Holding

The amendment to Order XL, Rule 3 is constitutionally valid; oral hearing is not mandatory for review petitions unless the Court, after written screening, finds a prima facie case warranting it.

Summary

The petitioners challenged the amendment to Order XL, Rule 3 of the Supreme Court Rules, which allows review petitions to be disposed of by circulation without oral arguments, alleging violations of Articles 14, 19, 21 and the right to a public hearing under Article 32. The Court examined whether the rule was ultra vires of the Constitution, particularly Articles 137 and 145, and whether it discriminated between civil and criminal proceedings. It held that the rule is a valid exercise of the Court's rule‑making power and that oral hearing is not mandatory at the preliminary stage of a review application. The judges may order oral arguments if a prima facie case for review is found, but otherwise the petition can be dismissed by circulation. The Court emphasized the need for efficient case management and rejected the claim that the rule infringes constitutional guarantees. Consequently, all the writ petitions were dismissed without any order as to costs.

Issues considered

The amendment to Order XL, Rule 3 allowing disposal of review petitions by circulation without oral arguments violates Articles 14, 19 and 21 of the Constitution.
Whether the rule is ultra vires of Article 137 (review power) and Article 145 (rule‑making power) of the Constitution.
Whether the rule creates an impermissible discrimination between civil and criminal review proceedings.
Whether oral hearing is a mandatory requirement for review applications under the Supreme Court Rules.

Legislation cited

Constitution of Indias. Art.137, s. Art.14, s. Art.141, s. Art.145, s. Art.19, s. Art.21, s. Art.32
Supreme Court Rules, 1966s. Order XL Rule 2, s. Order XL Rule 3

Subjects

review petitionSupreme Court Rulesoral hearingcirculation procedureconstitutional validityArticle 14judicial administrationpublic justice

Judgment

11119

P. N. ESWARA IYER. A
v.
TilE REGISTRAR, SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
February 1, 1980
[V. R. KRISHNA IYER, S.. MURTAZA FAZAL ALI, D. A. DESAI, B
R. S. PATHAK AND A. D. KOSHAL, JJ.]
Supreme Court Rules 1966-0.XL, rules 2 and 3 Scope of-Disposal of re-
r
,f
view 'etitions by circulation withDllt oral arguments-If violative of Art. 14.
Order XL, rule 2(1) of the Supreme Court Rules (as amended) provides
that an application for review shall be by a petition and shall be filed within
thirty days from the date of the judgment or order sought to be reviewed. It
c
shall set out clearly the grounds for review. Sub-rule (3) provides that "un-
less otherwise ordered by the Court an application for review shall be disposed
of by circulation without any oral a-rguments but the petitioner may supplement
his petition by additional written arguments".

In a petition under Article 32 of the Constitution the petitioners contended D
t:h.at scuttling of oral presentation Qnd open hearing is subversive of the basic
creed that public justice shall be rendered from the public seat Ol1d that secrecy
8lld circulation are negation of judicial justice.
Dismissing the petitions,

HELD : per Krishna Iyer, S. Murtaza Fazal Ali and Desai, JJ (Pathak and
Kosltal JJ concurring). E

Unchecked review has never been the rule·. A review petition must be sup-
ported by proper grounds because otherwise every disappointed litigant' may
ave.ge his defeat by a routine review petition. [895D]

The original rule required a certificate by the advocate to the effect that the
petition was review-worthy. If it was so certified then a preliminary oral hear.. F
ing followed. After such oral argument the court issued notice to the other
side or_ dismissed the petition. But as it turned out, laxity in certification and
pro•iscuity in filing review applications crowded the court with unwanted re-
view petitions and the very solemnity of finality would bo fruslralcd if such a
garlle were to become popular. [895E-H]

The amended rule is designed to remove the evil of reckless reviews by the
futroduction of preliminary judicial screening in circulation replacing counsel's
G
certification. If the review petition and written submissions convinced the court
prima facie that material error bad marred the justice or legality of the oarlier.
judgment or order,. the case would be posted for oral hearing in court. Now
'certworthiness' is shifted from coU11Bel to court. [896H]

Circulation in the judicial context merely means not in court through oral argu-
ments but by· discussion at judicial conference. Judges, even under the an1ended B
rule, must meet, collectively cere9rate and reach conclusions. In a review peti-
tion the same judges \'i'hO have once heard oral arguments and are familiar with
890 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1980] 2 S.C.R. •
A the case direct a hearing in court if they find good grounds. It is not as if all
oml advocacy is altogether shut out. Where oral presentation is not that essen·
tial its exclusion is not obnoxious. What is crucial is the guarantee of the •
application of an impartial and open mind to the points presented. If withont
much injury a certain class of cases can be disposed of without oral hearing,
there is no good reason for not making such an experiment. If on a close
perusal of the jl<lper book the judges find that there is no merit or statable case,
·n there is no special virtue in sanctifying the dismissal by an oral ritual.
[898E, 899E, 900CJ
The rule on its face affords a wider set of grounds for review for orders in
civil proceedings but limits the grounds vis a vis criminal proceedings to errors I
apparent on the face of the record. fiere "record" means any material which

/
c
is already on record or n1ay with the permission of the court be brought on
record. [909C] l
The substanti\'e power is defived front ~l\.rticle. J 37 and is as \vide for crimi~
nal as for civil proceedings. Even the difference in phraseology in the rule
(r. 2) must be reJd to encompass the same area and uot to engraft the artifi~
cial divergence prolluctive of anomaly. If the expression ~·record" is read to
moon any material cvt!n later brought on record, \Vith the leave of the court.
it will embrace subsequent events, ne\V light and other grounds which are found
D in 0. 47, r. I, C.P.C. [909G-H]
Sow Chandra Kanta and Anr. v. Sheik Habib ::1975] 3 SCR 933; Lala Ram •
v. Supreme Court of India & Ors [1967] 2 SCR 14 referred to.
Per Pathak and Koshal JJ (concurring).
Oral hearing is not an essential requir~ment if on a preliminary examination
a review application is found to be devoid of suCstance. .i\. review application
attempts nothing more than to obtain a reconsideration of the judgment of the
court disposing of the substantive proceeding. The merits of the controversy
having already been examined the re-examination :'ought c~.nnot proceed beyond
the controversy already disposed of. [911C-D]
If the. judges, on screening the review application, hold that there is no case
whatever for review they will reject it. If on the other hand they find that a
F good pririza jacie case for review has been made out, they will give an oral
hearing in the presence of the parties. There may also be cases where even
after they are satisfied that no prinia facie case has been made out they con-
sider it desirable to boor an applicant orally they will afford him an opportunity
of oral hearing and in the event of a prima jacie case being made out they will f
issue notice to the respondent and oral hearing ,Nill follow, in the presence of •
the parties. In short the denial of oral hearing is confined to the preliminary
~ stage only. It is not possible to hold that at that preliminary stage also the
applicant for review is entitled to be heard orally. The merit of the oral hear·
ing lies in the fact that Counsel addressing the court are able to discern what
are the aspects of the controversy on which n1ore light is needed. The court
j' can utilise an oral hearing in order to express its doubts on a point end seek
clarification thereon from counsel. If there is no doubt whatever oral heariBg
becomes a superfiuity and at best a mere formality. [911F-Hl
~Ir' A written submission is capable of careful drafting and explicit expression.
/ \md is amenable. to such arrangement in its written content that it pointedly
brings to the notice of the reader the true scope and merit of the submission.
ESWARA IYER v. THE REGISTRAR (Krishna Iyer,!.) 891

