Holding

The Supreme Court held that, although the welfare of the child is paramount, other relevant factors—including the parents' conduct, financial capacity, standard of living, and the impact of the mother’s misconduct and foreign court orders—must be considered, and therefore set aside the High Court’s order granting custody to the mother.

Summary

The dispute involved the custody of two minor sons of an Indian couple married under Muslim Personal Law and residing in Qatar. After a divorce, the Qatar court granted custody of the children to the mother and guardianship to the father, but later revoked the mother's custody when she removed the children to India without consent or proper passports. The father filed a habeas corpus petition and later a petition under Section 25 of the Guardians and Wards Act, 1890, which the Family Court in Srinagar granted, but the High Court reversed that order in favor of the mother. The Supreme Court examined whether the High Court correctly ignored factors such as the mother’s conduct, the revocation of the Qatar custody order, and the contempt finding against her. It held that while the welfare of the child is paramount, other relevant considerations must be taken into account, and the mother’s misconduct was material. Consequently, the Supreme Court set aside the High Court’s judgment and remanded the matter for fresh consideration, allowing the appeal.

Issues considered

Whether the High Court erred in holding that only the welfare of the children is relevant for custody, excluding factors such as parental conduct, financial capacity, standard of living, and education.
Whether the mother’s removal of the children from Qatar without consent and in violation of the Qatar court’s custody order and a contempt order is a material factor affecting custody under the Guardians and Wards Act, 1890.
Whether the revocation of the Qatar court’s custody order and the contempt finding should be considered by the Indian court in determining custody.
Whether the father’s petition under Section 25 of the Guardians and Wards Act, 1890, is maintainable and should result in custody being awarded to him.

Legislation cited

Guardians and Wards Act, 1890s. 25

Headnote

Issue for Consideration Matter pertains to the dispute regarding the custody of two minor sons born to the appellant-husband and the respondent-wife. Headnotes† Guardians and Wards Act, 1890 – s.25 – Custody of minors – Appellant-husband and respondent-wife, both Indian – Matrimonial dispute between them, culminating in divorce and the custody of the minors given to the wife while guardianship given to the husband by the Qatar court – Allegedly, the wife removed the minors from Qatar to India during their academic session, without the knowledge and

Subjects

Custody of two minor sonsCustody of minorsMuslim Personal LawMatrimonial disputeDivorceGuardianshipQatar courtOriginal passportsPrior permission from Qatar CourtsHabeas corpus petitionFamily courtWelfare of the children

Judgment

[2026] 2 S.C.R. 352 : 2026 INSC 118

Mohtashem Billah Malik
v.
Sana Aftab
(Civil Appeal No. 771 of 2026)
04 February 2026
[Pankaj Mithal* and S.V.N. Bhatti, JJ.]

Issue for Consideration
Matter pertains to the dispute regarding the custody of two minor
sons born to the appellant-husband and the respondent-wife.

Headnotes†
Guardians and Wards Act, 1890 – s.25 – Custody of minors –
Appellant-husband and respondent-wife, both Indian citizen
married under Muslim Personal Law and shifted to Qatar –
Matrimonial dispute between them, culminating in divorce and
the custody of the minors given to the wife while guardianship
given to the husband by the Qatar court – Allegedly, the wife
removed the minors from Qatar to India during their academic
session, without the knowledge and consent of the husband,
without obtaining the original passports, and without prior
permission from Qatar Courts – Thereafter, husband filed
habeas corpus petition as also petition u/s.25 seeking custody
of the minor – Family court granted custody to the father –
However, the High Court set aside the same and granted
custody to the mother – Correctness:
Held: In matters of custody, the paramount consideration is the
welfare of the children but nonetheless there are other factors-
conduct of the parties, their financial capacity, their standard of
living, as well as the comfort and education of the children which
weigh before the court while passing the final order of custody –
Thus, not correct on the part of the High Court in holding that such
factors not very relevant and that the custody of the minors has
to depend upon their welfare alone – High Court while granting
the custody to respondent-wife did not consider the effect and

