Holding

The Supreme Court held that the insured vehicle was involved in the accident, the policy was effective at the time of the accident, and the insurer failed to prove fraud, making it liable for the compensation awarded by the MACT.

Summary

The Supreme Court considered appeals by National Insurance Company Ltd. against compensation awarded by the Motor Accidents Claim Tribunal (MACT) to the families of two deceased victims of a road accident on 11 April 2017. The insurer contended that the vehicle it insured was not involved in the accident, that the policy did not cover the incident because it was issued after the accident, and that the policy had been fraudulently obtained. The Court examined witness testimony, the MACT award, and the Final Report under Section 173 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, finding that the vehicle described in the complaint was indeed the one involved and that the insurer failed to discharge its burden of disproving this. It also held that the insurance policy’s commencement date, as stated in the Certificate of Insurance, was 11/04/2017, meaning coverage was in force at the time of the accident. Finally, the Court ruled that the insurer did not prove any fraud and therefore could not escape liability. Consequently, the appeals were dismissed and the insurer was ordered to pay the MACT award.

Issues considered

Whether the vehicle insured by National Insurance Company Ltd. was the one involved in the accident.
Whether the insurance policy was in force at the time of the accident and thus covered the incident.
Whether the insurance policy was fraudulently obtained, thereby allowing the insurer to avoid liability.

Legislation cited

Headnote

Issue for Consideration Whether the insured vehicle was involved in the accident; whether the insurance policy granted by the insurance company covers the incident; whether the insurance policy was fraudulently obtained. Headnotes† Accident resulting in the death of R1 and R2 involved in the accident – Witnesses’ accounts confirmed involvement – Confirmed by Final Report under S. 173, CrPC – Insurance Company could not disprove: Held: Per the MACT award, various witnesses had stated that it was the vehicle described in the complaint that was

Subjects

MACT awardInsured vehicleAccidentFinal ReportInsurance certificateCross examinationSection 173 of CrPCCertificate of Insurance cum policy ScheduleDate of commencementFraudOnus to prove

Judgment

[2024] 9 S.C.R. 999 : 2024 INSC 1050

National Insurance Company Ltd.
v.
Maya Devi & Ors.
(Civil Appeal No(s). 15016-15017 of 2024)
02 September 2024
[Sudhanshu Dhulia and Ahsanuddin Amanullah,* JJ.]

Issue for Consideration
Whether the insured vehicle was involved in the accident; whether
the insurance policy granted by the insurance company covers the
incident; whether the insurance policy was fraudulently obtained.

Headnotes†
Accident resulting in the death of R1 and R2 – Insured Vehicle
involved in the accident – Witnesses’ accounts confirmed
involvement – Confirmed by Final Report under S. 173, CrPC –
Insurance Company could not disprove:
Held: Per the MACT award, various witnesses had stated that it
was the vehicle described in the complaint that was involved in the
accident – Final Report under Section 173 of CrPC also stated that
the vehicle, as claimed by the complainants, was the one involved
in the accident – The onus was on the Insurance Company to get
the same disproved by either calling the Investigating Officer as a
witness or by any other means, such as appropriate line of cross-
examination, etc. to establish a factual position to the contrary –
Admittedly, this was not done. [Paras 7, 8, 9]

Liability of the Insurance Company – Insurance certificate/
policy – Incident occurred on 11.04.2017 at 14:15 hrs –
Insurance obtained at 15:54 hrs on 11.04.2017 – Coverage
begins from the day of receipt of the Premium:
Held: The MACT found that the premium was paid prior to the
accident and it was because of the internal procedure that the policy
was issued the next day – Court held that coverage under the policy
began from the day the premium was received by the Insurance
Company in light of the express terms of ‘Certificate of Insurance
cum policy Schedule’ that provided ‘Date of commencement of
risk: 11/04/2017’ – Since the incident occurred on 11.04.2017, the

*Author
1000 [2024] 9 S.C.R.