It is not correct to say that oral hearing is mandatory in all classes of cases
.r and at every stage of every case. [912D]

!
\ [The question under consideration being the need for an oral hefiling in
relation to review applications only, there is no need to express any
opinion on whether an oral hearing is an imperative requirement in the
disposal of other kinds of cases brought before the Court.]
' !
B
ORIGINAL JuR1sDICTJON : Writ Petition Nos. 151, 187, 238, 458,

I 1038, 1069 and 1277 of 1979.
(Under Article 32 of the Constitution)

f! R. K. Garg, S. Balakrishnan and M. K. D. Nambpodiri for the
Petitioner, in W.P. No. 151/79.
c
Soll J. Sorabjee Sol. General, E. C. Agarwala, R. N. Sachthey and
Miss A. Subhashini for the Respondent, in W.P. No. 151/1979.
Petitioner in person-in W.P. No. 1038/79.
P. R. Mridul and H. K. Puri for the Petitioner, in W.P. No. 187 /
~ ~
A. K. Gupta, Vivek Seth, Miss Madhu Moolchandani and 0. P.
R11na for the Respondent No. Lin W.P. 187/79.
Soli !. Sorabjee, ·Sol. Genl. E. C. Agarwala, R. N. Sachthey and
Miss A. Subhashini for the Respondent No. 2 in W.P. No. 187 /79.
A. K. Ganguli and D., P. Mukherjee for the Petitioner in W.P. E-
238/79.
A. K. Ganguli and 0. P. Rana for the petitioner in W.P. No. 458/
79.
Soli J. Sorabjee, Sol. General, R. N. Sachthey and Miss A. Sub- .
hashini for the Respondent in W.P. Nos. 458 & 238/79. F
G. L. Sang hi and Miss Lily Thomas for the Petitioners in \V.P.
Nos. 1069 & 1277/79.
) Dr. L. M. Singhvi and Sardar Bahadur Saharya for the intervener.
The Judgment of V. R. Krishna Iyer, S. Murtaza Fazal Ali and
D. A. Desai, JJ. was delivered by Krishna Iyer, J., R. S. Pathak, J. gave G
a separate OpiniCJ:ll on behalf of A. D. Koshal, J. and himself.

KRISHNA IYER, J. Tersely expressed, this bunch of cases challenges
the vires of a recent amendment made by the Supreme Court under
Art. 145 in the matter of review petitions whereby the judges will
decide in circulation, without the aid of oral submissions, whetl1e~ R
there is merit in the motion and, in their discretion, choose to hear
, farther arguments in court .
.+
892 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1980] 2 s.c.R.

A Is orality in advocacy-that genius of Indo-Anglian Justice-an
inalienable and ubiquitous presence in the court process, or does it ·1
admit of abbreviated appearance and-more pertinent to the point
here--<liscretionary eclipse, at least when it has been preceded by a
sufficient oral session ? Secondly is hearing on Bench in public, in
contrast to considering the matter in conferential circulation, the only
hall-mark of judicial justice, absent which the proceeding always vio-
lates the norms of equality implicit in Art. 14 the limits of "reason-
ableness" bedrocked in Art. 19, the proceduraJ. fairness rooted in Art.
21 ? And, finally, by resort to operational ,secrecy, does rationing
or barking of oral hearing travesty the values of our Justice S:ystem?

c These basic problems of the forensic process,_ of pervasive impact
and seminal import, fall for consideration in these writ petitions under
Art. 32 of the Constitution. The charge is that the novel expedi!mt
of substitution of oral arguments by written submissions and orders in
circulation dispensing with public sitting, save where-and that may be
rare-the judges in their discretion choose to hear arguments in court,
D is a ·dangerous deviance from the fundamentals of the Judicial Process.
Apprehending maybe, the futuristic repercussions of a decision on these
questions, even though now restricted to teview petitions, in other
fields of 'hearing' at a later time, the Supreme Court Bar Association
has intervened and argued to impugn the amended rule through ,its
President, Dr. L. M. Singhvi, in supplementation of parties' submis-
E sions. We have allowed even other advocates to make brief contri-
butions, because, when this Court considers issues of moment and
pronounces thereon, the law so declared binds all : and it is ensouled
in democratic propriety that the voice of reason and instruction be
received from every permissible source in the nation, if processed ac-
cording to cursus curiae. This participative principle lends people's
F legitimation to the judicial process and strengthens the credentials of
the rule of law.
The composite question, which settles the fate of these petitions,
emerges this way. Art. 137 provides for review of judgments or orders
,
of this Court, subject to the provisions of any law made by Parlia-
ment or any rule made under Art. 145. We are here concerned with
a rule made by this Court. The rule-making power under Art. 145 is
geared tQ 'regulating generally the practice and procedure of the
Court'. In particular, Art. 145(1) (bJ and (e) authorise such 'judi-
cial' legislation in the shape of rules as to "the procedure for hearing
appeals and other matters pertaining to appeals" and also "as to the
B conditions subject to which any judgment pronounced or order made
by the Court may be reviewed and the procedure for such review".
Such rules, like any other law, are subject to the imperatives of Part III
ESWARA IYER v. THE REGISTRAR (Krishna Iyer,!.) 893

cand become non est if violative of the proscriptions and prescrip- A '
tions of the Constitution vide Premchand Garg's case(I). Even the
·Supt"eme Court, in the scheme of our Republic, is no imperium in
/ ,imperio.
The substantive power of review and the procedure for its exercise
are essential for any judicial system if unwitting injustice is to be ob- B
vial~ to the extent pragmatically possible, without being blinded b:11 ·
any claim to impervious infallibility in the first judgment.! Even judges,
more than other mortals, to correct injustice if the ei:ror is discovered
within working limits. Thus, the root principle of judicial review is
profoond. Judge Learned Hand co=ended to the judges the great
·rule of humility co_ntained in the oft-repeated words of Cromwell : C
"I beseech ye in the bowels of Christ, think that ye may
be mistaken" said Oliver Cromwell just before the battle of
Dunbar. These words Judge Hand said he would like to
have written "over the portals of every church, every court-
house and at every cross-road in the nation."(') D
(emphasis added)
·Such is the high-minded tolerance with which this Court re-examine&
its own orders to eliminate the happenstance of in justice unhampered
by judicial hubris.
This Court had framed rules for review, right from the start, but a E
certain amendment, recently made, has curtailed oral hearing in court
as a matter of course and thi_s measure of discretionary truncation is
attacked as fundamentally offensive to judicial justice of which this
Court is the highest custodian. ''lf the salt hath lost hiS savour, where-
with shall it be salted?" Surely, this Court's procedure should be the
paradigm, nothing short of it. So, the question is whether it is so F
heathen to make oral hearing discretionary at the review stage and at
the Supreme Court level that the rule can be condemned as
constitu-
tionally apoState ? Another faJal infirmity was also pointed out as the
)
• arguments proceeded, viz., that a hostile discrimination had been
made by r. 2(1) against litigants who moved for review in criminal
proceedings as against those in the civil jurisdiction., He will
relegate G
,jt for consideration to a later stage.
The relevant original rules ran thus :
2. (1) An application for review shall be by petition,a
and shall be filed within thirty days from the date of the
(I) Prem Chand Garg v. Excise Commissioner U. P., Allahabad (1963] Suppl. H
(I) 885. .
·(2) The Spirit of Liberty by Learned Hand, p. >)<iv.
894 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1980] 2 S.C.R.

