N. JAYALAKSHMI AMMAL AND ORS.versusR. GOPALA PATHAR AND ANR.

"A                  N. JAYALAKSHMI AMMAL AND ORS.
                                   v.
                       R. GOPALA PATHAR AND ANR.

                                SEPTEMBER 9, 1994

B           [N. VENKATACHALA AND K.S. PARIPOORNAN, JJ.)

           Evidence Act, 1872: Sections 107 and 108.

           Evidence-Presumption as to deatlt--Person not heard offor more than
C    seven years-Exact time of death is not a matter of presumptiort-Burden of
     proof to prove death-On Whom lies.

           Hindu Women's Rights to Property Act, 1937:

           Hindu Law-Joint Family Property-Coparceners-One co-parcener
D not heard of alive for more than seven years-Wife of said co-parcener--En-
     titlement to property of husband-Held in the absence of proof that death of
     co-parcener was after coming into force of the Act the wife was not entitled
     to inherit the propertJWzfe held not entitled to convey such a property.

           G and S acquired certain properties as members of undivided Hindu
E family in 1928. G was not heard of alive since August 1930. By a sale deed
     dated 23.8.1970 K, wife of G, sold the suit properties to the appellants'
     predecessor in-interest, plaintiff-I, who filed a suit for declaration to ~e
     property on the basis of the said sale deed. The respondent, defendant-1,
     claimed that the he acquired title to the suit properties on the basis of sale
     deed dated 10.9.70 executed by the other co-percener, S. He contended that
F    since G was not heard of alive for more than seven years the other
     co-parcener, S. became the sole surviving co-parcener and acquired title
     to the suit properties by adverse possession. Since G's wife had no interest
     in the property, her sale deed in favour of plaintiff would not convey any
     title.
G
           The Trial Court dismissed the suit. The first defendant preferred
     an appeal and appellants (plaintiffs 2 to 8) legal heirs of plaintiff-1 filed
     their cross-objections. The appeal a~ well as cross-objections were partly
     allowed by the first appellate coµrt.

H          The first respondent filed second appeal before the High Court
                                          310
                       NJ.AMMAL v.R.G.PATIIAR                             311

which held that (i) in the absence of proof that G died after coming into        A
force of the Hindu Women's Rights to Property Act on 14.4.1937, his wife
was incompetent to execute the sale deed convey title to the first plaintiff,
under whom plaintiffs claimed their right; (ii) in the absence of proof of
G's death after coming into force of the 1937 Act his rights and interest in
the joint family property devolved on the surviving co-parcener by sur-
                                                                                 B
vivorship who became entitled to the entire property and was competent
to execute the deed dated 10.9.1970 conveying property to the first defen-
dant.

       In appeal to this Court, it was contended on behalf of the appellant
that (i) G was not heard of ever since August, 1930. The Hindu Women's           C
Rights to property Act came into force on 14.4.1937 and the suit was filed
in 1973, nearly 43 years after G was last heard of. In such circumstances,
G should be presumed to have died long ago and at any rate, long before
the sale deed was executed by G's wife to the first plaintiffj (ii) the courts
below erred in not giving effect to the presumption flowing from section         D
108 of the Indian Evidence Act in decreeing the plaintiffs' suit.

      For the respondents it was contended that (1) under section 108 of
the Evidence Act there is a presumption that a man is dead but this
presumption extends no further and it cannot be presumed that he died
on any particular date; (ii) it is only by the provisions of Hindu Women's       E
Rights to.Property Act that G's wife could get any right. The said Act came
into force on 14.4.1937 within a period of seven years when G was last
heard of. In the absence of the proof as to when G died, it cannot be
presumed that G must be deemed to have died on or after 14.4.1937 when
the Hindu Women's Rights to Property Act came into force and his wife
became entitled to an undivided half interest in the property; (iii) on the      F
death of G, the sole surviving co-parcener S became entitled to the proper-
ty by survivorship and he was thus entitled to execute the sale deed in
favour of the first defendant.

