NARAYANversusBABASAHEB & ORS.

                             (2016] 2 S.C.R. 948



A                                NARAYAN
                                       v.
                           BABASAHEB & ORS.
                       (Civil Appeal No. 3486 of2016)
                               APRIL 05, 2016
B
            [MADAN B. LOKUR AND N.V. RAMANA, JJ.]
            Limitation Act, 1963 - Arts.60, 109 and Explanation 2 of s. 7
    - Alienation of suit property made by mother vide ·sale deed dated
    20. 01.1982 - Suit filed by plaintiffs-sons and daughters against
c   the mother for partition and declaration that sale deed was not
    binding - JSI plaintiff was 20 years old, 2nd plaintiff was still a
    minor and the plaintiffs 3, 4 and 5-married daughters, were oged
    29, 27 and 25 respectively, on the date of institution of the suit in
    the year 1989 - Suit decreed by trial court -Appellate court, on the
    issue of limitation, held that Art. I 09 applies and limitation
D   prescribed is 12 years, thus, suit filed in the year 1989 is within
    /imitation - Said order upheld by the High Court - On appeal, held:
    Quondam minor plaintiff challenging the transfer of an immovable
    property made by his guardian in contravention of s. 8(1)(21 of the
     1956 Act and who seeks possession of property can file the suit
E   only within the /imitation prescribed under Article 60 of the Act
    which is three years - Limitation to file the present suit is governed
    by Art. 60 and the limitation is 3 years from the date of attaining
    majority - As per Explanation 2 of s. 7, the manager of a Hindu
    undivided family governed by Mithakshara law shall be deemed to
    be capable of giving a discharge without concurrence of other
F    members of j(zmily only .if he is in management of the joint family
     property- Plaintiffs 3 to 5 though majors as on the date of institution
     of suit will not fall under Explanation 2 of s. 7 as they are not the
     manager or Karta of the joint family - 1st plaintiff was 20 years
     old - Thus, the suit is instituted well within three years of limitation
G    {i'Oln the date of attaining majority as envisaged u!Art. 60 - Hindu
     Minority and Guardianship Act, 1956.
          Dismissing the appeal, the Court
          HELD: 1.1 The instant transaction on the face of it is in
    contravention of the 1956 Act and is not done for legal necessity,
    such transaction is voidable and unless such a transaction is sought
H
                                    948
              NARAYAN v. BABASAHEB & ORS.                              949


to be impeached or set aside, the question of recovery of A
possession of that property does not arise. [Paras 24 and 25]
(957-C-D]
       1.2 A close analysis of the language of Article 60 would
indicate that it applies to Suits by a minor who has attained majority
and further by his legal representatives when he dies after attaining B
majority or from the death of the minor. The broad spectrum of
the nature of the Suit is for setting aside the transfer of immovable
property made by the guardian and consequently, a Suit for
possession by avoiding the transfer by the guardian in violi:ition
of Section 8(2) of the 1956 Act. [Para 26] [957-E]
       1.3 The Limitation Act neither confers a right nor an c
obligation to file a Suit, if no such right exists under the substantive
law. It only provides a period of limitation for filing the Suit. A
quondam minor plaintiff.challenging the transfer of an immovable
property niade by his guardian in contravention of Section 8(1 )(2)
of the 1956 Act anit who seeks possession of property can file D
the Suit only within the limitation prescribed under Article 60 of
the Act which is three years and Articles 109, 110 or 113 of the
Act are not applicable to the facts of the case. [Paras 28 and 29]
[957-G-H; 958-A]
       1.4 The High Court as well as the trial court erred in applying
                                                                         E
Article 109 of the Act, where Article 109 of the Act clearly speaks
about alienation made by father governed by Mitakshara law and
further courts below proceeded in discussing about the long rope
given under Article 109 of the Act and comparatively lesser time
specified under Article 60 of the Act. It is well settled principle
 of interpretation that inconvenience and hardship to a person F
 will not be the decisive factors while interpreting the provision.
 When bare reading of the provision makes it very clear and
 unequivocally gives a meaning it was to be interpreted in the
 same sense as the Latin maxim says "dulo lex sed lex'', which·
 means the law is hard but it is law and there cannot be any
                                                                         G
 departure from the words of the law. [Para 30] [958-B-C]
      1.5 The limitation to file the instant Suit is governed by
Article 60 of the Act and the limitation is 3 years from the date of
attaining majority. However, as regards the question when there
are several plaintiffs, what is the reckoning date of limitation, a
950           SUPREME COURT REPORTS                         [2016] 2 S.C.R.