A judgment or order sought to be reviewed. It shall set out
clearly the grounds for review and shall, unless otherwise
ordered by the Court, be accompanied by a certificate from
the Advocate who appeared at the hearing of th!l case for the
party seeking review, or where the party appeareu in person,
from any advocate of this Court, that it is supported by
B proper grounds. The certificate shall be in the form of a
reasoned opinion.
(2) No application for review in a civil proceeding shall
be entertained unless the party seeking review furnishes to
the Registrar of this Court at the time of filing the petition 1
c for review, cash security to the extent of two thousand
rupees for the costs of the opposite party.
3. An application for review shall be posted before the
Court for preliminary hearing and order as to the issue of
notice to the opposite party. Upon such hearing, the Court
may either dismiss the petition or direct a notice to the op-
D
posite party and adjourn the hearing for such party to be
heard. A petition for review shall as far as practicable be
posted before. the same Judge or Bench of Judges that deli-
vered the judgment or order sought to be reviewed.
4. Where on application for review the Court reverses
E or modifies its former decision in the case on the ground of
mistake of law or fact, the Court may, if it thinks fit in
the interLsts of justice to _do so, direct the refund to the
petitioner of the court-fee paid on the application in whole
or in part, as it may think fit.
F The corresponding amended rules read thus : I
:2. (1) An application for review shall be by a petition,
and shall be filed within thirty days from the date of the
judgment or order sought to be reviewed. It shall set out
clearly the grounds for review. (1)
G (2) No change.
3. [Unless otherwise ordered by the Court](') an ap-
plication for review shall be disposed of by circulation with-
out any oral arguments, but the petitioner may supplement
his petition by additional written arguments. The Court
may either dismiss the petition or direct notice to the oppo-
R
(1) Sub. by GSR 387 dated 13-3-1978 and came into force on 18-3-78.
(2) Added by GSR 1024 dated 9-8-78 and came into force on 19-8-78.
..
ESWA'.RA IYER v. THE REGISTRAR (Krishna Iyer, !.) 8 95

site party. An application for review shall as far as prac- A
ticable be circulated to the same Judge or Bench of Judges
that delivered the judgment or order sought to be reviewed.
4. No change.
5. Where an application for review of any judgment
or order has been made and disposed of, no further appli- B
cation for review shall be entertained in the same matter.
(newly inserted)
The vital difference, vis a vis the first point, is that now oral hearing
is no longer a rigb• of the petitioner but facultative with the Bench
and the 'circulatory' system replaces the public hearing method. A
brief study of the anatomy of the rules will highlight the points urged.

Dissecting the rules and comparing their directives we find that
unchecked review has never been the rule. It must be supported by
proper grounds. Otherwise, every disappointed litigant may · avenge
bis defeat by a routine review adventure and thus obstruct the dis-
posal of the 'virgin' dockets waiting in the long queue for preliminary
screening or careful final hearing. It is perfectly reasonable to insist
that the existence of proper grounds for review should be responsibly
vouched for before the further time of the court is taken. So, the
original rule required a certificate to that effect by the advocate who
earlier bad appeared in the case. Here, counsel functioned as an E
officer of the court and, under the mandate of the old r. 2(1) the
Court granted or refused a certificate of review-worthiness. If it was
so certified, then a preliminary oral hearing followed. After such
oral argument, the court issued notice to the other side or dismissed
the petition. The system was fair enough if the certification process
worked well and real errors and apparent mistakes marring the ori- F
ginal judgment were the restricted grounds for review. But as it
turned out, laxity in certification and promiscuity in filing review
applications crowded the court with 'unwanted review babies'. The
docket crisis which quaked the calendar deepened, to the detriment
of faigative justice to the deserving who awaited their turn for hear-
G
ing. Even otherwise, frivolous motions for review would ignite the
'gallrbling' element in litigation with the finality of judgments even by
the highest court, being left in suspense. If, every vanquished party
bas a fling at 'review' lncky dip and if, perchance, notice were issued
in some cases to the opponent the latter-and, of course, the former,
-would be put to great expense and anxiety. Tue very solemnity of D
finality, so crucial to judicial justice, would be frustrated if such a
game were to become popular. And it did become popular, as
3-138SCI/80
..
896 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1980] 2 S.C.R,

A experience showed. The inflow of meritless review petitions, which
were heard and dismissed, interrupted the stream of public justice. i •
This Court in Sow Chandra Kanta and Anr. v. Sheikh Habib(') was
faced with this problem and, while dismissing the review petition,
observed how the opportunity for correction of grave errors was being
perverted into the purchase of a fresh appeal to the same court against
8 its own appellate or other judgment on the same grounds which were
earlier rejected. This Court said : ( 2 )
A review of a judgment is a serious step and reluctant
resort to it is proper only where a glari:lg omission or patent
mistake or like grave error has crept in earlier by judicial
c fallib:lity. A mere repetition, through different counsel, of
old and over-ruled arguments, a second trip over ineffec-
tually covered ground or minor mistakes of inconsequential
import are obviously insufficient. The very strict need for
compliance with these factors is the rationale behind the in-
sistence of counsel's certificate which should not be a routine
D affair or a habitual step. It is neither fairness to the court
which decided nor awareness of the precious public time
lost what with a huge backlog of dockets waiting in the •
queue for dispooal, for counsel to issue easy certificates for
entert:llnment of review and fight over again the same battle
which has been fought and Jost. The Bench and the Bar,
E we are sure, are jointly concerned in the conservation of judi- '
cial time for maximum use. We regret to say that this case
is typical of the unfortunate but frequent phenomenon of
repeat performance with the review label as pas~port. Noth-
ing which we did not hear them has been heard now except
a couple of rulings on points earlier put forward. Maybe,
F as counsel now urges and then pressed, our order refusing
special leave was capable of a different course. The present
stage ·is not a virgin ground b_ut review of an earlier order
which has the normal feature of finality.
These observations were symptomatic of the 'review syndrome' which,
therefore, demanded remedying. And the amended rule purposefnlly
incarnated under such auspices to remove the evil of reckless reviews
by the introduction of preliminary judicial screening in circulation,
replacing counsel's certification with court's scanning exercise--an ad-
ded but necessitous judicial burden. If the review petition and writ-
ten submissions (for which provision was made) convinced the Court,
H
(!) [1975] 3 S.C.R. 933.
(2) Ibid pp, 933-934.
ESWARA !YER v. THE REGISTRAR (Krishna Iyer, J.) 897

