NARAYANA GRAMANI & ORS.versusMARIAMMAL & ORS.

430                      [2018]REPORTS
               SUPREME COURT    9 S.C.R. 430               [2018] 9 S.C.R.


A                      NARAYANA GRAMANI & ORS.
                                        v.
                            MARIAMMAL & ORS.
                         (Civil Appeal No. 5057 of 2009)
B                            SEPTEMBER 11, 2018
        [ABHAY MANOHAR SAPRE AND VINEET SARAN, JJ.]
             Code of Civil Procedure, 1908: s. 100 – Second appeal –
      Power of the High Court while deciding the second appeal – Scope
C     and ambit of – On facts, in second appeal, the High Court allowed
      the defendants’ appeal and set aside the plaintiffs’ suit which was
      decreed by the courts below – On appeal, held: Order passed by
      the High Court not legally sustainable – High Court admitted the
      second appeal by framing only one substantial question of law,
      that whether the first appellate court was justified in dismissing the
D     defendants’ first appeal by taking into consideration one earlier
      litigation in relation to the suit land, which was not between the
      same parties – High Court failed to see that even if the said question
      was answered in defendants’ favour, yet the plaintiffs’ suit could
      not have been dismissed unless the High Court had further examined
E     the main issue of ownership of the plaintiff over the suit land, which
      was decided by the courts below in plaintiffs’ favour – High Court
      having failed to frame any substantial question of law on the issue
      of the plaintiffs’ ownership over the suit land, had no jurisdiction
      to examine the said issue in its second appellate jurisdiction, in the
      light of s. 100(5) – Further, the High Court cursorily touched the
F     ownership issue which, could not be done – Also both the issue of
      res judicata and ownership had to be examined independent of each
      other on their respective merits, which was not done – Thus, matter
      remanded to the High Court.

G            Allowing the appeal, the Court

           HELD: 1.1 Keeping in view the scope and ambit of the
      powers of the High Court while deciding the second appeal, the
      High Court committed an error in allowing the defendants’ second

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   NARAYANA GRAMANI & ORS. v. MARIAMMAL & ORS.                           431


appeal and further erred in dismissing the plaintiffs’ suit by           A
answering the substantial question of law. [Para 17] [437-F-G]

      1.2 Mere perusal of the impugned order would go to show
that the High Court had admitted the second appeal by framing
only one substantial question of law, namely, whether the first
Appellate Court was justified in dismissing the defendants’ first        B
appeal by taking into consideration one earlier litigation in relation
to the suit land, which was not between the same parties. The
High Court held that the first Appellate Court was not justified
because the earlier litigation was not between the present plaintiffs
and the defendants but it was between the different parties and,         C
therefore, any decision rendered in such litigation would not
operate as res judicata in the present litigation between the
parties. This resulted in allowing of the appeal and dismissing
the suit. The High Court (Single Judge), failed to see that even if
the said question was answered in defendants’ favour, yet the
plaintiffs’ suit could not have been dismissed much less in its          D
entirety unless the High Court had further examined the main
issue of ownership of the plaintiffs over the suit land, which was
decided by the two Courts below in plaintiffs’ favour on merits.
[Para 18-20] [431-H; 438-A-C]
                                                                         E
      1.3 It was necessary for the High Court to have proceeded
to examine the issue relating to the plaintiffs’ title over the suit
land, which was decided by the two Courts in plaintiffs’ favour
holding that the plaintiffs were able to prove their title over the
suit land on the basis of documentary evidence whereas the
defendants failed to prove their title though asserted.                  F
[Para 21] [438-D-E]

      1.4 The High Court committed another error when it failed
to frame any substantial question of law on the issue of the
plaintiffs’ ownership over the suit land. So long as no substantial
                                                                         G
question of law was framed, the High Court had no jurisdiction to
examine the said issue in its second appellate jurisdiction. In
other words, the High Court having framed only one question,
which did not pertain to issue of ownership of the suit land, had

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432            SUPREME COURT REPORTS                      [2018] 9 S.C.R.


