Holding

The certificate of immunity was validly revoked because the firm’s disclosure was not full and true and fraud defeats the statutory immunity, so the appeal was dismissed.

Summary

The appellant, a partnership firm, made a voluntary disclosure under the Voluntary Disclosure of Income Scheme, 1997 and received a certificate of immunity. Later, a search and seizure operation on the firm’s partners uncovered undisclosed income that the firm had failed to reveal in its VDIS application. The Commissioner of Income Tax revoked the certificate under Section 64(2) of the Scheme, and the High Court dismissed the firm’s writ petition. On appeal, the Supreme Court held that the firm’s disclosure was not full and true because the income was already known to the tax department through the partners’ search, and that fraud vitiates the statutory immunity. Applying purposive construction, the Court affirmed the revocation and dismissed the appeal.

Issues considered

Whether a certificate of immunity granted under the Voluntary Disclosure of Income Scheme, 1997 can be revoked when the firm fails to disclose that the income was already known to the tax department through a search on its partners.
Whether a partnership firm and its partners are to be treated as distinct assessee entities for the purposes of the Scheme and Section 64(2).
Whether fraud defeats the immunity granted under the Scheme and permits revocation of the certificate.
Whether the Supreme Court can entertain the matter under Article 136 of the Constitution.

Legislation cited

Constitution of Indias. Article 136, s. Article 142
Income Tax Act, 1961s. 63, s. 64(1), s. 64(2), s. 68(1), s. 68(2)
Indian Partnership Act, 1932s. 19

Subjects

Voluntary Disclosure of Income SchemeSection 64(2)Partnership firmTax immunityFraudPurposive constructionStatutory interpretationIncome taxSearch and seizureArticle 136Article 142

Judgment

MIS. TANNA AND MODI A
v.
C.l.T. MUMBAI XXV AND ORS.

MAY 17, 2007

[S.B. SINHA AND P.K. BALASUBRAMANY AN, JJ.] B

•
~ Voluntary Disclosure of the Income Scheme, I997 :

s.64(2)-Revocation of certificate-Search and seizure action against
partners of firm-Income Tax authorities having already discovered assets c
declared in VJDS by assessee firm-Fact of search not disclosed in VIDS
application-Certificate declared null and void-Writ Petition dismissed by
High Court -Held: Though under Income Tax Act and VIDS, 1997 a firm and
its partner mqy have to be treated differently, a firm is the conglomeration
of its partners, and it is not a juristic person-On facts, disclosure made by D
firm related to some amount which had been disclosed by ·partner during
·- search and seizure action-Even source of income was found to be the
"'" same-As income offirm vis-a-vis its partners have a direct correlation, while
construing a statute granting immunity it should not be construed in such
a manner so as to frustrate its object-Keeping in view the purport and
object of 1997 Scheme, rule of purposive construction should be applied- E
Applying the principles underlying Article I 36 and 142 of the Constitution,
and having regard to nature of fraud practiced upon statutory authorities,
no case made out for invoking jurisdiction under Article 136-Constitution
of India, 1950-Arts. 136 and 142-Income Tax Act, 1961-Partnership Act,
I831-s. I9-Interpretation of Statutes-Purposive construction
F
Interpretation of Statutes :

Tax statutes-Circulars issued by Central Board ofDirect Taxes-Held:
May also be taken into consideration for purpose of construing the statute-
Executive construction is ordinarily allowed to prevail and shall be binding
G
on authorities under /. T. Act.

Appellant-assessee, a partnership firm, made a voluntary disclosure,
I
under the Voluntary Disclosure of the Income Scheme, 1997. The said
declaration was accepted and a certificate was issued. However, by order dated
233 H
234 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2007] 7 S.C.R.

A 8.4.2003, the Commissioner of Income Tax declared the said certificate to be
.:.
null and void u/s 64(2) of the Scheme, as the search and seizure action had
been carried out in respect of the partners of the assessee relating to the
assets declared by it in the VDIS application which had been discovered earlier
by the Income Tax Department during the course of search and seizure action,
but the assessee did not disclose this fact while filing the VDIS declaration.
B The writ petition filed by the assessee firm having been dismissed by the High
Court, the firm filed the instant appeal.