A     reading of Section 7 makes it clear that when one of several
      persons who are jointly entitled to institute a Suit or make an
      application for the execution of the decree and a discharge can
      be given without the concurrence of such person, time will run
      against all of them but when no such discharge can be given,
 B    time will not run against all of them until one of them becomes
      capable of giving discharge. [Para 31] [958-D-E]
          1.6 The 1st plaintiff was 20 years old, the 2nd defendant
   was still a minor and the plaintiffs 3, 4 and 5, who are married
   daughters, were aged 29, 27 and 25 respectively, on the date of
   institution of the Suit in the year 1989. As per Explanation 2 of
 c Section 7, the manager of a Hindu undivided family governed by
   Mithakshara law shall be deemed to be capable of giving a
   discharge without concurrence of other members of family only if
   he is in management of the joint family property. The plaintiffs 3
   to 5 though majors as on the date of institution of Suit will not fall
 D under Explanation 2 of Section 7 of the Limitation Act as they are
   not the manager or Karta of the joint family. The first plaintiff was
   20 years old as on the date of institution of the. Suit and there is
   no evidence forthcoming to arrive at a different conclusion with
   regard to the age of the 1st plaintiff. In that view of the matter,
   the Suit is instituted well within three years of limitation from the
 E date of attaining majority as envisaged under Article 60 of the
   Act. [Para 32] [958-F-H; 959-A]
          CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 3486 of
   2016.
            From the Judgment and Order dated 05. l 0.2011 of the High Court
 F    of Judicature at Bombay, Bench at Aurangabad in Second Appeal No.
      223 of2004.
            Uday B. Dube, Adv. for the Appellant.
            Vivek C. Solshe, C. G. Solshe, Advs. for the Respondents.
            The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
 G
            N. V. RAMANA, J. 1. Leave granted.
            2. The appellant is before us aggrieved by the Judgment and decree
      passed by the High Court of Bombay, Bench at Aurangabad, dated
      5.10.2011 in Second Appeal No.223 of2004 wherein and whereby the
      High Court has confirmed the judgment and decree of the Courts below.
 H
               NARAYAN v. BABASAHEB & ORS.                                    951
                    [N. V. RAMANA, J.]

       3. This Comt, while issuing notice on 27th April, 2012, has passed      A
the following order:
      "Delay condoned.
      Issue notice returnable in ten weeks limited to the question as to
      whether the Suit filed in the year 1989 with regard to the sale
      deed dated January 20, 1982 was within limitation.                       B
      Dasti, in add.ition to the ordinary process.
      In the meanwhile, the parties shall maintain status quo with regard
      to the property which is subject matter of the sale deed dated
      January 20, 1982."
                                                                               c
       4. In the light of the order passed by this Court on 27.04.2012, we
are confining ourselves only to the question as to whether the Suit filed
in the year 1989 in respect of a sale deed dt. 20.01. \ 982 is well within
limitation or barred by limitation:
     - .5·.. The appellant before us is the 1st defendant in the Suit.         D
Resp\,ndents 1 to 5 are the plaintiffs and the 6th respondent is defendant
no.2. For the purpose of convenience, the parties.are referred as they
'Ire before the trial Court.                      ··
       6. The brief facts which are necessary for proper appreciation of
the dispute between the parties in nutshell are as follows:                    E
      The plaintiff/respondents 1 to 5 filed Reg. Civil Suit No.12of1989
against the I st defendant (appellant herein) and 2nd defendant
(respondent No. 6). The Suit was filed seeking the reliefof partition and
for a declaration that the sale deed dated 20.01.1982 and 28.11.1988
executed by defendant No.2 in favour of defendant No. I are not binding        F
and to set aside the same and also for recovery of possession of the Suit
schedule property and for mesne profits.
       7. The brief averments of the plaint are that the plaintiffs I and 2
are the real brothers and the 2nd plaintiff, being minor, is under the
guardianship of plaintiff No. l. PlaintiffNos.3 to 5 are the real sisters,
                                                                               G
whereas defendant No.2 is their mother and the defendant No. I is the
purchaser in whose favour defendant No.2 alleged to have executed the
sale deeds dated 20.01.1982 and 28.11.1988 which are sought to be set
asid~ and defendant No.3 is another sister who is married about 12
years back and whose whereabouts are not known to the plaintiffs. The
3'' defendant is later impleaded.                                              H
952             SUPREME COURT REPORTS                             (2016] 2 S.C.R.