prima fade, that material error had marred the justice or legality A
of the earlier· judgment or order the case would be posted for oral
hearing in court. Otherwise, not. 'Certworthiness'--an American
judicial shorthand for 'certi:ficate-worthiuess'-was, by this amend-
ment, shifted from counsel to court. This, in pith and substance, is
the rationale of the amended rule.
B .
Counsel, at one stage, asked whether there was' back-up empiri-
cal research to warrant the ;issumptions in the amendment, whether
facts and figures about the number and nature of wasted 'review' time
of court and a host of other related aspects were available. No such
material is before us now. It is fair to confess that the scientific
method of undertaking research and study into public problems as pre- c
lude to legislation is a 'consummation devoutly to be wished' and
lamentably lacking in our country; and court management, with·
special reference to maximisation of judicial time-a matter of great
national moment-is a problem the very existence of which is cur-
rently beyond the keen of juristic research. · Where 'awareness' is
absent, ad-hocism is inevitable. But here the experiential evi- D
dence of the judges who considered and decided on the amendment
and the inference available from the decisions on review petitions
make good the proposition or makes-do for empirical research.
Be that as it may, we are satisfied that enough justification exists
in the daily experience oI this Court to warrant the change the way E
it has been done. Even so, constitutional canons cannot be contra-
vened even by pragmatic compulsions. Paramountcy is pa.ramountcv
and exigency must bow before it. What, then, are the paramount
principles of constitutionality violated by the amended rule ? Ab-
sence of public hearing and oral presentation are the vices identified
in counsel's arguments. F
Two major submissions were made to invalidate r. 2(1). The
scuttling of oral presentation and open hearing is snbversive of the
basic creed that public justice shall be rendered from the pnblic seat,
not in secret conclave, that hearing becomes 'deaf' if oral impressive-
ness is inhibited by the circulation process, more congenial to the G
seclusion of bureaucratic cells, fed on files, than to the audio-visual
argumentation heard in the halls of court, which is the insignia of
judicial justice. Secrecy and circnlation are the negation of judicial
procedure. A review is a judicial proceeding and its hearing, to fill
the bill, must not run away from the essentials of processual juris-
prudence, however allergic some judges may be to the 'sound system' H
which is the heart of our forensics. With allotropic modifications,
counsel's arguments stressed this recurrent theme.
898 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1980] 2 s.c.R.

· A We must make it perfectly plain, right at the outset, that audi
alterem partem is a basic value of our judicial system. Hearing the
party aiffected is too deeply embedded in the consciousness of our
constitutional order. The question is about the quality, content and
character of 'hearing' in the special 'review' situation. Incidentally,
we may deal with oral hearing and its importance in the court pro-
B cess, the possibilities of its miniaturisation and, in certain categories
its substitution by written submissions.
We agree that public hearing is of paramount significance. Jus-
tice, in the Indian Republic, is public; and if judges shun the halls of
court, read papers at home confer in private and issue final fiats
c without listening to the bar as the representative of the seekers of jus-
tice, the rule of law could well darken into an arcane trick and back
door diktats issued from 'robed' -adjudicators strain the escutcheon of
justice. We also agree that oral advocacy has a non-fungible import-
ance in the forensic process which the most brilliant brief cannot
match and the most alert judge cannot go without. The intellectual
D jallywork of intricate 'legal reasoning and impassioned sculpture of
delicate factual emphasis may often be teyond the craftsmanship of
pen and paper. There is no controversy that disposal by circulation,
Secretariat fashion, cannot become a general judicial technique nor
silent notings replace Bench-Bar dialogues. We must clarify one
point. 'Circulation', in the judicial context, merely means, not in
E court through oral arguments but by discussion at judicial conference.
Judges, even under the amended rule, must meet, collectively cere-
brate and reach conclusions. Movement of files with notings can-
not make-do. Otherwise, mutual persuasion, reasoned dissent and
joint judgment will be defeated and machinisation of opinion and
assertions of views in absentia will deprive judicial notices of that
F mental cross-fertilisation essential for a Bench decision. The learned r
Solicitor General strongly urged that he was at one with counsel op-
posite on this point. We agree.
The key question is different. Does it mean that by receiving writ-
ten arguments as provided in the new rule, and reading and discussing
G at the conference table, as distinguished from the 'robed' appearance on
the Bench and hearing oral submissions, what is perpetrated is so arbi-
trary, unfair and unreasonable a 'Pantomini' as to crescendo into un-
constitutionality ? This phantasmagoric distortion must be dismissed
as too morbid to be regarded seriously-in the matter of review peti-
tions at the Supreme Court level.
H
Let us look at the actuality without being scary. The rule under
challenge does not implicate or attract an original hearing at all. It
ESWARA IYER v. THE REGISTRAR (Krishna Iyer, J.) 899

relates to 'review' situations. Ex hypothesi, an antecedent judicial hear- A
t ing and judicial order exist. Indeed, if a full oral hearing on the Bench
has already taken place the dangerousness of secret disposals dies out.
What is asked for is a review or second look at the first order. Should
this second consideration be plenary? Never. The focus must be
limited to obvious, serious errors in the first order. Indiscriminate
B
second consideration cannot be purchased by more payment of court-
fee. We reject the strange plea one of the advocates put forward that
since the petitioner h,td paid court-fee for review he had the right to
the full panoply of oral hearing ad libitem covering the whole range.

Review must be restricted if the hard-pressed judicial process is not
to be a wasting disease. There are many ways of limiting its scope, c
content and modality. The confinement to certain special grounds, as
in Order 47 Rule 1, C.P.C., is one way. The requirement of counsel's
rea$oned certificate of fitness (Certworthiness) for review is another._
Judicial screening to discover the presence, prima fade, of good grounds
to hear counsel in oral submission is a third. The first is good and D
continues. The second was tried and found ineffective and the third
is being tried. Legislative policy is experimental as life itself is a trial-
and-error adventure. What is shocking about this third alternative ?
Judges scrutinise-the same judges who have once heard oral argu-
ments and are familiar with the case-and, if they do not play truant,
dirc~t a hearing in court if they find good grounds. If there is ground, E
oral bearing follows. It is not as if all oral advocacy is altogether shut
out. Only if preliminary judicial scrutiny is not able to discern any
reason to review is oral exercise inhibited. The court process is not
a circus or opera where the audience can clamour for encore. When the
system is under the severe stress of escalating case-load, management
of Justice Business justifies forbiddance of frivolous reviews by scrutiny F
in limine on the written brief. Justicing too is in need of engineering.

In many jurisdictions oral submissions and public hearings are
disallowed in like circumstances. In England and America where
orality in advocacy has been apotheosised, certain extended stages of
'hearing' in the superior courts have been slimmed or removed. Even G
disposal of petitions for leave in judicial conference, without a Bench
bearing, b~s been in vogue.

