M. SUNDERAMOORTHYversusTHE STATE OF TAMIL NADU THROUGH INSPECTOR OF POLICE

               M. SUNDERAMOORTHY
                                                                              A
                        v.
   THE STATE OF TAMIL NADU THROUGH INSPECTOR
                    OF POLICE

                             APRIL 5, 1990
                                                                              B
       [V. RAMASWAMI AND M. FATHIMA BEEVI, JJ.]

      Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947: Sections 4( 1), 5( l)(d) and
5(2)-Accused shown to have accepted money which was not legal
remuneration-Proves guilty conduct-Rebuttal must be by explana-
tion which must be true, not merely plausible.
      The appellant was an Accountant-cum-Headclerk in the Forest
Training School, PW-3 the Principal of the training school, and PW-I
the canteen contractor. The prosecution alleged that on the basis of a
complaint made by the appellant that the food served in the canteen was
substandard, PW-3 issued a show cause notice to PW-I, as to why the
licence for the canteen should not be cancelled and that thereafter the       D
appellant sent for PW-1 and demanded a bribe of Rs.100. As the appel·
Iant pressed the demand from PW -1, the latter made a complaint to
PW -6, the inspector, who arranged a trap.
      The trap was arranged. PW-1 handed over the money to the
appellant, who received the same. PW-6 conducted the phenolphthalein          E
test with reference to the fingers of the appellant. The test was positive.
The currency notes were seized, and the appellant arreste.d charge-
sheeted.
      The Trial Judge accepted the prosecution evidence, rejected the
pleas of the appellant that PW -1 had· returned the amount of Rs.100 due
to him, that there had been no demand for a bribe as there had been no        F
occasion t"or doing so, and recorded conviction.
      The appellant appealed to the High Court and contended that
there wa& no independent evidence regarding the demand, the
messenger who had contacted PW -1 at the behest of the appellant had
not been examined, the solitary evidence of PW-1 is insufficient and          G
that the explanation offered by the appellant was probable and that there
is no conclusive evidence to hold that the appellant was RUilty. The
High Court took the view that the recovery of the currency notes from
the appellant prove his guilty conduct, in view of the presumption aris-
ing under section 4( 1) of the Prevention of Corruption Act and that the
same has not been rebutted and held that though the conviction under          H

                                   335
    336                    SUPREME COURT REPORTS             [ 1990] 2 s.C.R.

    section 161 I.P.C. and section 5(2) of the Prevention of Corruption Act,
A
    1947 is to be maintained, no separate sentence need be awarded under
    section 161 I.P.C. It, accordingly, confirmed the conviction of the          ,l
    appellant ai:td sentenced him to undergo rigorous imprisonment for 15
    months.
          In the appeal to this court, it was contended that the appellant had
B
    a consistent case even from the earliest opp0~tunity, thafthe currency
    notes found in his possession was the money returned by Pw-1; and that
    the presumption, if any, arising under section 4 was rebutted, and the
    conviction cannot therefore be sustained.
          Dismissing the appeal, this Court
C          HELD: I. The appellant has not even by preponderance of proba-
    bility succeeded in rebutting the presumption under section 4(1) .of the
    Prevention of Corruption Act. [338C]
          2. The Court has no choice once it is established that the accused
    person has received a sum of money which was not due to him as a legal
D   reumuneration, but to draw a presumption that the person received the
    money .as a motive of reward. However, it is open to that person to show
    that though that money was not due to him as legal remuneration, it was
    legally due to him in some other manner or that he received it under a
    transaction or an arrangement which was lawful. The explanation
    offered by the person should be a true one and not one which is merely
E   plausible:[3J9B-C; Fl
         Dhanvantrai Ba/wantrai Desai v. State of Maharashtra, AIR 1964
    SC 575, referred to.

         CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal
    No. 818 of 1979.
F
         From the Judgment & Order dated the 27.10.1979 of the Madras
    High Court in Crl. A. No. 4 of 1977.