A     no jurisdiction to examine the issue of ownership. It was not
      permissible in the light of Section 100 (5) CPC, which empowers
      the High Court to decide the appeal only on the question framed
      and not beyond it. [Para 22-23] [438-F-H]

            1.5 The High Court could invoke its powers under proviso
B     to sub-section (5) of Section 100 and frame one or two additional
      questions, as the case may be, even at the time of hearing of the
      second appeal. It would have enabled the High Court to examine
      the issue of ownership of the suit land in its correct perspective.
      It was, however, not done by the High Court. [Para 24]
C     [439-A-B]

            1.6 The High Court, while examining the question framed,
      also cursorily touched the ownership issue which, the High Court
      could not have done for want of framing of any substantial question
      of law on the ownership issue. That apart, the High Court also
D     failed to see that the issue of res judicata and the issue of
      ownership were independent issues and the decision on one would
      not have answered the other one. In other words, both the issues
      had to be examined independent of each other on their respective
      merits. It was, however, possible only after framing of substantial
E     questions on both the issues as provided under Section 100(4)
      and (5) CPC. This was, however, not done in this case.
      [Para 25] [439-B-D]

            1.7 Since the High Court failed to examine the issue of
      ownership of the plaintiffs on its merits for want of framing of the
F     substantial question(s) of law, the matter has to be remanded to
      the High Court for deciding the question as to whether two Courts
      below were right in their respective jurisdiction in holding that
      the plaintiffs were able to prove their title over the suit land on
      the basis of evidence (oral/documentary) adduced by them and, if
      so, whether such finding should be upheld or not.
G
      [Para 27] [439-E-F]

            1.8 The impugned order is not legally sustainable and is
      set aside. The case is remanded to the High Court for deciding
      the second appeal afresh on merits in accordance with law by
H     properly framing the substantial question(s) of law on the question
   NARAYANA GRAMANI & ORS. v. MARIAMMAL & ORS.                               433


of ownership of the plaintiffs over the suit land and examine as to          A
whether the findings on the said question recorded by two Courts
suffer from any error or not. [Para 28] [439-G-H]

      Sanatosh Hazari v. Purushottam Tiwari (2001) 3 SCC
      179 : [2001] 1 SCR 948 ; Surat Singh v. Siri Bhagwan
      & Ors. (2018) 4 SCC 562 – referred to.                                 B

                         Case Law Reference

      [2001] 1 SCR 948            referred to         Para 16

      (2018) 4 SCC 562            referred to         Para 16                C

       CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 5057
of 2009.

      From the Judgment and Order dated 09.07.2007 of the High Court         D
of Judicature at Madras in Second Appeal No. 632 of 1995.

      MSM Asaithambi, V. Balaji, Rakesh K. Sharma, C. Kannan,
Ms. Sripradha Krishnan, A.T.M. Sampath, Advs. for the Appellants.

      The Judgment of the Court was delivered by                             E
       ABHAY MANOHAR SAPRE, J. 1. This appeal is filed by the
plaintiffs against the final judgment and order dated 09.07.2007 passed
by the High Court of Judicature at Madras in Second Appeal No.652 of
1995 whereby the Single Judge of the High Court allowed the second
appeal filed by defendant Nos.2 to 5 and set aside the judgment and          F
decree dated 05.08.1994 passed by the Additional Subordinate Judge,
Chingalpattu in A.S. No.72 of 1993 and dismissed the suit filed by the
appellants herein.

        2. In order to appreciate the issues involved in the appeal, which
                                                                             G
lie in a narrow compass, few facts need mention hereinbelow.

       3. Appellant Nos. 1 and 2 are the plaintiffs whereas appellant
No. 3 is the legal representative of third plaintiff-Thirunavukkarasu, who
died pending litigation. The respondents are defendants in the civil suit.
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434             SUPREME COURT REPORTS                           [2018] 9 S.C.R.