A          8. It is the specific case of the plaintiffs that their father is the
   original owner of the Suit schedule property which is ancestral property.
   He died in the year 1972 leaving behind him his two sons, four daughters
   and the widow i.e. the 2nd defendant. After the death of their father. the
   2nd defendant, who is alleged to be a person of loose character, left the
   matrimonial home and married one Begaji. The father of the plaintiffs,
 B
   during his lifetime, performed the marriage ofplaintiffNos.3 and 4 and
   the marriage of the 5th plaintiff was performed by the I st plaintiff. The
   2nd defendant, without there being any legal necessity, has alienated the
   property for a meager amount ofRs.6,000/- when the surrounding lands
   were fetching an amount ofRs.15,000/-. At the time of execution of the
 c second sale deed, though the 1stjlaintitfwas major, he was shown as
   minor. It is stated that as the 2n defendant was never taking care of
   them at any point of time and staying with some other person, she cannot
   be termed as a guardian. The I st defendant, without paying any
   consideration, in active connivance with the 2nd defendant, has got the
   sale deed registered with an intention to defraud the interest of the minors.
 D
   It is further pleaded that as on the date of execution of the second sale
   deed, the land fetches an amount of Rs.20,000/- per acre, apart from
   that as the I st defendant is in possession of the property, they are entitled
   to 111es11e profits at the rate of Rs.2,000/- per annum from the date of
   taking over possession by the I st defendant ti! I the date of recovery of
 E possession.
              9. The defendants filed the written statement resisting the claim
       of the plaintiffs by denying the averments in the plaint and put forth their
       case stating that the 2nd defendant sold the Suit schedule property for
       the purpose of legal necessity. She had the responsibility of getting her
 F     daughters married, maintaining the large family and under those
       circumstances she was compelled to sell the property and further the
       consideration received was also adequate and as such the sale deeds
       are binding on the plaintiffs. The 2nd defendant took the objection that
       one of her daughters was not made as a party to the Suit as such Suit
       requires to be dismissed fornon-joinder of properand necessary parties
 G     and accordingly sought for dismissal of the Suit.
               10. Later the 3rd defendant was arrayed as a party to the Suit and
       in spite of the best efforts by the plaintiffs, the notice could not be served
       and it was reported that her whereabouts are not known for more than
       ten years. No written statement was filed on her behalf.
 1-1
                NARAYAN v. BABASAHEB & ORS.                                     953
                     [N. V. RAMANA, J.)

