to adjudicate
       all the questions pertaining to the subject matter thereof. [Para
       14) [1041-D-H]
 c         1.2 In a suit seeking cancellation of sale deed, a person
   who has purchased the property and whose rights arc likely to
   be affected pursuant to the judi;ment in the suit is a necessary
    party, and he has to be added. If such purchaser has expired, his
   legal representatives arc necessary parties. In the matter on hand,
 D since the purchaser of the suit property, i.e., defendant no.7 has
   expired prior to the filing of the suit, his legal representatives
   ought to have been arrayed as parties in the suit while presenting
    the plaint. As such impleadment was not made at the time of
    filing of the plaint in view oftl)e fact that the plaintiff did not know
   .about the death of the purchaser, he cannot be non-suited merely
 E because of his ignorance of the said fact; To do justice between
    the parties and as the legal representatives of the purchaser of
    the suit property are necessary parties, they have to be. implcaded
    under Order 1 Rule 10 of the Code, inasrnuch as the application
    under Order 22 Ruic 4 of the Code was not maintainable. [Para
 F  14)  (1042-B-D)
             Madhukar Ramachandra Keni v. Vasant Jagannath Patil
             & Ors. 2013 (4) Mh. L. J. 403; Jayalaxmi Janardhan
             Wa!awalkar & Ors. v. Lilachand Laxmichand Kapasi
             & Ors. 1998 (3) Mh. L. J. 618; Arora Enterprises Ltd.
 G           v. Indubhushan Obhan (1997) 5 SCC 366:           (1997) 2
             SCR 857 - held inapplicable.
             Ram Prasad Dagdurmn v. Vijay Kumar Motilal
             Mirakhanwafa & Ors. AIR 1967 SC 278 : [1966] SCR
             188; Bhagwan Swaroop and Ors. l-: Moo! Chand and
 H           Ors. (1983) 2 SCC 132; Karuppaswamy
                                         .
                                                   and Ors.
                                                          . v.
     PANKAJBHAI RAMESHBHAI ZALAVADIYA v. JETHABHA! KALABHAI                          1031
                    ZALAVADIYA(D) THR LRS


           C. Ramamurthy (1993) 4 SCC 41 : (1993) 1 Suppl. SCR                       A
           121; Banwwi Lal_ l/. Balbir Singh (2016) 1 SCC 607 -
           referred ·to.
                              Case Law Reference
     (1966) SCR 188                     referred to               Para4
                                                                                     B
     2013 (4) Mh. L. J. 403             held inapplicable         Para4
     1998 (3) Mh. L. J. 618             held inapplicable         Para4
     (1997) 2 SCR 857                   held in~pplicable          Para4
     (1983) 2 sec 132                   referred to               Para 11
                                                                                     c
     [19931 1 Suppl. SCR 121            referred to                Para 12'
     c2016) 1 sec 607                   referred to                Para 13
          ·CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 15549
     of2017.
                                                                                     D
'·         From the Judgment and Order dated 05.03.2014 of the High Court
     of Gujarat at Ahmedabad in Special Civil Application Number 16985 of
     2011.
           Nikhil Goel, Ms. Naveen Goel, Ashutosh Ghade, Advs. for the
     Appellant.                                                                      E
            Nikhil Nayyar, Ms. Anushrcc Prashit Kapadia, Ms. Smriti Shah,
     N. Sai Vinod, Divyanshu Rai; Anushrec Prashit Kapadia, Advs. for the
     Respondents.
            The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
                                                                                     F
            MOHAN M. SHANTANAGOUDAR,, ,J. 1. Leave Granted.
            2. This appeal arises out of the judgment dated 05.03.2014 passed
     by the Gujarat High Court in Special Civil Application No. 16985 of2011
     dismissing the Special Civil Application filed by the appellant, consequently
     affirming the order passed by the trial. Court rejecting the application
     filed under Order 1 Rule 10 of the Code of Civil Procedure (hereinafter         G
     referred to as the "Code").