* Author
[2026] 2 S.C.R. 353

Mohtashem Billah Malik v. Sana Aftab

impact of the conduct of the respondent-wife having travelled and
moved the minors to India without the permission of the Court,
and without the consent of the appellant-father, who was guardian
and without obtaining the original passports from him but rather by
procuring fake or duplicate or fresh passports; failed to consider
the order of the Qatar Court revoking the custody order in favour
of the respondent-wife; order of the Contempt Court holding the
respondent-wife guilty of committing contempt of the court for
violation of her own undertaking given to the High Court that she
will return to Qatar for the continuation of the minor’s education but
travelled alone leaving the minors behind in India; the Qatar Court
order giving clean chit to husband as regards conviction for assault;
and the findings recorded by the Family Court, Srinagar indicating
that the minor children had shown inclination to accompany the
appellant-father to Qatar as also the mediation report, that both
children appearing comfortable with the prospect of being without
their mother – While these aspects may not, by themselves, be
the sole reason for determining custody, they are nevertheless
necessary and relevant factors, and their cumulative effect was at
least relevant for determining the custody arrangement – Impugned
judgment and order passed by the High Court cannot be sustained
in law and is set aside – Matter remanded to the High Court for
reconsideration. [Paras 22-33]

List of Acts
Guardians and Wards Act, 1890.

List of Keywords
Custody of two minor sons; Custody of minors; Muslim Personal
Law; Matrimonial dispute; Divorce; Guardianship; Qatar court;
Original passports; Prior permission from Qatar Courts; Habeas
corpus petition; Family court; Welfare of the children.

Case Arising From
C I V I L A P P E L L AT E J U R I S D I C T I O N : C i v i l A p p e a l N o .
771 of 2026
From the Judgment and Order dated 08.09.2025 of the High Court
of Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh at Srinagar in FAO(MAT) No.
01 of 2025
354 [2026] 2 S.C.R.

Supreme Court Reports

Appearances for Parties
Advs. for the Appellant(s):
Ms. Meenakshi Arora, Sr. Adv., Prosenjeet Banerjee, Ms. Nidhi
Mohan Parashar, Soayib Qureshi, Vikrant Kumar.
Adv. for the Respondent(s):
Altaf Hussain Naik, Sr. Adv., Mrs. Shamama Anis, Atif Suhrawardy,
Syed Mehdi Imam, Tashriq Ahmad, Tabrez Ahmad, Shabir Ahmad
Najar, Ms. Saba Altaf, Pankaj Kumar.

Judgment / Order of the Supreme Court

Judgment

Pankaj Mithal, J.

1. Leave granted.
2. This appeal is in relation to an unfortunate dispute regarding the
custody of two minor sons namely Malik Karim Billah born on
17.10.2017 and Malik Rahim Billah born on 04.11.2019 to the
appellant-husband and the respondent-wife.
3. Both the appellant-husband and the respondent-wife are Indian
citizens and are well educated. They were married on 28.07.2015
in Srinagar in accordance with the Muslim Personal Law. As the
appellant-husband was serving as an electrical engineer in Qatar
since 2013, both of them started residing at Qatar immediately after
the marriage where the aforesaid two sons were born to them out
of the wedlock.
4. Sometime later, on account of matrimonial discord, both of them
preferred separate divorce petitions, namely, Case No.882/20211
and Case No.1300/20212 before the Family Court at Qatar. Both
the petitions were decided by a common judgment and order dated
29.03.2022 and a decree of judicial divorce based on mutual abuse
was granted. The appellant-husband was directed to pay alimony,
enjoyment compensation, monthly child support, custodian payment
and for payment of custodian accommodation. The custody of the

