M/S KISHAN LAL LAKSHMI CHAND AND ORS.versusSTATE OF HARYANA AND ORS.

           MIS KISHAN LAL LAKSHMI CHAND AND ORS.                                  A
                                v.
                    STATE OF HARYANA AND ORS.

                               JULY 29, 1993

     [K. RAMASWAMY, R.M. SAHA! AND S.P. BHARUCHA, JJ.]                            B

        Haryana Rural Development Ac• 1986: Sections 5( I) and II-Con-
 stitutional validity of-Distinction between tax and fee-Held: Section 5(1)
 and 11 are valid-Levy is not a tax but a fee towards the fund to expend for
 the pwpose enumerated under Section 6(5) of the Act.                             c
       Constitution of India, 1950: A1ticles 246(3), 286(2) and Entry 28 read
 with Ent1y 66 in List II of the Vllth Schedule-constitutional validity of the
 Haryana Rural Development Act, 1986-Power of the legislature to validate
 the law declared invalid by Cowt-Scope of
                                                                                  D
        Sequel to the decision of the Supreme Court in Om Prakash Agarwal
 & Ors. v. Giriraj & Ors., [1986] 1 S.C.C. 722 declaring Section 3 of the
 Haryana Rural Development Act, 1983 as unconstitutional on the ground
 of legislative incompetence, as the levy of cess under the Section was in the
 nature of tax and not fee, quid pro quo being absent; the Haryana Rural          E
 Development Act, 1986 was enacted purporting to remove the defects
 pointed out by the Court. The vires of the 1968 Act was c.hallenged by the
 appellants before the High Court. A Full Bench of the High Court repelled
 the challenge and upheld the validity of the Act.

         In the appeal before this Court, on behalf of the appellal)fs it was     F
   contended that the agriculture produce was a declared goods under Article
   286(2) of the Constitution; this Court had declared in Kewa/, Kishan Puri
   & Anr. v. State of Punjab & Ors., [1979] 3 S.C.R. 1217 that co~stitutionally
   it was impermissible to levy market fee in excess of 2 per cent, and the
   State Legislature was incompetent to levy sales tax in excess of 4 per cent.
  ·on sale of goods; but the State Legislature found the Act a camoullage and     G
   colourable device to circumvent the constitutional ma'nda'tes and effected
   cosmetic changes in the Act and imposed 1 per cerit fee as developme)'t
' fund to bypass the mandate of the Constitution and the law declared by
 this Court; the impost at 1 per cent was no less than a tax; it was colourable
 exercise of the power by the State Legislature and the Act could not be          H
                                   433
    434                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1993] SUPP. 1 S.C.R.

A brought under any of the entries 45 to 63 of List II of the Seventh Schedule
  to the Constitution; imposition and collection of the fee by operation of
  Section 5 of the Act, was not expended in any particular market or market
  area but to general development in rural area; the principle of ·quid pro
  quo at least in the region of 2/3rd or 3/4th as envisaged by this Court in
B Kewal Kish an Puri & Anr. v. State of Punjab & Ors., (1979] 3 S.C.R. 1217,
  was absent; the traders as a class and appellants, in particular, were not
  deriving any benefit therefrom; resultantly there was total lack of correla-
  tion between the fund collected and the service intended to be rendered to
  the dealers; the impost partook the character of the tax, and the Act,
  therefore, was ultra vires.
c
          The State resisted the contentions.

          Dismissing the appeals; this Court

          HELD: 1. Sections 5(1) and 11 are valid. The fee levied therein is not
D a tax, but a fee towards the fund to expend for the purpose enumerated
    under Section 6(5) of the Act. The fuud would be expended accordingly.
                                                                    [442-B]
          2.1 The object of the Act is to improve the agricultural production
    and the marketing and sale of the agricultural produce, bought or sold or
E   bought for processing. The levy is on the agricultural produce and the
    burden is passed on to the second purchaser. The dealer bears on burden
    under Section 5(3). The primary and essential purpose of the impost an
    collection of the fee is to effect improvem~,t of communications and other
    related amenities and facilities to argument agricultural production and
    to improve storage and marketing of agricultural products. !440-E-F]'
F
           2.2. From the scheme of the Act is would be clear that there is broad
   reasonable and general correlationship between the levy and resultant
    benefit to the producer of the agricultural produce, dealer and purchasers
    as a class though no single payer of the fee receives direct or personal
    benefit from those services. He represents that class. Though tl1e general
G public may be benefitted from some of the services like laying roads, the
    primary service is to the producers, dealers and purchasers of agricultural
   produce. By operation of Section 5(3) of th,e Act, though the levy was on
    the dealer undei· Section 5(1) for the purpose of the Act, the bnrden
           I
    imposed on him \vas passed on as a part of the purchase price recoverable
H , by'ht'." from the next purchaser of the agricultural produce or the goods
            KISHANLALLAKHMICHAND v. STATEOFHARYANA                         435

processe~ or manufactured He is enjoined as an agent statutorily, to pay          A
fee under sub-section (2) thereof to the Board. (440-G; 441-B-C]

