Holding

Section 145 does not apply to the doctor’s statement, the hospital‑register evidence is admissible despite the name alteration, and identification without a prior test parade is valueless, leading to acquittal.

Summary

The appellant, Mohanlal Gangaram Gehani, was convicted under s.326 IPC for stabbing an injured man. On appeal, the Supreme Court examined the admissibility of a doctor’s hospital‑register statement that named the assailant as "Tiny" (originally written as "Tony"), the applicability of Section 145 of the Evidence Act to that statement, and the validity of the injured’s identification of the appellant without a test identification parade. The Court held that Section 145 applies only when a witness’s own prior statements are contradicted, not when another witness’s statement is at issue, so the doctor’s evidence was admissible despite the name alteration. It also ruled that identification made for the first time in court without a prior parade is valueless. Consequently, the prosecution’s case was found not proved beyond reasonable doubt and the appellant was acquitted.

Issues considered

The applicability of Section 145 of the Evidence Act to the doctor’s hospital‑register statement
Whether the alteration of the name from "Tony" to "Tiny" renders the doctor’s evidence inadmissible
The admissibility of identification of the accused by the injured person without a test identification parade
The credibility and timing of the FIR lodged by the informant
Whether the prosecution proved the case beyond reasonable doubt

Legislation cited

Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973s. 164
Indian Evidence Act, 1872s. 145, s. 21
Indian Penal Code, 1860s. 323, s. 326, s. 34

Subjects

Evidence ActSection 145identification paradehospital registerFIR timingreasonable doubtacquittal

Judgment

277 A

MOHANLAl GANGARAM GEHANI
v.
'
STATE .OF MAHARASHTRA B
February 17, 1982

(S. MURTAZA FAZAL ALI, 0.A. DESAI AND
A. VARADARAIAN, JJ.]

Evidence Act-Section 145-Scope of-Identification parade-Accused identi-
fied by witMssfor the first time in court-Evidence-Validity of.

The prosecution case against the appellant was that on tho night of occur-
rence between 11 and 11.30 ,the informer and two of his friends were standing on
a road when suddenly the three accused emerged out of the car and tho appellant
assaulted and stabbed the injured )lerson with a dagger. The prosecution alleged D
that there was !!Dcmity between the assailants and the injured person; that the
11 informer lodged a F.I.R. at 00.50 hrs. and that the injured man was picked up by
•I
a Polic~ Wireless Van and adniitted in the ho~pital.

The trial court convicted the accused under section 326/34 l.P.C. and
sentenced them variously.
E
The High Cdurt acquitted two of the three accused. In regard to the appel-
lant, disbelieving the evidence of the doctor on the ground that the name 9f the
assailant was first written by her as "Tony'' but later changed.-to read as titiny"
and that secondly there was no particular .columa in the register where the name
ofthe ...ailant could be written, the High Court altered the conviction to one
under section 326 I.P.C. and sentenced him to rigorous imprisonment for three ·
-""' years.

On appeal to this Court it was contended on behalf of the appellant that
(I) the F.I.R. was not lodged at 00.SO hrs. as claimed by the prosecution; (2) the
injured did not know the. appellant ~fore the occurrence; (3) the ·version of the
injured that the name of the assailant was disclosed-to him by a friend of the
informer should not he accepted and (4) the discrepancy in the name of the
assailant recorded by the doctor was not •uch as to completely discredit her
evidence.

-.-. Allowing the appeal,

HELD : (a) The change of name "Tony" into "Tiny" in ·the hospital
register might be due to mis-hearing of the name in the first instance aod correct· ff
ing it later. Much could not be made of this circumstance. The doctor had
initialled the alteration. The prosecution has not \made any attempt to declare
278 SUPkBME cOUkT kBPOld's [1982) 3 s.c.il.
t~d'. doctor a h<;>stile witness and to cross-examine her. Therefore'tbc change in
the name could be a bonafide mistake. That apart, the injured was fully cons-
cious at the time he made the statement to the doctor, [282 A-CJ

