Holding

A lease that contravenes the Act is not void absent a specific mandatory provision; the contract remains binding between the parties and an ejectment suit can be maintained against an unauthorised occupant under Section 13.

Summary

The appellant landlord filed an ejectment suit under the Uttar Pradesh Urban Buildings (Regulation of Letting, Rent and Eviction) Act, 1972 for non‑payment of rent. The trial court dismissed the suit, holding that the lease was entered into in contravention of the Act and therefore void. The Allahabad High Court Full Bench affirmed the dismissal, declaring the lease void and unenforceable. The Supreme Court held that the earlier decision in Nanakram v. Kundairai is binding and that, in the absence of a mandatory statutory provision declaring such contracts void, the lease remains binding between the parties; moreover, Section 13 treats an occupant without an allotment order as an unauthorised occupier, allowing an ejectment suit. Consequently, the Full Bench judgment was set aside and the matter remitted to the High Court to decide the writ petition in accordance with law.

Issues considered

Whether a lease agreement entered into in contravention of the Uttar Pradesh Urban Buildings (Regulation of Letting, Rent and Eviction) Act, 1972 is void.
Whether such an agreement is enforceable and a decree for ejectment can be passed in favour of the landlord.
Whether the Full Bench of the Allahabad High Court was bound by the precedent set in Nanakram v. Kundairai.

Legislation cited

Uttar Pradesh Urban Buildings (Regulation of Letting, Rent and Eviction) Act, 1972s. 11, s. 12, s. 13, s. 17, s. 31

Subjects

leaseevictionunauthorised occupantstatutory contraventionvoid contractUttar Pradesh Urban Buildings Actbinding precedentNanakram caseSupreme Court

Judgment

A NUTAN KUMAR AND ORS.
v.
IINO ADDITIONAL DISTRICT JUDGE AND ORS.

SEPTEMBER 27, 2002

B [S.N. VARIAVA AND BRIJESH KUMAR, JJ.]

Uuar Prade3l1 Urban Buildings (Regulation of Le/ling, Rent and Eviction)
Act, 1972-Sections 11, 12. 13, 17 and JI-Eviction suit-Trial court
C dismissing on the ground that contract of tenancy contrary to statutory
provisions-Writ Petition-Dismissal by Full Bench of High Court holding
lease agreement entered in contravention of the provisions of !he Ac! void and
decree for ejectment cannot be passed-And refusing lo follow a binding
aulhoril)• lo !he effect that in the absence of any mandat01y provision obliging
eviction in case of contravention of statutory provisions lease not void-On
D appeal held, !he authority still hold the field and Full Bench was bound by the
authority-Matter remitted back to High Court.

Precedent-Judgment/Order-Binding nature of-Unless there is conflict
of decisions judicial discipline and propriel)> requires that the binding authority
is followed.
E
Appellant-landlord filed suit for ejectment against respondent No.3
under the Uttar Pradesh Urban Buildings (Regulation of Letting, Rent and
Eviction) Act, 1972 on the ground of non-payment of rent. Trial Court
dismissed the suit on the ground that the contract of tenancy was entered
into in contravention of the provisions of the Act. Revision Petition having
F been dismissed, appellant filed writ petition in High Court, and it was
referred to Full Bench. The Full Bench by majority held that an agreement
of lease between landlord and tenant for letting and occupation of a
building in contravention of the provisions of the Act is void and
unenforceable and no decree for ejectment can be passed. Majority
G judgment refused to follow Nanakram 's case a binding authority of this
Court, holding that in the absence of any mandatory provision obliging
eviction in case of contravention of the provisions of the Act the lease
would not be void and the parties would be bound as between themselves,
to observe the conditions of lease and held it to be in conflict with the
decisions in Waman Shriniwas Kini, Shrikrishna Khanna and Manna Lal
H 686
NUT AN KUMAR r. IIND ADDITIONAL DISTRICT JUDGE 687
Khetan. Hence the present appeals. A
Disposing of the appeals, the Court

HELD: I. The principle that iii the absence of any mandatory
•f provision obliging eviction in case of contravention of the provisions of
the Act the lease would not be void and the parties would be bound as B
between themselves, to observe the conditions of lease laid down in
Nanakram 's case still hold the field. There is no contrary or connicting
decision or authority. Full Bench of High Court was bound by the
authority in Nanakram 's case and could not have taken a contrary view.
1693-B-C; 696-Ef C
Nanakram v. Kundairai, 1198613 SCC 83, affirmed.