. It was, inter al:a, contended for the assessee-appellant that the firm for. ~
the purpose of applicability of provision of Income Tax Act being a distinct .
c and separate entity vis-a-vis its partners, and there being no search and
seizure of the premises of the firm, nor any warrant having been issued, the
proceedings could not have been initiated for revoking the certificate issued
under the VDI Scheme.

Dismissing the appeal, the Court
D
HELD: 1.1. For the purpose of the application of the provisions of the
Income Tax Act, 1961 and the Voluntary Disclosure of Income Scheme, 1997, )
a firm and its partner may have to be treated differently as a partner of a firm
may have income other than his share of profits from the firm.
(Para 17) (243-E]
E
1.2. It is, however, also well settled that fraud vitiates all solemn acts.
Fraudulent actions shall render the act a nullity. It would b~ non est in the .
eyes of law. Acts of a firm vis-a-vis its partners, however, as is understood in
common parlance or in terms of the provisions of the Partnership Act, 1932,
in a case of this nature, may have to be taken into consideration for judging
F the validity ofaction. Under the Partnership Act, a partner represents a firm.
\.
He has an implied authority in terms of Section 19 thereof and thus, any action
taken by a partner of a firm vis-a-vis. the firm, unless otherwise specific,
binds the firm itself. It is one thing to say that for the purpose of invoking the
provisions of the Income Tax Act and other taxation laws a firm and its partner5
G are treated to be separate entities but while construing a statute involving
immunity from certain penal actions, the provisions thereof should not
ordinarily be judged ori the touchstone of the provisions of the 1961 Act, only
· because the 1997 Scheme has a direct nexus therewith. The immunity granted
pursuant to acceptance of a declaration made under the voluntary taxation \
scheme or Kar Vivad Samadhan Scheme, 1998 does not lead to a total
H immunity. Immunity granted under the Scheme has its own limitations. The
TANNA AND MODI v. C.l.T. MUMBAI XXV 235
Scheme must be applied only in the event the conditions precedent laid down A
ther~fore are applicable. (Para 19 and 20) (243-G-H; 244-A-C)

State, CBI v. Sashi Balasubramanian & Anr., (2006) 10 SCALE 541
and Alpesh Navinchandra Shah v. State of Maharashtra and Ors., (2007) 2
sec 777' relied on
B
1.3. In the instant case, a raid was conducted in the premises of the
firm. Search warrant might have been issued in the name of a partner of the
..j firm. The partner made certain statements. The search revealed some
)'
undisclosed income. The firm has a separate legal entity, it could have made
a declaration, but it was done in respect of the same amount regarding the
partner of the firm made discfosures. It is one thing to say that when a firm c
has concealed income, each partner need not make a declaration but it would
be another thing to say that when a search has been made on the premises of
the firm and the books of accounts of the firm are inspected, on the strength
.~
of a search warrant issued in the name of one of the partners thereof, a
declaration can be made by the firm so as to cover the loopholes. In a case of D
this nature where fraud is alleged one cannot be oblivious of the fact that
-~, each firm.acts through its partner. (Para 21] [244-D-G)
"\-.

1.4. A firm is the conglomeration of its partners, and is not a juristic
person. In the instant case, the purported disclosure made by the firm relates
to the same amount which has been disclosed by the partner. Even the source E
of income was found to be the same. As the income of a firm vis-a-vis its
partners have a direct co-relation, while construing a statute granting
immunity, it should not be construed in such a manner so as to frustrate its
object. Keeping in view the purport and object which the 1997 Scheme seeks
to achieve, in the place of literal interpretation, the rule of purposive
construction should be applied. (Para 21) (244-H; 245-A-B)
F.

Bombay Dyeing and Mfg. Co. Ltd v. Bombay Environmental Actiqn
Group and Ors., [2006) 3 SCC 434 ar.d National Insurance Co. Ltd v. Laxmi
Narain Dhut, [2007) 4 SCALE 36, relied on.