      Dismissing the appeal, this Court
                                                                                 G
      HELD : The judgment of the High Court is justified in law and no
interference is called for. The burden of proof is on the plaintiffs to prove
that G died after coming into force of the Hindu Women's Right to Property
Act on 14.4.1937, and that his wife obtained the undivided half right in the
property as per the Hindu Women's Rights to Property Act. This crucial H
    312                    SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1994] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A   fact has not been proved by the plaintiffs. They solely relied on the
    presumption under section 108 of the Evidence Act. There is no presump-
    tion that G died on any particular date or on the expiry of seven years from
    August 1930. His wife was not shown to have inherited the undivided half
    share of G in the property. Therefore, she was incompetent to convey any
    interest in the suit property. On the other hand, on the death of G, S became
B   entitled to the Property by survivorship and he was competent to execute
    the deed dated 10.9.1970, to the first deferidant who became entitled to the
    entirety of the property. [321-B, 320-F to H, 321-A]

         Lal Chand M arwari v. Mahant Ramrnp Girand Anr., AIR (1926) PC 9
c   and Sarojini v. Sivanandan, AIR (1956) TC 129, referred to.

          Sir John Woodroffe & Amir Ali's Law of Evidence, 15th Edn. (1991)
    672-673; M. Monir's Principles and Digest of the Law of Evidence Vol. 2, 7th
    Edn. Page 1145; Sarkar on Evidence 14th Edn. page 1438 and Halsbury's
    Laws of England, (4th Edn.) Vol.17 page 85, para 115and116, referred!?·
D
             CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 688 of
    1985.

         From the Judgment and Order dated 15.6.84 of the Madras High
    Court in S.A. No. 1502 of 1979.
E
             K.R. Chowdhary and R.K. Sharma for the Appellants.

             Sundara Var~dhan, S. Prasad and S. Balakrishnan for the Respon-
    dents.

F            A.T.M. Sampath and Mrs. Pushpa Rajan for the Respondent No. 2.

             The·Judgment of the Court was delivered by

       PARIPOORNAN, J. Plaintiff Nos. 2 to 8 in O.S. No. 42 of 1973,
G Subordinate Judge's Court, Kumbakonam, legal heirs of plaintiff No. 1 who
    died pending the suit, are the appellants in this appeal. Defendant Nos. 1
    & 2 in the suit are the respondents herein. The plaintiffs have preferred
    this appeal against the Judgment of the Madras High Court in Second
    Appeal No. 1502 of 1979, dated 15.6.1984. The said Judgment is reported
    in AIR 1984 Madras 340: R. Gopala Pathar v. N. Jayalakshmi Ammal and
H   Ors.
            NJ.AMMAL v. R.G. PATIIAR[PARIPOORNAN,J.)                    313

       2. In order to understand the nature of the controversy raised in this A
appeal a few facts may be stated. The property in dispute (in the suit)
measures 10 feet east to west and 125 feet north to south in Big Street,
Kumbakonam Town, Tamil Nadu. The suit property as well as a similar
extent measuring in all 10 feet east to west and 250 feet north to south
belonged to one Visaiakshmi Ammal. On 1.2.1928, by Exhibit B. 1 B
Visalakshmi Ammal sold the entirety of the property aforesaid to one
Govindaswamy and his brother Srinivasa, who was then a minor and was
represented by his mother as guardian. In the document, Srinivasa was
described as an undivided minor soh in the family. The acquisition purports
to be on behalf of the joint family consisting of Govindaswamy and his C
brother Srinivasa, sons of one Kuthaperumal Vaidyar. On 29.8.1927, Govin-
daswamy was married to Kasambu Ammal (PW -2). They lived as husband
and wife for about 3 years. The had no children. Thereafter Govindaswamy
was not heard of. On 23.8.1970, by Exhibit A.4, (same as Exhibit All)
Kasambu Ammal executed a sale deed in respect of the suit property in
favour of one Nataraja Iyer, Plaintiff No. 1, for Rs. 5,000. On the basis of D
Exhibit A.4, Nataraja Iyer instituted O.S. No. 42 of 1973, in Sub-Court,
Kumbakonam, praying for a declaration of his title to the suit property and
also for a declaration that he was entitled ~o claim certain amounts lying
in Court deposit to the credit of R.C.0.P. No. 11 of 1971. The said
R.C.O.P. No.11 of 1971 was a proceeding initiated by the 1st defendant E
(1st respondent) against the second defendant - the tenant (second respon-
dent herein). The main contesting defendant is the first defendant, the first
respondent herein. He contended that Kasambu Ammal was not the wife
of Govindaswamy and had no interest in the suit property, and that the
sale deed in favour of Nataraja Iyer was bogus and would not operate to F
convey any title to the suit property. According to him, Govindaswamy and
Srinivasa constituted members of a joint Hindu family and smce Govindas-
wamy was not heard of for over 7 years, Srinivasa became the sole sufviving
coparcener who acquired title to the suit property by adverse possession,
and as her Exhibit B. 2 dated 10.9.1970, he had acquired title to the entirety G
of the suit property from Srinivasa and so the first plaintiff Nataraja Iyer
was not entitled to the reliefs prayed for in the suit. The second defendant
in the suit was a tenant against whom an order of eviction was passed. Since
a rival claim of title to the property in his occupation was put forth by the
first defendant, he contended that he was an uru1ecessary p~ty to the sui_t
                                                                              H
    314                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1994) S:tJPP. 3 S.C.R.

