Holding

The omission to implead Munni Devi was a bona‑fide mistake, and under the proviso to Section 21(1) of the Limitation Act, 1963 the suit as regards her is deemed to have been instituted on the original filing date, rendering the amendment permissible.

Summary

Munshi Ram filed a suit for possession of land, invoking his pre-emption right against Narsi Ram and another, based on a certified copy of a sale deed that listed only those two respondents. During the trial, the original sale deed was read out, revealing a third vendee, Munni Devi, who had not been impleaded. The appellant applied to amend the plaint to include Munni Devi, but the trial court dismissed the application and the suit, a decision upheld by the lower appellate courts. The Supreme Court examined whether the omission to implead Munni Devi was a bona‑fide mistake and whether the proviso to Section 21(1) of the Limitation Act, 1963 applied, allowing the suit to be deemed instituted on the original filing date. Finding that the omission was indeed a good‑faith mistake, the Court held that the suit as regards Munni Devi is within the limitation period and allowed the amendment, setting aside the lower courts' orders and remanding the suit for disposal.

Issues considered

Whether the omission to implead a necessary party due to a bona‑fide mistake attracts the proviso to Section 21(1) of the Limitation Act, 1963.
Whether an amendment application filed after the institution of suit is timely under the Code of Civil Procedure.
Whether the limitation period is barred in view of the omission and the amendment.

Legislation cited

Code of Civil Procedure, 1908s. Order I Rule 10, s. Order I Rule 9, s. Order VI Rule 17
Limitation Act, 1963s. 21(1), s. 2(h)

Subjects

pre‑emption rightlimitationnon‑joinder of necessary partybona‑fide mistakeSection 21 Limitation ActCPC amendment of pleadingsdate of institution of suit

Judgment

233
MUNSHI RAM

v.
NARSI RAM & ANOTHER
8
January 14J 1983

[P.N. BHAGWATI AND E.S. VENKATARAMIAH, JJ.]

Limitation Act, 1963 (Act XXXVI of 1963), Article 97 read with Section
2 (h) read with provi'o to Section 21 (1), scope of-Non-joinder of the defendant C
due to bona fide mistake discer1tible from official document but rectified later
by means of an application without delay-Plea of Bar of limitalion mu1t fail-
Code of Civil Procedure, Order I; Rules 9 & JO-Amendment of pleadings under
Order VI, Rule 17 is not necessary .
... 1
The appellant filed a suit in the court of sub-Judge Kaitbal for possession
of a piece of land in exercise of his right of pre-emption against respondents
I and 2 alleging that they bad purchased the land from his father, Babu Ram D
under a registered sale-deed dated May 16, 1977 in total discharge of his right
of pre-emption. He stated in the plaint that the cause of action bad arisen on
May 16, 1977 and hence the suit filed on January 29, 1977 was in time. The
certified copy of the sale deed issued by the Registration Office recited that
the land in question had been sold in favour of respondents 1 and 2 only.
Respondents 1 and 2 filed their wdtten statement on May 17, 1978and took a
plea of non-joinder of all necessary parties without producing the original
sale deed with them. After a replication denying the plea of _non-joinder E
was filed on June 14, 1978 by the ~appellant, the counsel for respondents
1 and 2 read out the original sale deed in which it had been written that one
Manni Devi wife of Om Prakash was also a vendee along with respondents
J and 2, where upon the appellant moved an application on June IS, 1978,
under Order I RulelOread with order VI Rule 17 of the Code of Civil
Procedure seeking permission to amend the cause title and the pleadings. On
contest, that trial court accepted the objection to the said aPplication and F
dismissed the application and the suit. The first appeal before the Additional
District Judge was dismissed and the second appeal before the Punjab &
Haiyana High Court was dismissed at the stage of admission without giving any
reasons therefor.

Hence the appeal after obtaining special leave of the Court. G
Allowing the appeal, the Court

HELD : 1:1. A change in section 21 of the Limitation Act, 1963, by
inserting a proviso to the effect that where the Court is satisfied that the
omission to include a new plantiff or defendant was due to a mistake made in . e
good faith it may direct that tho suit as regards him should be demed to have
~ been ins~itut~d on any earlier date, has been made to reduce the severity of

,..... -- __..._.,. - -
_,
234 SIJPREMn COURT RnPORTS (1983) 2 S,C,K.