Francis Bennion's Statutory Interpretation, referred to.
G

2. Executive construction is ordinarily allowed to prevail and shall be
binding on the authorities under the Act. A' fortiori, clarificatory circulars ·
--(
issued by the Central Board of Direct Taxes may. also be taken into
H
236 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2007) 7 S.C.R.

A consideration for the purpose or construCtion of the statute.
{Para 18) (243-F]

3. In any event, it is not a fit case where this. Court should invoke its
extra-ordinary jurisdiction under Article 136 or the Constitution. It is now
well settled that this Court does not exercise its jurisdiction only because it
B is lawful to do so. It, for the purpose or doing complete justice to the par:ties,
not only may or may not interfere with the impugned judgment but also issue
directions in terms of Article 142 of the Constitution. Applying these
principies, and particularly having regard to the nature orrraud practiced _)..:..
Y.
upon the statutory authorities, no case has been made out for invoking our ·
C jurisdiction under Article 136 of the Constitution. [Para 23 and 241

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 2696 of2007. ·

From the Final Judgment and Order dated 19'.07.2005 of the High Court
of Judicature at Bombay in Writ Petition No. 918 of2005.

i{ Vimal Chandra, S. Dave, Neelam Kalsi, S.N. Singh, Pallavi Divekar for the
Appellant.
):
Amarjit Singh, Vikas Singh, ASGs., Neera Gupta and B.V. Balaram Das
for the Respondents.
E The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

S.B. SINHA, J. 1. Leave granted.

2. Interpretation and application of the provisions of Voluntary Disclosure
F of Income Scheme falls for our consideration in this appeal which arises out
of the judgment dated 19.7.2005 passed by the High Court of Judic.ature at
Bombay in Writ Petition (Civil) No. 918 of2005 dismissing the writ petition
filed by the appellant herein, questioning the correctness of an Order dated
135.2004 passed by the Commissioner of Income Tax, Mumbai City XXV
refusing to entertain an application under voluntary disclosure scheme.
G
3. Appellant is a firm registered under the Indian Partnership Act, 1932.
It is also registered under the Income Tax Act, 1961. A search and seizure
proceeding was conducted against three individuals Smt. Kuntalaxmi Tanna,
Shri Kashyap Tanna and Shri Kauntey Tanna. Office of the appellant was also
situate at the same premises where the searcli and seizure was conducted. A
H voluntary disclosure by the firm was made in respect of the assessment year
TANNA AND MODI v. C.l.T. MUMBAI XXV [S.B. SINHA, J.] 237
1994-1995 for a sum of Rs. 2,45,420/- for the assessment year 1994-1995 and A
Rs. 2,05,470/- for the assessment year 1995-1996 under the Voluntary Disclosure
of the Income Scheme, 1997.

4. By an Order dated 30.12.1997, the said declaration was accepted.

5. Requisite amount of tax was also paid. A certificate was issued by B
the Commissioner of Income Tax having satisfied himself with the various
requirements of the Scheme. Additions made in respect of the assessment
years 1994-1995 and 1995-1996 were directed to be deleted by the Commissioner
of Income Tax on 29.1.2003 and 24.2.2003 respectively opining that the firm
became entitled to the immunity being inherent in the Scheme.
c
6. However, an Order was passed by the Commissioner of Income Tax
on 8.4.2003 declaring the said certificate to be null and void under Section
64(2) of the Voluntary Disclosure oflncome Scheme, 1997 stating;

"Subsequent to the filing of declaration and issue of certificate u/s.
68(2) of the VDIS 97, it has been brought out that search & seizure D
action was carried out in respect of the assessee on 18/4/J 997 relating '°'·
to the assets declared by the assessee in the VDIS application filed
on 30/1211997 and this fact was not disclosed by the assessee while
filing the VDIS declaration on 30/12/1997. As the assets declared by
the assessee under VDIS' 97 had been discovered earlier by the E
Income Tax Department during the course of Search & Seizure action,
the VDIS'97 certificate issued u/s. 68(2) of the VDIS'97 and as such,
the certificate u/s. 68(2) of the VDIS'97 dated 10/3/98 issued by the
Commissioner of Income Tax (Central) II is held to be null and void."