A            4. The three plaintiffs claiming to be the members of one family
      filed a civil suit against the defendants for a declaration and permanent
      injunction in relation to the land situated at No. 294/1 Vembanur Village,
      Kadapakkam Firka, (patta No. 491), Old Paimash No. 201/8 renumbered
      as S. No 399/4, Acs. 1.08 (hereinafter referred to as “suit land”).
B            5. The plaintiffs traced the title to the suit land through their
      predecessor-in-title coupled with Patta issued by the Estate Manager in
      relation to the suit land. According to the plaintiffs, there had been a
      family partition inter se the plaintiffs wherein the suit land fell to their
      share. The plaintiffs alleged that they have been in possession of the suit
C     land, invested money and paying revenue taxes. The plaintiffs alleged
      that the defendants are trying to disturb their possession over the suit
      land without any legal authority and are also asserting their title over the
      suit land, which they do not have in their favour and hence there arise a
      need to file the civil suit and claim declaration and permanent injunction
      in relation to the suit land.
D
             6. The defendants filed their written statement and denied the
      plaintiffs’ claim over the suit land. According to them, they are the
      owners of the suit land having purchased the same vide sale deed dated
      15.02.1967 for Rs.200/- from one Muthu Mudaliar and his son Rajaram
E     Mudaliar who, according to the defendants, were the owners of the suit
      land. Defendant No. 1 also claimed to be in possession of the suit land
      and cultivating the same.

             7. The Trial Court framed two issues, viz., (1) Whether the
      plaintiffs are entitled for seeking declaration and permanent injunction;
F     and (2) If so, for what reliefs. Parties adduced their evidence (oral and
      documentary). By Judgment and decree dated 23.11.1993, the Trial Court
      decreed the plaintiffs’ suit. It was held that the plaintiffs are able to
      prove their ownership over the suit land on the basis of the documents
      filed by them; that the plaintiffs are in possession of the suit land; that
      they are, therefore, entitled to claim a declaration of their title over the
G
      suit land as its owners so also are entitled to claim permanent injunction
      against the defendants restraining them from interfering in their
      (plaintiffs’) peaceful possession over the suit land.


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   NARAYANA GRAMANI & ORS. v. MARIAMMAL & ORS.                                  435
           [ABHAY MANOHAR SAPRE, J.]

      8. The defendants felt aggrieved and filed first appeal before the        A
Additional Sub-Judge (Appeal Suit No. 72/1993). By Judgment dated
05.08.1994, the Appellate Court dismissed the defendants’ appeal and
affirmed the judgment and decree passed by the Trial Court.

      9. The defendants pursued the matter further and filed second
appeal in the High Court at Madras. The High Court admitted the second          B
appeal on the following substantial question of law:

             “Whether the same judge can dismiss an appeal on
      the ground that he has already rejected the appellants’ case
      in an earlier appeal against different parties in the absence             C
      of pleadings of rejudicata or estoppel by judgment by neither
      of the parties, especially when the issue is pending for
      decision before the High Court by way of second appeal.”

      10. By impugned judgment, the High Court allowed the appeal
and set aside the judgment and decree of the two courts below and, in           D
consequence, dismissed the suit giving rise to filing of the present appeal
by way of special leave in this Court by the plaintiffs.

       11. The short question, which arises for consideration in this appeal,
is whether the High Court was justified in allowing the defendants’ appeal
and, in consequence, dismissing the plaintiffs’ suit which was decreed          E
by the two Courts below.

      12. Mr. MSM Asaithambi, learned counsel appeared for the
appellants. Despite notice, none appeared for the respondents.
                                                                                F
        13. Having heard the learned counsel for the appellants and on
perusal of the record of the case, we are inclined to allow the appeal and
while setting aside the impugned judgment remand the case to the High
Court for deciding the appeal afresh on merits in accordance with law
after framing appropriate substantial question of law as indicated below.
                                                                                G
      14. Before we examine the facts of the case, it is necessary to
see the scope of Section 100 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908
(hereinafter referred to as “the Code”), which empowers the High Court


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436             SUPREME COURT REPORTS                           [2018] 9 S.C.R.