A the previous law and not to deprive a ptantiff of bis rights against that person, if
the Court is satisfied of the bonafides of the mistakes •. [238 H, 239 A-BJ

2;1. In the instant case. the oa1ission to implead Munni Devi as a
defendai:it was due to- mistake as gleaned from the pleadings. The certified
copy of the s·a1e deed in question was obtained from thel office of the sub-
Registrar, and in the said copy the name of Munni Devi was not shown as a
B vendee at an. On the date when the su·it was filed i.e. on 29th January, 1978
or till the counsel read out the original sale deed the appellant did not (know
by any otb1~r means that there was SIU' C•ther vendee in addition to respondents
1 and 2. The written statement - was ch,arly drafted not mentioning her name,
·Even the original s,ale deed was not produced with the written statement but
the contents were read out on June 14, 1978 after the replication was filed
denying the plea of non~oinder of necessary parties. The fact ;that the
c appellants' father was the vendor docs not lead to the presumption of his
knowledge that Manni Devi was one of the vendees. In fact the appellant
had nothing to gain by not impleading Munni Devi as a defendant. These
circumstances lead to the only conclusion that the app~llant had acted with
due care and atten~ion, within the meaning of the term "good faith" in s¢ction
2 (h) 'oftbe Limitations Act, 1963, which the court• below failed to note. (2)
The suit against Munni Devi should be deemed to have been filed on the date
D of the institution of the suit i.e. January 29, 1978 itself, treating that as an
0
earlier date" referred to in the proviso to section 21 (I) of the Act, since there
is no dispute that, Jf the suit had been filed against her also on January 29, 1978
it would have been in time and would not have suffered from the defect of
non-joinder of necessary party; and because Manni Devi is a necessary party and
bas to be implcaded under sub-rule (2) of Rule 10 of Order I of Code of Civil
Procedure to enable the Court effectuaJJy and completely to adjutliciatc: upon
A
E and settle all the questions involved in the suit, the ameodmeot regarding the
cause of action is unnecessary. [240 A-P]

CIVIL! APPELLATE JURISDICTION Civil Appeal No. 80 of
!983.
Appeal by Special leave from the Judgment and order dated
F the 22nd January, 1982 of the Punjab & _Haryana High Court in
Regular Second Appeal No. 2140 of 1981.

L.M. Singhvi, K.B. Rohtag;', Bharat Inder Singh and H.S.
Chandiok for the Appellant.

G A.K. St!ll and Aruneshwar G'upta for the Respondents.

The Judgment of the Court was delevered by

VENKATARAMl,\H; J, The simple question which arises for
H consideration in this case is whether the application made by the
appellant for impleading an additional defendant to the suit out of
which this appeal arises was in time•

-
.........
MlJNSBI ll.AM v. NARSI RAM (l'enkataramiah, J.) 235

The appellant filed a Suit in the court of Sub Judge, Ka.ithal A
for possession of a piece nf land in exercise of his right of pre-
emption against respondents I and Z alleging that they bad purcha·
sed the land from his father, Baburam under a registered sale deed
dated May 16, 1977 in total disregard of his right of pre-emption.
He stated in the plaint that the cause of action had arisen on
May 16, 1977 and hence the suit filed on January 29, 1978 was in B
time. Alongwith the plaint he produced a crtified copy of the sale
deed dated May 16, 1977 and in that certified copy it had been
recited that the land in question had been sold in favour of
respondents I and 2 only. Respondents I and 2 appeared in the
trial court and filed their written statement on May 17, 1978. One
of the pleas urged by them was that since .all the vendees who had
c
purchased the land had not been impleaded and since on that
account the suit had become one for partial pre-.emption, it was
liable to be dismissed .. On June 14, 1978 the appellant filed a
replication to the said written statement and in that he pleaded by
way of reply to the above co~tention raised by respondents I and 2 D
·that the said contention was untenable as all the vendees had been
impleaded and that respondents I and 2 should disclose the names
of the other vendee or vendees who according to them bad not
been impleaded as defendants to the suit. The above reply was
filed apparently on the basis of the recitals in the certified copy cf
the sale deed produced by him into court. On the basis of the E
pleadings the trial court proceeded to frame the issues on the same
date i.e. June 14, 1978 .. Before the issues were framed in answer to
the submission made by the counsel for the appellant that there was
no basis for the above plea .of nou-joinder of necessary parties the
counsel for respondents I and 2 read out the original sale deed in
which it had been written that one, Muuni Devi, wife of Om
Prakash, was also a vendee along with respondents I and 2. The
trial court, therefore, raised an issue covering the above contention.
On the very next day ie. June 15, 1978 the appellant filed an
application under rule IO of Order I read with rule I 7 of Order 6 of
the Code of Civil Procedure, the relevant part of which read as
follows: G
"l. That the above noted case is fixed for 23.11.78.

2. That· in the above noted case the defendant bad
... taken a prelimenary objection that the necessary parties
have not been impleaded.
H
236 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1983] 2 s.c.a.

A 3. That the copy supplied to the plaintiff by the
registration authorities contains the names of only two
vendees who were origfnally impleaded by the plaintiff as
defendants.