       2.3.. In view of the State's submission that Section 11 was enacted only
to' defuse the effect of the writ of mandamus issued by this Court in Om
Prakash's case, to refund the fee collected to the ~ppellants therein, and
under its guise, the state did not intend to nor would it intend to retain the    B
said fund collected under the predecessor Act of 198~ from September 30,
1983, the date on which the notification under Section 5(1) of that Act was
published in the State Gazette and the entire fund would be passed on the
credit of the Board under the Act, Section 11 is also valid. [441-H, 442-A]

     Om Prakash Agmwal and Ors. v. Gin· Raj Kishori & Ors., [1986] 1
                                                                                  c
S.C.C. 722; referred to.

        3.1. The distinction between a tas and a fee lies primarily in the fact
 that a tax is levied as part of a common burden, while a fee is for payment
 of a specific benefit of privilege although the special advantage is secori- D
 dary to the primary purpose of regulation in public interest, if the elem7t
 of revenue for general purpose of the State predominates the levy becomes
 a tax. In determining whether a levy is a fee, the true test mnst be whether
 its primary and essentia1 purpose is to render specific sen-ices to a
 specified area of class; it may be of no consequence that the State may E
 ultimately and indirectly be benefited by it. The power of any legislature
 to levy a fee is conditioned by the fact that it must be 'by and large•·a quid
pro quo for the services rendered. However, correlationship between the
·!evy and the services rendered/expected is one of,general character and not
 of mathematical exactitude. All that is necessary is that ther~ should be a
 'reasonable relationship' between the levy of the fee and the services F
 rendered. [438-H; 439-A-C]

       3.2. There is no generic difference between a tax and a fee. Both are
compulsory exactions of money by public authorities. Compulsion lies in
the fact that payment is enforceable oy law against a person in spite of his
unWillingness or want of consent. A levy in the nature of a fee does not · G
cease to be of that character merely because ·there is an element 6r
compulsion or coerciveness present in it, nor is it a ppstulate of a fee that
it must have direct relation. to tfie.actual service rendered by the authority
t.o each individual nor th~t each should obtain the benefit of the service.
                                                                    [439-D·EJ H
    436                  SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1993) SUPP. 1 S.C.R.

A       • Sree11ivasa General Tradm & Ors. v. State Of A.P. & Ors., [1983] 4
    S.C.C. 353, relied on.

          Kewal Krishan Puri & Anr. v. State of Punjab & Ors., [1979] 3 S.C.R.
    1217, explained.

B         Ramesh Chandra Etc. v. State of U.P. etc., [1980] 3 S.C.R. 104,
    Southern Phamiaceuticals & Chemicals trichur & Ors. etc. v. State of Kerala
    & Ors. etc., [1982] 1 S.C.R. 519, Municipal Corpn. of Delhi & Ors. v. Mohd.
    Yesin, [1983] 3 S.C.R. 229 and Si1'ilk Ltd. v. Textiles Committee & Ors.,
    [1989] Suppl. 1 S.C.C. 168, referred to.

c         4. The legislature has no power to overrule the jndgment while
    re-enacting the law but has power to remove the defects pointed out therein
    and make the law consistent with the law declared by the Court and
    validate the invalid law thus declared earlier retrospectively from the date
    when the invalid law was passed.
D
          D. Dasegowda v. State of Kamataka & Ors., Civil appeal No. 797 of
    1993 dated Februaty 19, 1993 and Rai Ramakrishan &, Ors. etc. v. State of
    Bihar, A.I.R. (1963)' S.C. 1667, referred to.

          CIVIL APP.!OLLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal Nos. 3449-67
E of 1993.
          From the Judgment and Order dated 4.4.90, 5.4.90, and llA.90 of
    the Punjab & Haryana High Court in C.W.P. Nos.2713/88, 619/89,
    11294/88, 7543/88 2579-2733/88, 9098/89, 2732, 164/88, 8812, 9719, 9748,
    9749, 9792/87, 393, 681, 682, 1438 and 2776 of 1988.
F
          Shanti Bhushan and R.P. Gupta for the Appellants.

