Supreme Court of India
MATHAI MATHAIversusJOSEPH MARY @ MARYKKUTIY JOSEPH & ORS.
- Citation
- 2014 INSC 326
- Decided
- 25 April 2014
- Disposal
- Dismissed
- Bench
- GYAN SUDHA MISRA
Holding
The mortgage deed is void ab initio because the mortgagee was a minor without guardian, it is a simple mortgage, and the appellant is not a mortgagee in possession; therefore he cannot be deemed a tenant under Section 4A of the Kerala Land Reforms Act.
Summary
The appellant claimed to be a deemed tenant under Section 4A of the Kerala Land Reforms Act, 1963, relying on a mortgage deed executed in 1909‑1910 in favour of his mother as collateral for a dowry. The Supreme Court held that the mortgagee (the appellant's mother) was a minor of 15 years at the time of execution and was not represented by a guardian, rendering the deed void under Section 11 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872. Even assuming validity, the deed was a simple mortgage, not a usufructuary one, and contained no delivery of possession, so the appellant could not be deemed a mortgagee in possession. Consequently, the appellant could not satisfy the statutory requirement for a deemed tenant and was not entitled to a purchase certificate. The Court upheld the High Court’s revision judgment that set aside the earlier findings of the Land Tribunal and Appellate Authority. The appeal was dismissed.
Issues considered
- Whether the mortgage deed dated 1909‑1910 is a valid mortgage deed and, if so, whether it is a simple or usufructuary mortgage under Sections 58(b) and 58(d) of the Transfer of Property Act, 1882.
- Whether the concurrent finding of the Appellate Authority that the appellant is a deemed tenant under Section 4A of the Kerala Land Reforms Act is based on proper legal evidence.
- Whether the High Court’s finding that the appellant is not in possession under the mortgage deed and therefore not a deemed tenant is legally correct.
- What order should be made on the appeal?
Legislation cited
- Indian Contract Act, 1872s. 11
- Indian Evidence Act, 1872s. 80
- Indian Majority Act, 1875
- Kerala Land Reforms Act, 1963s. 4A, s. 72, s. 728
- Transfer of Property Act, 1882s. 53(b), s. 53(d), s. 58(b), s. 58(d)
Subjects
mortgage deedminor contractvoid contractsimple mortgageusufructuary mortgagedeemed tenantKerala Land Reforms Actpossessionpurchase certificate
Judgment
[2014] 5 S.C.R. 621
MATHAI MATHAI A
v.
JOSEPH MARY @ MARYKKUTIY JOSEPH & ORS.
(Civil Appeal No. 4479 of 2007) ·
APRIL 25, 2014
B
[GYAN SUDHA MISRA AND V. GOPALA GOWDA, JJ.]
Kera/a Land Reforms Act, 1963: ·
s.4A - O.A. by appellant claiming himself entitled to get c
purchase certificate, as a deemed tenant - Possession of land
claimed by appellant through mortgage-deed executed in
favour of his deceased mother - Mortgage deed stated to
have been executed as a collateral security for dowry amount
- Held: The mortgage deed relied upon by appellant is not a o
valid mortgage deed in respect of the property covered in the
said document as mortgagee at the 'time of execution and
registration of the document was a minor, aged 15 years, and
she was not represented by her natural guardian to constitute
the document as valid - Concurrent finding of fact of the E
appellate authority that the appellant has proved his claim as
a deemed tenant uls 4A of K.L.R. Act and he is entitled to get
purchase certificate in respect of the property in question is
not only an erroneous finding but suffers from error in law and
it has been rightly set aside by High Court by recording a
finding that appellant's possession is not that of a mortgagee F
under the mortgage deed - It is open to parties to litigate
before appropriate court with regard to ownership rights of the
property under the relevant provisions of law - Contract Act, ·
1872 - s.11.
G
Mortgage:
Mortgage in the name of a minor - Held: An agreement
to become
.
621
.
a contract, the parties must be competent to ·
H
622 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2014) 5 S.C.R.
A contract; wherein age of majority is a condition for competency
- A deed of mortgage is a contract and it cannot be held that
a mortgage in the name of a minor is valid, simply because
it is in the interests of the minor, unless she is represented
by her natural guardian or guardian appointed by the court -
B Therefore, the mortgage deed is void ab initio in law and
appellant cannot claim any rights under it- Contract Act, 1872
- s.11.
Mortgage - Deed of mortgage executed as a collateral
C security for dowry amount - Held: From recitals_ of mortgage
deed it is evident that it is a simple mortgage and not
usufructuary mortgage - Merely the fact that mortgagee
happened to be in possession of mortgaged property will not
make it sufficient to rule that he/she was a mortgagee in
possession under the deed - Further, there is no recital in the
D \deed inqicating delivery of possession of the land to the
mortgagee - Transfer of Property Act, 1882 - s. 53(b) and (d) .
. The appellant filed O.A No. 230 of 1981 before the
Land Tribunal, claiming to be a deemed tenant u/s 4A of
E the Kerala Land Reforms Act, 1963 "the K.L.R. Act" read
with Kerala Land Reforms Tenancy Rules and stating that
a mortgage deed in favour of his mother by his uncle was
executed in the year 1909-1910 as a collateral security for
the dowry amount. The appellant's case was that hrs
F mother was in continuous possession of the suit land as
a mortgagee from the date of execution of the mortgage
deed for more than 50 years as on the date of the
commencement of the K.L.R. Act immediately preceding
the commencement of the Kerala Land Reforms
G (Amendment) Act, 1969. He claimed that he should be
regis.tered as deemed tenant in respect of the suit land.