Waman Shriniwas Kini v. Ratilal Bhagwandas & Co., 11959( Supp. 2
SCR 217, Shrikrishna Khanna v. A.D.M., Kanpur, 119751 2 SCC 361 and
Manna Lal Khetan v. Kedar Nath Khetan, 119771 2 SCC 424, referred to. D
2. Section 13 of the Uttar Pradesh Urban Buildings (Regulation of
Letting, Rent and Eviction) Act, 1972 specifically provides that a person
who occupies, without an allotment order in his favour, shall be deemed
to be an unauthorized occupant of such premises. As he is in unauthorized
occupation he is like a trespasser. A suit for ejectment of a trespasser to E
get back possession from a trespasser could always be filed. Such a suit
would not be on the contract/agreement between the parties and would
thus not be hit by principles of public policy also. 1696-G, HI

4. Unless the statute specifically provides that a contract contrary
to the provisions of the statute would be void the contract would remain F
binding between the parties and would be enforced between the parties
themselves. Thus, the impugned judgment is set aside and the matter is
remitted back to High Court for deciding the writ petition in accordance
with law. 1697-A-BI

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION Civil Appeal Nos. 7254- G
7255 of 1996.

From th.e Judgment and Order dated 20.5.93 of the Allahabad High
Court in C.M.W.P. No. 12384 of 1997.

K.K. Mohan. for the Appellants. H
688 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2002] SUPP. 2 S.C.R.

A R.N. Trivedi, Additional Solicitor General, (A.C.) and Shail Kumar
Dwivedi, for the Respondents.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

S.N. VARIAVA, J. These Appeals are against a Judgment dated 20th
B September, 1993 by which the writ Petition filed by the Appellants has been
dismissed. This Judgment dated 20th September, 1993 was based on a
Judgment rendered by a Full Bench of the Allahabad High Court on 20th
May, 1993. The questions which were referred and considered by the Full
Bench were as follows:

C "I. Whether an agreement of lease between the landlord and the
tenant for letting and occupation of a building in contravention
of the provisions of the U.P. Urban Building (Regulation of
Letting, Rent and Eviction) Act, 1972 is void ?
2. Whether the said agreement is enforceable in law and a decree
D for ejectment of the tenant can be passed in favour of the landlord
on the basis thereof? "

The Respondent has remained absent in spite of notice served. This
Court, therefore, requested Mr. R. N. Trivedi, the Additional Solicitor General
of India, to assist the Court as an Amicus Curie. Mr. Trivedi has very ably
E assisted this Court and the Court expresses its appreciation of the efforts put
in by him and the very able assistance rendered by him.
I

At this stage the relevant facts must be briefly stated:

.The Appellant is the landlord. In May, 1977 he let out the premises in
F question to the 3rd Respondent on a monthly rent of Rs. 70. The 3rd
Respondent paid rent for the months of June, July and August 1977 and
thereafter stopped paying any rent. The Appellant, therefore, gave a notice on
4th August, 1982 and filed a suit for ejectrnent under the Uttar Pradesh
Urban Buildings (Regulation of Letting, Rent and Eviction) Act, 1972
G (hereinafter referred to as the said Act) on the ground of non-payment of
rent.

By a Judgment dared 30th September, 1986 the trial Court found that
the monthly rent was Rs. 70 and that the 3rd Respondent had defaulted in
payment of rent. The trial court also held that the notice given by the Appellant
H was legal and valid. The trial court still dismissed the Suit on the ground that
NUT AN KUMAR v. llNDADDITIONAL DISTRICT JUDGE [S.N. VARIAVA, !.) 689

the contract of tenancy was entered into in contravention of the provisions of A
the said Act and, therefore, the Appellant was not entitled to any relief.