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Court held that the vehicle was insured when the accident took
place. [Paras 11, 12]

Insurance Company – Insurance was fraudulently obtained –
Alleged fraud not proved by the Insurance Company:
Held: Even though fraud vitiates everything, merely alleging fraud
does not amount to proving it – The Insurance Company has not
discharged its onus to prove the alleged fraud. [Paras 13, 16]

Case Law Cited
National Insurance Co. Ltd. v. Swaran Singh [2004] 1 SCR
180 : (2004) 3 SCC 297; Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd. v. Dharam
Chand (2010) 15 SCC 141; National Insurance Co. Ltd. v.
Sobina lakai [2007] 8 SCR 108 : (2007) 7 SCC 786; Bishnudeo
Narain v. Seogeni Rai [1951] SCR 548; Bhaurao Paralkar v.
State of Maharashtra [2005] Supp. 2 SCR 774 : (2005) 7 SCC
605 – relied on.

List of Acts
Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973; Motor Vehicles Act, 1988.

List of Keywords
MACT award; Insured vehicle; Accident; Final Report; Insurance
certificate; Cross examination; Section 173 of CrPC; Certificate of
Insurance cum policy Schedule; Date of commencement; Fraud;
Onus to prove.

Case Arising From
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No(s). 15016-
15017 of 2024
From the Judgment and Order dated 05.10.2018 of the High Court
of Punjab & Haryana at Chandigarh in FAO Nos. 2921 and 2922
of 2018 (O&M)

Appearances for Parties
Amit Kumar Singh, Ms. K Enatoli Sema, Ms. Chubalemla Chang,
Prang Newmai, Advs. for the Appellant.
Sahil Tagotra, Chritarth Palli, Vishal Mahajan, Bipin Bihary Singh,
Anil Kumar, Vinod Sharma, Advs. for the Respondents.
[2024] 9 S.C.R. 1001

National Insurance Company Ltd. v. Maya Devi & Ors.

Judgment / Order of the Supreme Court

Order

Ahsanuddin Amanullah, J.

Leave granted.

FACTS:
2. These appeals arise from the common Final Judgment and Order
dated 05.10.2018 rendered by a learned Single Judge of the High
Court of Punjab and Haryana at Chandigarh in F.A.O. Nos.2921/2018
(O&M) and 2922/2018 (O&M) whereby, while dismissing the appeals
preferred by the Petitioner-Insurance Company, the High Court upheld
the compensation awarded to the claimants i.e., Respondents No.1
and 2 herein vide Award dated 01.02.2018 passed by the Motor
Accidents Claim Tribunal at Gurdaspur, Punjab (hereinafter referred
to as the ‘MACT’) in the claim petitions1 filed by the Respondents
No.1 and 2. The MACT had awarded compensation to the tune of
Rs.67,50,000/- and Rs.8,70,000/- with interest @9% per annum to
the Respondent No.1, being the mother of Sh. Om Prakash and
mother-in-law of Smt. Asha Rani, and Respondent No.2, being the
daughter of Sh. Om Prakash and Smt. Asha Rani, who expired in
an unfortunate road accident on 11.04.2017. The MACT assessed
and quantified the compensation as under:

MACT Case No.09/2017 No.10/2017
(On account of Sh. (On account of Smt.
Om Prakash’s death) Asha Rani’s death)
Age of >45 y/o 41-45 y/o
Deceased
Occupation of Havaldar in the Indian Homemaker & used
Deceased Army and was doing to do stitching and
agriculture work. tailoring.

1 MACT Cases No.09/2017 and 10/2017.
1002 [2024] 9 S.C.R.

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Income of Rs.46,129/- p.m.2 Rs. 5,000/- p.m.
Deceased
Future 30% Nil
Prospects
Deductions 1/3rd Nil
towards
Personal
Expenses
Multiplier 14 14
Loss of Rs.67,20,000/- Rs.8,40,000/-
Dependency
Loss of Love Rs.15,000/- Rs.15,000/-
and Affection
Funeral Rs.15,000/- Rs.15,000/-
Expenses
Total Rs.67,50,000/- Rs.8,70,000/-
Compensation
R1/Mother- R1/Mother-
Awarded
Rs.17,50,000/- Rs.70,000/-
R2/Daughter- R2/Daughter-
Rs.50,00,000/- Rs.8,00,000/-