The father of the appellant opposed the claim. The Land
Tribunal held that the appellant was a deemed tenant u/s
4A of the K.L.R. Act and therefore, he was entitled to get
H the purchase certificate. The appeal fjled by the first
£·'._. ~ ,,, .. _ '.·'
MATHAI MATHAI v. JOSEPH. MARY @ MARYKKUTTY 623
JOSEPH
respondent and others was dismissed by the appellate A
authority. However, the High Court allowed the revision
petition filed by the first respondent and rejected O.A No.
230 of 1981 filed by the appellant.
In the instant appeal, the following points arose for
8
consideration of the Court:-
(1) "Whether Ext.A1, the mortgage deed dated
1909-1910 is a valid mortgage deed andeven
if it is so, whether it is a simple or usufructuary
mortgage in terms of Sections 58(b) and 58(d) C
of the Transfer of Property Act, 1882?
(2) Whether the concurrent finding of the
Appellate Authority in its judgment passed in
AA No. 216 of 1994 is based on legal evidence 0
on record and in accordance with law?
(3) Whether the finding recorded in the impugned
judgment by the High Court in exercise of its
revisional jurisdiction with regard to
possession of the property holding that the E
appellant is not in possession under the
documenr Ext. A1-mortgage deed, and
therefore, he is not the deemed tenant of the
land in qu·estion under Section 4A of the K.L.R.
Act, is legal and valid? · .F
(4) What order?"
Dismissing the appeal, the Court
HELD: ·G
Point No. 1:
1.1. It is an undisputed fact that Ext. A1 is the
mortgage deed executed by the uricle of the appellant
H
624 . SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014) 5 S.C.R
A and the first respondent in favour of the deceased mother
ofthe appellant as collateral security towards the dowry
amount. At the time of execution and registration of the
document, the age of the mortgagee, the deceased
mother of the appellant, was 15 years as mentioned in the
B mortgage deed itSelf. Therefore, she had not attained the
majority under the Indian Majority Act, 1875. To acquire
the competency to enter into a contract with the uncle of
both the appellant and the first respondent the parties
should have been of age of majority as required u/s 11
c of the Contract Act, 1872. Therefore, this Court holds that
the mortgage deed-Ext. A1 executed by the uncle of the
appellant and the first respondent, in favour of the
deceased mother of the appellant, is not a valid mortgage
deed in respect of the property covered in the said
document for the reason that the mortgagee at the time
0
of execution and registration ·of the document was a
minor, aged 15 years, and she was not represented by
her. natural guardian to constitute the document as valid 1
as sh.e had not attained majority according to law. [para
E ·9] [636-F-H; 639-C-D]
Mohori Bibee v. Dharmodas Ghose (1903) I.LR. 30
Cale. 539 - referred to.
1.2. As per the Contract Act, 1872 it is clearly stated
F that for an agreement to become a contract, the parties
must be competent to contract, wherein age of majority
is a condition for competency. A deed of mortgage is a
contract and it cannot be held that a mortgage in the
name of a minor is valid, simply because it is in the
G interests of the minor, unless she is represented by her
natural guardian or guardian appointed by the court.
Therefore, this Court holds that the mortgage deed-
Ext.A1 is void ab initio in law and the appellant cannot
claim.any rights under it. [para 10] [639-E-H]
H 2.1. Even 'otherwise, the. . mortgage
. was a simple
'
· MATHAI MATHAI v. JOSEPH MARY @ MARYKKUTTY 625
. JOSEPH
. mortgage in 'terms of s. 58(b) of the Transfer of Property A
. Act, 1882, and not a usufructuary mortgage as defined u/
:s 58(d). A mortgage to be a usufructuary mortgage,
' possession has to be delivered under the aegis of the
mortgage deed itself. Further, as per· s. 58(d) of the Act,
in a usufructuary mortgage, the mortgagor authorises B
.the mortgagee to receive the rents and profits accruing
from the property in order to pay off the loan and in the
instant case, this has not been substantiated by the
appellant by producing documentary evidence. Further,
the mortgagor has agreed to pay interest at the stated c
rate towards repayment of the loan amount and this is
detailed in the mortgage deed itself and, therefore, it can
be inferred that there was no intention on the part of the
parties to allow the mortgagee to appropriate the rents
and profits accruing out of the mortgaged property.
0
Merely the fact that the mortgagee happened to be in
possession of the mortgaged property will not make it
sufficient to rule that he/she was a mortgagee in
possession under the deed. Further, there is no recital in
the deed indicating delivery of possession of the land to E
the mortgagee under the deed. The mortgage deed is
unambiguous and it is patently clear that the mortgagor
did not intend to deliver possession of the mortgaged
property as he has clearly mentioned that he is paying
interest but there is no delivery of possession of land as
per the deed. [para 111 [640-A-B; 641-F-H; 642-A, C-EJ F
Ramkishorelal & Anr. v. Kamal Narayan 1963 Suppl.
=
SCR 417 AIR 1963 SC 890; and Pratap Singh @ Babu
Ram & Anr. v. Deputy Director of Consolidation, Mainpuri &
ors. (2000) 4 sec 614- relied on. ·G
2,2. From the .orders passed by the authorities, it is
. clear_ that the appellant has. not produced any revenue
records to evidence the fact that after Ext.A1-mortgage
deed was executed. by the mortgagor in the name of the H
626 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 5 S.C.R.