A     to decide the second appeals. Indeed, it is explained in several decisions
      of this Court and thus remains no more res integra.

            15. Section 100 of the Code reads as under:

            “100. Second appeal.- (1) Save as otherwise expressly
B           provided in the body of this Code or by any other law for
            the time being in force, an appeal shall lie to the High Court
            from every decree passed in appeal by any Court
            subordinate to the High Court, if the High Court is satisfied
            that the case involves a substantial question of law.
C
            (2) An appeal may lie under this section from an appellate
            decree passed ex parte.

            (3) In an appeal under this section, the memorandum of
            appeal shall precisely state the substantial question of law
D           involved in the appeal.

            (4) Where the High Court is satisfied that a substantial
            question of law is involved in any case, it shall formulate
            that question.

E           (5) The appeal shall be heard on the question so formulated
            and the respondent shall, at the hearing of the appeal, be
            allowed to argue that the case does not involve such
            question:

            Provided that nothing in this sub-section shall be deemed
F
            to take away or abridge the power of the court to hear, for
            reasons to be recorded, the appeal on any other substantial
            question of law formulated by it, if it is satisfied that the
            case involves such question.”

G            16. Sub-section (1) of Section 100 says that the second appeal
      would be entertained by the High Court only if the High Court is “satisfied”
      that the case involves a “substantial question of law”. Sub- section (3)
      makes it obligatory upon the appellant to precisely state in memo of
      appeal the “substantial question of law” involved in the appeal. Sub-

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   NARAYANA GRAMANI & ORS. v. MARIAMMAL & ORS.                                 437
           [ABHAY MANOHAR SAPRE, J.]

section (4) provides that where the High Court is satisfied that any           A
substantial question of law is involved in the case, it shall formulate that
question. In other words, once the High Court is satisfied after hearing
the appellant or his counsel, as the case may be, that the appeal involves
a substantial question of law, it has to formulate that question and then
direct issuance of notice to the respondent of the memo of appeal along
                                                                               B
with the question of law framed by the High Court. Sub-section (5)
provides that the appeal shall be heard only on the question formulated
by the High Court under sub-section (4). In other words, the jurisdiction
of the High Court to decide the second appeal is confined only to the
question framed by the High Court under sub-section(4). The respondent,
however, at the time of hearing of the appeal is given a right under sub-      C
section (5) to raise an objection that the question framed by the High
Court under sub-section (4) does not involve in the appeal. The reason
for giving this right to the respondent for raising such objection at the
time of hearing is because the High Court frames the question at the
admission stage which is prior to issuance of the notice of appeal to the
                                                                               D
respondent. In other words, the question is framed behind the back of
respondent and, therefore, sub-section(5) enables him to raise such
objection at the time of hearing that the question framed does not arise
in the appeal. The proviso to sub-section (5), however, also recognizes
the power of the High Court to hear the appeal on any other substantial
question of law which was not initially framed by the High Court under         E
sub-section (4). However, this power can be exercised by the High
Court only after assigning the reasons for framing such additional question
of law at the time of hearing of the appeal. (See Sanatosh Hazari vs.
Purushottam Tiwari [(2001) 3 SCC 179] and Surat Singh vs. Siri
Bhagwan & Ors. [(2018) 4 SCC 562]
                                                                               F
       17. Keeping in view the scope and ambit of the powers of the
High Court while deciding the second appeal when we advert to the
facts of the case, we find that the High Court committed an error in
allowing the defendants’ second appeal and further erred in dismissing
the plaintiffs’ suit by answering the substantial question of law. This we     G
say for more than one reason.

       18. First, mere perusal of the impugned order would go to show
that the High Court had admitted the second appeal by framing only one

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438             SUPREME COURT REPORTS                            [2018] 9 S.C.R.


A     substantial question of law, namely, whether the first Appellate Court
      was justified in dismissing the defendants’ first appeal by taking into
      consideration one earlier litigation in relation to the suit land, which was
      not between the same parties.