            3. The brief facts leading to this appeal arc as under:
        . The appellant filed a suit on 24.06.2008 seeking to set aside a sale
     deed executed in March 1995 in respect of a parcel of land which was            H
1032           SUPREME COURT REPORTS,                         [2017] 12 S.CR.



 A   purchased by defendant no. 7. As on the date of filing of the suit,
   · defendant no. 7 was already dead. Upon the report of the process server
     to this effect, the trial Court on 31.03.2009 ordered that the suit had
     abated as against defendant no. 7. Initially, the appellant filed an
     application under Order 22 Rule 4 of the Code for bringing on record the
     legal representatives of deceased defendant no. 7. The trial Court while
 B
     rejecting the said application on 09.09.2009 observed thus:
            "According to the ratio laid down in the above said cases Order
            22 Rule 4 of Code will apply only when the party dies during the
            pendeney of the proceeding. Further held that a suit against dead
            person is admittedly a nullity and therefore, Order XXII Rule 4
 c          cannot be invoked. Further held that the provisions of Order XXII
            Rule 4 of Code and Order l Ruic 10 of Code arc different and
            independent. Therefore, according to heirs of deceased defendant,
            the heirs cannot be joined as party because the suit is filed agairist
            dead person.
 D          Now in this case, the endorsement for the bailiff for the death of
            defendant No. 7 made on 31.01.2009 and the present application
            is filed on 20.05.2009. The application is filed for setting aside
            abatement and to join the heirs in this suit. Moreover, there is no
            case of the plaintiff that he has no knowledge about the death of
 E          defendant No. 7 or he has made inquiry. Therefore, as per the
            judgment produced by the defendant, the suit against dead person ·
            is nullity. Moreover, the plaintiff has not mentioned the provision
            under which he has filed the present application. Moreover, the
            plaintiff has remedy against the heirs therefore, no injustice will
            cause to him. Moreover, there are other defendants on record.
 F
            Under these circumstances, the application cannot be allowed.
            Hence, I pass the following order in the interest of justice.
                                       ORDER
             I. The application is not allowed.
 G          2. No order as to cost."
            Thereafter the appellant chose to file an application for imp leading
     the legal representatives of deceased defendant no. 7 on record, under
     Order l Rule l 0 of the Code. The aforementioned application also came
     to be dismissed by the trial Court on 03.09.2011, and confirmed by the
 H · High Court by passing the impugned judgment. Hence, this appeal.
PANKAJBHAI RAMESHBHAI ZALAVADIYAv. JETHABHAI KALABHAI                          1033
  ZALAVADIYA(D) THR. LRS [MOHAN M. SHANTANAGOUDAR, J.]


        4. Learned counsel for the appellant/original plaintiff contended      A
that the subsequent application under Order l Ruic l 0 of Code could not
be dismissed by applying the principle of res-judicata merely because
the application filed earlier under Order 22 Rule 4 of the Code was
dismissed on account of non-maintainability; that the appellant has
accepted the order passed by the trial Court on the application filed
                                                                               B
under Order 22 Rule 4 of the Code since the reasons assigned by the
trial Court were proper and acceptable inasmuch as the legal
representatives cannot be brought on record under Order 22 Rule 4 of
the Code in the suit filed against defendant no. 7, who had died prior to
filing of the suit; the provisions of Order 22 Rule 4 of the Code will
apply only ifthe sole, or one of the defendants, dies during the subsistence   c
of the suit. Since defendant no.7 had expired prior to the filing of the
suit, the only course open for the appellant was to implead the legal
representatives/heirs of deceased defendant no. 7 on record under Order
 l Ruic l 0 of the Code; hence, the earlier order rejecting the application
filed under Order 22 Rule 4 of the Code as not maintainable will not
                                                                               D
operate as res-judicata for entc11aining the subsequent application for
imp leading the legal representatives of deceased defendant no.7, wider
Order I Rule 10 of the Code. As the appellant did not have knowledge
about the death of defendant No.7, the suit has a right to survive and the
mistake committed by the appellant in not arraying the legal
representatives of deceased defendant no. 7 at 'he time of filing of the       E
suit is a bona fide mistake and not a deliberate one. Since such mistake
has occurred in good faith, the right to continue the suit against the legal
representatives of deceased defendant no.7 remains. The trial has not
yet begun and hence the issue of delay, if any, in bringing the legal
representatives on record, will not prejudice the legal representatives of     F
defendant No.7. Since the proposed parties are necessary parties to
the suit and their impleadment cannot prejudice anybody, the interests of
justice require bringing of the legal representatives of deceased defendant
no. 7 on record.