A deceased mother of the appellant, her name was entered
in the revenue records as the mortgagee in possession
of the mortgagor's property covered in Ext. A1. The Land
Tribunal and the Appellate Authority have preferred to
simply rely on the Revenue Inspector's report as well as
, B the deposition of the father of the first respondent and the
appellant as per Ext.AS in the proceedings in O.A. No. 531
of 1975 in order to hold that the appellant was in
possession as the mortgagee. Even assuming that Ext.AS
deposition of the father is taken on record as evidence
c u/s SO of the Evidence Act, the said document at best will
disclose the fact that the appellant is in possession of the
property but not as a successor of the deceased mother,
the mortgagee of the property. On the other hand, at the
time of death of his mother-mortgagee, the appellant was
a minor and, therefore, he could not have come into
0
possession, as the possession of the land falls to the
father of the appellant. [para 12) [643-A-F]
2.3. The appellant has failed to produce and establish
the fact in the absence of recital in the mortgage deed
E Ext.A1 as to how the mortgagee has come into the
possession and how he continued in possession as
successor of the mortgagee. The said factual and legal
aspect has not been taken into consideration by both the
authorities while coming to the conclusion on the basis
F of Ext.A1 and instead, accepted the oral testimony of the
appellant, and the finding is erroneously recorded by
them in his favour holding that the deceased mortgagee
was in possession of the land in question and after her
death he continued in possession as a mortgagee.
G Therefore, the concurrent finding of fact of the appellate
authority that the appellant has proved his-claim as a
deemed tenant u/s 4A of the K.L.R. Act and he is entitled
to get the purchase certificate of the owner of the
property is not only an erroneous finding but suffers from
H error in law and it has been rightly set aside by the High
MATHAI MATHAI v. JOSEPH MARY @ MARYKKUTTY 627
JOSEPH
Court in exercise of its wider civil jurisdiction by A
recording a finding that the appellant's possession of the
property is not that of a mortgagee under the mortgage
deed. [para 12] [643-F-H; 644-A-C]
Point Nos. 2 and 3 B
3.1. Another important aspect of the case that has
been ignored by both the authorities and the High Court
is that the mortgagor (or his legal heirs) have not been
impleaded as a party to the original claim or to
subsequent proceedings. There is also no mention C
whatsoever of the status of the original dowry amount for
which the property was mortgaged in the first place. It is
not clear as to whether the obligation discharged or not
and what is the mortgagor's stand on the issue. Further,
the first respondent's claim of ownership through her D
father is also highly curious as it is not stated how the
father is claiming ownership over the property. In the
absence of this important evidence, this Court cannot
adjudicate upon the ownership of the property. It can only
be held that the appellant cannot claim to be a deemed E
tenant of the land in question under the K.L.R Act and it
is open to the parties to litigate on the question of
ownership of the property in question before the
appropriate authority. [para 13] [644-D-G]
3.2. This Court holds that the impugned judgment of F
the High Court is perfectly legal and valid, and that the
orders of the Land Tribunal and Appellate Authority are
erroneous for the reason that the facts and legal evidence
have been wrongly appreciated and held in favour of the
appellant, although it is contrary to the recitals of Ext.A1, G
-
as well as the provisions of the Contract Act and the
Transfer o1 Property Act. The findings and reasons
recorded by both the Land Tribunal and the Appellate
Authority are erroneous and suffer from error in law. [para
13] [644-G-H; 645-A-B] H
628 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2014] 5 S.C.R.
A Point No. 4
:-.~
4, Therefore, this Court upholds the impugned
judgment of the High Court passed in the civil revision
petition. It is open to the parties to litigate before the
8 appropriate court with regard to the ownership rights of
the property under the relevant provisions of law to get
their rights settled upon· the property in question. [para
14] [645-C-D]
Case Law Reference:
c
l.L.R. 30 Cale. 539 referred to para 9
..
1963 Suppl. SCR 417 relied on para 11
(2000) 4 sec 614 relied on para 11~
D CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : . Civil Appeal _No. \
4479 of 2007.
From the Judgment & Order dated 01.07.2005 of the High
Court of Kerala at Ernakulam in CRP No. 873/1997,
E . .
M.T. George, Kavitha K.T. for the Appellant. ·
Roy Abraham, Himinder Lal for the Resportdents. ·
The Judgment
. of the Court was delivered
. . by
F
V. GOPALA GOWDA, J.1. This appeal is directed against
the impugned judgment and order dated 1.7.2005 passed by
the High Court of Kerala at Ernakulam ·in Civil Revision Petition
No. 873 of 1997(C) allowing the Civil Revision Petition and
G rejecting the O.A. No. 230 of 1981, urging v.ariou~.facts and
legal contentions.
· .· 2. Necessary relevant facts of the ca~e are stated
hereunder:-.
H . The appellant herein filed Original Application No. 230 of
- MA'lfHAI MATHAI v. JOSEPH'MARY@ MARYKKUTTY 629
JOSEPH [V. GOPALA GOWDA, J.]
1981 before the Land Tribunal; Kottayam claiming to be a A
deemed tenant under Section 4A of the Kerala Land Reforms
Act, 1963 (hereinafter referred to as "the K.L.R. Act") read with
Kerala Land Reforms Tenancy Rules (for short "the Tenancy
Rules") and stating that his uncle had executed a mortgage
deed iii the year.1909-191 O in favour of the appellant's mother B
late Smt. Aley as a collateral security for a SU!l) of 7000
Chakram which was the dowry amount.
3. It is the case of the appellant that his mother has been
in possession of the land involved in the case as a mortgagee C
from the date of execution of the mortgage deed referred to
supra and she has been in continuous possession of the same
for more than 50 years as on the date of the commencement
of the K.L.R. Act (substituted by Act 35 of 1969) immediately
preceding the commencement of _the Kerala Land Reforms
(Amendment) Act, 1969 which was published in the Kerala D
Gazette Extraordinary No. 295 dated 17.12.1969 w.e.f.
1.1 .1970. Therefore, tie should be registered as deemed tenant
. in respect of the land in question as it has conferred a statutory
right on him to purchase the mortgaged land in toto to the extent
of 2 acres·48 cents. In the said proceedings the father of the E
appellant got imp leaded and opposed the claim made by the
ap'pellant and further denied that the mother of the appellant had
r.igh( as the mortgagee and was in possession and holding the
iand as a deem"ed tenant for the 50 years immedia_te_!Jl
preceding· the amended provisions of Section 4A of the K. '7-R· F
Act, which provision came into effect from 1.1.1970. Therefore,
he has contended that he is not entitled to be registered as a
deemed tenant and ·cannot obtain purchase certificate of the
land in q.~estion ·as per Section 728 of the K.LR. Act. Vide
_ •artier dated 21.3.1994, the Land Trib~unal, after recording the G
finding of fact, held that the appellant is a deemed tenant under
-Sections 4A of the K.L.R. Act and the~efore, he is entitled to
get the_ purchase certificate.