This Court, as Sri Garg rightly emphasised, has assigned special
value to public hearing, and courts are not caves nor cloisters but shrines H
of justice accessible for public prayer to all the people. Rulings need
not be cited for this basic proposition: But every judicial exercise need
f
~ 900 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1980] 2 S.C.R.

a
A f not be public show. When judges meet in conference to discuss it
c-c need not be televised on the nation's network. The right to be heard
is of the essence but hearing does not mean more than fair opportunity
to present one's poiint on a dispute, followed by a fair consideration
thereof by fair-minded judges. Let us not romanticise this process nor
stretch it to snap it. Presentation can be written or oral, depending on .
B the justice of the situation. Where oral persuasiveness is necessary it
is unfair to exclude it and therefore, arbitrary too. But where oral
presentation is not that essential, its exclusion is not obnoxious. What
is crucial in the guarantee of the application of an instructed, intelli-. '.l
gent, impartial and open mind to the points presented. A blank judge
C wearied by oral aggression is prone to slumber while an alert mind 1
probing the 'papered' argument may land on vital aspects. To swear
by orality or to swear at manuscript advocacy is as wrong as judicial
allergy to arguments in court. Oftentimes, it is the judge who will ask
for oral argument as it aids him much. To be left helpless among
ponderous paper books without the oral highlights of counsel, is counter-
productive. Extremism fails in law and life.
D
We agree that the normal ruleof the judicial process is oral hearing
and its elimination an unusual exception. We are now on the vires
of a rule relating to review in the highest court. A full-dress hearing,
to the abundant accompaniment of public presence and oral submission,
is over. It is a second probe. Here written arguments are given. TI1e
E
entire papers are with the judges. The judges themselves are the same
persons who have heard oral presentation earlier. Moreover, it is a
plurality of judges, not only one. Above all, if prima facie grounds are
made out a further oral hearing is directed. Granting basic bona (ides
in the judges of the highest court it is impossible to argue that partial
F foreclosure of oral arguments in court is either unfair or unreasonable
or so vicious an invasion of natural justice as to be ostracised from our
constitutional jurisprudence. It must be remembered that review is not
a second dose of the same arguments once considered and rejected. The
rejection might have been wrong but that cannot be helped. Dissenting
minorities regard the dominant majorities wrong in their judgments but
G there is no helping it.

It may not be inept to refer to the critical distinction, even where
review of fundamental rights proceeding is sought, between an original
or virgin hearing and a ~econd look at or review of the order already
passed after a full hearing. In Lala Rmn's case(') this Court accented
H on the essential distinction between an original application for the

(l) Lala Ram v. Supreme Court of India & Ors., [1967] 2 S.C.R. 14.
ESWARA IYER v. THE REGISTRAR (Krishna Iyer, J.) 90 I

enforcement of fundamental rights and an application to review the A
order made therein. It was there observed : (1)
The main purpose of a review petition is not to enforce
a fundamental right, but to reopen an order vitiated by an
error on the face of the record or for such other reasons.
But it is said that the effect of reopening of the earlier order B
would be to restore his application to enforce the fundamental
right and, therefore, in effect and substance, an application
to review such an 01 ~er is also an application to enforce the
• fu:idamental right. It may be that this is a consequence of
reopening an order, but the application itself, as we have said,
is not to enforce the fundamental right. c
Is there any nexus between the elimination of oral advocacy and
the goal of dispensation of justice? Counsel urge there is none. We
cannot agree. The goal to be attained is maximisation of judicial time
and celerity of disposal of review petitions. And, despite the heavier
burden thrown on the judges during the hours outside court sittings by D
agreeing to read through and discuss the review papers for themselves,
there is obvious acceleration of disposal of review petitions without in-
trusion into court time. Equally clearly, the benches are able to spare
more time tor bearing cases. To sum up, the advantages of the cir-
culation system linked up with the objects of saving judge-time in court
and prompter despatch of review petitions are obvious. To organize E
review Benches of the same judges who first heard the case only to last
for a few minutes or a little longer, then to disperse and re-arrange:
regular Benches, especially when most of the review petitions are repeat
performances in futility, is a judicial circus the court •Can ill afford.
•• The rule is rational, the injury is marginal.
F
The magic of the spoken word, the power of the Socratic process
end th~ instant clarity of the bar-bench dialogue are too precious to
be parted with although a bad advocate can successfully spoil a good
case i[ the judges rely only on oral arguments for weaving their
decision. The written brief, before careful judges, can be a surer
process of deeper communication than the 'vanishing cream' of speak- G
ing submissions. And a new skill-preparation of an effective brief,
truly brief, highly telling and tersely instructive-is an art of the pen
worth the acquisition especially when, in practice, there are many
gifted lawyers who go with Goldsmith who 'wrote like an angel and
talked like poor Paul'. India is neither England nor America and our
forensic technology must be fashioned by our needs and resources. H

(I) Ibid at 17.
902 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1980] 2 s.c.R. •

A Indeed, in this Court, counsel have begun to rely heavily, with good
reason, on written submissions aud oral 'sweeteners'. The Bench can
never go it alone. The bar must collaborate and catalyse.

Nor is there any attempt, in this circulation rule, to run away from
the open. Secret sittings, exclusion of the public and cabals in con-
B clave are bete noire for the judicial proces:. A review implies an
earlier full hearing and, if warranted, a future further hearing. Every
measure has to be viewed in perspective, not out of focus. The con-
sternation that the court, by hidden procedures, may undo the 'open'
heritage is a chimerical fear or a disingenuous dread.

C St In other jurisdictions which our jurists hold in ang!ophilic esteem,
this practice is current coin. The balancing of oral advocacy and
written presentation is as much a matter of principle as of pragmatism.
The compulsions of realities, without compromise on basics, offer the
sound solution in a given situation. There are no absolutes in a
universe of relativity. The pressure of the case-load on the judges'
D limited time, the serious responsibility to bestow the best thought on
the great issues of the country projected on the court's agenda, the
deep study and large research which must lend wisdom to the pronounce-
ments of the Supreme Court which enjoy awesome finality and the
unconscionable backlog of chronic litigation which converts the expen-
sive end-product through sheer protraction into sour injustice-all these
E emphasise the urgency of rationalising and streamlining court man~ge
ment with a view to saving court time for the most number of cases with
the least sacrifice of quality and turnover. If, without much injury,
a certain class of cases can be disposed of without oral hearing, there
is no good reason for not making such an experiment. If, on a close
F perusal of the paper-book, the judges find that there is no merit or
••
statable case, there is no special virtue in sanctifying the dismissal by
an oral ritual. The problem really is to find out which class of cases
may, without risk of injustice, be disposed of without oral prese1tation.
This is the final court of provisional infallibility, the summit court,
which not merely disposes of cases beyond challenge, but is also the
G judicial institution entrusted with the constitutional responsibility of
_ authoritatively declaring the law of the land. Therefore, if oral hear-
ing will perfect the process it should not be dispensed with. Even so,
where issues of national moment which the Supreme Court alone can
adequately tackle are not involved, and if a considerable oral bearing
and considered order have already been rendered, a review petition
H may not be so demanding upon the judge's 'Bench' attention, especial-
ly if, on the face of it, there is nothing new, nothing grave at stake.
Even here, if there is some case calling for examination or suggestive
ESWARA IYER v. THE REGISTRAR (Krishna Iyer,!.) 903