      Per contra, learned counsel appearing on behalf of the respondents
relying upon the eatena of judgments reported in Ram Prasad                    G
Dagduram i•s Vijay K1111wr Motilal Mirakhamvala .& Ors., AIR 1967
SC 278, Mad/mkar Ramachandra Keni i•s 111sa11t Jagannath Patil
& Ors., 2013 (4) Mir. L. J. 403, Jayalaxmi Janardlum Wa/awalkar
& Ors. vs Lilac/iand Laxmichand Kapasi & Ors., 1998 (3) Mir. L.
J. 618, Arora Enterprises Ltd. vs lnd11b/111sha11 Oblw11 1997 (5)              H
1034            SUPREME COURT REPORTS                            [2017] 12 S.C.R.



 A  SCC 366 contended that the trial Court as well as the High Court are
  · justified in rejecting the application for irnplcading the legal representatives
    of deceased defendant no. 7 filed under Order l Rule l 0 of the Code;
    since the application filed by the appellant initially under Order 22 Rule 4
    of the Code was dismissed and as the second application filed under
    Order l Rule 10 of the Code was for the very same purpose, the Courts
 B below were justified in rejecting the application preferred under Order 1
    Rule 10 of the Code. He further submits that the application preferred
    under Order 1 Rule l 0 of the Code to implead the legal representatives
    of deceased defendant no. 7 is not maintainable, since the appellant has
    not questioned the earlier Order dated 09.09.2009 rejecting the application
 C filed under Order 22 Ruic 4 of the Code, and therefore the said order
    has attained finality and binds the appellant; the appellant cannot be
    allowed to file another application for the same reliefby invoking different
    provision of the Code.
            5. The only question which is to be decided in this appeal is,
 D whether the legal representatives of one of the defendants can be
     imp leaded under Order 1 Ruic 10 of the Code where such defendant
     expired prior to the filing of the suit, particularly when the application
   · filed by the plaintiff to bring the legal representatives of the deceased on
     record under Order 22 Rule 4 of the Code was dismissed earlier as not
     maintainable.
 E
            6. The bare reading of Order 22 Rule 4 of the Code makes it
     clear that Order 22 Rule 4 of the Code applies only in the case where
     the death of one of the several defendants or the sole defendant occurs
     during the subsistence of the suit. If one of the defendants has expired
     prior to the filing of the suit, the legal representatives of such deceased
 F defendant cannot be brought on record in the suit under Order 22 Ruic 4
     of the Code. Before proceeding further, it is relevant to note the
     provisions of Order 1 Rule 10 and Sections 151 & 153 of the Code,
     which read thus:
             "Order 1 Rule 10: Suit in name of wrong plaintiff. -
 G
             1. Where a suit has been instituted in the name of the wrong
             person as plaintiff or where it is doubtful whether it has been
             instituted in the name of the right plaintiff, the Court may at any
             stage of the suit, if satisfied that the suit has been instituted through
           . a bona fide mistake, and that it is necessary for the determination
 H
PANKAJBHAIRAMESHBHAI ZALAVADIYAv. JETHABHAI KALABHAI                           1035
  ZALAVADJYA(D) THR. LRS [MOHAN M. SHANTANAGOUDAR,J.]


    of the real matter in dispute so to do, order any other person to be       A
    substituted or added as plaintiff upon such terms as the Court
    things just.