· 4. Aggrieved, by the said order,· the first respondent and .H
' .
630 . ' SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014j 5 S.C.R.
' . I
A others filed an appeal before the App,ellate Authority (Land
Reforms) under Section 102 of the K.L.R. Act questioning the
correctness of the order dated 21.3.1994 passed by the Land
Tribunal, Kottayam, on various factual and legal cor:iten~ions.
The Appellate Authority has adverted to certain relevant faets
B in· respect of the previous proceedings in relation to the same
land initiated by the appellant under Section 72 of the K.1.:-.R.
Act in O.A. No. 531 of 1975, which was allowed by qrder dated
25.4.1978 which order was challenged by the first respondent
herein before the Land Reforms Appellate Authority, Ernakulam
c as L.R.A.S. 534of1978 which appeal came to be allowed and
the case was remanded to the Land Tribunal for·
reconsideration. In the said pro~edings the Revenue Inspector
had filed his R~port dated 23.4.1992 as contemplated under
Section 105A of the K.L.R. Act. The same was marked as
Exh.C1, after examining Revenue Inspector in the proceedings ..
0
The said report was not challen.ged by the first respondent's
father and the same was accepted in toto by the Land Tribunal.
It is further stated that the objection of the father of the first
responder:it was taken in the original application before the
E Land Tribunal but he was not examined as a witness in support
of his claim as he died during the pendency of the case.
However, he was examined as a witness before the Land
Tribunal in the previous O.A. No. 531 of 1975. _In his deposition,
he has clearly stated that the possession and enjoyment of the
disputed property was by the appellant herein. The said.
F deposition is marked as Exh.A8 before the LandTribunal.
· 5. The Appellate Authority after referring ta tne registered
mortgage deed which is marked as Exh.A 1, has recorded the
finding of fact holding that the property involved in the original 1
G application of the appellant has been in his possessiory and
enjoyment of the appellant and he has effected improvements
on it and cultivated the property and that the first respondent
has no title or possession over the property at any tim~. To
prove the mortgage deed, A 1 the appellant herein and;
H independent witnesses were examined on behalf of the
-MATHAI MATHAI v. JOSEPH MARY@ MARYKKUTTY 631
. -1 JOSEPH [V, GOPALA GOWDA, J.]
\
a·ppellant as A2 and A3 and dqcumentary evidence produced A
were marked as Exhs.A1 to A9 in support of his claims. The
said evic!ence has been corroborated by the Revenue
Inspector's report and the first respondent was examined and
sh~/Clid .not have direct knowledge of the property in dispute
anCJ her evidence was .not accepted by the authorities. It is B
obserVe~ by them thaf the respondent's evidence does not
carry any weight and reliance was placed upon both oral and
documentary evidence of the appellant and the finding recorded
by the appellate authority holding that he is the deemed tenant
and the. order passed by the Land Tribunal does not call for c
interference as there is no merit in the appeal and the order of
the Land Tribunal was confirmed by dismissing the appeal of
the firstrespondent with no cost by its order dated 9.4.1997.
This order was challenged by the first respondent before the
J:-ligh Court of Kerala under Section 103 of the K. L. R. Act, urging
0
various legal contentions. The High Court passed a cryptic order
after adverting to certain rival contentions and examined the
correctness of the same in the Revision Petition. The learned
. Judge of the High Court at para 3 of the impugned order has
recorded the finding of fact holding that the factum of
possession of the appellant cannot be disputed in view of the E
ci>ncurrent finding of fact. However, he has further held that mere
·possession of the disputed land does not give right of tenancy
of the sanie on the basis of Exh.A 1, the registered mortgage
deed, which is the hypothecation bond and held"that no
possession of the disputed land was granted under the said F
· ~ocwnent. Hence, it is held that Section 4A of the K.L.R. Act
is not.attracted to the fact situation of the case on hand to enable
·the appellant to get purchase certificate in respect of the
·d!sputed land under Section 728 of the K.L.R. Act as it was
necessary to prove that he is a cultivating tenant holding the G
. property in possession as a mortgagee which is absent in the
present case. The learned Judge of the High Court held that
the concurrent·finding of fact by both the appellate authority as
well as the Land Tribunal that Exh. A 1 is the deed of mortgage .
·under which the appellant is claiming possession of the land H
632 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2014] 5 S.C.R.
A in question as the mortgagee, is not factually and legally correct
and accordingly has allowed the Revision Petition of the first
respondent arid rejected the Original Application No. 230 of
1981 filed by the appellant.
. 6. The correctness of the said order is under challenge,
8
before this Court raising certain questions of law. Mr. M.T.