              19. The High Court held that the first Appellate Court was not
B     justified because the earlier litigation was not between the present
      plaintiffs and the defendants but it was between the different parties
      and, therefore, any decision rendered in such litigation would not operate
      as res judicata in the present litigation between the parties. This resulted
      in allowing of the appeal and dismissing the suit.
C
             20. The High Court (Single Judge), in our opinion, failed to see
      that even if the said question was answered in defendants’ favour, yet
      the plaintiffs’ suit could not have been dismissed much less in its entirety
      unless the High Court had further examined the main issue of ownership
      of the plaintiffs over the suit land, which was decided by the two Courts
D     below in plaintiffs’ favour on merits.

             21. In other words, we are of the view that it was necessary for
      the High Court to have proceeded to examine the issue relating to the
      plaintiffs’ title over the suit land, which was decided by the two Courts in
      plaintiffs’ favour holding that the plaintiffs were able to prove their title
E
      over the suit land on the basis of documentary evidence whereas the
      defendants failed to prove their title though asserted.

            22. Second, the High Court committed another error when it failed
      to frame any substantial question of law on the issue of the plaintiffs’
F     ownership over the suit land.

            23. So long as no substantial question of law was framed, the
      High Court had no jurisdiction to examine the said issue in its second
      appellate jurisdiction. In other words, the High Court having framed only
      one question, which did not pertain to issue of ownership of the suit land,
G     had no jurisdiction to examine the issue of ownership. It was not
      permissible in the light of Section 100 (5) of the Code, which empowers
      the High Court to decide the appeal only on the question framed and not
      beyond it.

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   NARAYANA GRAMANI & ORS. v. MARIAMMAL & ORS.                               439
           [ABHAY MANOHAR SAPRE, J.]

      24. Third, the High Court could invoke its powers under proviso        A
to sub-section (5) of Section 100 and frame one or two additional
questions, as the case may be, even at the time of hearing of the second
appeal. It would have enabled the High Court to examine the issue of
ownership of the suit land in its correct perspective. It was, however,
not done by the High Court.
                                                                             B
       25. Fourth, the High Court, while examining the question framed,
also cursorily touched the ownership issue which, in our opinion, the
High Court could not have done for want of framing of any substantial
question of law on the ownership issue. That apart, the High Court also
failed to see that the issue of res judicata and the issue of ownership      C
were independent issues and the decision on one would not have
answered the other one. In other words, both the issues had to be
examined independent of each other on their respective merits. It was,
however, possible only after framing of substantial questions on both the
issues as provided under Section 100(4) and (5) of the Code. This was,
however, not done in this case.                                              D

       26. In the light of aforementioned four reasons, we are of the
considered opinion that the impugned judgment is not legally sustainable
and, therefore, it has to be set aside.
        27. Since the High Court failed to examine the issue of ownership    E
of the plaintiffs on its merits for want of framing of the substantial
question(s) of law, the matter has to be remanded to the High Court for
deciding the question as to whether two Courts below were right in their
respective jurisdiction in holding that the plaintiffs were able to prove
their title over the suit land on the basis of evidence (oral/documentary)
                                                                             F
adduced by them and, if so, whether such finding should be upheld or
not.

       28. In view of the foregoing discussion, the appeal succeeds and
is allowed. Impugned order is set aside. The case is remanded to the
High Court for deciding the second appeal afresh on merits in accordance     G
with law by properly framing the substantial question(s) of law on the
question of ownership of the plaintiffs over the suit land and then to
examine as to whether the findings on the said question recorded by two
Courts suffer from any error(s) or not.

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440                SUPREME COURT REPORTS                        [2018] 9 S.C.R.


A            29. We, however, make it clear that we have not applied our mind
      on the merits of the controversy having formed an opinion to remand the
      case to the High Court for deciding the appeal afresh as observed above
      and, therefore, the High Court will decide the appeal strictly in accordance
      with law uninfluenced by any of our observations.
B           30. Since the matter is quite old, we request the High Court to
      decide the appeal as expeditiously as possible preferably within 6 months
      from the date of this judgment.


C     Nidhi Jain                                                    Appeal allowed.




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