of an ea1lkr error, the court may well post the case for an oral hear- A
ing. (Disposal by circulation is a calculated risk where no problem
or peril is visible.)
Oral argument has been restricted at several stages in the judicial
process in many countries. In the United States the problem of a
large number of frivolous petitions for re-hearing (in our diction,
B
review) filed by counsel provoked the court into framing restrictive
rules of hearing. One of the rules prescribes :
A petition for rehearing is not subject to oral argument,
and will not be granted, unless a justice who concurred in
the judgment or decision desires it, and a majority of the
court so determines. (') C
In England, leave to appeal to the House of Lords is a pattern of pro-
ceedings where obligatory oral hearing does not always exist. The
recent practice direction may be usefully referred to here :
As from October 1, 1976 Petitions for leave to appeal
to the House of Lords will be referred to an Appeal Com- D
mittee consisting of three Lords of Appeal, who will con-
side: whether the petition appears to be competent to be
received by the House and, if so, whether it should be r.-
ferred for an oral hearing.
Where a petition is not considered fit for an oral hear-
E
ing, the Clerk of the Parliaments will notify the parties
that the petition is dismissed.£')
Justice John M. Harlan of the U.S. Supreme Court wrote, while ex•
I plaining the need for controlling court work within manageable pro-
r:- portions, ( 8 )
F
..... .it would be short sighted and unwise not to re-
cognise that preserving the certiorari system in good health,
and in proper balance with the other work of the Court,
are matters that will increasingly demand thoughtful
and imaginative attention. As I have tried to show, the
essence of the problem as things stand today is to guard G
against wasteful encroachments upon the Court's time by
preventing an increase in, if not reducing, the volume of
improvident applications for certiorari.
· (emphasis added)
(1) Supreme Court Practice by Stern & Gressman 1950 Ec!n. p, 321.
(2) (1979) 1 W.L.R. 497. H
(3) Hart and Wechsler, the Fedcrn\ Courts and The Federal System, 2nd
Edn. pp. 1605-1607.
904 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1980] 2 S.C.R.

A It is significant that in the U. S. Supreme Court leave to appeal
is decided in conference, not in court and even in regular hearing the
maximum time for argument is often restricted in the highest court.
Under r. 28 it is one hour for each side. The mechanics of controlling
argument time i6 interesting and instructive.(')
Counsel arguing should keep track of his own time--
B
when he started and how much he has left. There is large
clock in front of him. A note on the counsel table admonish-
ed counsel not tci ask the Chief Justice what time remains.
When counsel has only five minntes left, a whi<te light
on the lectern immediately in front of him goes on. When
c time has expired, a red light goes on. The Chief Justice is
likely to stop counsel immediately, seldom allowing
him to do more than to finish his sentence. The red light
also marks the time to recess for lunch at two o'clock, and
the end of the day's session at 4.30 p.m.
D The rationale of redncing oral submissions without danger to efficacy
or advocacy is explained by George Rossman, Associate Justice of the
Supreme Court of Oregon : (')
•/ Crowded dockets have forced appellate courts to curtail
the time allotted for oral argument, with the result that some
E members of the profession wonder whether courts care for
oral argument ...... The practice of today shows that advo-
cacy can be effective even though the period of delivery is
short. Some attorneys can be effective even though the
period of delivery is short. Some attorneys can do wonders
in thirty minutes when nothing more is available.
F
The English practice, of course, is different. Delmar Karlan has cor-
rectly set out the situation : (')
In the United States, oral arguments are secondary in
importance to the briefs, and are rigidly limited in duration.
In the United States Supreme Court, one hour is allowed to
G each side, but in many appellate courts, less time that is per-
mitted, frequently no more than fifteen minutes· or a half.
hour for each side. Reading by counsel is frowned upon.
The judges do not wish to hear what they can read for them-
selves. They expect to get all the information they need

H (I) Supreme Court Practice (supra) p. 303.
(2) American Bar Association Journal Jan. 1959, Vol. 45, No . 1 p, 676.
(3) 1962 Vol. 78 L. Q. R. 371 at 379-380.
ESWARA !YER v. THE REGISTRAR (Krishna Iyer, J.) • 905

about the judgment below, the evidence and the authorities A
'> relied upon from studying the briefs and record on appeal.
'They do not even encourage counsel to discuss in detail the
precedents claimed to govern the decision, preferring to do
that job by themselves in the relative privacy of their cham-
bers, with or without the assistance of law clerks.
B
In England, where there are no written briefs, oral argu-
ments are all important. They are never arbitrarily limited
in duration. While some last for only a few minutes, others
go on for many days, even weeks. The only control ordi-
narily exercised over the time of oral argument are informal,
ad hoc suggestions from the judges. c
The methods of the Marble Palace in Washington D.C. have some
relevance though certainly not compulsiveness for us. John Frank
writes : (')
As the docket of the Court became more crowded, neces-
sarily the time allowed for argument had to shrink. Under D
today's system the time is either a half-hour or an hour for
each side, depending on the complexities of the case. This
obviously precludes long introductions or eloquent perorations.
Time is usually dgidly controlled; the legend is that Chief
Justice Hughes once cut off an attorney in the middle of the
word "it". If there are not too niany interruptions, the hour E
is sufficient; lawyers must learn to be brief.
We assume that judges will be up to the additional strain. We have
stated enough to establish that judicial justice is not sabotaged by the
eclipse of oral argument in a small sector of the forensic process. That
is all that has been done by the amendment. A brief comparison bet- F
ween the earlier and the current position will bring this out.
In the earlier rule a certificate by the lawyer was a condition pre-
cedent for entertainment of the review proceeding. In the revised rule,
no certificate by counsel but certification by the Bench that, prima facie
an infirmity of the kind mentioned in the rule vitiates, the judgment G
takes its place. Thereafter in both cases oral advocacy follows. Thus
the only difference is not, as is some times assumed, that oral argu-
ments are for the first time and finally cut out. Even now, oral hearing
J
may be given and is given, not routinely but if ground is made out to
the satisfaction of the judges who first heard the case (ignoring excep-
tional situations for the present). We have stated enough to repel II
(I) John P. Krank, Marble Reh.ce-The Supreme Covn in Americrn Life
1958 Edn p, 92.
906 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1980] 2 S.C.R.