George,' the learned counsel for the appellant has contended
that the High Court exceeded its jurisdiction under Section 103
of K.L.R. Act in as much as there is a failure to decide any
question of law and has rendered_an erroneous decision on the
C question of law framed by the appellate authority. He further
urged another legal contention that the High Court was not
justified in interfering with the orders of the Land Tribunal and
the Appellate Authority, both on the factual and legal question
which was not agitated by the first respondent before the Land
D Tribunal and the Appellate Authority. Further, the High Court
was not justified in reversing the orders of the Land Tribunal
as well as the Appellate Authority, when it found that the
appellant's mother was a mortgagee and it is further found by
both the authorities as well as the High Court the fact that the
E appellant's mother and the appellant were in possession of the
•
property for the statutory period prescribed under Section 4A
of the K.L.R. Act. The Land Tribunal and the Appellate Authority
recorded the finding on the contentious issue and held that the
appellant is the deemed tenant of the land in question unger
F Section 4A of the K.L.R. Act, which order has been erroneously
interfered with by the High Court in exercise of its revisional
jurisdiction. ' It was urged on behalf Qf the appellant that the
appellant is entitled for the relief as he is the deemed tenant
under Section 4A of the K.L.R. Act when his deceased mother
G was admittedly the mortgagee of the land in question and he
continued as such and both the fact finding authorities have
found them to be in possession of the land in question for more
than the statutory period as provided under the above provision
of the Act. It was contended that the High Court in ,exercise of
H its revisional jurisdiction should not have interfered and annulled
MATHAI MATHAI v. JOSEPH MARY@ MARYKKUTTY 633
JOSEPH [V.' GOPALA GOWDA, J.]
·the orders of both the Land Tribunal and the Appellate Authority A
and it has erron~ously set aside the concurrent findings of fact
recorded by both the authorities vide the impugned order'i
passed jn the· Revision Petition. Therefore, he submits that the
impugned order is liable to be 1 set aside as it is not only
erroneous but also suffers from erro~ in law. The appellant's s
contention· is that the property was mortgaged as a collateral
se,curity for the Stridhan amount given on behalf of the
appellant's mother at the time of her marriage with the father
of both the appellant and the first respondent and though the
document does not contain anything regarding delivery of c
possession of the property to the deceased mother of the
appellant in the mortgage deed, nonetheless the appellant was
put in possession of the property in question on the date of the
mortgage itself and she continued to be in possession with the
same till her death and thereafter, the appellant came into
0
possession. The appellant's counsel has contended that the
conclusion of the High Court on the contentious issue is
unwarranted and not justified and that both the Land Tribunal
and the appellate authority have correctly held on facts that the
appellant is the mortgagee and has been in posse~sion
together with his mother for more than 50 years as on the date E
the amended provision has come into force, and therefore, they
have rightly held that he is a deemed tenant of the land, and
hence entitled to get the purchase certificate in respect of the
property in question. He has further contended that all that the ·
law requires is that the tenure of the appellant as a mortgagee F
must be for a period of not less than 50 years and Section 4A
does not demand that the mortgagee has to be put in
possession under the mortgage deed itself. Therefore, the
finding of the Hig~ Court in the impugned order that 'no
possession of the land in question was given under the G
document' is an unwarranted finding which is outside the scope
of revisional jurisdiction while examininithe correctness of the
concurrent finding on the contentious issue.
7. This appe~I i~ strongly opposed by the first H
634 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2014] 5 S.C.R.,
A respondent's counsel who sought to justify the correctness of
the finding recorded by the High Court in its order in exercise
• of its revisional jurisdiction aft~r noticing the pleadings and
documentary evidence on record. The first respondent, in her
counter affidavit and written submissions has stated that the· ·
B appellant is bound to prove the fact that he is the mortgagee
and that the possession of the property has come to him as
the mortgagee and that his deceased mother and the appellant
have continued in possession of the property in dispute for
more than 50 years as on 1.1.1970, the date on which the ·
c K.L.R. Act came into force to get the benefit of deemed tenancy
upon the land in question. It is contended by the learned counsel
that there is no recital in the document of the mortgage deed
and that Ex. A1, the mortgage deed does not stipulate that the
mortgagee is put in possession by virtue of that document. ,
There is no express clause for delivery of possession of the .
0
schedule property in favour of the mortgagee at the time of
registering the document nor impliedly or by implication which
binds the mortgagor to deliver the possession of the mortgage
property to the mortgagee. The first respondent has further
contended that as far as the mortgage deed is concerned, the
E brother of the appellant's father is the mortgagor and the claim
can only be made against him and his property but however,
the appellant has not claimed the right against him but instead
against the first respondent and their father. The mortgagor was i
not impleaded as a party and it is the contention of the first ~
F respondent that the appellant is attempting to get the ownership ;
of the entire property. Further, both the Land Tribunal and the
Appellate Authority have failed to take into consideration the
relevant fact namely, that at the time of the death of his mother,
the appellant was a minor and therefore, could not have
G acquired possession over the property as claimed by him.
Therefore, they have not taken into consideration the fact that
after the death of the mortgagee, the mother of the appellant,
possession of the land came to the father of the appellant and
the first respondent and therefore, the appellant is not entitled
H to claim continuous possession of the same to get the benefit
MATHAI MATHAI v. JOSEPH MARY @ MARYKKUTTY 635
.
JOSEPH [V. GOPALA
.
GOWDA, J.]
under Section 4A of the K.LR. Act, even assuming without A
conceding that the appellant's mother acquired a right under
Exh.A1, the mortgage deed. Both the Land Tribunal and the
AppeUate Authority should have noticed the fact that the
mortgagee-mother of the appellant was not at all in posse(5sion
·ofthe property but it was in the exclusive possession of his B
father. As per family settlement of the year 1965, 94 cents of
property covered under Exh. A 1 was allotted to the first
respondent. Again as per the sale deed of 197-5, 1 acre 68
cents of land covered under Exh. At· was given to first
respondent and ever since she is in exclusive possession and c
enj()yment of that extent of the property which was originally·
. coviilred under Ex. A 1-mortgage deed. Therefore, itis seen that
the property covered by Ex. A 1-mortgage deed was in the
exclusive possession and enjoyment of the appellant's father.