       11. The trial Court, after a full-fledged trial, has come to the          A
conclusion that under Section 11 of the Hindu Minority and Guardianship
Act, 1956 (for short 'the 1956 Act') the sale made by the de facto
guardian of the m.inor is void ab initio and is incapable of subsequent
clarification in the absence of evidence to show that the transfer is made
for legal necessity. Hence, the sale deeds are not binding on the plaintiffs
                                                                                 B
and accordingly decreed the Suit holding that the plaintiffs are entitled to
partition and separate possession of their share. Plaintiffs I and 2 are
entitled to ?/12th share and plaintiffs 3 to 5 are entitled to I/24th each
and the 2nd defendant is entitled to ?/24th share and plaintiffs are entitled
for mesne profits.
        12. Assailing the said judgment and decree, the I st defendant has
                                                                                 c
filed RCA.No.120/1991 on the file of the District Judge, Parbhani. The
issue of limitation was raised by the defendants before the I st appellate
court contending that the Suit is barred by limitation as per Article 60 of
the Limitation Act, 1963 (for short 'the Act') and as on the date of filing
of the Suit, except the znd plaintiff (Waman), all other plaintiffs are          D
majors and hence the Suit ought to have been instituted within three
years as envisaged by Article 60 of the Act. It is further urged that the
legal disability of2nd plaintiff (Waman) does not entitle other plainti !Ts
to institute the Suit after the prescribed period in the Act and relied upon
Section 7 of the Act. As per the cause title in the plaint, as on the date of
filing of the Suit, the I st plaintiff was aged 20 years, the znd plaintiff      E
was minor and plaintiffs 3, 4 and 5 were aged 29, 27 and 25 years
respectively. Basing on the contentions, the appellate Court has come to
the conclusion that Article 60 of the Act is not applicable to the factst>f
the case as the znd defendant is not the guardian appointed by the Court.
Therefore, Article I 09 of the Act, which prescribed 12 years is applicable      F
where the alienation made by the father of the ancestral property by the
Hindus who are governed by the Mitakshara law and hence the Suit
filed in the year 1989 is well within limitation. But however, the appellate
court has modified the decree to the extent that the I st defendant is
entitled to the share of the 2nd defendant.
                                                                                 G
      13. The unsuccessful and unsatisfied I st defendant has approached
the High Court of Bombay, Bench at Aurangabad by way of Second
Appeal No.223/2004. The High Court has dismissed the appeal holding
that Article 109 of the Act applies to the alienation made by the mother
and Article 60 of the Act does not apply to the facts of the case and its
                                                                                 H
954             SUPREME COURT REPORTS                           [2016] 2 S.C.R.


A     application altogether is in a different eventuality and Section I 09 of the
      Act applies to the facts of the case and the Suit is well within limitation.
      Against the said order, the present appeal is filed before th is Court.
             14. We are not indined to go into any of the factual issues or
      otherwise which has attained finality and we are restraining ourselves to
 B    the limiied question whether the Suit filed in the year 1989 for setting
      aside the sale deed dated 20.01.1982 is governed under which Article of
      the Limitation Act and whether the same is within limitation or not?
            · 15. We have heard the learned counsel on either side and given
      ·our anxious consideration to their submissions, to the relevant provisions
 c     of the Act and the material placed before us.
             16. It is argued on behalf of the appellant/I st defendant that a
      challenge to the sale deed dated 20.01.1982 is barred by limitation as
      Article 60 of the Act applies to the facts of the case and the limitation is
      3 years. It is contended by him that the Courts below have erroneously
 D    applied Article I 09 and further Article I 09 applies to cases where
      alienation was made by the father but in the case on hand, alienation
      was made by the mother. He further submitted that the interpretation of
      Articles under the Act is against the settled principles of interpretation
      of statutes and when a provision is provided exclusively which deals
      with alienation made by father, the Courts below were not right in applying
 E    the same to the alienation made by the mother. It is for the first time
      contended before the Court that Article 110 of the Act applies but the
      provision will be applied only once the sale deed dated 20.01.1982 is set
      aside and sought for allowing the appeal.
             17. On the other hand, the learned counsel appearing on behalf of
 F    the respondents/plaintiffs has urged that Article 60 is applicable to cases
      where guardian sells exclusive property of minor but not joint family
      property. Further the residuary clause has no application as it will apply
      only when there is no other Article provided under the Act and he further
      stated that the case of the plaintiffs squarely falls under Article 110 of
 G    the Act and as such the Suit filed by the plaintiffs is well within the
      limitation and sought for dismissal of the appeal.
            18. In the light of the submission made by the counsel, before we
      proceed to deal with the main issue, it is appropriate to have a look at
      Section 7, Articles 60, I 09, J IO and 113 of the Act which read as follows:

 H
         NARAYAN v. BABASAHEB & ORS.                                  955
              [N. Y. RAMANA, J.]