1 Mohtashem Billah Malik Mohamed v. Sanaa Aftab
2 Sanaa Aftab v. Mohtashem Billah Malek Mohamed
[2026] 2 S.C.R. 355

Mohtashem Billah Malik v. Sana Aftab

minors was given to the respondent-wife while guardianship was
given to the appellant-husband. At the same time, the appellant-
husband was directed to deliver all personal documents of the minors
to the respondent-wife including their IDs, Medical Certificates, Birth
Certificates and any evidential documents of the children except
the passports which were to remain in the custody of the appellant-
husband being the guardian of the minors.
5. However, the respondent-wife travelled to India on 17/18.08.2022 by
procuring fresh passports for the children or probably on the basis
of duplicate or otherwise and started residing at Srinagar. Allegedly,
the respondent-wife removed the minors from Qatar to India during
their academic session, without the knowledge and consent of the
appellant-husband, and without obtaining the original passports etc.
or without prior permission from Qatar Courts.
6. The appellant-husband filed Habeas Corpus Writ Petition (Crl)
No.636/2022 before the High Court of Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh
at Srinagar alleging that his minor sons are in illegal custody of the
respondent-wife.
7. The aforesaid writ petition gave rise to LPA No.216/20223. The said
LPA was disposed of on 01.12.2022 in the light of the statement
made by the respondent-wife who was present in court and which
was even reduced to writing and placed on record that she will go
back to Qatar well before the reopening of the school of the elder
son Malik Karim Billah on or before 02.01.2023 so that his education
may not suffer and that she will undertake all necessary steps for
obtaining residency permit for her younger son Malik Rahim Billah.
8. The aforesaid appeal having been disposed of in terms of the above
statement, gave finality to the undertaking of the respondent-wife.
The respondent-wife, for reasons best known to her, failed to keep
her undertaking. She visited Qatar in the third week of December,
2022 but did not take the minors along with her.
9. In view of the violation of the aforesaid undertaking, the appellant-
husband applied for the revocation of the custody of the minors
which was given to the respondent-wife before the Qatar court. The
said custody order of the minors in favour of the respondent-wife

3 Mohtashem Billah Malik v. Union of India and Ors.
356 [2026] 2 S.C.R.

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was revoked by the Qatar court on 31.10.2023 and the custody was
ordered to be given to the appellant-husband. Thus, the custody of
the minors in favour of the respondent-wife was terminated.
10. The appellant-husband simultaneously initiated proceedings for
contempt in Srinagar vide CCP(D) No.4/2023 against the respondent-
wife for violating the undertaking given by her on 01.02.2022 before
the Division Bench in the LPA. The Contempt Court vide Order dated
06.08.2024 held the respondent-wife to be guilty of not honouring the
commitment given by her to the court and for not even expressing
any remorse for her conduct. Therefore, the court held her guilty of
committing contempt of the court and sentenced her with a token
fine of Rs.100/- to be deposited with the Registrar Judicial of the
court within one month. She was issued warning to remain careful
and conscious in future while making any statement and giving
undertaking to the court. Since the LPA was disposed of in terms
of the undertaking which has been violated by her, the LPA was
ordered to be restored for consideration on merits.
11. This being the background, the appellant-husband initiated fresh
proceedings before Family Court, Srinagar under Section 25 of the
Guardians and Wards Act, 1890, seeking custody of the two minor
children. The Family Court on 02.01.2025 allowed the petition and
granted custody of the minors to the appellant-husband. The said
order of the Family Court has been reversed by the High Court in
appeal preferred by the respondent-wife vide judgment and order
dated 08.09.2025.
12. Under challenge in this appeal is the aforesaid judgment and order
of the High Court dated 08.09.2025 by which the order of the Family
Court granting custody of the minors to the appellant-husband has
been set aside and the custody has been ordered to be restored to
the respondent-wife.
13. We have heard Ms. Meenakshi Arora, senior counsel for the
appellant-husband and Mr. Altaf Hussain Naik, senior counsel for
the respondent-wife.
14. Ms. Meenakshi Arora, senior counsel appearing for the appellant-
husband had argued that the respondent-wife had removed the
minors from Qatar in the middle of their academic session. The
elder son Malik Karim Billah at the relevant time was studying in
[2026] 2 S.C.R. 357