7. Appellant contended that the said Order having been passed without F'
complying with the principles of natural justice and behind its back was
illegal. A Writ Petition was filed before the Bombay High Court and by an
Order dated 4.2.2004, the matter was directed to be considered de novo by
the Commissioner of Income Tax, whereupon, again by reason of an Order
dated 13.5.2004, the Commissioner of Income Tax inter alia opined that as a G
partner is an intrinsic part oi a firm, only because no specific search warrant
was issued in the name of the assessee firm, the same would not entitle it to
take benefit of the 1997 Scheme.

It was held;

"The partner of the firm, Mr. Kauntey M. Tanna was searched and he H
238 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007) 7 S.C.R.

A answered the questions asked of him, as partner of this concern,
admitting to the receipt of on money. The figures available from the
diaries found at the time of the search show that for F.Y., 93-94,
relevant to A.Y. 94-95, total on money received was Rs. 16,36,128/- as
per diary No. A-2 written by Shri Kauntey M:"Tanna. It is exactly this
figures which has been offered by the assessee as the gross receipts
B of on money under the V.D.LS. declaration. Therefore, the assessee's )

claim before thE Assessing Officer that the diary and the loose pape~s
were in no way connected with him was patently incorrect. Similarly
for the A. Y.. 95-96 the diaries found during the course of the search
form the basis of the declaration m~de by the assessee firm.
c It is pertinent to note that during the course of the search, the partner,
Shri Kuntey M. Tanna, had admitted to the on money received by the
assessee firms on the basis of the·~·eized documents referred to in the
assessment order. It is only subsequently that a retraction was made.
The assessee had denied at the time of the assessment proceedings ~.

D only (and not at the time of search proceedings) that the loose papers
relied upon by the Assessing Officer written in the partner's hand, did
~-
not belong to them and yet it is these papers and loose paper which -I

form the basis of the V.D.l.S. declaration made by them. Therefore, the
assessee has falsely claimed before the assessing officer that the
papers did not relate to them.
E
Moreover, from the facts given above it is very clear that the income
disclosed by the assessee firm under the V.D.I.S. 97 was already in the
knowledge of the Department as a result of the search anq seizure
actfon and that the assessee deliberately with .held this fact from the
C.I.T., Central II at the time of filing the V.D.I.S. declaration.
F
The assessee has sought to escape through a procedural loophole by t-
emphasizing that no search warrant was executed in the name of Ml
s. Tanna and Modi and therefore there was no search and seizure
action in the case of the firm, and hence the declaration made by it
under the V.D.l.S. was valid."
G
It was further held;

" ... The V.D.I.S. 97 laid down certain parameters which were to be
\--
fulfilled before the assessee can take benefit of the immunity given by
the scheme. The broad conditions were that the assessee should make
H
TANNA AND MODI v. C.I.T. MUMBAI XXV [S.B. SINHA. J.] 239

a full and true disclosure and that the information should not be in A
the prior knowledge of the Department. Neither, of these two conditions
have been met by the assessee in this particular case. At the time of
the V.D.l.S. declaration the assessee should have informed the C.I.T.
Central II that there was a search and seizure operation and that the
document or. which basis the declaration was being made was seized B
at the time of the search operation. To the contrary the assessee has
deliberately tried to mislead the C.I.T. Central II by stating that the
V.D.l.S. declaration was on the basis of the decision of the Hon'ble
LT.A.T. The assessee failed to mention in his declaration !hat the
information of the on money taken by it on the sale of flat/shop was
already with the Department as a result of the search proceedings, C
therefore the assessee failed to make a full and true disclosure as
envisaged in the V.D.l.S. 97.

Moreover, there is no denying that the information relating to the on
money received by the assessee fom was available with the Department
prior to the V.D.I.S. 97 declaration made by him and that in fact the D
Departments had been questioning the assessee firm and asking them
to explain exactly these entries. Instead of explaining these entries, the
assessee firm denied that the documents found belonged to them
thereby attempting to subvert the due process of law and deny its
genuine tax liability as well as to save itself from further proceedings E
that it was liable to."