(b) The High Court was in error in. stating that there was no particular
coluiiln in the hospital register in which the name of the assailcint could be men-
tioned. The entire part of the register where the statement had been recorded
B by the doctor is described as the "RegiStrar's note" which comprehends everything
including the nature of injuries to the injured, any statement made by him or
similar other matters. [281 E-F]

(c) There is no-evidence on record to show that the doctor was in any way
friendly with the appellant or inimical towards the injured man; she was an
absolutely dis-interested and independent witness. (281 OJ
~

2 (a) The High Court had erred in holding that the doctor's evidence was
inadmissible in that the provisions of section 145 of the Evidence Act had not
been complied with. [282 F]

D (b) Section 145 applies only to cases where the same person makes two
contradictory statements-either in different proceedings or in two different stages
of a proceeding. If the maker of. a statement Is sought to be contradicted, his
attention should be drawn to bis previous statements under section 145, that is
to say, where the statements made by a person or a witness is contradicted
not by bis own statement but by the statement of another prosecution witness
the question ofapplicatioo of section 145 docs not arise. [283 A-CJ
E
(c) The doctor's .stateme11t was an admission of a Prosecution witness.
If it was inconsistent with the statement made by another prosecuti1)n witness
there .was no question of application of section 145 of the Evidence Act. [283-.C]

In the instant case the statement of the injured to the doctor being first in ·
'point of time it must be preferred to any subecqueot statement made by the
injured.

There is much evidence to show that the injured did not know the appc}..
Jant before the date of the incident. No test identification parade had been held.
The appellant was shown by the police before he identified him. If the accused
was not known to the injured and his friends before the incident and was identi·
G . fied for the first time in the court, this evidence has no value and cannot be relied
, upoD. in the absence Of a test identification. parade, {285 ·E,C,F]

·V.C. Shukla v. State (Di/hi Administration), (1980] 3 S.C.R. SOO.aod Sahdeo
Gosain & Anr. v. The King Emperor [1944] FCR 223, referred to.

H CRIMINAL APPELLATE JUklSDICTION : Criminal Appeal No. 4
ofJ976. .
..

MOHANLAL V. MAHARASHTRA (Fazal Ali, J.) 279

Appeal by special leave from the judgment and order dated A
the 29th August 1975/lst Sept., 1975 of the Bombay High Court in
Criminal Appeal No. 1639 of 1972.

Ram Jethmalani, Mrs. S. Bhandare, A.N. Karkhanis, T. Srldharan
and C.K." Sucharita for the Appellant.
B
J.L. Nain, and H R. Khanna and M. N. Shroff· for the ·
Respondent.

The Judgment of tile Court was delivered by

FAZAL Au, J. This appeal by special leave is directed against c
a judgment dated 29th August ·1975/lst September 1975, of the
Bombay High Court convicting the appellant, Mohanlal Gangaram
Gehani (hereinafter referred to as A-1) under section 326, I.P.C. .•

and sentencing him t.o rigorous imprisonment for three years. He
was also convicted under s. 323 read with· s. 34 I.P.C. but no·
separate sentence was awarded. D
The trial court had convicted A·I under s. 326/34 I.P.C. which
was altered by the High. Court to one under s. 326 simpliciter.
The details of the prosecution case are to be found in the judgment
of the High Court and it is not necessary for us to repeat the same.
We shall, however, give a brief resume of the important facts which
are germane for deciding the short points raised by Mr. Jethmalani,
counsel for the appellant.
•
The occurrence out of which the present appeal arises appears
to have taken place on April 2, 1972 at about 11-11.30 p.m.
According to the prosecution while lshrat Malik Faqih (hereinafter F
referred to as 'lshraC) was returning from a movie in Paradise
Cinema, situated at Lady Jamashedji Road, Mahim at aliout
12.15 a.m. he met Salim, a friend of his, alongwith Shaikh Abdul
. Kalim alias Pappu (P.W. 4). He also saw another person standing
with Salim and Pappu. All of them started talking to one another
G
when suddenly they ,saw a black Fiat car coming from Lady
Jamashedji Road and taking a turn to Chofani Road. The car
stopped near the place where the aforesaid persons were talking and
A-1, A-2 (Shashi) and A-3 (Kumar) emerged from the car.
According to the informant, Ishrat, all the three accused were known H
to him before. These persons were dead drunk and asked bhrat
1md party as to who amongst them was their leader. Some sor(of
. 280 SUPREME COURT REPORts (198213 s.c.R .