A and so the suit may be dismissed against him. The learned Sub-Judge by
  his Judgment dated 8.11.1976, found that Kasambu Ammal was the wife of
  Govindaswamy and was in possession of the undivided half share in the
  property, but the purported sale by her, of a definite portion i.e. front half
  of the property, was invalid. It was further held that Kasambu Ammal was
B in possession alongwith Srinivasa just 6-7 years prior to the filing of the suit
  and so the sale deed; Exhibit B.2 dated 10.9.1970 executed by Srinivasa in
  favour of the first defendant, though true, was not valid as Srinivasa was
  not solely and absolutely entitled to the property and had not perfected
  title to the property by adverse possession. It was further held that the sale
  deed, Exhibit A.4 by Kasambu Ammal to the first plaintiff Nataraja Iyer
C was fraudulent and antedated and in the result the suit was dismissed. The
  first defendant filed an appeal, AS. 182 of 1977 before the District Judge,
  West Thanjavur and contended that as per Exhibit B.2, he had absolute
  title to the entire property and the Court below was in error in not holding
  so. In the cross-objections, plaintiffs 2 to 8, legal heirs of the plaintiff No.1
D contended that the Trial Court was in error in not decreeing the suit for
  half of the property which belonged admittedly to Govindaswamy and was
  sold by his wife Kasambu Ammal as per Exhibit A.4 to to the first plaintiff
  on 23.8.1970. The learned District Judge of West Thanjavur, by Judgment
  dated 16.9.1978, found that Kasambu Ammal was the wife of Govindas-
E wamy, that the exact date of death of Govindaswamy was not known, that
  Srinivasa had not perfected title to the suit property either by ouster or by
  adverse possession, that Nataraja Iyer had acquired title to one half of the
  property by Exhibit A.4, that the first defendant would also be entitled to
  an undivided half share in the property as per the sale deed executed by
F Srinivasa in his favour, Exhibit B. 2, and it will be open to the parties to
  file a separate suit for partition of the suit property and also for apportion-
  ing the amounts lying to the credit of R.C.O.P. No. 11 of 1971. Accordingly, .
  he passed a decree declaring that the plaintiffs 2 to 7 as well as the first
  defendant are each entitled to an undivided half share in the entire house
G property and to h:Hf the amount lying in court deposit to the credit of
  R.C.O.P. No. 11 of 1971. The appeal as well as the memorandum of
  cross-objection were partly allowed. The first defendant carried the matter
  by, way of second appeal before the High Court, Second Appeal No. 1502
  of 1979. The 1earned Single Judge of the Ma~s High Court after referring
  to the relevant findings of the courts below and the law on the point, held
H
                  NJ.AMMAL v. R.G. PAIBAR [PARIPOORNAN,J.)                315