4. That yesterday when the issues were being framed,
B the defendants counsel read out from the original sale
deed the names of the vende,es and then it transpired that
there is also a thi~ vendee namely Smt. Munni Devi,
wife of Om Prakash.

5. That the said lady vendee could not be impleaded
c as a party to the suit on account of the fact that her name
was not finding place in the copy of the sale deed, which
could have been the source of information to the plaintiff;
and the non-impleading of the said person was in good
faith and bonafide.

D 6. That the physical possession of the l~nd sold was
delivered to the vendees a!iter rabi 1977, and the vendees
entered into possession only on 16.6.77, and the limitation
for the suit also started from that date.

7. That the impleading of the said lady and the
E inclusion of fact mentionied in para 6 is necessary for
determining the real controversy in dispute.
It is therefore. prayed that the plaintiff be allowed to amend
the plaint in the following manner :-
(a) "3. Smt. Munni Devi, wife of Om Prakash" be added
F in the title of the plaint on the defendants side in the
second line after the words "Atma Ram" and before
the words "resident of village."
(b) The words "and from 16.6. 77 when defendant vendees
entered into physical possession of the land sold
G which was capable of physical possession" be added
in the 2nd line of para 9 after "J'6.5J977" and before ·
the words "and".
In the above application, the appellant gave the reason for
H impleading Mimni Devi as a defendant along with respondents
I and 2 when the suit was filed and also prayed for amendment of
the plaint stating June 16,1977 also as the date of cause of action
MUNSHI RAM v. NARSI RAM (Venkataramiah, J.) 237

on which date according to him the possession of the land was
delivered to the vendees. It is obvious that the above amendment
was saugbt to save the suit from being dismissed on the ground
that a necessary party had not been impleaded· .within the period
of limitation prescribed by Article 97 o( the Limitation Act, 1963
(hereinafter referred to as the Act) which reads, thus :
B
"Description of Period of Time from which period begins
suit limitation to run

97. To enforce right•
of pre.emption One year When the purchaser takes
whether the ' under the sale sought to be
c·
right is founded impeached, physical possession
on law or gene- of the whole or part of the
ral usage or on property sold, or where the
special contract subject-matter of the sale does
not admit of physical posses-
sion of the whole or part of D
the _property, whenBthe fostru-
ment of sale is registered."

That application was contested by respondents. I and 2. They
; denied that possession of the land was ·handed over to .the vendees
on June 16, 1977, as alleged by the appellant. The trial court after I
hearing the parties dismissed the application and also the suit. The
appeal filed by the appellant before the Additional District Judge,
Kurukshetra against the judgment and decree of the trial court was
dismissed. The second appeal filed by !be appellant was also
dismissed on January 22, I 982 at the stage of admission by the
Punjab and Haryana High Court without giving any reasons for its
F
decision. This appeal by special leave is filed against the judgment
and order of the High Court.

On going through· the records of this case, we find that the
High Court, the District Judge and the trial court have not at all G
consider~d the effect of section 21 of the Act which governs this
case. It reads thus :
.
"21. Effect of substituting or adding new plaintiff
or defendant. (I) Where after the institution of a suit, H
a new plai~tiff or defendant is substituted 0 r added,
238 SUPREME CQURT REPORTS [1983) 2 s.c,t\.

A. the suit shall, as regards him, be deemed to have been
instituted when he was so made a party : ·

Provided that where the court is satisfied that the
omission to include a new plaintiff or defendent was due to
.a mistake made in good faith it may direct that the suit as
B regards such plaintiff or defenda,nt shall be deemed to have
been instituted on any earlier date.

(2) Nothing in sub-section (1) shall apply to a case
where a party is added or substituted owing to assignment
or devolution of any interest during the pendency of a suit
c or where a plaintiff is made a defendant or a defendant is
made a plaintiff."

It may be noted that the provision corresponding to section
21 of the Act in the Limitation Act 36 of 1963 which was repealed
and replaced by Act, was section 22 of the Limitation Act IX of
D 1908 which read as follows ;

"22. Effect of su~stituting or ad.ding new plaintiff or
defendant. (I) Where, after the institution of a suit, a new
plaintiff or defendant is substituted or added, the suit
shall, as regards him, be de•:med to have been instituted
when he. was so made a party.
'
(2) Nothing in sub-section (1) shall apply to a case
where a party is added or subsiituted owing to an assign-
ment or devolution of any interest during the pendency of
a suit or where ·a ·planitiff is made a defendant or a
F defendant is made a plaintiff".