A an altercation took place in the course of which A-2 caught hold of
the shirt of Shanker Shetty and assaulted b im with fists. He was
joined by A-3 and the altercation culminated in a murderous assault
' said to have been made by A-1 who took out a dagger and stabbed
Sbetty on the right side of the stomach below the ·chest. Sbetty fell
down. Thereafter A-I ran back to bis car and sped away leaving
B behind A-3 who could not get into the car. Ishrat .imm<~diately
proceeded to the Mahim police station and lodged an F.I.R. with
Sub-Inspector Sawant (P.W. 7) at 00.50 hrs. on April 3, 1972.
According to the prosecution, the informant had rushed to the police
station and lodged the F.I.R. within an hour of the occurre~~.
c Subsequently, it appears that a wireless police van which
passed through the place of occurrence having found Shetty lying j--
injured picked him up and removed him to K.E.M. Hospital.
Dr. Heena (P.W. 11) admitted Shetty and made a note of the injuries
received by him in the notesheet of the hospital register and_ also
D mentioned the fact that the injured had named his assailant as one
Tiny. It was further alleged by the prosecution that Sawant after
recording the F.I.R. rushed to the hospital and contacted Shetty and
recorded his statement at 1.45 a.m.

After the usual investigation, ·chargesheet was submitted
E against A-1 to A-3 wh.o were ultimately tried and convicted for an
offence under s. 326 read withs. 34 I.P.C. and A-1 was sen·
tenced as mentioned hereinbefore. A-2 and A-3 each was sentenced
to suffer rigorous imprisonment for two years. A-1 pleaded
innocence and his defence was that he was falsely implicated due to
enmity because Ishrat and his friends were carrying on Matka
F business and the appellant being an informer of the Customs
Department had made certain reports against the prosecution
witnesses particularly Ishrat who was a smuggler. We need not
,.' \ ,
refer. to the defence of A-2 or A-3 as they have been acquitted by
the High Court.
G The appellant raised several points before the High Court
which after hearing the parties confirmed his conviction but reduced
his sentence to rigorous imprisonment for three years.

H In support of the appeal Mr. Jethmalani has argued three
important! points relating to certain circumstances which com-
pletely demoljsh the entire prosecution case against the appellant•
•
MOHANLAL v. MAHARASHTRA (Pazal Ali, J.) 281

In the first place, it was argued that the F.I.R. was not at all lodged A
at 00.50 hrs. as alleged by the prosecution but much later. Secondly,
Sbetty did not know the appellant before the occurrence and thirdly,
Mr. Jetbmalani argued, that his vcr.ion that the name of the
•
appellant was disclosed to him by Salim should not be accepted.

Another important circumstance to which our attention was
B
drawn and which bas greatly impressed us is that the hospital
register (Bxt. 22) shows that when Shetty was taken to the hospital
and produced before Dr. Reena (P.W. 11) be cave the name of bis
..-A-·· assailant as one Tiny or Tony. The evidence further shows that
Tiny or Tony was undoubtedly a known person who was living in
a locality near the place of occurrence and was ·not a fictitious red
c
.herring as the prosecution would have us believe. According to
Bxt. 22 Shctty made a statement to Dr. Heena at 1.15 a.m. on
April 3, 1972. Dr. Heena, who appeared as P:W. 11, fully supported
the contents of Ext. 22.
D
It is manifest that once the statement· of P. W.· 11 is accepted
then the entire prosecution ~ase against the appellant falls. The
High Court realising the importance of this document and the evi-
dence of P.W. 11 seems to have explained it away on three main
grounds. In the first place, the High Court laid great emphasis on
the fact that where Dr. Hcena bad mentioned the name of Tiny, E
there was no particular column where the name of assailant could
be given. We have examined the original document ourselves ·and
we find that the entire part of the register where the sta.tement bas
been recorded by P.W. 11 is described as Registrar's note which
comprehends everything including the nature of injuries of the
injured, any statement made l?Y him or similar other matters. We
are, therefore, uable to agree with ·the High Court that there was no
particular column under which the name of the assailant could be
mentioned. Moreover, there is absolutely no evidence on the record
to show that P.W. 11 was in a~y way friendly with the appellant or
had any animus against Shetty which might impel her to make false
G
entries in order to oblige the appellant. P.W. II was an absolutely
disinterested and independent witness. After going through her
evidence we find no re'ason why her evidence shoul_d not be accepted
in toto.
ff
The High Court further observed that from ·the hospital
register it appears \h~t !h~ word 'Ton~· was first written 1 then cros8'4
•