    as follows:                                                                  A
j
,          (i) Govindaswamy and Srinivasa constituted members of an un-
    divided Hindu family and acquired the entirety of the property asper
    Exhibit B.1 Sale deed; (ii) There was no division of the said property; (iii)
    Govindaswamy was not heard of from August 1930, and it could generally
    be presumed that by about 1937 Govindaswamy was dead; (iv) In the B
    absence of proof that Govindaswamy died after coming into force of the
    Hindu Women's Rights to Property Act on 14.4.1937, his rights and interest
    in the joint family property devolved on Srinivasa, the surviving coparcener
    by survivorship and Srinivasa was thus entitled to the entire property and
    was competent to execute Exhibit B.2 dated 10.9.1970, to the first defen- C
    dant; (v) In the absence of proof that Govindaswamy died after coming
    into force of the Hindu Women's Rights to Property Act on 14.4.1937,
    Kasambu Ammal was incompetent to execute the sale deed Exhibit A.4,
    and convey title to the first plaintiff, under whom plaintiffs 2 to 7 claimed
    their right; (vi) Since the first defendant obtained title to the entirety of D
    the property as per Exhibit B.2, plaintiffs 2 to 7 had no title to the suit
    property and the suit O.S. 42of1973 should stand dismissed. It is from the
    aforesaid Judgment and decree of the High Court, plaintiffs 2 to 7 have
    filed this appeal by special leave.
                                                                                 E
          3. We heard counsel for the appellants Mr. Rajendra Chowdhary
    and also counsel appearing for the respondents. Before us, counsel appear-
    ing in the case put forward the following :

          Appellants' counsel submitted tliat Govinda~wamy, husband of
    Kasambu Ammal was not heard of ever since August, 1930. The Hindu            F
    Women's Rights to Property Act came into force on 14.4.1937. The suit
    was suit was filed in 1973, nearly 43 years after Govindaswamy was last
    heard of. In such circumstances, Govindaswamy should be presumed to be
    dead. Since Govindaswamy was not heard of-for more than 7 years by
    Kasambu Ammal and others who would have naturally heard of him if had
    been alive, under section 108 of the Evidence Act, he should be presumed     G
    to have died long ago and at any rate, long before Exhibit A 4(A.11) sale
    deed was executed by Kasambu Ammal to the first plaintiff. The courts
    below were in error in not giving effect to the presumption flowing from
    section 108 of the Indian Evidence Act and in decreeing the plaintiffs'
    claim to the suit property and the amount of deposit in the rent control     H
    316                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1994) SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A proceedings. On the other hand, counsel for the respondents contended
   that Govindaswamy was not heard of for more than 7 years by persons who
   would have naturally heard of him if he had been alive, and there is a
   presumption that Govindaswamy is· dead but this presumption extends no
 _ further. It cannot be presumed that he died on any particular date. The
B date on which Govindaswamy. died is a crucial fact in this case and is a
   matter for proof. In this case, there is no proof regarding the date of death
   of Govindaswamy. It is only by the provisions of Hindu Women's Rights to
   Property Act, Kasambu Ammal could get any right. The said Act came into
   force on 14.4.1937, within a period of 7 years when Govindaswamy was last
   heard of. There is no proof in this case to show that Govindaswamy died
C on or after 14.4.1937. In the absence of the proof as to when Govindas-
   wamy died, it cannot be presumed nor ~ the plaintiffs contend, that
   Govindaswamy must be deemed to have died on or after 14.4.1937 when
   the Hindu Women's Rights to Property Act came into force and Kasambu
   Ammal became entitled to an undivided (halt) interest in the property. On
D the other hand, on the death of Govindaswamy, the sole surviving copar-
   cener Srinivasa became entitled to the property by survivorship and he was
   entitled to deal with the entire property and to execute the sale dead dated
   10.9.1970 in favour of the first defendant. The first defendant became
   entitled to the entirety of the property as he had purchased the property
   from the sole survivor Srinivasa. Thus the entire controversy centres round
E the applicability and the extent and scope of section 108 of the Evidence
   Act, to the instant case.

          4. Section 107 of the Indian Evidence Act deals with presumption of
    continuation of life section 108 deals with the presumption of death.
    Sections 107 and 108 are to the following effect :
F
             "107. Burden of proving death of person known to have been
             alive within thirty years. - When the question is whether a man is
             alive or dead, and it is shown that he was alive within thirty years,
             the burden of proving that he is dead is on the person who affirms
G            it."

             "108. Burden of proving that person is alive who has not been heard
             of for seven years. - Provided that when the question is whether a
             man is alive or dead, and it is proved that he has not been heard
H            of for seven years by those who would naturally have heard of him
            NJ.AMMAL v. R.G.PATIIAR[PARIPOORNAN,J.]                        317

        if he had been alive, the burden of proving that he is alive is shifted   A
        to the person who affirms it."