Mohtashem Billah Malik v. Sana Aftab

the Qatar International School4 (a Gold Standard British Curriculam
School) and the younger son Malik Rahim Billah in the Grandma
British Nursery School. They travelled to India leaving their education
in between on 17/18th August 2022. The respondent-wife misled the
court by alleging that she had admitted the minors in a school i.e.
Foundation Word School in Srinagar. She even produced documents
claiming that Malik Karim Billah was studying at Alama Iqbal Institute
of Education, Srinagar in Class II. However, the admission form of
Delhi Public School5 reveal that the elder son Malik Karim Billah
who was admitted there on 19.03.2024 had last attended QIS,
Qatar, before being admitted to DPS in Class I, and the children
were never admitted to Alama Iqbal Institute of Education, Srinagar,
which happened to be a school run by the relatives of respondent-
wife. The very fact that the respondent-wife removed the children
from the school at Qatar in between the session and admitted them
in DPS only in March 2024, means that for two years the children
were not sent to any school.
15. It is also argued that even in DPS the attendance of the children is
only about 60% as against the mandatory requirement of 75%. The
said conduct of the respondent-wife making the education of the
children suffer disentitles her the custody of the minors. A further
argument was made that in view of the various precedents of this
Court, a parent who is indulging in doing a wrong by removing a child
from a school mid-session and shifting to another country cannot
take advantage of his/ her own wrongdoing.
16. The second argument of Ms. Meenakshi Arora is that the children,
especially the elder one is quite grown up and capable of taking an
intelligent decision. Therefore, in view of the report of the counselor
of the Family Court submitted in the contempt proceedings who had
met the children a number of times and opined that the children had
a more comfortable relationship with the father, coupled with the fact
that even the witnesses produced by the respondent-wife admitted
that the children were not comfortable in Srinagar and were unhappy
to continue to live there. The custody ought to be restored to the
appellant-father and the minors be allowed to travel to Qatar with him.

4 In short ‘QIS’
5 In short ‘DPS’
358 [2026] 2 S.C.R.

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17. She next argued that not only the conduct of the respondent-wife,
but also failure on her part to furnish any plausible explanation for
shifting the children mid-session from Qatar to Srinagar, and that
too without obtaining the consent of the appellant-husband and the
original passports from him, is sufficient enough to disentitle her to
the custody of the minors.
18. Lastly, she submitted that the work schedule of the respondent-
wife clearly shows that she is required to travel to different parts of
India in connection with her work, thereby leaving the children and
their education at stake, and hence, tilts the scale of custody of the
minors in favour of the appellant-husband, who has a flexible work
schedule with an option to work from home enabling him to take
care of the minors himself.
19. Per contra, Shri Altaf Hussain Naik, senior counsel appearing for
the respondent-wife, submitted that there is no error or illegality in
the judgement and order passed by the High Court, as in matters of
custody the paramount interest is the welfare of the children and the
High Court has repeatedly emphasized that the welfare of the children
is best served in the hands and care of the respondent-wife. He
further submitted that the financial capacity of the appellant-husband
or the conduct of the respondent-wife is not very material while
deciding the custody of the children, as the welfare and interest of
the minors outweighs all these aspects. He lastly submitted that both
the children are settled and studying in a reputed school in Srinagar
and that their annual progress report is more than satisfactory, and
thus it cannot be said that their education is lacking in any manner
or is suffering on account of their shifting from Qatar to India.
20. The High Court while passing the impugned judgement has proceeded
on the premise that the Family Court had restored the custody of the
minors to the appellant-father primarily on the conduct of the parties,
the standard of living and income of the parents, and lastly, on the
age and gender of the minors and the preference shown by them.
The High Court held that none of the above aspects are relevant
for deciding the custody of the minors and that the paramount
consideration is only the welfare of the children.
21. The High Court further recorded that, although the minors may have
exhibited an inclination to stay with their father and to accompany
him to Qatar, much importance cannot be attached to such gestures
[2026] 2 S.C.R. 359