A the attack on the vires of the rule. Nothing arbitrary, nothing arcane,
nothing obnoxious, given a sober appraisal. i,

The possible impression that we are debunking the value of oral
advocacy in open court must be erased. Experience has shown that,
at all levels, the bar, through the spoken word and the written brief,
B has aided the process of judicial justice. Justicing is an art even as
advocacy is an art. Happy interaction between the two makes for the
functional fulfilment of the court system. No judicial 'emergency'
can jettison the vital breath of spoken advocacy in an open forum.
Indeed, there is no judicial cry for extinguishment of oral argument
altogether. But the time has come for a proper evaluation of the role
C of oral argument at the appellate level in the decisional process. Justice
Harlan has insisted that oral argument should play a leading part. It is
not "a traditionally tolerated part of the appellate process" but a de-
cisively effective instrument of appellate advocacy. He rightly stresses
that there are many judges "who are more receptive to the spoke1~ than
the written word". He hits the nail on the head when he states :
D
For my part, there is no substi1ute, even within the time
limits afforded by the busy calendars of modern appellate
courts, for the Socratic method of procedure in getting at the
real heart of an issue and in finding out where the truth
lies. (I)
E We wholly endorse the conclusion of that experienced Judge of the
United States Supreme Court when he concludes his thesis on oral
arguments : ( 2 )
Oral argument is exciting and will return rich dividends if
it is done well. And I think it will be a sorry day for the
F American bar if the place of the oral argument in our appel-
late courts is depreciated and oral advocacy becomes looked
upon as a proforma exercise which, because of tradition or
because of the insistence of his client, a lawyer has to go
through.
f
The importance of oral advocacy has been the subject of many
G
articles by learned writers. As Frederick Bernays Wiener writes in
the Harvard Law Review : (')
Appellate judges, virtually without exception, say that a
\
case should never be submitted without oral argument. A
good many are on record in print to the same effect, and
H (l) Cornell Law Qly. Vol. 41 1955-56, p. 7.
(2) Ibid p, 11.
(3) Vol. 62, 1948, p. 59,
ESWARA IYER v. THE REGISTRAR (Krishna Iyer, J.) 907

add that they feel a sense of genuine regret whenever the A
clerk announces that a case is being submitted on briefs
alone. These expressions reflect the fact the task of jucJg..
ment is infinitely harder when counsel is not present to be
questioned regarding his exact position or the limits of a
principle he has an;.ued in the brie!.
B
We concm with the view expressed by American Judges on oral advo-
cacy(!)
In the Supreme Court, flexibility is especially essential.
Chief .Justice Hughes in 1928 characterised the argument
before I.he Supreme 'Court as "oral discussions··. The
then Professor Frankfurter stated in 1933, "The atmos- c
phere of the Court is uncongenial to oratory an·d the res ..
trictions imposed on counsel tend to deflate rhetoric. But
true argument-the exploration of issues, particularly through
sharp questioning from the bench-continues to be one of
the liveliest traditions of the Court."
D
Thus, among the methods of persuasion, the pawer of the spoken
word cannot be sacrificed without paying too high a price in the quality
of justice especially in the Supreme Court litigation. Maybe, that the
brief is valuable; indeed, a well prepared brief gives the detailed story
of the case; the oral argument gives the hi!;i:t spots. The supreme
success of oral argument and the grave risk of jettisoning it from the E
repert-0ire of persuasive arts in the judicial process consists in George
Rossman·s observation : (2)
The oral argument can portray the case as a human
experience which engulfed the parties but which they could
not solve. Thus, the oral argument can help to keep the
F
law human and adapted to the needs of life. It typifies the
Bar at its best.
We may sum up that the value of oral submissions need not be
under-rated nor of written briefs over-rated. A blend of both is the.
best. It is apt to repeat the words of Judge Brian Mckenna.
G
The fault is that the rules of our procedure which by
their discourageinent of written argument make possible

I
\
extensively protracted bearings in open court. Those res-
ponsible might think more of changing them. In civil cases
a written argument supplemented by a short oral discussion,
would sometimes save a great deal of time. H
(1) Supreme Court Practice (supra) p. 316.
(2) American Bar Association Journal (supra) p. 676.
908 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1980] 2 S.C.R.

The judicial process is in crisis not ·because there is a flood of (,"ases
flowing into the courts. In a developing country with an awakened
people and democratic rights, it is inevitable that the Jitigative Ganga i'
may swell in its stream, but as justice Warren Burger wrote:
In the final third of the century we are still trying to
operate the courts with fundamentally the same basic
methods, the same procedures and the same machinery,
Roscoe Pound said were not good enough in 1906. In the
super-market age we are trying to operate the courts with
cracker-barrel corner grocer methods and equipment---vint-
age 1900.
We have to introduce management techniques and sensitive ski!Js in
the administration of justice if its present pathological conditions are to
receive therapeutic attention. The Rule regarding the disposal of
review petitions by circulatory conference, supplemented by oral hear-
ing in appropriate cases, is one small step in the right direction. In-
I) deed, by modernising our procedure we are furthering social justice
for which the litigant community is waiting.
We have set out the parameters of judicial procedure vis-a-vis ori-
ginal hearings and review hearings having due regard to the realities
of forensic life. In the dynamics of hearing orality does play a role
at the first round, but at the second round in the same court is partly
E
expendable. After all, romance with oral hearing must terminate at
some point. Nor can it be made a "sacred cow" of the judicial pro-
cess. Comparative law lends confidence and from that angle we may
refer to Halsbury (Vol. 10, para 761) where disposal, without oral
hearing, of petitions to leave to appeal to the House of Lords is men-
F tioned. Likewise, American Jurisprudence (Vol. 5 para 979 espe.-
cially footnote 13) endorses a similar procedure.
Sri Mfidul pressed upon us that this judge-made legislation at the
highest level was so plainly violative of Art. 14-an objection not spelt
out in any writ petition before us that, without seeking refuge under t
·G the rule of practice that a paint not raised in the writ petition may not
be allowed to be urged, the ju4ges must invalidate their own handi-
work. Surely, Justice and Truth are never afraid of exposure nor
bothered about prestige. Certainly, drafting legi~lation is not an easy
art and judges are not artists beyond their orbit. Even otherwise,
Homer nods. Therefore, if we find our rules void we must declare
I I
H so and we will. The omission of the ground of discrimination in the
pleadings may often forbid the argument because the other side may
be prejudiced or the necessary facts may not be on record. But here
ESWARA IYER v. THE REGISTRAR (Krishna Iyer, J.) 909

no such disability exists. A technical objection shonld not throw out A
a suitor from the plea for justice. After all, the courts belong to the
people, as Jerome Frank once said. And Etigants are legal patients
suffering from injustices seeking healing for their wounds. Would you
tell a sufferer in hospital that because he disclosed a certain symptom
very lat.;i therefore he would be discharged without treatment for the
sin of delayed disclosure ? Humanism, which, at bottom sustains B
justice, cannot refuse relief unless, by entertaining the plea, another
may sustam injury. We have permitted the contention and proceed to
consider it.
The rule, on its face, affords a wider set of grounds for review for
orders in civil proceedings, but limits the ground vis-a-vis criminal pro- c
ceedings to 'errors apparent on the face of the record'. If at all, the
concern of the law to avoid judicial error should be heightened when
life or liberty is in peril since civil penalties are often less traumatic.
So, it is reasonable to assume that the framers of the rules could not
have intended a restrictive review over criminal orders or judgments.
D
•• It is likely to be the other way about. Supposing an accused is sen-
tenced to death by the Supreme Court and the 'deceased' shows up in
court and the court discovers the tragic treachery of the recorded
testimony. Is the Court helpless to review and set aside the sentence
-0f hanging? We think not. The power to review is in Art. 137
and it is equally wide in all proceedings. The rule merely canalises
the flow from the reservoir of power. The stream cannot stifle the
source. Moreover, the dynamics of interpretation depend on the
demand of the context and the lexical limits of the text. Here 'record'
means any material which is already on record or may, with the permis-
sion of the court, be brought on record. If justice summons the judges
to allow a vital material in, it becomes part of the record, and if appa- F
rent error is there, correction becomes necessitous.