The principle discernible from a combined effect of the above two statutory
provisions has been summarised in the book, Sir John Woodroffe & Amir
Ali's 'law of Evidence', 15th Edn. (1991) pages 672-673 thus :
                                                                                  B
        "The principle of Section 107 is that when once a stl).te of things
        is shown to exist, there is in law a presumption of its continuance
        for a period for which such state of things ordinarily lasts. This
        section is merely a deduction from this presumption. If a person
        is shown to have been alive within thirty years of the date on which C
        the question whether he is alive or dead arises, there is a presump-
        tion of his being alive, and the burden of proving that he is dead
        lies on him who asserts that he is dead. But this presillnption is
        rebutted, if it is shown that he has not been heard of for seven
        years by those who if he had been alive, would naturally have heard
        of him; and, on such proof being given the burden of proving that D
        he is still alive, is, under Section 108, upon those who assert that
        he is alive. The presumption under Section 108 is as to the fact of
        death at the time the question was raised and not at any particular
        antecedent time. There is no presumption also to the case and
        circumstances of the death.                                          E
           Section 107 deals with the presumption of continuation of life,
        whereas Section 108 deals with the presumption of death. Section
        108 enacts a proviso to Section 107 by specifying that when a
        person was continuously absent for seven years and he was not
        heard by his friends and neighbours he may be presumed to have            F
        died and the burden of proving that he is alive shifts on the person
        that he is alive. The presumption of continuance of life under
        Section 107 ceases at the expiration of seven years from the period
        when the person in question was last heard of. The presumption
        under Section 107 will apply when the question is whether a person        G
        was alive or dead and not where the question is whether the penion
        was alive or dead on a particular date."

      5. The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council; more than 60 years
ago, in the leading case Lal Chand Marwari v. Mahant Ramntp Girand
Anr., AIR (1926) PC 9, stated the law authoritatively thus :                      H
     318                  SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1994] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

 A           "There is only one presumption, and that is that when these suits
             were instituted in 1916 Bhawan Gir was no longer alive. There is
             no presumption at all as to when he died. That, like any other fact,
             is a matter of proof....... .


 B
             Now, upon this question there is, their Lordships are satisfied, no
             difference between the Law of India as declared in the Evidence
             Act and the Law of England (Rango Balaji v. Madiyeppa) and
             searching for an explanation of this very persistent heresy. There
                                                                                     -
             Lordships find it in the words in which the rule both in India and
             in England is usually expressed. These words taken originally from
 c           in re Phene's Trusts run as follows :

             'If a person has not been heard of for seven years, there is a
             presumption of law that he is dead: but at what time within that
             period he died is not a matter of presumption but of evidence, and
             the onus of proving that the death took place at any particular time
 D           within the seven years lies upon the person who claims a right to
             the establishment of which that fact is essential.'

             Following these words, it is constantly assumed - not perhaps
             unnaturally - that where the period of disappearance exceeds seven
             years, death, which may not be presumed at any time during the
·E           period of seven years, !1lay be presumed to have taken place at its
             close. This, of course, is not so. The presumption is the same if the
             period exceeds seven ·years. The period is one and continuous,
             though it may be· divisible into three or even four periods of seven
             years. Probably the true rule would be less liable to be missed, and
 F           would itself be stated more accurately, if, instead of speaking of a
             person who had not been heard of for seven years, it described the
             period of disappearance as one of not less than seven years."

           6. In M. Monir's Principles and Digest of the Law of Evidence, Vol
 G   2, 7th Edn. at page 1145, the law on the point is succinctly summarised
     thus:

             "The only presumption enjoined by section 108 of the Evidence
             Act being that a person who has not been heard of for seven years
             or more is deemed at the time the question is raised, there can be -
 H           no presumption of his being dead or alive at any particular time of
            NJ.AMMAL v. R.G.PA1HAR[PARIPOORNAN,J.]                      319

        the period for which he has not been heard of. There is neither any    A
        presumption of his being alive for a period of seven years from the
        time he was last heard of; nor any presumption of his having died
        immediately after his disappearance, not any presumption of his
        being alive or dead at any particular time antecedent to the suit
        or proceeding in which the question of his being dead or alive         B
        arises. The result, therefore, is that where nothing more is shown
        than that a person has not been heard of for seven years of more,
        the party, on whom the burden of proving him to be alive or dead
        at any particular time during the period he has not been heard of
        lies, will fail."
                                                                               c
Sarkar on Evidence, 14th Edn., at page 1438, has summarised the law after
a detailed survey of the decisions of the various courts thus :