•
282 SUPREME COURT RiiPORTS ·(1982]' 3 S.C.R.

and changed into. 'Tiny'. Tb is may be 11 mistake in the pronuncia-
tion oftbe name and much signifu:ance cannot be attached · to this
circumstance because P.W. 11 had initialled the 'change and it is not
a case of forgery at all. Moreov~r. P!W. 11 was; examined as .a
prpsecution witness and if the learned prosecutor · had.· thought that
she (P.W. 11) had given false evidence to help the appellant, he
B
-could have declared her hostile and· sought die permission of the
·court to cross,examine her ·but no such cours0 was adopted. Henee, ·
th.e mere change of the word 'Tony' to Tiny' ,can be explained on
the basis of a bona fide . mistake. There js no .ei;asure. ,!!oth ,nao;1es
are decipherable. ·What may have happened was that the injured
may have. pronounced Tiny in such a way.. ·that P. W. 11 thought it
was Tony but on further clarific_ation the injured must have said that
it was Tiny.

P.W. 11 in her evidence has clearly stated .that she had
examined the patient and had given the history , with
. . of the assault
knife by a person called Tiny and that the patient was fully con-
D
scious. There is nothing in her evidence to show that her statement
could be uni.rue. · · .

The High Court tlien 'sought to exclude the evidence of
P.W. 11 as being inadmissible ·as the provisions of s. 145 of the ,
E Evidence Act were not complied with.. It was suggested tha.t Shetty
had mentioned the' name of the appellant · in his stafemerit
in court but the statement of P. W. II shows that he had
mimed Tinf as his assailant and, therefore, Dr. Heena (P.W _i I)
should have been cross examined on this point to explain the con-
tradiction. With great respect, the High Court has erred on this
F point and· has misconstrued the provisions of s. 145 of the
Evidence Act v.;hich may be extracted ·thus:

"145. Cross-examination as to previous statements
in writing. •

G A witness may be cross-examined as to previous state-
ments made by him in writing or reduced into writing,
and relevant to matters in question, without such writing
being shown to him, or being proved, but, if it is inte.nded
to contradict him by the writing, his attention must; before
e the writing can be proved, be called to those parts of it
which are to be nsed for the purpose of contradicting
"1im/'
MOHANLAL v. MAHARASHTRA (Fazal Ali, J.) 283

A
It is obvious from a perusal of s1 145 that it applies only to
cases where the same person makes two contradictory statements
either in different proceedings or in two different stages of a pro-
ceeding. If the maker of a statement is sought to be contradicted,
his attention should be drawn to his previous statement under s. 145.
In other words, where the statement made by a person or w_itness is B
contradicted not by his own statement but by the statement of
another prosecution witness, the question of the application of s. 145
does not arise. To illustrate, we might give an instance-suppose A,
a prosecution witness, makes a particular statement regarding the
part played by an accused but another witness B makes a statement
which is inconsistent with the statement made by A, in such a case c.
s. 145 of the'Evidence Act is not at all attracted. Indeed, if the
interpretation placed by the High Court is accepted, then it will be
extremely difficult for an accused or a party to rely on t~ inter·se
contradiction of various witnesses and every time when the contradic-
tion is made, the previous witness would have to be recalled for
the purpose of contradiction. This was neither the purport nor th<: D
object of s. 145 o( the Evidence Act.