    2. Court may strike out or add parties.- The Court may at
    any stage of the proceedings, either upon or without the application
    of either party, and on such terms as may appear to the Court to           B
    be just, order that the name of any party improperly joined, whether
    as plaintiff or defendant, be struck out, and that the name of any
    person who ought to have been joined, whether as plaintiff or
    defendant, or whose presence before the Court may be necessary
    in order to enable the court effectually and completely to adjudicate
    upon and settle all the questions involved in the suit, be added.          C
    3. No person shall be added as a plaintiff suing without a next
    friend or as the next friend of a plaintiff under any disability without
    his consent.
    4. Where defendant added, plaint to be amended.- where a D
    defendant is added, the plaint shall, unless the Court otherwise
    directs, be amended in such manner as may be necessary, and
    amended copies of the summons and of the plaint shall be served
    on the new defendant and, ifthe Court thinks fit, on the original
    defendant.
                                                                         E
    5. Subject to the provisions of the India Limitation Act, 18'77 ( 15
    of 1877), section 22, the proceedings as against any person added
    as defendant shall be deemed to have begun only on the service
    of the summons.
    Section 151: Saving of inherent powers of Court - Nothing
                                                                               F
    in this Code shall be deemed to limit or otherwise affect the
    inherent power of the Court to make such orders as may be
    necessary for the ends ofjustice or to prevent abuse of the process
    of the Court.
    Section 153: General power to amend - The Court may at
                                                                      0
    any time, and on such terms as to costs or otherwise as it may
    think fit, amend any defect or error in any proceeding in a suit;
    and all necessary amendments shall be made for the purpose of
    determining the real question or issue raised by or depending on
    such proceeding.
                                                                      H
1036            SUPREME COURT REPORTS                            [2017] 12 S.C.R.



 A         7. In the matter on hand, the sale was made in favour of defendant
    no. 7, and the validity of the sale deed was the subject matter of the
    suit. The purchaser of the property, i.e. defendant no.7, though dead at
    the time of filing the suit, was made one of the defendants erroneously.
    The persons who are now sought to be impleaded under Order 1 Rule
    10 of the Code arc the legal representatives of the deceased defendant
 B·
    no. 7. Therefore, there cannot be any dispute that the presence of the
    legal representatives of the deceased is necessary in order to enable the
    Court to effectively and completely adjudicate upon and settle all the
    questions in the suit. Their presence is necessary in the suit for the
    determination of the real matter in dispute. Therefore, they are needed
 C to be brought on record, of course, subject to the Jaw of limitation, as
    contended under Section 21 of the Limitation Act.
             8. Merely because the earlier application filed by the appellant
     under Order 22 Rule 4 of the Code was dismissed on 09.09.2009 as not
     maintainable, it will not prohibit the plaintiff from filing another application,
 D which is maintainable in law. There was no adjudication of the application
     to bring legal representatives on record on merits by virtue of the order
     dated 09.09.2009. On the other hand, the earlier application filed under
     Order 22 Rule 4 of the Code was dismissed by the trial Court as not
     maintainable. inasmuch as defendant no. 7 had died prior to the filing of
     the suit and that Order 22 Rule 4 of the Code comes into the picture only
 E · when a party dies during the pendency of the suit. The only course open
     to the appellant in law was to file an application for impleadmcnt to bring
     on record the legal representatives of deceased defendant no. 7 under
     Order I Rule 10 of the Code. Hence, the order passed by the trial Court
     on the application filed under Order 22 Rule 4 of the Code, dated
 F 09.09.2009, will not act as res-judicata.