Mohtashem Billah Malik v. Sana Aftab

of the children, as after the conclusion of the hearing and reserving
the judgement, the Court had interacted with the minors in chambers
for about 40 minutes (in the absence of the parents) and noticed
that the elder child did not express any resentment towards either
of the parents. Further, in response to the query as to who would
look after him while in Qatar, the elder child responded by saying
that probably a maid would do so. As such, the Court went on to
hold that the inclination of the children was also not very clear as
to whether they wished to accompany the appellant-father to Qatar.
22. We have gone through the entire judgement and order passed by
the High Court in the light of the submissions advanced by the
parties and have also perused the documents on record. What we
clearly notice from the above is that there is no dispute with the
proposition that in matters of custody, the paramount consideration
is the welfare of the children but nonetheless there are a host of
other factors which weigh before the court while passing the final
order of custody. These host of factors may include the conduct of
the parties, their financial capacity, their standard of living, as well
as the comfort and education of the children. Therefore, it may not
be entirely correct on the part of the High Court in holding that such
factors are not very relevant and that the custody of the minors has
to depend upon their welfare alone.
23. The High Court while writing the opinion had referred to the fact
that the respondent-wife had travelled and moved the minors to
India without the consent of the appellant-father, who was guardian
and without obtaining the original passports from him but rather by
procuring fake or duplicate or fresh passports while original already
existed for travel purposes. However, the court below has not
considered the effect and impact of this conduct while granting the
custody to the respondent-wife.
24. We are of the opinion that the impact of the aforesaid conduct of the
respondent-wife was a material aspect which ought to have been
considered by the High Court while passing the order of the custody.
25. Secondly, the High Court completely failed to consider the impact
of the judgement and order of the Qatar Court dated 31.10.2023,
by which the custody order in favour of the respondent-wife was
revoked for the reason that she misconducted herself by removing
the children from the jurisdiction of the Court, and that too without
360 [2026] 2 S.C.R.

Supreme Court Reports

the consent of the appellant-father and the permission of the Court.
The revocation of the order of custody was a crucial material for the
purpose of determining the custody of the children. In fact, there was
no subsisting order of custody of children in favour of the respondent-
wife; rather, there was an order in favour of the appellant-husband
appointing him as the guardian of the minors. All these aspects
were highly relevant for passing an order of custody of the minors.
26. Thirdly, the Court below also ignored the impact of the order of the
Contempt Court holding the respondent-wife guilty of committing
contempt of the court for violation of her own undertaking given to the
High Court on 01.12.2022 that she will return to Qatar by 02.01.2023
for the continuation of the minor’s education but travelled alone
leaving the minors behind in India, which had led to the disposal of
the LPA without consideration on merits.
27. The aforesaid contempt order has attained finality and is conclusive,
and as such, the respondent-wife cannot resile from her guilty conduct.
28. Lastly, in a criminal case regarding abuse and assault filed against
the appellant-husband the Qatar Court had given a clean chit to
him and there is no subsisting conviction for assault, which clearly
demonstrates that the misconduct as alleged against him has not
been proved so as to disentitle him from the company of the children.
29. Apart from the above, not only the findings recorded by the Family
Court, Srinagar indicate that the minor children had shown inclination
to accompany the appellant-father to Qatar, but the mediation report
placed before this Court also contains material observations which
bear directly on the issue of custody.
30. As per the mediation report, both children expressed an inclination
towards joining their father. Though they had limited or no conscious
memory of life in Qatar, where they were born, they nonetheless
conveyed a desire to explore and reside there. When specifically
asked as to who would look after them in Qatar, the elder child
stated that the presence of his father would be sufficient and that
someone would inevitably be available to care for them. Both children
appeared comfortable with the prospect of being without their mother.
The younger child repeatedly expressed his wish to go with the
father and was visibly distressed during the interaction. It was also
recorded that both children speak only English, and found difficulty
in conversing with local children.
[2026] 2 S.C.R. 361

Mohtashem Billah Malik v. Sana Aftab

31. The High Court has completely ignored the aforesaid material and
crucial aspects while passing the impugned order. While these
aspects may not, by themselves, be the sole reason for determining
custody, they are nevertheless necessary and relevant factors, and
their cumulative effect was at least relevant for determining the
custody arrangement.
32. In view of the aforesaid facts and circumstances, we are of the
opinion that the impugned judgement and order dated 08.09.2025
passed by the High Court of Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh cannot
be sustained in law and is liable to be set aside.
33. Accordingly, it is hereby set aside and the matter is remanded to
the High Court for reconsideration on its own merits in accordance
with the law most expeditiously, preferably within a period of four
months from the day a certified copy of this order is placed before
the court concerned.
34. The Civil Appeal is allowed with no order as to costs.

Result of the case: Appeal allowed.

†
Headnotes prepared by: Nidhi Jain