          A.S. Nambiar and K.R. Nambiar for the Appellant.
G         V. Krishnamurthy for the Respondent.
           The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

          FATHIMA BEEVI, J. This appeal is directed against the judg-
     ment dated 27 .10.1979 of the High Court of Madras confirming the
H    conviction of the appellant under section 161, I.P .C. and under section
           S. SUNDERAMOORTHY v. STATE OF TAMIL NADU IFATHIMABEEVI, J.)337

           5(2) read with section 5(1)(d) of the Prevention of Corruption Act.
                                                                                      A
           The appellant had been sentenced to undergo R.I. for 15 months
           under section 5(2) read with section 5(1)(d) of the Prevention of Cor-
~
           ruption Act with no separate sentence under section 161 I.P.C. The
           brief facts of the case are as under.

                  The appellant, Sunderamoorthy was an Accountant-cum-Head-           B
           clerk in the Tamil Nadu Forest Training S.chool at Vaigai Dam. He
           took charge of the office on 6.10.1975 and had been residing in a house


f"         opposite the training schoof PW-3, the Principal of the training school
           issued Ex. P-2 show cause notice to the PW-1, Venkataswamy, the
           canteen contractor, as to why his licence for running the canteen
           should not be cancelled. This was on the basis of a complaint made by
           the appellant that the food served in the canteen was substandard. The
                                                                                      c
           appellant had taken food in the canteen for two days and being dis-
           satisfied discontinued the practice before the notice was issued. The
L__        prosecution case is that the accused thereafter sent for PW-1, informed
           him that he would help him in restoring the licence and demanded a
           bribe of Rs.100. On 21.10.1975, the appellant is stated to have pressed    D
           the demand to PW-1. The latter made a complaint to PW-6 who there-
           upon arranged a trap. As instructed, PW-1 was ready with ten rupees
           currency notes. PW-6 after drawing up a mahazar in the' presence of
           PW-2, Jaganathan, Assistant of the Office of the Special Tehsildar,

....       Usilampatti directed PW-1 to give the notes to the appellant. PW-1
           handed over the money to the appellant who received the same. When
           PW-1 emerged, PW-6 along with PW-2 confronted the appellant. The
           appellant produced the currency notes. PW-6 conducted the phenol-
                                                                                      E


           phthalein test with reference to the fingers of the appellant. The test
           was positive, the currency notes were seized and the appellant
    r     _arrested. PW-3, the Principal produced the concerned file relating to
           show cause notice, from the house of the appellant on the same day.        F
           Finally, the appellant was chargesheeted.
>
    ii.
                 At the trial, the prosecution witnesses supported the case. PW-I
           affirmed the fact that the appellant· made the demand and had also
           received the amount on 22.10.1975. The recovery of the currency
           notes from the appellant was not challenged. The plea of the appellant     G
           was that PW-1 had returned the amount due to him and there had been
           no demand for a bribe as there had been no occasion for doing so. The

.   "'     Trial Court accepted the l'rosecution evidence, rejected the plea of the
           appellant and recorded the conviction. Before the High Court, the con-
           tentions of the appellant w~re that there was no independent evidence
           regarding the demand, the messenger who had contacted PW-1 at the          H
    338                    SUPREME COURT REPORTS            [ 1990] 2 S.C.R.