For instance, in the instant ca>e, if P.W. 11 had been examined
under s. 164 of Code of Criminal Procedure or before a committing
court and made a particular statement which was contradictory to a E
statement made in the Sessions Court, thens. 145 would have applied
if the accused wanted to rely on the contradiction. Such, however,
is not the position because the evidence of P. W. 11 is not only
consistent throughout but the earlier statement recorded by her can
be taken to corroborate her. There was no question of con·
tradicting the statement of P.W. 11 by her previous or subsequent F
statement. On the other hand, Dr. Heena. was a prosecution
.· witness whose statement that Shetty had named Tiny on the earliest ·
occasion, was an admission by a prosecution witness which threw
considerab_le doubt on the complicity of the appellant in the
G
occurrence. If Shetty stated in · his evidence that he named" A I
(Mohanlal) then that would be a statement which was contradic-
'tory to that of P. W. 11 and the question will be which of the
two stateDJents should be preferred. If Dr. Heena had
made twg inconsistent statements then only s. 145 would have H
·• " llppli~d,
284 'UPRBME COURT REPORTS [ 1982) 3 S.C.R.

A In Bishwanath Prasad & Ors. v. Dwarka Prasad and Ors.(')
while dwelling upon a distinction between an admission and a state·
ment to which s. 145 would apply, this Court observed as follows:

"In the former case an admission by a party is sub·
stantive evidence if it fulfills the requirements of s. 21 of
B the Evidence Act; in the latter case a prior statement is
used to discredit the credibility of the witness and does not
·become substantive evidence. In the former there is no
necessary requirement of the statement containing the
admission having to be put to. the party because it is
evidence proprio vigore : in the latter case the Court
cannot be invited to disbelieve a witness on the strength
of a prior contradictory statement unless it has been
put to him, as required by s. 145 of the Evidence
Ack''

The statement made by P.W. 11 was, therefore, an admission
D of a prosecution witness and if it was inconsisten\ with the state-
ment made by another prosecution witness namely Shetty, there was
no question of the application of s. 145 of the Evidence !\ct whicb
did not apply to such a case in terms.

Thus, the reason given by the High Court for distrusting the
E
evidence of Dr. Heena is wholly unsustainable. Moreover, the
statement of the injured to Dr. Heena being the first statement in
point of time must be preferred to any subsequent statement that
Shetty may have made. In fact, the admitted position is that
Shetty did noi know the appellant before the occurrence nor did he
F know his name which was disclosed to him by one Salim. There- r
fore, Salim who is now dead, being the source of informa-
tion of Shetty would be of doubtful admissibility as it is not covered
by s. 32 of the Evidence Act. And, once ·we believe the evidence of
P.W. 11, as we must, then the entire bottom out of the prosecution
case is knocked out.
G
· Apart from this, there is another circumstance which rend~s
the testimony of Shetty (P.W. 5) valueless. He admits in para JO of
his evidence (page 35 of the paperbook) that he had 11.ot seen the
accused before the date of the incident, that he did not know him
at all, and that he came to know the name of the accused on the •

.(I) r1974] 2 S,C,]l. 124,
. MOHANLAL v. MAHARASHTRA ( Pazal Ali. J.) 285

date of the incident and that it was Salim who had given him the A
name of the accused while he was being taken to the hospital. The
fact that Salim disclosed the name of the appellant to Shetty is
falsified by the fact that he did not name the appellant to Dr. Heena
when he reached the hospital but named one Tiny. It is also rele-
vant to note that Tiny Adv.ani is not an unknown figure but is a
living person as would appear from the evidence of P.W. 3, Shaikh,
B-
where he says that he knew Tiny" Advani who is also known to
lshrat, Salim and Pappu and they are on greeting terms.

Another important circumstance which discredits the testimony
of P.W. 5 (Shelly) is that he admits that although he did not know
the accused from before the occurrence yet the accused was shown
c
to him by the police at the police station. The relevant statement
of P.W. 5 may be extracted thus:

"I had seen the accused before coming to the Court
and after the incident, I had seen the accused ten days D
after I was discharged from the hospital. I was shown
these accused by the Police at the Police Station."