The purpose is plain; the language is elastic and interpretation of
a necessary power must naturally be expansive. The substantive power
:is derived from Art. 13 7 and is as wide for criminal as for civil pro-
ceedings. Even the difference in phraseology in the rule (Order 40
G
Rule 2) must, therefore, be read to encompass the same area and not to
engraft an artificial divergence productive of anomaly. If the expres-
sion 'record' is read to mean, in its semantic sweep, any material even
I
later brought on record, with the leave of the court, it will embrace
\ subsequent events, new light and other grounds which we find in Order
47 Rule 1 C. P. C. We see no insuperable difficulty in equating the n
area in civil and criminal proceedings when review power is invoked
from the same source.
910 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1980] 2 S.C.R.

A True, the review power vis-a-vis criminal matters was raised only
in the course of the debate at the Bar. But when the whole case is
before us we must surely deal comprehensively with every aspect argued
and not piecemeal with truncated parts. That will be avoidance of our
obligation. We have, therefore, cleared the ground as the question is
of moment, of frequent occurrence and was mooted in the course of
B the hearing. This pronouncement on review jurisdiction in criminal •
proceedings sets at rest a possible controversy and is as much binding
on this Court itself (unless over-ruled) as on litigants. That is the
discipline of the law of precedents m;d the import of Art. 141. ' )

c ings
As we conclude, we wish to set the sights aright vis-a-vis oral hear-
in judicial proceedings. To put superstitious faith in oral submis-
sions or unlimited argumentation as the sole means of presentation and
'-,,l_
persuasion and to debunk the potency of well drawn-up manuscript
representations may be condemned as absurd. True, our judicial cul-
ture nourishes oral advocacy and public hearing since secret cerebra-
tions and cabal deliberations are ordinarily anathema. Speaking gen-
D erally, oral advocacy is a decisive art in promoting justice. The Bench
cannot dispense with the Bar. In our system advocacy becomes func-
.,tional when present viva voce and is enfeebled if presented in muted
print. We do not claim that orality can be given a permanent holiday.
Such_ an attitude is an over-reaction to argun1entun1 ad nauseum. But
we must importantly underscore that while lawyer's advocacy cannot
E be made to judicial measure especially if judges are impatient, there is
a strong case for processing argumentation by rationalisation, stream-
lining, abbreviation and in, special situations, elimination. Review
proceedings in the Supreme Court belongs to the last category. There
is no rigidity about forensic strategies and the court must retain a
flexible powa in regard to limitin~ the time of oral arguments or, in
F exceptional cases, eliminating orality altogether, the paramount prin-
ciple being fair justice. Therefore, it is quite on the cards that where
no injury to justice will be all, orality may suffer partial eclipse in the
shape of time-limitation or substi1ution by written submission even in
categories other than review proceedings. Ali that we mean to indi- 1
cate is that the mode of 'hearing', whether it should be oral or written
G
or both, whether it should be full-length or rationed, must depend on
n.yriad factors and future developments. Judges of the Supreme Court
must be trusted in thi~ regard and the Bar will ordinarily be associa-
ted when decisions affecting processual justice are taken. We thus
see nc disparity given flexibility in decoding the meaning of meanings. I'

H ,\!it' We see no. for?e in the ch~llenges an.d do h?pe that th~ B~r will
'::> make its contnbutwn to makmg expenments m modermzahon ~nd
humanization of the Justice System and court culture.
ESWARA 'YER v. THE REGISTRAR (Pathak, J.) 911

PATHAK, J. We are in general agreement with our brother A
V. R. Krishna Iyer on the points directly in controversy in this writ
petition, but we consider it desirable to say a few words on certain
aspects concerning the scope of Rule 3 of Order XL of the Supreme
Court Rules, 1966.
At the outset, we may state that as we are considering the question
of the need for an oral hearing in relation to a review application only,
B
we refrain from expressing any opinion on the point whether an oral
hearing is an imperative requirement in the dispo.;al of other kinds of
cases brought before the Court. That is a point to which, we think,
we should address ourselves only when it directly arises.
In regard to a review application we are clear that an oral hearing G
is not an essential requirement if on a preliminary examination the
review application is found to be devoid of substance. A review appli-
cation is an attempt to obtain a reconsideration of the judgment
of the court disposing of the substantive proceeding. It attempt~
nothing more. The merits of the controversy have already been
•• examined by the Court and, in view of the ordinary scope of the
power of review, the re-examination sought cannot proceed beyond
D

the controversy already disposed of. It is substantially the same
ground traversed again, either entirely or in part. However, the Rule
, takes care to provide for oral arguments should the Court consider
that '.necessary. That necessity may arise in either of two cases. On
the review application being placed before the judges, they will consi- E
der it together with any additional written arguments filed by the peti-
tioner in supplementation of the review application. If the judges hold
on that screening of the review application that there is no case what-
ever for review, they will reject the review application. On the
contrary, they may find that a good prima facie case for review has
F
been made out, and so they will direct notice to issue to the respon-
dent, and upon that an oral hearing will take place in the presence of
the parties. That is one occasion on which an oral hearing isl necessary.
If the judges are not convinced that a prima facie case has been made
out by the review application, but are also 'not satisfied that there is
no merit whatever in it, and are of opinion that in order to come to a G
definite opinion prima facie on the merits of the review application it
is desirable to hear the applicant orally they will '.notify him accordingly
and afford an opporiunity of oral hearing. On such oral hearing, the
judges may dismiss the review application if finally satisfied that there
is no prima facie case for review, but in the event of a prima facie
case being made out they will isisue notice to the respondent and an B
oral hearing will follow in the presence of the parties. It is apparent
that the denial of oral argument is confined to the preliminary stage
4-138SCI/80
912 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1980] 2 S.C.R.

A only. when the review application is placed before the judges and, as
it were, they screen it for the purpose of determining whether there is
reason to proceed further in the matter or whether it merits outright
rejection. It is not possible to hold on principle that at that pre-
liminary stage also, the applicant fQr review is entitled to be heard
orally. The merit of an oral hearing lies in this that counsel address-
J1 ing the court are able to discern what are the aspects of the contr<>- •
versy on which more light is needed. The Court likewise can utilise
an oral hearing in order to express its doubts on a point and seek
clarification thereon from cowu;el. But if there is on doubt whatever
that the review appication 1' totally without substance, an oral hearin!
becomes a superfluity and, at best, a mere formality.
c
A written submission is capable of careful drafting and explicit
expression, and is amenable to such arrangement in its written content
that it pointedly brings to the notice of the reader the true scope and
merit of the submission. We do not believe that a written submission
in a review application cannot do adequate justiee in the matter of
D setting forth the case of the litigant. If there is need for an oral hear-
ing it is for the reason mentioned earlier, that counsel come to know
of the doubts in the mind of the Court and the court has an opportu-
nity of having its doubts resolved. It is this feature of an oral hearing
which gives to it its primary value and relevance. But that an oral
hearing is mandatory in all classes of cases and at every stage of every
E case is a proposition to which we find ourselves unable to acc'ede.
The writ petition is dismissed, but without any order as to costs.

P.B.R. Petitions dismissed.