Section 7 : Disability of one of several persons:                     A
Where one of several persons jointly entitled to institute a Suit
or make an application for the execution of a decree is under
any such disability, and a discharge can be given without the
concurrence of such person, time will run against them all; but,
where no such discharge can be given, time will not run as             B
against any of them until one of them becomes capable of
giving such discharge without the concurrence of the others or
until the disability has ceased.
Explanation I: This section applies to a discharge from every
kind of liability, including a liability in respect ofany immovable   c
property;
Explanation II: For the purpose of this section, the manager of
a Hindu undivided family governed by the Mitakshara law shall
be deemed to be capable of giving a discliarge without the
concurrence of the other members of the family only ifhe is in         D
management ofthejoint family property.
Articles 60, 109, 110, 113 of the Act:-



60. To set aside a transfe ·                                           E
of property made by the
guardian of a ward

(a) by the ward who has        Three years     When the ward
attained majority;                             attains majority.
                                                                       F
(b) by the ward's legal
representative

(i) When the ward dies
within three years from                        When the ward
the date of attaining          Three years     attains majority.
majority;                                                              G

(ii) When the ward dies
before attaining majority      Three years     When the ward
                                               dies.


                                                                      H
956            SUPREME COURT REPORTS                          [2016] 2 S.C.R.


A
         109.      By a Hindu
         governed by M itakshara      Twelve years     The date of       the
         la\V to set aside his                         dispossession      or
         father's alienation of                        discontinuance.
         ancestral property.
 B

         110.     By a person                          When the exclusion
         excluded from a joint        Twelve years     becon1es known to
         family    property    to                      the plaintiff.
         enforce a right to share
 c       therein.

         113. Any Suit for which       Three years     When the right to
         no period of limitation is                    sue accrues.
         provided elsewhere in
         thi~ Schedule.

 D
            19. Before we venture to discuss the applicability of Section 7 of
      the Act whioh·deals with disability of one of several persons, we have to
      bestow our attention to the Articles which are appliaable to the facts of
      the case.
             20. In the case on hand, there cannot be any dispute about the
 E
      fact that after the death of the 2nd defendant's husband automatically
      the znd defendant becomes a natural guardian to her children. On this,
      the finding of the lower appellate court, that as she was not the guardian
      appointed on the day to alienate the Suit schedule property therefore
      Article 109 of the Act applies which gives 12 years limitation from the
 F    day the al ienee lakes possession of the property and the alienation made
      by the father of ancestral property of the Hindus who are governed by
      Mitakshara law, and that the Suit is well within limitation, cannot be
      sustained.
             21. Even the High Court has proceeded on the same notion that
 G    Article 60 of the Act applies where the ward files a Suit after attaining
      majority, for setting aside transfer of property made by his guardian
      when he was minor.
           22. The High Court has furtherobserved that under Article I 09 of
      the Act, a long rope is given to file the Suit to the plaintiff than a Suit
 H
                 NARAYAN v. BABASAHEB & ORS.                                      957
                      [N. V. RAMANA, J.]