The Appellant field a Revision which was dismissed on 25th April,
1987. The Appellant then field a Writ Petition in the High Court of Allahabad.
~' As there was a conflict of decision the above mentioned two questions were
framed and were referred to a Full Bench. It must be mentioned that before B
the Full Bench a number of authorities of this Court were cited .. These
authorities were binding on the Full Bench. As some of these authorities
related to the questions under consideration, they should have been conclusive.
However, the Full Bench in its majority judgment thought that there were
conflicting judgments of this Court. The majority judgment held that the C
intransigent discord between the decisions of this Court had lead to an
embarrassing situation. The majority Judgment held that in view of the
conflicting decisions they could follow the Judgment of this Court which
appeared to them to state the law accurately and elaborately.

The majority Judgment then held as follows: D
"I. An agreement of lease between the landlord and the tenant for
letting and occupation of a building in contravention of the
provisions of the U.P. Urban Buildings (Regulation of Letting,
Rent and Eviction) Act, 1972 is void.
2. The said agreement is unenforceable in law and no decree for E
ejectrnent of the tenant can be passed in favour of the landlord
on the basis thereof."

As stated above, pursuant to the majority Judgment of the Full Bench, the
writ Petition was dismissed. These Appeals impugn both Judgment dated F
20th September, 1993 as well as the Judgment dated 20th May, 1993.

At this stage the relevant Provisions of the said Act need to be set out.
Sections 11, 12, 13, 17 and 31 read as follows:

"I l. Prohibition of letting without allotment order- Save as hereinafter G
provided, no persons shall let any buildings expect in pursuance of
an allotment order issued under Section 16.

l 2. Deemed vacancy of building in certain cases- (I) A landlord or
tenant of a building shall be deemed to have ceased to occupy the
building or a part therefor if - H
690 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2002] SUPP. 2 S.C.R.

A (a) he has substantially removed his effects therefrom, or
(b) he has allowed it to be occupied by any person who is not a
members of his family, or

(c) in the case ofa residential building, he as well as members of his
family have taken up residence, not being temporary residence, ,,
B
elsewhere.

(2) Jn the case of non-residential building, where a tenant carrying
on business in the building admits a person who is not a member of
his family as a partner or a new partner, as the case may be, the
C tenant shall be deemed to have ceased to occupy the building.

(3) in the case of a residential building, if the tenant or any
member of his family builds or otherwise acquires in a vacant state
or gets vacated a residential building in the same city, municipality,
notified area or town area ih which the building under tenancy is
D situate, he shall be deem.'!d to have ceased to occu·PY. ,the building
under his tenancy;

Provided that if the-tenant or any member of his family had built
any such residential building before the date of commencement of
this Act, then such tenant shall be deeliied to have ceased to occupy
E the building under his tenancy upon the expiration of a period of one
year from the said dafe~ • '

xxx xxx xxx

xxx xxx xxx
F
(3-A) If the tenant of a l~sidential building holding a transferable
post under any Govemm_ent or local authority or a public sector
corporation or under any otber employer has been transferred to some
other city, municipality, ndltified acea or town area, then such tenant
shall be deemed to have ceased to occupy such building with effect
G from the thirtieth day of June following the date of such transfer or
from the date of allotment to him of any residential accommodation
(whether any accommodation be allotted under this Act or any official
accommodation is provided by the employer) in the city, municipality,
notified area or town area to which he has been so transferred
H whichever is later.
NUT AN KUMAR 1• llND ADDITIONAL DISTRICT JUDGE.[S.N. YARIAYA. l] 69 J
(3-B) If the tenant of a residential building is engaged in any A
profession, trade, calling or employment in any city, municipality.
notified area or town area in which the said building is situate. and
such engagement ceases for any reason whatsoever, and he is landlord
in any other of any other building city, muncipality, notified area or
town area, then such tenant shall be decmeed to have ceased to occupy
the first mentioned building with effect from the date on which he B
optains vacant possession of the last mentioned building whether as
a result of proceedings under Section 21 or otherwise.

(4) Any building or part which a landlord or tenant has ceased to
occupy within the meaning of sub-section (1), or sub-section (2) or C
sub-section (3), sub-section (3-A) or sub-section (3-B), shall, for the
purposes of this Chapter, be deemed to be vacant.