. It was contended by the learned counsel that this aspect ofthe 0
matter has not been considered by the Land Tribunal and the
Appellate Authority. Further, it is urged thatthe appellant and
the first respondentare children of the deceased Mathai Mathai,
though they are only half-brother and sister being born to two ·
different mothers. Therefore, the first respondent is also one of
of
the·legal heirs and entitled to inherit the property her father E
but the appellant utilizing or misusing the position as a mighty
man with muscle power managed to get oral evidence in his
favour though there was no documentary evidence supporting
his claim and he has tried to grab the entire property left behind
by their father in exclusion of the first respondent and therefore, F
she requested this Court not to interfere with the impugned
order. · ·
8. We have heard the learned counsel for the parties and
with reference to the above factual and rival legal contentions G ·
urged on behalf of the parties the following points would arise
for our considerat.ion :- · ·
(1) . Whether Exh .A1, the mortgage deed dated 1909-
191 O is a valid mortgage deed and even. if it is so, H.
636 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 5 S.C.R.
A whether it is a simple or usufructuary mortgage in
terms of Sections 58(b) and 58(d) ofthe Transfer
of Property Act, 1882?
(2) Whether the concurrent finding of the Appellate
Authority in its judgment passed in AA No. 216 of
B
1994 is based on legal evidence on record and in
accordance with law?
(3) Whether the finding recorded in the impugned
judgment by the High Court in exercise of its
c revisional jurisdiction with regard to possession of
the property holding that the appellant is not in
possession under the document Exh. A1-mortgage ·
deed, and therefore, he is not the deemed tenant ·
of the land in question under Section 4A of the ·
D K.L.R. Act, is legal and valid?
(4) What order?
Answer to Point No. 1
E 9. The first point is required to be answered against the :
appellant for the following reasons:-
lt is an undisputed fact that Exh. A 1 is the mortgage deed
executed by the uncle of the appellant and the first respondent .
F in favour of the deceased mother of the appellant as collateral
security towards the dowry amount. At the time of execution and
registration of the document, it is an undisputed fact that the
age of the mortgagee, the deceased mother of the appellant
was 15 years as mentioned in the mortgage deed itself.
Therefore, she had not attained the majority under the Indian
G Majority Act, 1875. To acquire the competency to enter into a
contract with the uncle of both the appellant and the first
· respondent the parties should have been of age of majority as
! required under Section 11 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872. The
, aforesaid aspect fell for interpretation before the Privy Council
H
MATHAI MATHAI v. JOSEPH MARY@ MARYKKUTTY 637
JOSEPH [V. GOPALA GOWDA, J.]
in the case of Mohori Bibee v. Dharrnodas Ghose, 1 wherein A
the Privy Council after interpretations of relevant provisions of
Section 11 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872, has held that the
contracting parties should be competent to contract as per the
above provision and the minor's contract was held to be void
as he cannot be the mortgagor, the relevant paragraphs B
referred to in the aforesaid decision are extracted hereunder:-
"Looking at these sections their Lordships are satisfied
that the Act makes it essential· that all contracting parties
should be "competent to contract," and expressly provides C
that a person, who by reason of infancy is incompetent to
contract, cannot make a contract within the meaning of the
Act"
In.the later part of the same paragraph, it is stated,
D
"The question whether a contract is void or voidable
presupposes the existence of a contract within the meaning
of the Act, and cannot arise in the case of an infant. Their
· Lordships are therefore of opinion that in the present case
there is not any such voidable contract as is dealt with in E
section 64."
· Thus, it was held that a minor cannot be a contracting
party, as a minor is not competent to contract as per Section
11 of the Indian Contract Act. At this juncture, it is also
necessary to extract Sections 2 and 11 of the Indian Contract F
Act, 1872 which read as under:-
"2.lnterpretation-clause. In this Act the following words
and expressions are used in the following senses, unless
a contrary intention appears from the context :- G
(a) When one person signifies to another his willingness
to do or to abstain from doing anything, with a view to
1. (1993) LL.R. 30 Cale. 539. H
638 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014) 5 S.C.R.
A obtaining the assent of that other to such act or abstinence,
he Js said to make a proposal;
(b) When the person to whom the proposal is made
signifies his assent thereto, the proposal is said to be
8 accepted. A proposal, when accepted; becomes a
promise;
(c) The person making the proposal is called the
"promiser" and the person accepting the proposal is called
the "promisee";
c
(d) When, at the desire of the promiser, the promisee or~
any other person has done or abstained from doing, or ·
does or abstains from doing, or promises to do or to
abstain from doing, something, such act or abstinence or
D promise is called a consideration for the promise;
I
(e) Every promise and every set of promises, forming the!
consideration for each other, is an agreement;
(f) Promises, which form the consideration or part of the
E consideration for each other, are ,called reciprocal
promises;
(g) An agreement not enforceable by law is said to be void;
(h) An agreement enforceable by law is a contract;
F
(i) An agreement which is enforceable by law at the option
of one or more of the parties- thereto, but not at the option
of the other or others, is a voidable contract;
'
G 0) A contract which ceases to be enforceable by law
becomes void when it ceases to be enforceable.
11. Who are competent to contract- Every person is
competent to contract who is of the age of majority
according to the law to which he is subject, and who is of
H sound mind and is not disqualified from contracting by any
•
MATHAI MATHAI v. JOSEPH MARY @ MARYKKUTTY 639
JOSEPH [V. GOPALA GOWDA, J.]
law to which he is subject." . A
This important factual and legal aspect has been
conveniently ignored by the authorities including the High Court
while adverting to Exh.A1, the mortgage deed. A strong reliance
was placed upon it by both the Land Tribunal and th.e Appellate
8
Authority in allowing the claim application of the· appellant
holding that he is a deemed tenant under Section 4A of the•
K.L.R. Act without noticing the aforesaid relevant factual aspect
of the matter. Therefore, we have to hold that the mortgage·
deed~Ex. A 1 executed by the uncle of the appellant and the first C
respondent, in favour of the deceased mother of the appellant,
is not a valid mortgage deed in respect of the property covered
in the said document for the reason that the deceased mother
•
at the time of execution and registration of .the document was
a minor, aged 15 years, and she was not represented by her
natural guardian to constitute the document as valid as she has D
not attained majority according to law. Many courts have held
that a minor can be a mortgagee as it is transfer of property in
the interest of the minor. We feel that this is an erroneous
application of the law keeping in mind the decision of the Privy
Council in Mohori Bibee's case (supra). · E
10: As per the Indian Contract Act, 1872 it is clearly stated
that for an agreement to become a contract, the parties must
be competent to contract, wherein age of majority is a condition
for competency. A deed of mortgage is a contract and we F
cannot hold that a mortgage in tha.-name of a minor is valid,
simply because it is in the interests of the minor unless she is
represented by her natural guardian or guardian appointed by.