3. The MACT held Respondent No.3, Respondent No.4 and the
Petitioner, being driver, owner and insurer, respectively, as jointly and
severally liable to pay the awarded compensation to the claimants. The
MACT specifically observed that the Petitioner-Insurance Company
could not avoid its liability to indemnify Respondent No.4, owner of
tractor bearing registration No.PB-06-Q-6846 and thus, held it liable
to pay compensation to the claimants.
4. The High Court, while considering the appeals preferred by the
Petitioner-Insurance Company and in view of the position on record,
particularly the evidence of the claimants and Ex. R-5, the proposal
form and Ex. R-6, the insurance policy, having gone unrebutted,
concluded that there was no reason to disbelieve the findings

2 Abbreviation for per mensem/per month.
[2024] 9 S.C.R. 1003

National Insurance Company Ltd. v. Maya Devi & Ors.

recorded by the MACT after appreciation of evidence. It upheld the
MACT’s Award.
5. Aggrieved by the concurrent findings of the High Court and the MACT,
the Appellant (hereinafter referred to as the ‘Insurance Company’)
is before us.

SUBMISSIONS, ANALYSIS, REASONING AND CONCLUSION:
6. Having heard and considered the submissions advanced by learned
counsel for the parties and the facts and circumstances of the case,
we find that the present petitions are misconceived.
7. First and foremost, the basic contention put forth by the Insurance
Company is that the vehicle which was insured with it, was not
involved in the accident and some other vehicle was mentioned in
the initial Written Statement filed before the MACT. On this point,
there is a detailed discussion in the Award of the MACT itself which
explains that various witnesses have stated that it was the vehicle
as described in the complaint which was involved in the accident and
further, that one witness produced by the Insurance Company had
only raised some doubt with regard to the vehicle as claimed by the
complainants, but not with the make of the vehicle involved in the
accident as the difference in number was that instead of the vehicle
that the complainants claimed bore Registration No.PB-06-Q-6846,
it was actually a vehicle bearing Registration No.PB-06-Q-6847.
But even this witness has stated that both vehicles were there and
he was not sure as to which vehicle was actually involved in the
incident. On scrutiny, we are of the view that this would not help the
Insurance Company’s case or go against the respondents-claimants.
8. Moreover, the MACT has rightly observed that eventually in cross-
examination, no suggestion was given to any of the witnesses
produced by the complainants that the vehicle as claimed by the
complainants was not the vehicle, which was involved in the accident
and that it was some other vehicle.
9. One further aspect which this Court cannot shut its eyes to is the
fact that post-investigation, the Final Report under Section 173 of
the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 also stated that the vehicle as
claimed by the complainants was the vehicle involved in the accident.
Therefore, the onus was on the Insurance Company or Respondents
No.3 and 4 to get the same disproved by either calling the Investigating
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Officer as a witness or by any other means to establish a factual
position to the contrary. Admittedly, this was not done.
10. The Court, through 3 learned Judges, categorically held in National
Insurance Co. Ltd. v Swaran Singh, (2004) 3 SCC 297, that
‘Insurance companies, however, with a view to avoid their liability
must not only establish the available defence(s) raised in the said
proceedings but must also establish “breach” on the part of the owner
of the vehicle; the burden of proof wherefor would be on them.’3 It
was also stated that ‘The Court cannot lay down any criteria as to
how the said burden would be discharged, inasmuch as the same
would depend on the facts and circumstances of each case’.4 In
the above analysis, the Insurance Company cannot be said to have
established its defence.
11. Another aspect in need of consideration is as to whether the liability of
the Insurance Company under the insurance certificate/policy granted
by it would cover the incident. This is in reference to the question
as to the date and time from when the concerned vehicle would be
deemed to be covered by the policy. In the present case, the incident
occurred on 11.04.2017 at 14:15 hrs, whereas the insurance policy
discloses that insurance was obtained at 15:54 hrs on 11.04.2017.
In this regard, on facts, the MACT has found that the premium was
paid/given prior to the accident and it was the internal procedure,
due to which the policy was issued the next day and, thus, coverage
under the policy would begin from the day the money (i.e. premium)
was received by the Insurance Company.
12. In Oriental Insurance Co. Ltd. v Dharam Chand, (2010) 15 SCC
141, the Court noted ‘When this appeal was taken up, the counsel
for the Insurance Company very fairly stated that since the cheque
for the premium amount was received by the Company at 4.00 p.m.
on 7-5-1998, the insurance must be deemed to have commenced
from that time and four hours later when the vehicle met with the
accident, the owner must be deemed to have been covered by the
insurance policy. We appreciate the fairness shown by the counsel
for the Insurance Company.’5 Clearly, Dharam Chand (supra) did not