         H arish N. Salve, Ms. Nisha Baagchi and Ms. In du Malhotra for the
    Respondents.

G         The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

          K. RAMASWAMI, J. SpeciaLLeave granted.

          The ul(ra vires of the Haryana Rural Development Act 6 of 1986 for
    sh°'t 'the Act' was assailed but repelled by the full bench of the Punjab
H   and Haryana High Court reported in Subhash Chander Kamlesh & Ors. v.
    KISHANLALLAKHMJCHAND v. STA1EOFHARYANA[K.RAMASWAMY,J.) 437


    State of Punjab and Ors., AIR (1990). Punjab and Haryana 259, against_ A
    which these appeals were laid by leave. Initially the Haryana Rural
    Development Act 12 of 1983 was made which ultimately, this Court in Om
    Parkash Aganval and 01'. v. Giri Raj Kishori and Ors., [1986] 1 SCC 722,
    held that s.3 thereof was unconstitutional on the ground of legislative
    incompetence as the levy of cess under s.3 thereof was in the nature of tax
                                                                                B
    and no fee, quid pro quo being absent. Purporting to have removed the
    defects as pointed out therein, the Act came to be made and the full bench
    put its seal of approval of its validity.

           Sri Shanti Bhusan, the learned Senior counsel for the appellants in
    his usual vehemence contended that the agriculture produce is a declared C
    good under Art. 286(2) of the Constitution. This Court declared in Kewal
    Krishan Pwi & Anr. v. State of Punjab and Ors., [1979] 3 SCR 1217, that
    constitutionally it is impermissible to levy market fee in excess of2 per cent.
1   The State Legislature is incompete!Jt to levy sales tax in excess of 4 per
    cent on sale of goods. The State Legislature of Haryana, therefore, found D
    the Act a camouflage and colourable device to circumvent the constitution-
    al mandates, effected cosmetic changes in the Act and imposed 1 per celit
    fee as development fund to bypass the mandate of the Constitution and the
    law declared by this Court. The impost at J per cent is no less than a tax.
    It is a colourable exercise of the power by the Stale Legislature and the
    Act cannot be brought under any of the entries 45 to 63 of list II of the E
    Seventh Schedule to the Constitution. Imposition and collection of the fee
    by operation of s.5 of the Act, is not expended in any particular market or
    market area but to general development in rural area. The principle of quid
    pm quo in the region of at least 2/3 or 3/4 as envisaged in Kewal Krishan
    Puri's Case is totally absent. The traders as a dass and appellants, in F
    particular, are not deriving any benefit therefrom. Resultantly there is total
    lack of correlation between the fund collected and the service intended to
    be rendered to the dealers. The impost part takes the characte.r of the tax
    falling within the teeth of the ratio laid in Om Prakdsh Aggarwa/'s case. The
    Act, therefore, is ultra vires. Sri Harish Salve, the learned Senior Counsel
    of the State resisted the contentions.                                          G

          Entry 28 read wi~ entry 66 in List II of the 7th Schedule and other
    related entries empowers the State Legislature under Art. 246(3) of the
    Constitution to make the Act. The Act was made to augment agricultural
    produ~ti?n and improving its marketing and sale by expending the fund H
    438                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1993] SUPP. 1 S.C.R.

A realised by imposition and collection of fee envisaged in s.5(1) of the Act.
    The rate of fee on ad valorem basis was determined at 1 per cent of the
    sale/purchase of agricultural produce bought or sold or brought for
    processing in the notified market area.