It is clear from the foregoing that there was no prov1s1on
corresponding to the proviso to sub-section (I) of section 21 of
the Act in section 22 of the repealed Act. Under the former
Limitation Act when after the institution of suit a new plaintiff or
G defendant was substituted or added, the suit as regards him was to
be deemed to have been instituted when he was so made a party.
The severity of the above law is sought ~o be reduced by the'intro-
duction of the proviso to section 21 (I) of the Act which provides
that where the Court is satisfied that the ·omission to include a new
H plaintiff or defen_dant was due to a mistake made in good faith,
it may direct that the suit as n:gards such plaintiff or defendant
~hould be deemed to have l;>eeq ir1stitqt ~II on a!1y earlier date. Thi~
MUNSHI RAM v. NARSI RAM (Venkataramiah, J.) 239

chaage in section 21 of the Act appears to have been made so that
an omission to implead a person owing to a bonafide mistake does
not deprive a plaintiff of his rights against that person if the Court
is satisfied in that behalf,
We shall now have to consider whether the appellant is
entitled to claim the benefit of the proviso to section 21 (I) of the B
Act and if he is entitled to it, what is the date on which the suit
against the party proposed to be newly added should be deemed
to have been instituted. It is not disputed that the appellant had
obtained a certified copy of the sale deed in question from the
office of the Sub Registrar before the suit was filed and in that copy
only respondents I and 2 had been shown as the vendees. Munni G
Devi was not shown in that copy as a vendee. The suit which was
filed on January 29, 1978 was well within the period of limitation
prescribed under Article 97 of the Act as against respondents I and
2. There is no evidence to ~bow that on the date of the suit the
appellant knew by ·any other means that there was any other
vendee' who had purchased the land along with respondents I and 2. D
In the written statement which was clearly _drafted, the name of
Munni Devi )Vas not mentioned. It merely stated thaf all the
vendees had not been impleaded as defendants. The original sale
deed which was with respondents I and 2 was not produced in
Court along with the written statement. The appellant who had
looked into the certified copy of the sale deed asserted that the E
plea that the suit should be dismissed for non-joinder of necessary
parties was untenable as all the p~rsons who were shown as vendees
in the certified copy had been impleaded. He bad no reason to
suspect that there was an ·error in the certified copy until the
original sale deed was read out in the trial court by the counsel for
respondents I and 2 on June 14, 1978. It cannot be presumed that F
the appellant must have known that Munni Devi was also a vendee
because tbe vendor was his father. In fact the appellant had
nothing to gain by not impleading Munni Devi also as a defendant
when be filed the suit and there could be no motive for doing so .
.It ll)Ust, therefore, be held that the omission to implead her as a
defendant was due to a mistake. If such mistake is made in good G,
faith, the proviso to section 21 (I) of the Act would be attracted
The meaning of the expression 'good faith' is explained in 8ectio~
2(h) of the Act thus: . ·

"2. (h) "good faith-nothing shall ibe deemed to be H•
done in good faith whic]j is not <;lone with due car~
and attention". · ·
240 SUPREME COUR r RE PORTS [ 1983] 2 S.C.R·

A In the instant.case the appellant had obtained a certified copy
of the sale deed in question and had filed the suit against respon·
. dents I and 2 who alone had. been shown as the vendees in
that copy: It has to be held that in ·:he circumstances he had acted
with due care and attention. When the· original of the sale deed
was read out in Court by the coune sl for respondents I and 2, the
B appellant realised the mistake and filed the application on the very
next date I.e. June 15, 1978 with all due deligence. Hence we are
of the view that the.suit against Munni Devi should be deemed to
have been filed on the date of the institution of the suit i.e. January
· 29,.1978 itself, which on the facts and in the circumstances of the
case, we consider, should be treated as the 'earlier date' referred to
c in the proviso to section 21 (I) of' the Act. There is no .dispute
that if the suit had been filed against Munn! Devi also on January
29, 1978 it would have been in ti me and would not have suffered
from the defect of non-joinder of a necessary party. The bar of
limitation is thus got over by the appellant. Because Munni Devi
D is a necessary party, she has to be impleaded under sub-rule (2) of
Rule JO of Order I of the Code of Civil Procedure to enable the
Court effectually and completely to adjudicate upon and settle all
the questions involved in the suit. The application filed by the
appellant on June 15, 1978 is, therefore, allowed. Tbe amendment
of the plaint regarding the date of cause of action has thus become
B unnecessary. The judgments and decrees of the High Court, the
first appellate court and the· trial court have, therefore, to be set
aside as they have been passed against the appellant only on the
ground of non-joinder of a necessary party within time. They are
accordingly set aside. The suit· has now to be remanded to the
trial court to dispose it of in accordance with Jaw by recording

' findings on the other issues which arise for consideration in the
suit. We accordingly do so. The plaint shall be permitted to be
amended by the trial court by including the name of Munni Devi as
a defendant before issuing summons to her.

For the foregoing reasons, the appoal is allowed. No costs.
G
S.R. Appeal allowed. ·

I