filed by the plaintiff under Article 60 of the Act and the case of the             A
plaintiff strictly falls under Article 109 of the Act.
       23. A bare reading of Section 8(1) of the 1956 Act indicates that
it empowers the natural guardian to do all the acts which are necessary
or reasonable or proper for the benefit of the minor. Section 8(2)(a) of
the 1956 Act prescribes that either the purchaser or the seller should             B
obtain the permission of the District Court to transfer the property by
sale.
      24. Hence, the present transaction on the face of it is in
contravention of the mandatory provisions laid down by the 1956 Act.
      25. When once a tra1isaction takes place in the name of the minor            c
which is in contravention of the 1956Act and which is not done for legal
necessity, such transaction is voidable and unless such a transaction is
sought to be impeached or set aside, the question of recovery of
possession of that property does not arise.
        26. A close analysis of the language of Article 60 would indicate D
that it applies to Suits by a minor who has attained majority and further
by his legal representatives when he dies after attaining majority or from
the death of the minor. The broad spectrum of the nature of the Suit is
for setting aside the transfer of immovable property made by the guardian
and consequently, a Suit for possession by avoiding the transfer by the . E
guardian in violation of Section 8(2) of the 1956 Act. In essence, it is
nothing more than se.eking to set aside the' transfer and grant
consequential relief of possession.
       27. There cannot be ariy doubt that a Suit by quondam minor to
set aside the alienation of his property by his guardian is governed by
                                                                                   F
Article 60. To impeach 'the transfer of immovable property by the
Guardian, the minor must file the Suit within the prescribed period of
three years after attaining majority.
        28. The Limitation Act neither confers a right nor an obligation to
file a Suit, ifno such right exists under the substantive law. It only provides
                                                                                   G
a period oflimitation for filing the Suit.
      29. Hence, we are of the considered opinion that a quondam minor
plaintiff challenging the transfer of an immovable property made by his
guardian in contravention of Section 8( I )(2) of the 1956 Act and who
seeks possession of property can file the Suit only within the limitation
                                                                                  .H
958            SUPREME COURT REPORTS                            [2016] 2 S.C.R.


A     prescribed under Article 60 of the Act and Articles I 09, 110 or 113 of the
      Act are not applicable to the facts of the case.
             30. The High Court as ;-;ell as the Trial Court erred in applying
      Article I 09 of the Act, where Article I 09 of the Act clearly speaks
      about alienation made by father governed by M itakshara law and further
 B    Courts below proceeded in discussing about the long rope given under
      Article .109 of the Act and comparatively lesser time specified under
      Article 60 of the Act. It is well settled principle of interpretation that
      inconvenience and hardship to a person will not be the decisive factors
      while interpreting the provision. When bare reading of the provision makes
      it very clear and unequivocally gives a meaning it was to be interpreted
 c    in the same sense as the Latin maxim says "'dulo lex sed lex"'. which
      means the law is hard but it is law and there cannot be any departure
      from the words of the law.
              3 I. Hence, in view of our above discussion, the limitation to file
      the present Suit is governed by Article 60 of the Act and the limitation is
 D    3 years from the date of attaining majority. When once we arrive at a
      conclusion that Article 60 of the Act applies and the limitation is 3 years,
      the crucial question is when there are several plaintiffs, what is the
      reckoning date of limitation? A reading of Section 7 makes it clear that
      when one of several persons who are jointly entitled to institute a Suit or
 E    make an application for the execution of the decree and a discharge can
      be given without the concurrence of such person, time will run against
       all of them but when no such discharge can be given, time will not run
       against all of them until one of them becomes capable of giving discharge.
              32. In the case on hand, the l st plaintiff was 20 years old, the 2nd
  F    defendant was still a minor and the plaintiffs 3, 4 and 5, who are married
       daughters, were aged 29, 27 and 25 respectively, on the date of institution
       of the Suit in the year 1989. As per Explanation 2 of Section 7, the
       manager ofa Hindu undivided family governed by Mithaks.hara law shall
       be deemed to be capable of giving a discharge without concurrence of
       other members of family only ifhe is in management of the joint family
  G    property. In this case, plaintiffs 3 to 5 though majors as on the date of
       institution of Suit will not fall under Explanation 2 of Section 7 of the
       Limitation Act as they are not the manager or Karla of the joint family.
       The first plaintiff was 20 years old as on the date of institution of the Suit
       and there is no evidence forthcoming to arrive at a different conclusion
       with regard to the age of the I st plaintiff. In that view of the matter, the
  H
                NARAYAN v. BABASAHEB & ORS.                                  959
                     (N. V. RAMANA, J.]

Suit is instituted well within three years of limitation from the date of    A
attaining majority as envisaged under Article 60 of the Act.
      33. Hence, in view of the above discussion, as the appeal is devoid
of merits, we deem it appropriate to dismiss the appeal and accordingly
the appeal is dismissed but in the circumstances without costs.
                                                                              B
Nidhi Jain                                               Appeal dismissed.