    behest of the appellant had not been examined, the solitary evidence
A   of PW-1 is-insufficient, the explanation offered by the appellant was
    probable and there is no conclusive evidence to hold that the appellant,
    was guilty. lt was also urged that the appellant being new in the office
    could exert little influence on the Principal and the whole story is,
    therefore improbable. These contentions did not find favour with the
B   High Court. It took the vir.w that the evidence of PW-I find corrobora-
    tion in the testimony of PW-2 and 6 and the contemporary records.
    The recovery of the currency notes from the appellant proves the
    guilty conduct of the apJ?ellant in view of the presumption arising
    under section 4( 1) of the Prevention of Corruption Act which has not
    been rebutted. The decisions of the Court in State of Rajasthan v.
    Mohamed Habeeb, [1973] Crl. L.J. 703; C.I. Emden v. State of Uttar
c   Pradesh, AIR 1960 SC 548 and Lohana Kantilal v. State, AIR. 1954           ,_
    Saurashtra 121 were referred to. The High Court thought that though
    the conviction under section 161 I.P.C. and section 5(2) of the Preven-
    tion of Corruption Act is to be maintained, no separate sentence need
    be awarded under section 161 LP .C.
D
           The appellant h~< reiterated the contentions before us. The
     learned counsel appearing for the appellant, however, maintained that
     the appellant had a consistent case even from the earliest opportunity
     that the currency notes found in his possession was the money returned
     by PW- I, the circumstances of the case would probablise this case of
E    the appellant and the presumption, if any, arising under section 4 is
     rebutted and the conviction cannot therefore be sustained. PW-6 has
     stated at the time of the seizure the explanation offered by the appel-
     lant was that PW- I had reiurned the loan and that he had given the
     money for the Dipawali. The case that has been developed in the
     course of the trial is not that of a Joan transaction but payment of an
F    advance of Rs. 125 in the canteen when the appellant started to take
     food there. The case of Dipawali gift or return of a loan given to PW-I
     has not been even suggested. It cannot, therefore, be said that there
     had been consistent explanation for the appellant. PW-3, the Principal
     has averred in unequivocal terms that Ex.P-2 memo had been issued on
    ·the basis of the complaint received from the appellant that on getting
G    the explanation from PW-1 he on 18.10.1975 itself passed orders and
     closed the file. The order made was not disclosed to PW-I and till
     22.10.1975, the file itself was kept by the appellant in his personal
     custody. He had thereafter received the amount ofRs.100 from PW-1.
     This conduct of the appellant is clearly inconsistent with the transac-
     tion of loan or return of money by PW-1.
H
      S. SUNDERAMOORTHYv. STATE OFTAMILNADU [FATHIMABEEVJ,J.J339

          This Court observed in Dhanvantrai Balwantrai Desai v. State of
                                                                                   A
      Maharashtra, AIR 1964 SC 575 as under:

                  "Where any gratification (other than legal gratification) or
                  any valuable thing is proved to have been received by an
                  accused person the court is required to draw a presumption
                  that the person received that thing as a motive of reward        B
                  such as is mentioned in §ection 161, I.P.C. Therefore, the
                  Court has no choice in the matter, once it is established
                  that the accused person has received a sum of money which
                  was not due to him as a legal remuveration. Of course, it is
                  open to that person to show that though that money was
                  not due to him as legal remuneration it was legally due to
                 .him in some other manner or that he had received it under        c
                  a transaction or an arrangement which was lawful. The
                  burden resting on the accused person in such a case would
                  not be as light as it is where a presumption is raised under
                  section 114 of Evidence Act and cannot be held to be dis-
                  charged merely by reason of the fact that the explanation        1J
                  offered by the accused is reasonable and probable. it must
                  further be shown that the exr..Janation is a true one. The
                  words 'unless the contrary is proved' which occur in this
                  provision make it clear that the presumption has to be
                  rebutted by 'proof' and not by a bare explanation which is
                  merely plausible. A fact is said to be proved when.its exis-     E
                  tence is directly established or when upon the material
                  before it the Court finds its existence to be so probable that
                  a reasonable man would act on the supposition that it
                  exists. Unless, therefore, the explanation is supported by
                  proof, the presumption created by the provision cannot be
                  said to be rebutted."                                            F

rll          On a careful consideration of the facts and circumstances, we are
      not satisfied that the appellant had even by preponderance of proba-
      bility succeeded in rebutting the presumption.

           The argument that clause (d) of section 5(1) of the Prevention of       G
      Corruption Act is not attracted on the proved facts is also not
      impressive.

           We find no merit in the appeal. It is accordingly dismissed.

      N,V.K.                                                Appeal dismissed.      H