        "If a person is not heard of for seven years there is a presumption
        of the fact of death at the expiration of seven years, but the exact
        time of death is not a matter of presumption but of evidence and the   D
        onus of proving that death took place at any particular time within
        the seven years lies upon the person who claims a right to the
        establishment of which that fact is essential. There is no presump-
        tion that death took place at the close of seven years."
                                                                               E
Both the above authors have referred to the decision of the Privy Council
aforesaid besides other decisions.

     In Halsbury's Laws of England (4th Edition) - Vol. 17, Page 85, Para
115 and 116 the law is stated thus :                '
                                                                               F
        "115. Presumptions of life and death. There is generally no
        presumption of law by which the fact that a person was alive or
        dead on a given date can be established, but the question must be
        decided on the facts of the particular case.

            Certain exceptions of this general rule are provided by statute,   G
        in addition, where there is no acceptable affirmative evidence that
        a person was alive at some time during a continuous period of
        seven years or more and it is proved that there are persons who
        would be likely to have heard of him over that period, that those
        persons have not heard of him, and that all due inquiries have been    H
    . 320.                 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1994] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A            made appropriate to the circumstances, there arises a rebuttable .
             presumption of law that he died sometime within that period.

             116. Proof of life of death at a particular time. He· who asserts that
             a person was alive OI!; a given date, or dead on that date,must prove
             the fact by evidence, since there is no presumption of continuance
B            of life, and, generally, no presumption of death at a particular time.
             Where there is insufficient evidence in support of the fact alleged,
             the party bearing the burden of proof will fail. ........................ .

                The question of whether a person was alive or dead at a given
c            date will be decided on all the evidence available at the date of
             hearing."

     The decision of the Privy Council in Lal Chand Marwari's case has also
     been relied on and referred to in the above treatise.

D          7. It is unnecessary for us to advert to the various other decisions on
     the subject. A few decisions have been referred to by the learned Single
     Judge in his Judgment. The text books referred to 'above have referred to
     the decisions of the various courts on the subject. The aforesaid decisions
     of the High Courts mainly rely on the decision of the Privy Counsil in Lal
E    Chand Marwari's case AIR (1926) PC 9. In one of them, Sarojini v.
     Sivanandan AIR (1956) TC U9, Khoshi, CJ, agreeing with Joseph, J. has
     catalogued accurately in detail a large number of English and Indian
     decisions on the subject.

        8. In the light of the above legal position, we are of the view that the
F burden of proof is on the plaintiffs to prove that Govindaswamy died after
  coming into force of the Hindu Women's Rights to Property Act on
  14.4.1937, and that Kasambu Ammal obtained the undivided half right in
  the property as per the Hindu Women's Rights to Property Act. This
  crucial fact has not been proved by the plaintiffs. They solely relied on the
G presumption under section 108 of the Evidence Act. As we stated earlier,
  there is no presumption that Govindaswainy died on any particular date or
  on the expiry of seven years from August 193o. His wife Kasambu Ammal
  was not shown to have inherited the undivided half share of Govindaswamy
  in the property. She was incompetent to convey any interest in the suit
H property as per Exhibit A.4 dated 23.8.1970. On the other hand, on the
                NJ.AMMAL v. RG.PATIIAR (PARJPOORNAN,J.]                    321 ·

    death of Govindaswamy, Srinivasa became entitled to the property by A
    sUrvivorship and he was competent to execute Exhibit B.2 dated 10.9.1970,
    to the first defendant who became entitled to the entirety of the property.
    The Judgment and decree of the learned Single Judge of the Madras High
    Court is justified in law and no interference is called for.

          9. We hold that this appeal is without merit. It is dismissed. But in    B
    the circumstances of the case, there shall be no order as to costs.

    T.NA.                                                   Appeal dismissed.




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