              9. Order I Rule 10 of the Code enables the Court to add any
       person as a party at any stage of the proceedings, if the person whose
       presence in Court is necessary in order to enable the Court to effectively
       and completely adjudicate upon and settle all the questions involved in
 G     the suit. Avoidance of multiplicity of proceedings is also one of the
       objects of the said provision. Order I Rule I 0 of the Code empowers the
       Court to substitute a party in the suit who is a wrong person with a right
       person. If the Court is satisfied that the suit has been instituted through
       a bona fide mistake, and also that it is necessary for the determination of
       the real matter in controversy to substitute a party in the suit, it may
 H
PANKAJBHAI RAMESHBHAI ZALAVADIYA v. JETHABHAI KALABHAI                        1037
  ZALAVADIYA(D) THR. LRS [MOHAN M. SHANTANAGOUDAR, J.]


direct it to be done. When the Court finds that in the absence of the         A
persons sought to be impleaded as a party to the suit, the controversy
raised in the suit cannot be effectively and completely settled, the Court
would do justice by impleading such persons. Order I Rule 10(2) of the
Code gives wide discretion to the Court to deal with such a situation
which may result in prejudicing the interests of the affected party if not
                                                                              B
impleaded in the suit, and where the impleadment of the said party is
necessary and vital for the decision of the suit.
         1O. In the case ofVijay Kumar Motilal Miraklrnnwala (supra),
a bench by majority held that the legal representatives ofa party can be
added under Order 1 Rule JO of the Code, but the date on which they
were implcadcd shall be the date on which the suit was instituted by or       C
against them. In the said matter, this Court on facts held that the suit
was barred by limitation as per Section 22 of the Limitation Act of 1908.
This Court, though it concluded that the Court has got the power to join
a particular person as a party under Order 1 Rule 10 of the Code, did not
interfere in the matter imasmuch as this Court found that the suit was        D
barred by limitation. It is relevant to note that the said suit was of the
year 1958. Since the Limitation Act, 1963 (now in force) was at that
time not in existence, this Court applied the old limitation law and held
that the suit was barred by limitation. As of now, the proviso to Section
21 ( 1) of the Limitation Act 1963 empowers the Court to direct that the
suit shall be deemed to have been instituted on an earlier date, where the    E
omission to include a new plaintiff or defendant was due to a mistake
made in good faith. Therefore, it is open to the plaintiff in the matter on
hand to prove "good faith" on his part in not including the legal
representatives of deceased defendant no. 7, during the course of trial
of suit.                                                                      F
       11. It would be relevant to note that in the Case of Bhagwan
Swaroop and Ors. VS Mool Chand and Ors., 1983 (2) sec 132,
this Court observed thus:
      "4. It is true that it was incumbent upon the appellants to implead
      the heirs and legal representatives of deceased respondent 1 in         G
      time. It is equally true that the appellants were negligent in moving
      the proper application. We would not question the finding of the
      High Court that appellants 2, 3 and 4 knew about the death of the
      deceased respondent 1. This being a suit for partition ofjoint family
      property, parties are closely interrelated and it is reasonable to      H
1038      SUPREME COURT REPORTS                         [2017] 12 S.C.R.



 A     believe that at least some of the appellants must have attended
       the funeral of deceased respondent 1, as contended on behalf of
       the contesting respondent 2. There is some force in the contention
       that when a specific provision is made as provided in Order 22, R.
       4, a resort to the general provision like Order 1, Rule 10 may not
       be appropriate. But the laws of procedure are devised for
 B
       advancing justice and not impeding the same. In Sangram Singh
       v. Election Tribunal, Kotah (AIR 1955 SC 425), this Court
       observed that a code of procedure is designed to facilitate justice
       and further its ends; not a penal enactment for punishment and
       penalties; not a thing designed to trip people up. This was
 c     reaffirmed in Kali par Das v. Bimal Krishna Scn(l 983) l SCC 14.
       5. In a suit for partition, the position of plaintiffs and defendants
       can be interchange-' able. It is that each adopts the same position
       with the other parties. Other featw·es which must be noticed are
       that the appeal was filed somewhere in 1972. It has not come up
 D     for hearing and the matter came on Board only upon the application
       of the second respondent intimating to the Court that the 1st
       respondent had died way back and as his heirs and legal
       representatives having not been substituted, the appeal has abated.