the court. The law cannot be read differently for a minor who is
a mortgagor and a minor who is a mortgagee as there are G
rights and liabilities in respect of the immovable property would
flow out of such a contract on both of them. Therefore, this Court
has to hold that the mortgage deed-Ex.A 1 is void ab initio in
law and the appellant cannot claim any rights under it.
Accordingly, the first part of first point is answered against the
appellant: H
640 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2014) 5 S.C_.R.
A 11 . As regards to the later portion of the first point, even if
we assume that it is a valid mortgage deed as per (ecit~ls of
the documents, it is evident that it is a simple mortgage in terms
of Section 58(b) of the Transfer of Property Act, 1 aai but not
.a usufructuary mortgage as defined under Section 58(d) ofihe
B Transfer of Property Act. The relevant provisions o{the same
are extracted hereunder :-
"58.(b)-Simple mortgage - Where, wi;thout deliver~ng
possession of the mortgaged property, the mqrtgagor.
binds himself personally to pay the mortgage-money, and·
c agrees, expressly or impliedly, that, iri the event· of his
failing to pay according to his contract, the mortgagee shall
have a right to cause the mortgaged property .to be sold
and the proceeds of sale to be applied, so far as may be
necessary, in payment of the mortgage-money, the
D transaction is called a simple mortgage and the mortgagee
. a simple mortgagee.
(d) Usufructuary mortgage - Where the mortgagpr
delivers possession or expressly or by implication binds
E himself to deliver possession of the mortgaged property
to the mortgagee, and authorises him to retain such.
possession until payment of the mortgage-money, and to
receive the rents and profits accruing from the property or
any part of such rents and profits and to appropriat~ the
F same in lieu of interest, or in payment of the mortgage-
money, or partly in lieu of interest or partly in payment of
the mortgage-money, the transaction is called an
usufructuary mortgage and the mortgagee an usufructuary
mortgagee."
G On a careful reading of the recitals in Exh.A 1, the mortgage
deed and the aforesaid provisions of the Transfer of Property
Act, i.e. the definitions of simple mortgage and usufructuary
mortgage, wherein simple mortgage is defined as the
mortgage where property is mortgaged without delivering
H possession of the mortgaged property to the mortgagee
MATHAI MATHAI v. JOSEPH MARY@ MARYKKUTTY 641
JOSEPH [V. GOPALA GOWDA, J.]
whereas usufructuary mortgage is defined as the mortgage · A
where th~ mortgagor delivers possession or expressly or by
implication binds himself to deliver possession of the ··
µiortgaged property to the mortgagee and further authorises
him to r~tain such possession until payment ofthe mortgage-
money, and to receive the rents .and profits accruing from the B
property or any part of such rents and profits and to appropriate
the .same iri lieu of interest, or in payment of the mortgage-
: m_oney,. or partly in lieu of interest or partly in payment of the
mortgage-money. It is clear that in the present case, it is a
simple mortgage and not a usufructuary mortgage. Here, it is c
relevant to rilenti.on the case of Pratap Singh @ Babu Ram &
Anr. v. Deputy Director of Consolidation, Mainpuri & Ors. 2,
· wherein this Court held as under :-
"In th.e ·case of possessory or usufructuary mortgage,
possession is delivered to the mortgagee. Delivery of D
possession to the mortgagee is a sine qua non of such a
mortgage. It is delivered in terms of the mortgage by the
mortgagor of his own volition to the mortgagee. The
mortgagee gets possession over the land only because it
has been delivered to him in terms of the mortgage deed E
which equally binds him."
·Thus, it is apparent that if a mortgage needs to be a
· usufructuary mortgage, possession has to be delivered under
the aegis of the mortgage deed itself. Further, as per section F
58(d) ·of the Act, in a usufructuary mortgage, the mortgagor
autho.rises the mortgagee to receive the rents and profits
accruing from the property in order to pay off the loan and in
th·e present case, there is nothing to show that this was
happening and it is not substantiated by the appellant by G
producing documentary evidence. Further, the mortgagor has
ag'reed to pay interest at the rate of 'half chakram per year for
every hundred' towards repayment of the loan amount and this
is detailed.in the mortgage deed itself and hence we can infer
2. . c20Cio) 4 sec 614. H
642 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2014] 5 S.C.R.
A that there was no intention on the part of the parties to allow
the mortgagee to appropriate the rents and profits accruing out
of the mortgaged property. It is also stated in the mortgage
deed that, on payment of the principal, this mortgage deed will
beredeemed, and if the principal and interest are not repaid,
B then it was agreed 'to realize it charged upon the security
property and on me', meaning the mortgagor. Thus, it is very
clear that the mortgage deed only purports to be that of a simple
mortgage. Merely the fact that the mortgagee herein happened
to be in possession of the mortgaged property will not make it
c sufficient to rule that he/she was a mortgagee in possession
under the deed. Further, the argument that possession of.the
property was delivered immediately after .the deed was
executed also cannot be a ground to hold that mortgagee was
in possession of the land in question as per the deed as there ..,,
\ is no recital in the deed which delivers possession of the land
0
to the mortgagee under.the deed. In the case of Ramkishorelal
& Anr. v. Kamal Narayan 3, it was held that the course of
conduct of the parties is of no, rele_vance for the constructi'on of
a document which is in itself, unambiguous. In th~ present case,
E the mortgage deed is unambiguous and it is pa~ntly clear that
the mortgagor did not intend to deliver possession of the
mortgaged property as he has clearly mentioned that he is
paying interest but there is no delivery of possession of land
as per the deed.· ,.