8. Writ Petition filed thereagainst by the appellant has been dismissed
by reason of the impugned judgment.

9. The learned counsel appearing on behalf of the appellant inter alia
would submit that: F
(i) The order passed under Section 64(2) issuing a valid certificate
issued by the Commissioner of Income Tax could not have been
revoked as by reason thereof full immunity had been granted to
the declarant under the Scheme
G
(ii) Once a declaration is made under the Scheme, there being no
search and seizure on its premises nor any warrant having been
issued, the proceedings could not have been initiated for revoking
the certificate by the Commissioner of Income Tax.
(iii) A firm for the purpose of applicability of the provisions of the H
240 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2007) 7 S.C.R.

A Income Tax Act is a -distinct and separate entity vis-a-vis its
partners and in the event if it is held that an action on the part
of a· partner would not bind the firm, the impugned orders cannot
be sustained.

(iv) In any event the partner having retracted his admission, the
B question of taking any action on the basis thereof would not
arise.
(v) The circulars by the Central Board of Direct Taxes binding on the
department where the search warrant having been issued and
executed in the name of an individual and the fact that he was
c a partner of the firm being known to the department, no further
information was necessary to be supplied.

10. Mr. Vikas Singh, learned Additional Solicitor General appearing on
behalf of the respondent, on the other hand, would submit that in this case,
the parties not only had a common office but what was declared by the
D partner of the firm was the very same amount representing the income of the
firm and even the source thereof was the same and, thus, a clear case of
misrepresentation and unfair disclosure has been made out.

11. A Scheme known as Voluntary Disclosure of Income Scheme, 1997
was made by the Parliament under the Finance Act of 1997.
E
12. Relevant provisions of the said Scheme, before we embark upon the
rival contentions of the parties as noticed herein before, may be noticed by
us:

Section 63(a) - "declarant" means a person making the declaration
F under sub-section (1) of section 64;

Section 64(1) - Subject to the provisions of this Scheme, where any
person makes, on or after the date of commencement of this Scheme
but on or before the 31st day of December, 1997, a declaration in
accordance with the provisions of section 65 in respect of any income
G chargeable to tax under the Income-tax Act for any assessment year-

(a) for which he has failed to furnish a return under section 139 of
the Income -tax Act;

(b) which he has failed to disclose in a return of income furnished ·,._
by him under the Income-tax Act before the date of commencement
H

' -
'
TANNA AND MODI v. C.l.T. MUMBAI XXV (S.B. SINHA, J.) 241
of this Scheme. A
(c) which has escaped assessment by reason of the omission or
failure on the part of such person to make a return under the
Income-tax Act or to disclose fully and truly all material facts
necessary for his assessment or otherwise.
then, notwithstanding anything contained in the Income-tax Act or in B
any Finance Act, income-tax shall be charged in respect of the income
so declared (such income being hereinafter referred to as the voluntarily
disclosed income) at the rates specified hereunder, namely -
(i) in the case ofa declarant, being a company or a f~, at the
rate of 35 per cent of the voluntarily disclosed income; C
(ii) in the case of a declarant, being a person other than a
company or a firm, at the rate of 30 per cent of the voluntarily
disclosed income.
(2) Nothing contained in sub-section {I) shall apply in relation to - D
(i) the income assess~ble for any assessment year for which a
notice under section 142 or section 148 of the Income-tax Act has
been served upon such person and the return has not been
furnished before the commencement of this Scheme;
(ii) the income in respect of the previous year in which a search E
under section 132 of the Income-tax Act was initiated or requisition
under section 132A of the Income-tax Act was made, or survey
under section 133A of the Income-tax Act was carried out or in
respect of any earlier previous year.
68(1) - The amount of the voluntarily disclosed income shall not be F
included in the total income of the declarant for any assessment year
under the Income-tax Act, if the following conditions are fulfilled,
namely:-
(i) the declarant credits such amount in the books of account, if
any, maintained by him for any source of income or. in any other G
record, and intimates the credit so made io the Assessing Officer;
and
(ii) the income-tax in respect of the voluntarily disclosed income
is paid by the declarant within the time specified in section 66 or
67. H
242 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2007) 7 S.C~R.