Thus, as Shetty did not know the appellant before the occu-
rence and no Test Identification parade was held to test his power
of identification and he was also shown by the police before he E
identified the appellant in court, his evidence becomes absolutely
valueless on the question of identification. On this ground alone,
the appellant is entitled to be acquitted It is rather surprising that

-Ir
this important circumstance escaped the attention of the High Court
while it laid very great stress in criticising the evidence of Dr. Heena
when her evidence was true and straight forward. F
For these reasons, therefore, we · are unable to place any
reliance on the evidence of Shetty so far as the identification of the
appellant is concerned.

G
The other witness who knew the accused is P. W. 1 (lshrat)
who is said to have lodged the F.I.R. at Mahim police station at
12.50 a.m. on 3.4.1972. There is clear intrinsic evidence in the case
to show that the FIR was ante-timed and could not have been lodg-
ed at 12.50 a.m. P.W. 7, Sawant had clearly admitted in his evidence H
at page 41 of the Paperbook that the station diary entry which has
tp contain the contents 0£ the F. T.R. do~s
-
mention. that
- . '. .
-·~ '
Is brat had
_,, . ,. .. . .
286 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1982} 3 s.c.11.

A visited the Police station and lodged the complaint. The witness
further admits that the station diary entry does not also mention
anywhere that be (P. W. 7) bad left the police station for K.E.M.
hospital accompanied by P.W. I, Ishrat. He also admits that he
knew the accused before the incident.

The witness further admits that although be had come to know
the name of the assailant at 12.50 a.m. yet he did not take any step
to arrest or cause the arrest of any one of the accused. He has not
given any explanation for this unusual conduct. It is extremely
doubtful if P. W. I had actually named the appellant, inspector
Sawant would not have arrested him immediately .after the F.I.R.
c was lodged or, at any rate, after he returned from the Hospital.
The evidence, however, shows that A-I was arrested on .5.4.72, that
is to say, two days after the occurrence. No explanation .for this
uqusual phenomenon has been given by the prosecution.

For these reasons, therefore, the statement of P.W. 1 that he
D lodged the F.I.R. at 12.50 a.m. on 3.4.72 and disclosed the name of
the appellant becomes absolutely doubtf11I. If we reject this part. of
the .evidence of P.W. 1, then bis evidence on the question of com-
plicity -of the appellant in the· crime also becomes extremely
doubtful:
E The only other evidence against the appellant is that of P.Ws. 3
and 4. So far as P. W. 3 is concerned his evidence also
suffers from the same infirmity as that of Shetty. P.W. 3 (Shaikh)
admits at page 22 of the Paperbook that he had not seen the

F
accused or any of the three accused before the date of the incident
and that he had seen all the three for the first time at the time of
the incident. He further admits that the names of the accused were
given to"him by the police. In these circumstances, therefore, if the
appellant was not known to him before the incident and was identified
-111
for the first time in the court, in the absence of a test identification
parade .the evidence of P. W. 3 was valueless and could not be relied
upon as held by t'.1is court in V.C. Shukla v. State (Delhi Administra-
G
tion)('). where this Court made the following observations:

"Moreover, the identification of Tripathi by the
witness for the first time in the court without being tested
by a prior test identification parade was valueless."

(D c19so1 ~ s.c,R. soo.
MOlfANLAL v. MAHARA;HTRA (Fazal Ali, J.i 281
,•--""/ A
Same view was taken in a Federal Court decision in Sahdeo
Gosain & Anr. v. The King Emperor.(')

This, therefore, disposes of the evidence of P.W. 3. As
regards the eviden~ of P.W. 4, the High Court itself found
at page 129 of the paperbook that the learned Additional Sessions
Judge had disbelieved P. W: 4, Shaikh alias Pappu. Therefore,
B
the evidence of P.W. 4 also goes out of consideration.

The position, therefore, is that there is absolutely no legal
evidence on the basis of which the appellant could be . con-
victed.
c
For the reasons given above, we are satisfied that the prosecu-
;;. tion has not been able to prove its case against the app,ellant beyond
reasonable doubt. The appeal is accordingly allowed and the appel-
lant is acquitt'd of the charges framed against him. He will now
be discharged from his bailbonds and need not surrender.
D
P.B.R. Appeal allowed,

t
'

(1) [1944) FCR 223.