(5) k tenant or, as the case may be, a member of his family,
refen-ed to in sub-section (3) shall, have a right, as landlord of any
residential building referred to in the said sub-section which may D
have been let out by him before the commencement of the Uttar
Pradesh Urban Buildings (Regulation of Letting, Rent and Eviction)
(Amendment) Act, 1976 to apply under clause (a) of sub-section (1)
of Section 21 for the eviction of his tenant from such building,
notwithstanding that such building is one to which the remaining
provision of this Act do not apply. E
13. Restrictions on occupalion of building without allolment or
release.- Where a landlord or tenant ceases to occupy a building or
part thereof, no person shall occupy it in any capacity on his behalf,
or otherwise than under an order of allotment or release under Section
16, and ifa person so purports to occupy it, he shall, without prejudice F
to the provisions of Section 31, be deemed to be an unauthorised
occupant of such building or part.

17. Conditions of making allotment order. - ( 1) Where the District
Magistrate receives an intimation, under sub-section (I) of Section G
15, of the vacancy or expected vacancy of building any allotment
order in respect of that building shall be made and communicated to
the landlord within twenty-one days from the date of receipt of such
intimation, and where no such order is so made or communicated
within the said period, the landlord may intimate to the District
Magistrate the name of a person of his choice, and thereupon the H
692 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2002) SUPP. 2 S.C.R.

A District Magistrate shall allot the building in favour of the person so
nominated unless for special and adequate reason to be recorded he
allots it to any other person within ten days from the receipt of
intimation of such nomination:

Provided that where the landlord has made an application under
B clause (b) of sub-section (I) of Section 16, for the release of the
whole or any part of the building or land appurtenant thereto in his
favour, the said period of twenty-one days shall be computed from
the date of decision on that application or where an application for
review or an appeal is filed against such decision, from the date of
decision on such application or appeal.
c
(2) Where a part of a building is in the occupation of the landlord
for residential purpose, or is released in his favour under clause (b)
of sub-section (I) of Section 16 for residential purpose, the allotment
of the remaining part thereof under clause (a) of the said sub-section
{I) shall be made in favour of a person nominated by the landlord .
D
xxx xxx xxx
xxx xxx xxx

31. Penalties.- {I) Any person who contravenes any of the provisions
E of this Act or any order made thereunder or attempts or abets such
contravention, shall be punished on conviction with imprisonment of
either description for a term which may extend to six months or with
fine which may extend to five thousand rupees or with both
(2) Whoever demolishes any building under tenancy or any part
F thereof without lawful excus' hall be punished, on conviction, with
imprisonment of either descri. »!on for a term which may extend to
one year or with fine which may extend to five thousand rupees or
with both.
(3) Where a person has been convicted for contravention of sub-
G section {I) of Section 4, the court convicting him may direct that out
of the fine, if any, imposed and realised from the person so convicted,
an amount not exceeding the amount paid as premium of additional
payment over and above the rent for admission as a tenant or sub-
tenant to any building may be paid to the tenant by whom such
payment was made :
H
NUT AN KUMAR 1•. IINO ADDITIONAL DISTRICT JUDGE [S.N. VARIAVA, J.) 693
Provided that any amount so paid to the tenant shall be taken into A
account in awarding compensation or restitution to him in any
subsequent claim."

In the case Nanakram v. Kundairai, reported in [1986] 3 SCC 83 the
v question was whether a lease in violation of statutory provisions was
void. It was held that in the absence of any mandatory provision B
obliging eviction in -case of contravention of the provisions of the Act
the lease would not be void and the parties would be bound, as
between themselves, to .observe the conditions of lease. It was held
that neither of them could assail the lease in a proceeding between
themselves. This authority was in respect of the Central Provinces C
and Berar Letting of Houses and Rent Control Order, 1949, whereunder
also the landlord was obliged to intimate a vacancy to the Deputy
Commissioner of the District and the Deputy Commissioner could
allot or direct the landlord to let the house to any person. The
provisions were more or less identical to the provisions of the said
Act. This authority has directly dealt with the questions under D
consideration and answered them. The majority Judgment takes note
of this authority and holds as follows :

"With utmost humility and reverence it is stated that above
observations are not compatible with provisions of Section 10 and 23 E
of the Contract Act. Otherwise also, it is most respectfully pointed
that the statement of law contained in the said observation is, perhaps,
in conflict with the law declared in the decisions of the Hon 'ble
Supreme Court in Waman Shriviwas Kini v. Rati Lal Bhagwan Das
& Co., Shrikrishna Khanna v. Additional District Magistrate, Kanpur
and Ors., and Manna Lal Khetan v. Kedar Nath Khetan." F