A 13. The Central Board of Direct Taxes in exercise of its power conferred
upon it under sub-Sections (I) and (2) of Section 71 of the Finance Act, 1997
made rules known as Voluntary Disclosure oflncome Rules, 1997 (the Rules).

Rule I 0 of the Rules reads as under:-
B "IO. The particulars furnished by a declarant shall be kept secret and
shall be treated as confidential. No court or any other authority shall .
be entitled to require any officer of the Income-tax Depanment or the
declararrt himself to produce before it any such declaration or to give -~
evidence before it in this regard. Further,. nothing contained in any ......
c declaration sh~ll be admissible as evidence against the declarant for
the purpose of any proceeding relating to imposition of penalty or
launching of prosecution: under the Income-tax Act, the Wealth-tax
Act, the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1975, or the Companies
Act, 1956.

D 14. It appears that as there remained certain doubts in regard to the
applicability of the said Scheme, inter a/ia in relation to the partners of a firm
vis-a-vis firm , some questions were posed which were sought to be answered
by issuance of a circular letter No. 754 dated 1.0.6.1997 by CBDT.

Question No. 5 : If the firm had concealed income, can the
E partners file, declaration in respect of such
concealed income? ·
Answer The declaration will be by the firm verified by
the managing partner. If there is no managing
partner, then by one of the partners. The
F partners need not make declaration regarding
their respective share of income.
r-
Question· No. 7 : Where a private limited company has not filed
return of income for assessment year 1990-91 in
respect of its income as per books of account,
G can it file a declaration under the scheme and
pay tax at 35 per cent?
.
1

Answer Yes
Question No. 13 : Immunity should also be granted to directors of \.-
a company, partners of the firm and members of
H
TANNA AND MODI v. C.l.T. MUMBAI XXV (S.B. SINHA. J.] 243

the AOP which makes a declaration under the A
scheme.

Answer As far as finns and AOPs are concerned, it is
enough if firm and AOPs declare. There is no
need for partners and members to declare
separately in respect of the income declared by B
the firm or AOP. In respect of disclosure by the
company, no director of the company shall be
-~
prosecuted.

15. There cannot be any doubt that under the Income Tax Act, a firm
whether registered or not under the provision of the Indian Partnership Act C
is treated as a separate assessee. An Order of assessment is passed on the
. basis of income derived by a person. His total income· may consist of his
share of profit out of the income of the firm.

16. It may be true that in that view of the matter, assessment of a firm
and assessment of a partner would stand on different footings. D
17. For the purpose of the application of the provisions of the Income
Tax Act, 1961 and the Voluntary Disclosure of Income Scheme, 1997, a firm
and its partner may have to be treated differently as a partner of a firm may
have income other than his share of profits from the firm.
E
18. We would also accept and particularly having regard to a large
number of decisions of this Court operating in the field that executive
construction is ordinarily allowed to prevail and shall be binding on the
authorities under the Act. A' fortiori, clarificatory circulars issued by the
Central Board of Direct Taxes may also be taken into consideration for the .. F
-I purpose of construction of the statute.

19. It is, however, also well settled that fraud vitiates all solemn acts.
Fraudulent actions shall render the act a nullity. It would be non est in the
eyes of law. Acts of a firm vis-a-vis its partners, however, as is understood
in common parlance or in terms of the provisions of the Partnership Act, 1932, G
in a case of this nature, may have to be taken into consideration for judging
the validity of action. Under the Partnership Act, a partner represents a finn.
He has an implied authority in terms of Section 19 thereof and, thus, any
action taken by a partner of a firm vis-a-vis. the firm, unless otherwise specific
binds the firm itself. It is one thing to say that for the purp~se. of invoking
H
244 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007] 7 S.C.R.