       Wheels staited moving thereafter. Appellants moved an application
       for substitution. The matter did not end there. Heirs of deceased
 E     respondent 1 then moved an application for being brought on
       record. If the application had been granted, the appeal could have
       been disposed of in the presence of all the parties. The difficulty
       High Court experienced in granting the application disclosed with
       great respect, a hyper-technical approach which if carried to end
 F     may result in miscarriage of justice. Who could have made the
       most serious grievance about the failure of the appellants to
       substitute the heirs and legal representatives of deceased
       respondent l? Obviously the heirs of deceased respondent 1 were
       the persons vitally interested in the outcome of the appeal. They
       could have contended that the appeal against them has abated
 G     and their share has become unassailable. That is not their case.
       They on the contrary, want to be impleaded and substituted as
       heirs and legal representatives of deceased respondent I. They
       had absolutely no grievance about the delay in bringing them on
       record. It is the second respondent who is fighting both the
 H
PANKAJBHAI RAMESHBHAI ZALAVADJYA v. JETHABHAI KALABHAI                        1039
  ZALAVADJYA(D) THR. LRS [MOHANM. SHANTANAGOUDAR, J.]


      appellants and the l st respondent who wants to derive a technical      A
      advantage by this procedural lapse. If the trend is to encourage
      fairplay in action in administrative law, it must all the more inhere
      in judicial approach. Such applications have to be approached with
      this view whether substantial justice is done between the parties
      or technical rules of procedure arc given precedence over doing
                                                                              B
      substantial justice in Court. Undoubtedly,j ustice according to law;
      law to be administered to advance justice."
       12. This Court in the case ofKaruppaswamy and Ors. vs C.
Ramamurthy, 1993 (4) SCC 41 has permitted the plaintiff to modify
the application filed by him under Order 22 Rule 4 of the Code to make
it an application under the provisions of Sections 151 and 153 of the
                                                                              c
Code. In the said matter also the suit was filed against a dead person.
This Court proceeded further to conclude that the plaintiff has shown
good faith as contemplated under Section 21 ( 1) of Limitation Act and
hence the implcadment of the legal representatives/heirs must date back
to the date of the presentation of the plaint. In the said matter, it was     D
observed thus:
      "4. A comparative reading of the proviso to Sub-section (1) shows
      that its addition has made all the difference. It is also clear that
      the proviso has appeared to permit correction of errors which
      have been committed due to a mistake made in good faith but             E
      only when the court permits correction of such mistake. In that
      event its effect is not to begin from the date on which the
      application for the purpose was made1 or from the date of
      permission but from the date of the suit, deeming it to have been
      correctly instituted on an earlier date than the date of making the
      application. The proviso to Sub-section ( 1) of Section 21 of the       F
      Act is obviously in line with the spirit and thought of some other
      provisions in Part III of the Act such as Section 14 providing
      exclusion of time of proceeding bona fide in court without
      jurisdiction, when computing the period oflimitation for any suit,
      and Section 17( 1) providing a different period of Limitation           G
      starting when discovering a fraud or mistake instead of the
      commission of fraud or mistake. While invoking the beneficent
      proviso to Sub-section (I) of Section 21 of the Act an avermcnt
      that a mistake was made in good faith by implcading a dead
      defendant in the suit should be made and the comt must on proof
                                                                              H
1040            SUPREME COURT REPORTS                          [2017] 12 S.C.R.



 A           be satisfied that the motion to include the right defendant by
             substitution or addition was just and proper, the mistake having
             occurred in good faith. The court's satisfaction alone breaths life
             in the suit.