Thus it is to be seen that the majority Judgment, with a pretence of humility
and reverence refuse to follow a binding authority of this Court. It was not
open for the Full Bench to comment that the authority was not compatible
with provisions of Sections I0 and 23 of the Contract Act. The Full Bench
also realised that there are no conflicting authorities. They, therefore, say that G
this authority is "perhaps in conflict with" the decisions in Waman Shriniwas
Kini, Shrikrishna Khanna and Manna Lal Khetan. One must therefore see
whether there is any confli.::t of decisions. If there is no conflict, then judicial
discipline and propriety required that the majority of the Full Bench fpllowed
the binding authority of this Court. H
694 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2002] SUPP. 2 S.C.R.

A In the case Waman Shrivill'as Kini v. Rati/a/ Bhagwandas & Co. reported in
[ 1959) Supp. 2 SCR 217, there was an agreement of lease which permitted
subletting. However. Section 15 of the Bombay Hotel afid Lodging Ho~ses
Rates Control Act. 1947 provided that it would not be lawful for any tenan\
to sublet the whole or any part of the premises let to him or to assign or to. ...
B transfer in any other manner his interest thereon. Therefore in this case there
was a specific provision of a statute which made subletting unlawful. In view
of the specific provision this Court held that the provision of the statute
would prevail over the contract. This authority, therefore, is not laying anything
contrary to what has been laid down in Nanakram 's case. It is in consonance
with what has been laid down Nanakram 's case. What is more important is
C that the suit was filed by the landlord for recovery of the premises in spite
of the contract which permitted subletting. This Court permitted the landlord
to enforce his right of eviction. Thus, in spite of the contract between the
parties, which is against a provision of law, ejectment proceedings were held
to be maintainable. It must also be mentioned that Nanakram 's case noticed
Waman Shriniwas Kini 's case and proceeded on the principles of Waman
D Shriniwas Kini 's case.
I
In the case of Sri Krishna Khanna v. A.D. M., Kanpur, reported in
[1975) 2 SCC 361, the Appellant-landlord had intimated the District Magistrate
about the vacancy. The Appellant-landlord applied for release of the shop
E because he needed it for his son. Another tenant of the landlord also applied
for allotment of the shot to him. Whilst the matter was pending before the
appropriate authority the landlord occupied the shop without any order in his
favour. The appropriate authority then passed a formal order of allotment in
favour of the tenant. The landlord filed a suit challenging the order of allotment.
In this suit the landlord and the tenant arrived at a compromise as under:
F
"(a) That it is admitted by the defendant that at the expirty of 30 days
from the date of intimation, the shop in dispute automatically
stood released to the plaintiff and the allotment order dated
September 18, 1962 was not at all effective vis-a-vis the rights
of the plaintiff as a landlord to use the said premises.
G
(b) That the defendant has no objection if the plaintiff continues to
utilize the accommodations for his own business or a business of
his son whether himself or in partnership with any person and till
such time as the plaintiff and his son utilize the accommodation
H in this manner, the defendant will not be entitled to enforce his
NUT AN KUMAR 1·. !IND ADDITIONAL DISTRICT JUDGE [SN. VARIAVA, .I] 695

allotment order against him. A
(c) That the plaintiff has agreed that if at any time he wants to
discontinue the business established by him in the said shop and
wants to let out the shop to any person, he will do so in favour
of the defendant and unless he refuses to take the lease on
reasonable terms, the plaintiff will not let out the shop to any B
third party.