          The market area was defined to mean any area defined under s.6 of
B the Punjab Agricultural Produce Markets Act, 1961. The principal market
    yard and sub market yard were also demarcated in s.7 thereof. The market
    also was similarly defined to mean market established and regulated under
    that Act for the notified market area including market proper, principal
    market yard and sub market yard. Section 6(5) of the Act enjoins the_
C   Haryana Rural Development Fund Administration Board established and
    constituted under s.3 of the Act to apply the fund "to meet the expenditure
    incurred in the rural area in connection with the development of roads,
    establishment of dispensaries, making arrangements for water supply,
    sanitation and other public facilities, welfare of agricultural Jabour, conver-
D   sion of the notified market areas falling in rural area as defined under this
    Act into model market areas by utilising technical know-how thereto and
    bringing about other necessary improvements therein, construction of
    godowns and other places of storage, for the agricultural produce brought
    in the market area for sale/purcliase and the construction of rest houses
E   equipped with all modern amenities, to make tlie stay of visitors (both
    sellers and purchasers) in the market area comfortable and for any other
    purpose which may be considered by the Board to be in the interest of and
    for the benefit of the person paying the fee. The Fund may also be utilised
    by the Board to meet the cost of administering it." Rural area was defined
F   to mean area other then the area of municipality administered under the
    Haryana Municipal Act, 1973. It would thus be clear that the levy of the
    fee and collection under s.5 would go into the fund administered by the
    Board which would be expended only for the purposes envisaged under
    sub-s.(5) of s.6 extracted hereinbefore. It is trite to reiterate the law la,id
G   down by this Court of the distinction between the tax and the fee am!-its
    demarcating line vis-a-vis the power of the legislation to make iaw for
    imposition of fee in that behalf. Suffice to reiterate the ratio laid in
    Sreenivasa General Traders and Ors. v. State of A.P. & Ors., [1983] 4 SCC
    353, that the traditional view that there must be actual quid pro quo for a
H   fee has undergone a sea change. The distinction between a tax and a fee
KISHANLALLAKHMJCHAND v. STATEOFHARYANA(K.RAMASWAMY,J.] 439

lies primarily in the fact that a tax is levied as part of a common burden, A
while a fee is for payment of a specific benefit or privilege although the
special. advantage is secondary to the primary purpose of regulation in
public/interest, if the element of revenue for general purpose of the State
predominates the levy becomes a tax. In regard to fee, there is, and must
always be, correlation between the fee collected and the service intended B
to be rendered. In determining whether a levy is a fee, the true test must
be whether its primary and essential purpose is to render .specific services
to a specified area or class; it may be of no consequence that the State may
ultimately and indirectly be benefited by it. The power of any legislature
to levy a fee is conditioned by the fact that it must be "by and large" a quid C
pro quo for the services rendert:d. However, correlationship between the
levy and the services rendered/expected is one of general character and
not of mathematical exactitude. All that is necessary is that there should
be a "reasonable relationship" between the levy of the fee and the services
rendered. There is no generic difference between a tax and a fee. Both are D
compulsory exactions of money by public authorities. Compulsion lies in
the fact that payment is enforceable by law against a person in spite of his
unwillingness or want of consent. A levy in the nature of a fee does not
cease to be of that character merely because there is an element of
compulsion or coerciveness present in it, nor is it a postulate of a fee that E
it must have direct relation to the actual service rendered by the authority
to each individual nor that each should obtain 'the benefit of the service.
The ratio in KKPwi's case that "At least a good and substantial portion
of the amount collected on account of fees, may be in the neighbourhood
of two-thirds or three-fourths, must be shown with reasonable certainty as
                                                                               F
being spent for rendering services in the market to the payer of fee" was
held to be "an obiter" which is the main plank on which the contention of
Sri Shanti Bhushan rests.

       In Ramesh Chandra Etc. v. State of U.P. Etc., [1980] 3 SCR 104,
Southem Phannaceuticals & Chemicals T1ichur & Ors. etc. v. State of Kera/a G
& On, etc., [1982] 1 SCR 519, benches of three Judges and Municipal
Cmpn. of Delhi & 01". v. Mohd. Yasin, [1983] 3 SCC 229, a bench of two
.I udges took the san1c view. In Ramesh Chandra's case declaration of the
entire U.P. State as market area and sub divisions thereafter as notified
markets, levy and collection of 1 per cent ad valorem market fee by each H
    440                  SUPREME COURT REPORTS [199~] SUPP. 1 S.C.R.