             5. It is noteworthy that the trial court did not attribute any neglect
 B           or contumacy to the conduct of the plaintiff-respondent. It was
             rather observed that the plaintiff could have known the date of
             the death of the first defendant only by the counter filed to IA 265
             of 1975. Normally, ifhc had known about the date of death of the
             defendant, he would have filed the suit in the first instance against
             his heirs and legal representatives. The trial court has also opined
 C·
             that the plaintiff was ignorant as to such death and that is why he
             filed IA 265 of 1975 under Order 22 Ruic 4 of C.P.C. The High
             Court too h:is recorded a finding that there was nothing to show
             that the plaintiff was aware of the death of the first defendant
             and yet knowing well about it, he would persist in filing the suit
 D           'tgainst a dead person. In conclusion, the learned Single Judge
             held that since plaintiffrespondent had taken prompt action it clearly
             showed that he had acted in good faith. Thus the High Court
             made out a case for invoking the proviso to Sub-section (I) of
             Section 21 of the Act in favourofthe plaintiff-respondent. Sequally,
             the High Court found no difficulty in allowing IA 785 of 1975
 E           permitting change of the provision whereunder IA 265 of 1975
             was filed and in allowing IA 265 of 1975 ordering the suit against
             the heirs and legal representatives of defendant 1 to be dating
             back to 14.11.74, the date on which the plaint was originally
             presented."
 F·                                                          (underlining is ours)
              13. In the Case of Banwari Lal vs Balbir Singh, 2016 (1)
       sec 607, defendant no. 1, (who was respondent no. l in the first appeal)
       had expired 2 years prior to the decision in the first appeal, but no steps
       were taken to bring his legal representatives on record. The first appellate
 G     Court decided in favour of the plaintiff. When the matter came up in
       second appeal, the legal representatives of defendant no. 1 filed an
       application for condonation of delay and restoration. This Court though
       observed that the application ought to have been filed under Order 22
       Ruic 4 of the Code inasmuch as the death had occurred during the
       subsistence of the matter before the Court and the application under
 H
 PANKAJi3HAI RAMESHBHAI ZALAVADIYA v. JETHABHAI KALABHAI                      1041
   ZALAVADIYA(D) THR. LRS [MOHAN M. SHANTANAGOUDAR, J.]


Order 1 Rule 10 of the Code was not maintainable, had proceeded to            A
allow the application on the ground that it would be unjust io non-suit the
applicant on the ground of technicalities. This Court permitted the legal
representatives of defendant No. I to convert the application into one
filed under Order 22 Rule 4 of the Code.
       In the cases relied upon by the respondents, viz., Jayalaxmi B
Janardhan Walawalkar (supra) and in the case of Madhukar
Ramachandra Keni (supra), the death had occurred during the pcndency
of the matter and consequently the suit stood abated. The case of Arora
Enterprises (supra) is also not applicable as it deals with the finality of
an abatement order. In that context. the Courts have concluded that the
only course open to the plaintiff/appellant in case ifthe death occurs in a c
pending matter, is to file an application under Order 22 Rule 4 of the
Code, and not under Order l Rule I 0 of the Code or under Section 151
of the Code.
        14. In the matter on hand, though the t1ial court had rightly dismissed
the application under Order 22 Rule 4 of the Code as not maintainable at D
an earlier point of time. in our considered opinion. it needs to be mentioned
that the trial Court at that point of time itself could have treated the said
application filed under Order 22 Rule 4 of the Code as one filed under
Order 1 Rule 10 of the CPC, in order to do justice between the parties.