3 Para 110(iv) of Swaran Singh (supra).
4 Para 110(v) of Swaran Singh (supra).
5 Para 3 of Dharam Chand (supra).
[2024] 9 S.C.R. 1005

National Insurance Company Ltd. v. Maya Devi & Ors.

entail any examination of the law due to the fair stand taken by the
insurer therein. However, herein we have examined the ‘Certificate
of Insurance cum Policy Schedule’ which states ‘PERIOD OF
INSURANCE From: 11/04/2017 To: midnight of 10/04/2018’. It also
records ‘Date of commencement of risk : 11/04/2017’. In this factual
backdrop, we have no hesitation to hold that the vehicle was insured
when the accident took place. As such, currently, we need not dwell
on the law, except to reiterate the view in National Insurance Co.
Ltd. v Sobina Iakai (Smt), (2007) SCC 786 [considering the position,
and change, in law enunciated in New India Assurance Co. Ltd. v
Ram Dayal, (1990) 2 SCC 680; National Insurance Co. Ltd. v
Jikubhai Nathuji Dabhi, (1997) 1 SCC 66; Oriental Insurance
Co. Ltd. v Sunita Rathi, (1998) 1 SCC 365; New India Assurance
Co. v Bhagwati Devi, (1998) 6 SCC 354; New India Assurance Co.
Ltd. v Sita Bai, (1999) 7 SCC 575; National Insurance Co. Ltd. v
Chinto Devi, (2000) 7 SCC 50 and J Kalaivani v K Sivashankar,
JT (2001) 10 SC 396] that ‘…the effectiveness of the insurance
policy would start from the time and date specifically incorporated
in the policy and not from an earlier point of time.’6
13. The Insurance Company has not been able to prove that it had
not received the money/premium prior to the accident and the only
stand taken was that the insurance was fraudulently obtained. The
law is very clear – fraud vitiates everything, but merely alleging
fraud does not amount to proving it. For, it has to be proven in
accordance with law by adducing evidence etcetera, the onus of
which would also lie on the person alleging fraud. Long ago, 5
learned Judges in Bishnudeo Narain v Seogeni Rai, 1951 SCR
458, had laid down:
‘… Now if there is one rule which is better established than
any other, it is that in cases of fraud, undue influence and
coercion, the parties pleading it must set forth full particulars
and the case can only be decided on the particulars as
laid. There can be no departure from them in evidence.
General allegations are insufficient even to amount to an
averment of fraud of which any court ought to take notice
however strong the language in which they are couched

6 Para 19 of Sobina Iakai (Smt) (supra).
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may be, and the same applies to undue influence and
coercion. See Order 6 Rule 4, Civil Procedure Code.’
(emphasis supplied)

14. Of much more recent vintage, is the decision in Bhaurao Dagdu
Paralkar v State of Maharashtra, (2005) 7 SCC 605, wherein it
was explained as under:
‘9. By “fraud” is meant an intention to deceive; whether it is
from any expectation of advantage to the party himself or
from ill will towards the other is immaterial. The expression
“fraud” involves two elements, deceit and injury to the
person deceived. Injury is something other than economic
loss, that is, deprivation of property, whether movable
or immovable or of money and it will include any harm
whatever caused to any person in body, mind, reputation or
such others. In short, it is a non-economic or non-pecuniary
loss. A benefit or advantage to the deceiver, will almost
always cause loss or detriment to the deceived. Even in
those rare cases where there is a benefit or advantage to
the deceiver, but no corresponding loss to the deceived,
the second condition is satisfied. [See Vimla (Dr.) v. Delhi
Admn. [1963 Supp (2) SCR 585: AIR 1963 SC 1572] and
Indian Bank v. Satyam Fibres (India) (P) Ltd. [(1996) 5
SCC 550] ]
10. A “fraud” is an act of deliberate deception with the
design of securing something by taking unfair advantage
of another. It is a deception in order to gain by another’s
loss. It is a cheating intended to get an advantage. (See
S.P. Chengalvaraya Naidu v. Jagannath [(1994) 1 SCC 1].)
11. “Fraud” as is well known vitiates every solemn act.
Fraud and justice never dwell together. Fraud is a conduct
either by letters or words, which induces the other person
or authority to take a definite determinative stand as a
response to the conduct of the former either by words or
letters. It is also well settled that misrepresentation itself
amounts to fraud. Indeed, innocent misrepresentation may
also give reason to claim relief against fraud. A fraudulent
misrepresentation is called deceit and consists in leading
[2024] 9 S.C.R. 1007