F 12. By perusing the recitals of the mortgage. de~d. it is
seen that it neither expressly or by implication binds the
mortgagor, the uncle of the first respo~dent to deliver
possession of the property and tor the mortgagee to ·retain such
possession of the same until payment of the mortgage., money
G but on the other hand the mortgage is a simpl~ mortgage as
the recitals fall within the definition of sin'lple mortgage and
there is no express recital in the deed to deliver possession Qf
the mortgaged property. ·
H 3. AIR 1963 SC 890.
MATHAI MATHAI v. JOSEPH MARY @ MARYKKUTTY 643
JOSEPH (V. GOPALA GOWDA, J.]
' By a careful reading of the orders passed by the A·
authorities, it is clear that the appellant has not produced any
revenue records to evidence the fact that after Exh.A1-
mortgage deed was executed by the mortgagor in the name
of the deceased mother of the appellant, her name· was entered
in the revenue records as the mortgagee in possession of the B
mortgagor's property covered in Exh. A 1, and in this regard no
piece of evidence has been produced to establish this fact which
would have been material documentary evidence. But on the
other hand, the Land Tribunal and the Appellate Authority have
preferred to simply rely on the Revenue Inspector's report as c
well as the deposition of the father of the first respondent and
the appellant as per Exh.A8 in the proceedings in O.A. No. 531
of 197-5 in order to· hpld that' the appellant was in possession
a~ the mortgagee. Even assuming the said document Exh.A8
deposition of the father is taken on record as evidence under 0
Section 80 of the Evidence Act, the said document at best will
disclose the fact that the appellant is in possession of the
,property but not as a successor of the deceased mother, the
mortgagee of the property. He also could nofhave claimed that
he·has succeeded in possession of the land in question of the
:; det:eased mothsr for the reason undisputedly as stated by the E
first respondent that at the time of death of the deceased
mother-mortgagee,. tbe appellant was a minor and therefore, he
coulp. riot ~;:tve come· into possession and continued as such
after the death of the deceased mortgagee and so the
.pos..ses1sion of the land fal!s to the father of the appellant. The F
a.ppellal}1 has failed to produce and establish the fact in the
ab~enc~ of recital in the mortgage deed Exh.A1 as to how the
mortgagee has come into the possession and now he continued
possession as successor of the mortgagee. The aforesaid
·factual and legal aspect has not been taken into consideration G
. by both the authoriti~s while coming to the conclusion on the
basis of Exh.f.1 ~nd instead, accepted the oral testimony of the
appellant, and the finding is· erroneously recorded by them in
his. favour holding that trie deceased mortgagee was in
'possession of the. land in question and after her death he
·~
H
,
,•
644 SUPREME COURT REPORTS r2014J s s.c:R.
A continued in possession as a mortgag~e. Therefore,_ the
concurrent finding of fact of the appellate·authority that lie has
proved this claim as a deemed tenant under Section 4A of the
K.L,R. Act and he is entitled to get the purchase certificate of
the owner of the property is not only an erroneous finding but
B · suffers from error in law and it has been rightly set ·aside· by
the High Court in exercise of its wider civil jurisdiction by
recording a finding that the appellant's possession of the
property is not that of a mortgagee under the mortgage deed.
C Answer to Point Nos. 2 and 3
13. Even in the absence of the reasons which we have.
given in this judgment, the conclusion and the concurrent finding
of fact arrived at by the Land Tribunal and the First Appellate
Authority is not only an erroneous finding but suffers from error
D in law. Further, another important aspect of the case that has
been ignored by both the authorities and the High Court is that
the mortgagor (or his legal heirs) have not been impleaded as
a party to the original claim or to subsequent proceedings.
There is also no mention whatsoever of the status of the original
E dowry amount for which the property was mortgaged in the first
place. Was the obligation discharged? What is the mortgagor's
stand on the issue? Nothing is clear. Further, the first
respondent's claim of ownership through her father is also highly
curious as it is not stated how the father is claiming ownership
F over the property. In the absence of this important evidence,
we cannot adjudicate upon the ownership of the property. We
can only hold that the appellant cannot claim to be a deemed
tenant of the land in question under the K.L.R Act and it is open
to the parties to litigate on..the question of ownership of the
G property in question before the appropriate authority. We hold
that the impugned judgment of the High Court is perfectly legal
and valid, and that the orders of the Land Tribunal and Appellate
Authority are erroneous for the reason that the facts and legal
evidence have been wrongly appreciated and held in favour of
H the appellant, although it is contrary to the recitals of Exh.A 1,
MATHAI MATHAI v. JOSEPH MARY@ MARYKKUTTY 645
JOSEPH [V. GOPALA GOWDA, J.]
as well as the provisions of the Indian Contract Act and the A
provisions of the Transfer of Property Act. Therefore, the findings
and reasons recorded by both the Land Tribunal and the
Appellate Authority are erroneous and suffer from error in law
for the reasons referred to supra. We answer the point Nos. 2
and 3 against the appellant. · B
Answer to Point No. 4
14. In view of our findings on the point Nos. 1 to 3 against
the appellant, we hereby dismiss this appeal and uphold the
impugned judgment of the High Court passed in the Civil C
Revision Petition. It is open to the parties to litigate before the
appropriate cou.rt with regard to the ownership rights of the .
property under the relevant provisions of law to get their rights
settled upon the property in question. No costs.
D
Rajendra Prasad Appeal dismissed.
I
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