A market committee was held to be valid. In Si1Jilk Ltd. v. Textiles Committee
  and Ors., [1989] Suppl. 1 SCC 168, a specific argument that no individual
  trader was receiving benefit from the services rendered was negated.
  Considering the scope of the powers of the Committee under s.3 of the
  Textiles Committees Act; 1963 read with Rule 21 of the Textiles Committee
B Rules, 1965 this Court held that the purpose therein was quality control of
  all textiles. The interpretation, therefore, should be the benefit to the
  textiles industry as such though ii has no specific relationship to the
  particular industry which bears the burden. The broad correlationship
  between the imposition of fee and the nature of the service rendered to
C the entire textiles industry satisfied the test of quid pro quo, though no
  specific service was rendered to the Payer of the fee. The administrative
  expenditure incurred by the Committee from the fund was held to be
  integral component of the fund. In Ramesh Chandra's case similar conten-
  tion was rejected.
D        The Board established and constituted under s.3 is empowered and
  enjoined to perform the functions and duties assigned to it by or under the
  Act. sub-s.(5) of s.6 enjoins the Board that the fund shall be applied.10
  meet the expenditure incurred; though in the rural areas but in connection
  with the developments enumerated therein, for providing enumerated
E amenities and facilities and for conversion of the notified market areas into
  model market areas by utilising the technical know-how thereto etc. The
  object of the Act is to improve the agricultural production and the market-
  ing and sale of the agricultural produce, bought or sold or bought for
  processing. The levy is on the agricultural produce and the buniert is
F passed on to the second purchaser. The dealer bears no burden under
  s.5(3). The primary and essential purpose of the impose and collection of
  the fee is to effect improvement of communications and other related
  amenities and facilities to augment agricultural production and to improve
  storage and marketing of agricultural products. From the scheme of the
G Act is would be clear that there is board reasonable and general cor-
  relationship between the levy and resultant benefit to the producer of the
  agricultural produce, dealer and purchasers as a class though no single
  payer of the fee receives direct or personal benefit from those services. He
  represents that class. Though the general public,may be benefitted from
H some of the services like laying roads, the primary service ,is to the·
     KISHANLALLAKHMICHAND v.SfATEOFHARYANA[KRAMASWAMY,J.) 441

     producers, dealers and purchasers of agricultural produce. In Om                A
     Prakash's case, (his Court pointed out in para 10 the vices with which Act
     12 of 1983 suffered from. The fund collected under s.3 of 1973 Act was
     credited to the consolidated fund of the State under s.4(1). There is no
     obligation therein to expend the fund collected to improve the roads etc.
     in the market· area or facilities or services in connection therewith or        B
     leading thereto. By operation of s.5(3) of the Act, though the levy was on
     the dealer under s.5(1) for the purpose of the act, the burden imposed on
     him was passed on as part of the purchase price recoverable by him from
     the next purchaser of the agricultural produce or the goods procrssed or
     manufactured. He is enjoined as an agent statutorily, to pay the fee..uruier.
     sub-s.(2) thereof to the board which was specifically absent in Act 12 of       (
     1983.
''

            The purpose envisaged with specific reference to notified market
     area was totally absent in Act 12 of 1973. The definition of rural area
     therein was vague and the fee could be spent in any rural area under that D
     Act and not necessarily in any notified market areas or in relation thereto.
     Thus it was held to be a tax. It is settled law that the legislature has no
     power to overrule the jndgment while re-enacting the law but has power
     to remove the defects pointed out therein and make the law consistent with
     the law declared by the court and. validate the invalid law thus declar.ed E
     earlier retrospectively from the date when the invalid law was passed. This
     Court in D. Dasegowdam v. State of Kamataka & Ors., Civil appeal No.
     797 of 1993 dated February 19, 1993, held that when the Act was made
     validating the passed Acts then or proceedings taken retrospectively it was
     valid Act and removing the defects declared earlier is invalid by the Court.
     It must be deemed and shall always be deemed that the actions taken under F
     the invalid law were valid under Act. In Ramaklishna & ors. etc. v. State
     of Bihar, AIR (1963) SC 1667, repelling the similar conteption this court
     held that the legislature can validly make invalid law valid with retrospec-
     tive operation to remove the defects. However, to a query put by the Court
     to Sri Salve as to how s.11 of the Act could be upheld validating retrospcc- G
     lively by retaining the fund collected under Act 12 of 1981! with the State
     Govt., he stated in fairness that s.11 was enacted only to· defuse the effect
     of the writ of mandamus issued by this Court in Om Prakash's case, to
     refund the fee collected therein to the appellants therein, but under its
                                                                                     H
                                                        ~
     442                  SUPREME COURT REPOR rs ti993l SUPP. 1 S.C.R.

A' guise the State did not intend to nor would it intend lo retain the said fund
   collected under the predecessor Act 12 of 1983 from September 30, 1983,
   the date on which the notification under s.5(1) of that Act was published
   in the State Gazette and the entire fund would be passed on to the cTedit
   of the Board under the Act. In that view s.11 also is valid.
B            Accordingly we hold that s.5(1) and 11 are valid. The fee levied
      therein is not a tax but a fee towards the fund to expend for the purpose
      enumerated under s.6(5) of the Act. The fund would be expended accord-
    . ingly. In this view we hold that the· appeals bear no merit. They are
      accordingly clismissed with costs quantified at Rs. 5,000 in each appeal.

     N.P.V.                                                 Appeals dismissed.