A the provisions of the Indian Income Tax Act and other taxation laws of a firm '-·
and its partners are treated to be separate entities but while construing a
statute in·volving immunity from certain penal actions, in our opinion, the
provisions thereof should not ordinarily be judged on the touchstone of the
provisions of the 1961 Act, only because the 1997 Scheme has a direct nexus
therewith.
B
20. It may be necessary for the ~aforementioned purpose to bear in mind
that the immunity granted pursuant to:acceptance of a declaration made under
the voluntary taxation scheme or Kar Vivad Samadhan Scheme, 1998 does not
lead to a total immunity. Immunity granted under the Scheme has its own
c limitations. The Scheme must be applied only in the event the. conditions
precedent laid down therefor are applicable. See State, CBI v. Sashi
Balasubramanian & Anr., (2006] 10 SCALE 541 and Alpesh Navinchandra
Shah v. State of Maharashtra and Ors., (2007] 2 SCC 777.

21. A raid was conducted in the premises of the finn. Search warrant
D might have ·been issued in the name of a partner of the finn. The partner made
certain statements. The search revealed some undisclosed income. The firm
has a separate legal entity, it could have made a declaration, but it was done
in respect of the same amount regarding the partner ·of the firm made
disclosures. What would be the effect of his subsequent retraction is not a
matter which we are required to deal with herein. It is one thing to say that
E when a firtn has concealed income, each partner need not make a declaration
but it would be another thing to say that when a search has been made on
the premises of the firm and the books of accounts of the firm are inspected,
on the strength ofa search warrant issued in the name of one of the partners
thereof, a declaration can be made by the .firm so as tc:> cover the loopholes.
F In a case where sub-section (2) of Section 64 is applied, sub-section (1)
thereof would not apply inasmuch as it starts with the term "nothing contained"
in sub~section (1) shall apply in relation to. What are the conditions which
r-
would make sub-section (I) of Section 64 inapplicable is the income assessable
for any assessment year for which a notice under Section 142 or 148 of the
Income Tax Act has been served upon such person and the return has not
G been furnished before commencement of the Scheme and upon strict
construction, it is possible to argue that the word "such person" must relate
to that declarant which being a firm would not include within its purview i~s
partners. But, in a case of this nature where fraud is alleged, we cannot be
'r-
oblivious of the fact that each finn acts through its partner. A finn is the
H conglomeration of its partners, and is not a juristic person. In the instant case,
TANNA AND MODI v. C.l.T. MUMBAI XXV [S.B. SINHA, J.] 245
the purported disclosure made by the firm relates to the same amount which A
·has been disclosed by the partner. Even the source of income was found to
be the same. As the income of a firm vis-a-vis its partners have a direct co-
relation, in our opinion, while construing a statute granting immunity, it
should not be construed in such a manner so as .to frustrate its object.
Keeping in view the purport and object which the 1997 Scheme seeks to B
achieve, we are of the opinion that in the place of literal interpretation, the
rule of purposive construction should be applied.
··~
22. In Francis Bennion's Statutory Interpretation, purposive.construction
has been described in the following manner:

"A purposive construction of an enactment is one which gives effect C
to the legislative purpose by-
. .
(a) following the literal meaning of the enactment where that meaning
is in accordance with. the legislative purpose (in this Code called a
purposive-and-literal construction), or
D
(b) applying a strained meaning where the literal meaning is not in
accordance with the legislative purpose (in the Code called a purposive-
and-strained construction)."

[See also Bombay Dyeing and Mfg. Co. Ltd v. Bombay Environmental
Action Group and Ors.. (2006] 3 SCC 434 and National Insurance Co. Ltd E
v. Laxmi Narain Dhut, (2007] 4 SCALE 36.

23. In any event, it is not a fit case where we should invoke our extra-
ordinary jurisdictiOn under Article 136 of the Constitution of India. It is now
well settled that this Court does not exercise its jurisdiction only because it F
is lawful to do so. It, for the purpose of doing complete justice to the parties,
not only may or may not interfere with the impugned judgment but also issue
directions for the purpose of doing complete justice to the parties in terms
·of Article 142 of the Constitution of India.

24. Applying the aforementioned principles, and particularly having G
regard to the nature of fraud practiced upoµ the statutory authorities, we are
of the opinion that no case has been made out for invoking our jurisdiction

- -(
under Article 136 of the Constitution of India. The appeal is dismissed.

RP. Appeal dismissed.
H