National Insurance Company Ltd. v. Maya Devi & Ors.

a man into damage by wilfully or recklessly causing him to
believe and act on falsehood. It is a fraud in law if a party
makes representations, which he knows to be false, and
injury ensues therefrom although the motive from which
the representations proceeded may not have been bad. An
act of fraud on court is always viewed seriously. A collusion
or conspiracy with a view to deprive the rights of others
in relation to a property would render the transaction void
ab initio. Fraud and deception are synonymous. Although
in a given case a deception may not amount to fraud,
fraud is anathema to all equitable principles and any
affair tainted with fraud cannot be perpetuated or saved
by the application of any equitable doctrine including res
judicata. (See Ram Chandra Singh v. Savitri Devi [(2003)
8 SCC 319] .)
12. In Shrisht Dhawan v. Shaw Bros. [(1992) 1 SCC 534],
it was observed as follows: (SCC p. 553, para 20)
“Fraud” and collusion vitiate even the most solemn
proceedings in any civilised system of jurisprudence. It is a
concept descriptive of human conduct. Michael Levi likens
a fraudster to Milton’s sorcerer, Camus, who exulted in his
ability to, “wing me into the easy-hearted man and trap
him into snares”. It has been defined as an act of trickery
or deceit. In Webster’s Third New International Dictionary
“fraud” in equity has been defined as an act or omission
to act or concealment by which one person obtains an
advantage against conscience over another or which equity
or public policy forbids as being prejudicial to another. In
Black’s Law Dictionary, “fraud” is defined as an intentional
perversion of truth for the purpose of inducing another in
reliance upon it to part with some valuable thing belonging
to him or surrender a legal right; a false representation
of a matter of fact whether by words or by conduct, by
false or misleading allegations, or by concealment of that
which should have been disclosed, which deceives and is
intended to deceive another so that he shall act upon it to
his legal injury. In Concise Oxford Dictionary, it has been
defined as criminal deception, use of false representation to
gain unjust advantage; dishonest artifice or trick. According
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to Halsbury’s Laws of England, a representation is deemed
to have been false, and therefore a misrepresentation, if
it was at the material date false in substance and in fact.
Section 17 of the Contract Act, 1872 defines “fraud” as
an act committed by a party to a contract with intent to
deceive another. From the dictionary meaning or even
otherwise fraud arises out of the deliberate active role
of the representator about a fact, which he knows to be
untrue yet he succeeds in misleading the representee by
making him believe it to be true. The representation to
become fraudulent must be of fact with knowledge that
it was false. In a leading English case i.e. Derry v. Peek
[(1886-90) All ER Rep 1: (1889) 14 AC 337: 61 Lt 265
(HL)] what constitutes “fraud” was described thus : (All
ER p. 22 B-C)
“Fraud is proved when it is shown that a false representation
has been made (i) knowingly, or (ii) without belief in its
truth, or (iii) recklessly, careless whether it be true or false.”
But “fraud” in public law is not the same as “fraud” in private
law. Nor can the ingredients, which establish “fraud” in
commercial transaction, be of assistance in determining
fraud in administrative law. It has been aptly observed by
Lord Bridge in Khawaja v. Secy. of State for Home Deptt.
[(1983) 1 All ER 765: 1984 AC 74 : (1982) 1 WLR 948
(HL)] that it is dangerous to introduce maxims of common
law as to the effect of fraud while determining fraud in
relation of statutory law. “Fraud” in relation to the statute
must be a colourable transaction to evade the provisions
of a statute.
“‘If a statute has been passed for some one particular
purpose, a court of law will not countenance any attempt
which may be made to extend the operation of the Act
to something else which is quite foreign to its object and
beyond its scope.’ Present day concept of fraud on statute
has veered round abuse of power or mala fide exercise
of power. It may arise due to overstepping the limits of
power or defeating the provision of statute by adopting
subterfuge or the power may be exercised for extraneous
[2024] 9 S.C.R. 1009