• (d) That the shop is already in possession of the plaintiff and the
defendant will not be entitled to take any steps till the landlord
himself desires to let out the shop to the defendant."
c
Thereafter the tenant filed an application under Section 7A for eviction of the
shop by the landlord. This application was allowed by the Rent Controller by
an ex-parte order dated 15th November, I 962. In the application the tenant
had not disclosed the compromise arrived at between him and the landlord.
A Review Application was filed by the landlord. This was dismissed by D
the Rent Controller. The landlord then filed a Writ Petition as well· as an
Appeal against the order of the Rent Controller. Both were dismissed. The
landlord then approached this Court. This Court held by the majority,of the
Judges that so long as the Act and the Rules continued in force the control
of letting vested in the appropriate authority and not in the parries. It was
held that agreement of the kind embodied in the compromise petition could E
not curtail the powers of the appropriate authority. It was held that irrespective
of the agreement between the parries the appropriate authority was entitled
to .exercise the powers of allotment vested in him. It must be mentioned that
Justice Bhagwati, as he then was, in his minority and partly dissenting
Judgment held that unless the consent decree was held to be invalid it would
be binding on the tenant and even though the powers of the appropriate F
authority may not be curtailed, the tenant would be bound by the terms of the
agreement between him and the landlord. This authority therefore also lays
down nothing contrary to Nanakram 's case. This authority merely deals with
tht right of the appropriate to authority exercise the powers given to him
under the Act. G
In the case of Manna/al Khetan v. Kedar Nath Khetan reported in
[1977] 2 SCC 424 the Appellant and the Respondent therein were two branches
of the Khetan family. The family held shares in Lakshmi Devi Sugar Mills
Private Ltd., Maheshwari Khetan Sugar Mills Private Ltd. and Ishwari Khetan
Sugar Mills Private Ltd. The shares stood in the names of Mis. Ganesh H
696 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2002] SUPP. 2 S.C.R.

A Narayan Onkarmal Khetan, Mis. Sagarrnal Hariram Khetan, Sri Mannalal
Khetan and Sri Radhakrishna Khetan. There were large income tax arrears
and other tax liabilities outstanding against the firms and individual partners.
The income Tax Department issued a notice under Section 46(5)(e) of the
Indian Income Tax Act, 1922 calling upon Mis Lakshmi Devi Sugar Mills
B Private Ltd. to pay to the Department any amounts due by them to the firm
of Mis Ganesh Narayan Onkarmal Khetan or any of its partners. The
Certificates of Attachment were also issued on 8th March, 1954 and 18/31 st
October, 1955 against shares, of Mis. Lakshmi Devi Sugar Mills Private Ltd., •
belonging to the Khetans. On 31st July, 1957 the members of the Khetan
family entered into an agreement amongst themselves by which they agreed
C to exchange lots of shares amongst themselves in settlement of their differences
and disputes. The question before this Court was whether this agreement for
transfer of shares could be enforced and whether such an agreement was in
violation of Section 108 of the Companies Act, 1946. It is in that context that
it was held that the agreement was unenforceable not only because it was .
against the provisions of Section I08 of the Companies Act but also because
D of the orders of attachment. This case therefore has nothing to do with the
question of enforceability of an agreement between a landlord and tenant and
lays down nothing contrary to what has been laid down in Nanakram 's case.

It is thus to be seen that the principles laid down in Nanakram 's case
E still hold the field. There is no contrary or conflicting decision or authority.
The Full Bench was bound by the authority in Nanakram 's case and could
not have taken a contrary view.

As Nanakram 's case was decided by three Hon' ble Judges of this
Court, it would also be binding on us. We are therefore not going into the
F question of correctness or otherwise of such a view. We may, however,
mention that the impugned Judgment dated 20th May, 1993, of the Full
Bench, is not correct for another reason also. Section 13 of the said Act
specifically provides that a person who occupies, without an allotment order·
in his favour, shall be deemed to be an unauthorised occupant of such premises.
G As he is in unauthorised occupation he is like a trespasser. A suit for ejectment
of a trespasser to get back possession from a trespasser could always be tiled.
Such a Suit would not be on th~ contract/agreement between the parties and
would thus not be hit by principles of public policy also.

Jn this view of the matter the decision of the Full Bench dated 20th
H May, 1993 cannot be sustained and is set aside. It is held that the law, as laid
NUT AN KUMAR v. llND ADDITIONAL DISTRICT JUDGE (S.N. VARIAVA ..I.] 697

down in Nanakram 's case, still holds the field. Thus unless the statute A
specifically provides that a contract contrary to the provisions of the statute
would be void the contract would remain binding between the parties and
could be enforced between the parties themselves. Consequently the Judgment
dated 20th September, 1993 dismissing the Writ Petition is set aside. The
matter is sent back to the High Court for deciding the Writ Petition in
accordance with law. B

The Appeals stand disposed of accordingly. There will be no order as
to costs.

N.J. Appeals disposed of. C

-