Merely because of the non- mentioning of the correct provision as Order E
 I Rule I 0 oft he Code at the initial stage by the advocate for the plaintiff,
the parties should not be made to suffer. It is by now well settled that a
mere wrong mention of the provision in the application would not prohibit
a party to the litigation from gettingjustiec. Ultimately, the Courts arc
meant to do justice and not to decide the applications based on
tc.ehnicalities. The provision under Order 1 Ruic 10 CPC speaks about F
judicial discretion of the Court to strike out or add parties at any stage of
the suit. It can strike out any party who is improperly joined, it can add
any one as a plaintiff or defendant if it finds that such person is a
necessary or proper party. The Court under Order 1 Rule I 0(2) of the
Code will of course act according to reason and fair play and not G
according to whims and caprice. The expression "to settle all questions
involved" used in Order 1 Rule 10 (2) of the Code is susceptivc to a
liberal and wide interpretation, so as to adjudicate all the questions
pertaining to the subject matter thereof. The Parliament in its wisdom
 while framing this rule must be held to have thought that all material
                                                                              H
1042             SUPREME COURT REPORTS                           [2017] 12 S.C.R.



 A     questions common to the parties to the suit and to the third parties should
       be tried once for all. The Court is clothed with the power to secure the
       aforesaid result with judicious discretion to add parties, including third
       parties. There cannot be any dispute that the party impleaded must
       have a direct interest in the subject matter oflitigation. In a suit seeking
       cancellation of sale deed, as mentioned supra, a person who has purchased
 B
       the property and whose rights are likely to be affected pursuant to the
       judgment in the suit is a necessary party, and he has to be added. If such
       purchaser has expired, his legal representatives are necessary parties.
       In the matter on hand, since the purchaser of the suit property, i.e.,
       defendant no.7 has expired prior to the filing of the suit, his legal
 c     representatives ought to have been arrayed as parties in the suit while
       presenting the plaint. As such impleadment was not made at the time of
       filing of the plaint in view of the fact that the plaintiff did not know about
       the death of the purchaser, he cannot be non-suited merely because of
       his ignorance of the said fact. To do justice between the parties and as
        the legal representatives of the purchaser of the suit property are
 D
       necessary parties, they have to be impleaded under Order 1 Rule 10 of
        the Code, inasmuch as the application under Order 22 Rule 4 of the
       Code was not maintainable.
               As mentioned supra, it is only if a defendant dies during the
       pendency of the suit that the provisions of Order 22 Rule 4 of the Code
 E     can be invoked. Since one of the defendants i.e. defendant No.7 has
       expired prior to the filing of the suit, there is no legal impediment in
       implcading the legal representatives of the deceased defendant No.7
       under Order l Rule 10 of the Code, for the simple reason that the plaintiff
       in any case could have instituted a fresh suit against these legal
 F     representatives on the date he moved an application for making them
       parties, subject of course to the law oflimitation. Normally, if the plaintiff
       had known about the death of one of the defendants at the time of
       institution of the suit, he would have filed a suit in the first instance
       against his heirs or legal representatives. The difficulty that the High
       Court experienced in granting the application filed by the plaintiff under
 G     Order 1 Rule 10 of the Code discloses, with great respect, a hyper-
       technical approach which may result in the miscarriage of justice. As
       the heirs of the deceased defendant no. 7 were the persons with vital
       interest in the outcome of the suit, such applications have to be
       approached keeping in mind that the Courts are meant to do substantial
 H
PANKAJBHAI RAMESHBHAI ZALAVADIYAv. JETHABHAI KALABHAI                         1043
 . ZALAVADIYA(D) THR LRS [MOHAN M. SHANTANAGOUDAR, J.]


justice between the parties and that technical rules or procedures should     A
not be given precedence over doing substantial justice. Undoubtedly,
justice according to the law does not merely mean technical justice but
means that law is to be administered to advance justice.
       15 .. Having regard to the totality of the narration made supra,
there is no bar for filing the application under Order I Ruic I 0, even B
when the application under Order 22 Rule 4 of the Code was dismissed
as not maintainable under the facts of the case. The legal heirs of the
deceased person in such a matter can be added in the array of parties
under Order 1Ruic10 ofthc Code read with Section 151 of the Code
subject to the pica oflimitation as contemplated under Order 7 Rule 6 of
the Code and Section 21 of the Limitation Act, to be decided during the C
course of trial.
        In view of the above, the impugned judgment of the High Court is
set aside. The appeal is allowed. The Trial Court is directed to imp lead
the legal representatives of deceased defendant no. 7 and bring them on
record, subject to the plea oflimitation as contemplated under Order 7        D
Ruic 6 of the Code, as well as under Section 21 of the Limitation Act,
1963, to be decided during the trial.


Ankit Gyan                                                  Appeal allowed.