National Insurance Company Ltd. v. Maya Devi & Ors.

or irrelevant considerations. The colour of fraud in public
law or administrative law, as it is developing, is assuming
different shades. It arises from a deception committed by
disclosure of incorrect facts knowingly and deliberately to
invoke exercise of power and procure an order from an
authority or tribunal. It must result in exercise of jurisdiction
which otherwise would not have been exercised. That is
misrepresentation must be in relation to the conditions
provided in a section on existence or non-existence of
which power can be exercised. But non-disclosure of a
fact not required by a statute to be disclosed may not
amount to fraud. Even in commercial transactions non-
disclosure of every fact does not vitiate the agreement. ‘In
a contract every person must look for himself and ensure
that he acquires the information necessary to avoid bad
bargain.’ In public law the duty is not to deceive.” (See
Shrisht Dhawan v. Shaw Bros. [(1992) 1 SCC 534], SCC
p. 554, para 20.)
13. This aspect of the matter has been considered recently
by this Court in Roshan Deen v. Preeti Lal [(2002) 1 SCC
100 : 2002 SCC (L&S) 97] , Ram Preeti Yadav v. U.P.
Board of High School and Intermediate Education [(2003) 8
SCC 311] , Ram Chandra Singh case [(2003) 8 SCC 319]
and Ashok Leyland Ltd. v. State of T.N. [(2004) 3 SCC 1]
14. Suppression of a material document would also
amount to a fraud on the court. (See Gowrishankar v.
Joshi Amba Shankar Family Trust [(1996) 3 SCC 310]
and S.P. Chengalvaraya Naidu case [(1994) 1 SCC 1].)
15. “Fraud” is a conduct either by letter or words, which
induces the other person or authority to take a definite
determinative stand as a response to the conduct of the
former either by words or letter. Although negligence is
not fraud but it can be evidence on fraud; as observed in
Ram Preeti Yadav case [(2003) 8 SCC 311].
16. In Lazarus Estates Ltd. v. Beasley [(1956) 1 QB 702:
(1956) 1 All ER 341: (1956) 2 WLR 502 (CA)] Lord Denning
observed at QB pp. 712 and 713 : (All ER p. 345 C)
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“No judgment of a court, no order of a minister, can be
allowed to stand if it has been obtained by fraud. Fraud
unravels everything.”
In the same judgment Lord Parker, L.J. observed that
fraud vitiates all transactions known to the law of however
high a degree of solemnity. (p. 722) These aspects were
recently highlighted in State of A.P. v. T. Suryachandra
Rao [(2005) 6 SCC 149: (2005) 5 SCALE 621].’
15. An interesting passage on fraud can be found in Reddaway (Frank)
& Co. Ltd. v George Banham & Co. Ltd., 1896 AC 199, where the
House of Lords stated:
‘But fraud is infinite in variety; sometimes it is audacious
and unblushing; sometimes it pays a sort of homage
to virtue, and then it is modest and retiring; it would be
honesty itself if it could only afford it. But fraud is fraud all
the same; and it is the fraud, not the manner of it, which
calls for the interposition of the Court.’7
16. From the record, we do not find that the Insurance Company has
discharged its onus to prove the alleged fraud. Therefore, the
Insurance Company’s liability under the issued insurance certificate/
policy to cover the incident, cannot be escaped by alleging fraud.
17. Thus, on an overall circumspection, the Court does not find any
merit in the present appeals, which, accordingly, stand dismissed.
No order as to cost.
18. The Insurance Company shall deposit the monies as per the Award
passed by the MACT, if not already done, latest by 15.01.2025. The
same shall be distributed forthwith to the claimants by the MACT.

Result of the case: Appeals dismissed.

†
Headnotes prepared by: Harshit Anand, Hony. Associate Editor
(Verified by: Shadan Farasat, Sr. Adv.)

7 Quoted approvingly in Venture Global Engineering v Satyam Computer Services Limited (2010) 8
SCC 660.