Holding

The Court held that paragraph 4 of Appendix XIIA applies because the appellant was a permanent officer who had completed probation, thereby protecting his seniority and entitlement to promotion.

Summary

M. Mohammed Abdulla, a permanent government servant who had entered the Kerala service in 1975 and completed his probation, availed leave without allowance under paragraph 4 of Appendix XIIA of the Kerala Service Rules to work abroad. While he was on leave, his junior was promoted, and the State later restored Abdulla's original seniority but cancelled his subsequent promotion, invoking paragraph 5 of the same appendix. The High Court held paragraph 5 applied, relying on Lukose and Unnikrishna Panicker, and dismissed Abdulla's petition. The Supreme Court examined the distinction between paragraphs 4 and 5, the relevance of completed probation, and the applicability of Rules 27(c) and 28(a) of the Kerala State and Subordinate Service Rules, concluding that Abdulla was a permanent officer and paragraph 4 governed his case. Consequently, his seniority was to be restored and his promotion upheld, and the High Court’s decision was set aside.

Issues considered

Whether paragraph 4 or paragraph 5 of Appendix XIIA of the Kerala Service Rules applies to an officer who availed leave without allowance after completing probation.
Whether the appellant, being a permanent government servant, is entitled to protection of seniority and promotion under paragraph 4.
Whether the High Court erred in relying on Lukose v. State of Kerala and Unnikrishna Panicker v. Bhasi.
Interpretation of Rule 27(c) and Rule 28(a) of the Kerala State and Subordinate Service Rules in the context of probation and promotion.

Legislation cited

Kerala Service Ruless. Appendix XIIA, paragraph 4, s. Appendix XIIA, paragraph 5
Kerala State and Subordinate Service Ruless. Rule 27(c), s. Rule 28(a)

Subjects

Service LawLeave without allowanceProbationSeniorityPromotionKerala Service RulesPermanent government servantAppellate jurisdiction

Judgment

r
M. MOHAMMED ABDULLA A
v.
STATE OF KERALA AND ORS.

SEPTEMBER 25 , 2007
B
[S.B. SINHA AND H.S. BEDI, JJ.]
'..!
Service Law:
Kera/a State Service Rules: c
r. 28, Appendix XllA, paragraphs 4 and 5-Seniority-Audit
officer during period ofprobation granted leave without allowance
in terms ofpara 4 to take employment abroad-After his rejoining
duty but before completion ofperiod ofprobation by him, his junior
promoted to higher post ignoring him-HELD: Audit Officer D
'-< concerned was a permanent Government servant and therefore, in his
case para 4 was applicable and not para 5 and the question as to
whether employee had completed his period ofprobation or not may
not be a relevant criterion-Kera/a State and Subordinare Service
Rules-r.27(c)-Kerala Local Fund Audit Service Special Rules-r.3. E
The appellant, while holding the post of Audit Officer und.er the
Kerala Local Fund Audit Service, applied for and was, in terms of
~ paragraph 4 of Appendix XII-A of the Kerala Service Rules, granted
leave without allowances for a period of 5 years, for taking
F
employment abroad. He rejoined his duties as Audit Officer on
8.11.2001. Respondent no. 3 who was junior to the appellant, was
promoted as Deputy Director of Local Fund Audit on 5.8.2002. The
appellant was declared to have completed his period of probation
~~ as Audit Officer with effect from 6.3.2003. By an order dated 3.1.2004
G
the original seniority assigned to the appellant in the category of
Audit Officer, as was published on 18.5.1998, was restored.
Respondent no. 3 challenged this by filing a writ petition before the
High Court, which by an interim order cancelled the order dated
619 H
620 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007] 10 S.C.R.

I

A 3.1.2004. Though, on the basis of a revised select list and the ~

recommendation of the Departmental Promotion Committee the
appellant was promoted to the post of Deputy Director of Local
Fund Audit by order dated 27.5.2004, the said order was reviewed
by the Government by an order dated 26.8.2004 on the ground that
B while passing the same the interim order passed in the writ petition
of respondent no. 3 was not taken into account. The appellant also
filed a writ petition before the High Court which, ultimately, allowed
~-
the writ petition filed by respondent no. 3 and dismissed that of the
appellant, holding that in the instant case paragraph 5 of Appendix
c XII-A of the Kerala Service Rule would apply.
In the instant appeal filed by the appellant, it was contended
for the respondent-State Government that there were two services
in the State of Kerala governed by the Kerala State and
Subordinate Service Rules and the Kerala Service Rules; that
D
though the appellant initially joined under the Subordinate Service
of the State, but later having been appointed by transfer to the State
Service he would be deemed to have entered the State Service as
Audit Officer on 8.11.2001 and since before completion of his period
of probation as such, respondent no. 3 had already been promoted
E to the post of Deputy Director of Local Fund Audit, the case of the
appellant would be governed by paragraph 5 and not paragraph 4
of Appendix XIIA to the State Se..Vice Rules.
Allowing the appeal, the Court >-"
F HELD: 1.L The a1Jpellant availed the leave without allowance
i~ terms of para~raph 4 of the Kerala Service Rules while he was
working as Audit Officer of Local Fund Accounts. But prior thereto
he had already entered the cadre of Grade II Auditor and completed
his period of probation. He was a permanent Government servant.
G Once he became permanent Government servant, the question of ~-,

his availing leave in terms of paragraph 5 of Appendix XIIA of the
rules would not arise. [Para 16] [627-D-E]
.,
1.2. Distinction between paragraphs 4 and 5 is apparent.
H Paragaph 4 deals with the cases of permanent officers who have
>~.
...# - ~-I

M. MOHAMMED ABDULLA v. STATE 621

completed the period of probation in their entry cadre in the regular A
service, whereas paragraph 5 speaks of non-permanent officers in .
regular service who have not completed probation in their entry
grade. The condition precedent for denying the officer concerned
i.e governed by para 4, the benefit of his seniority is that his junior
in the meantime must obtain a senior grade before he rejoins his B
duty. Paragraph 4 speaks of the entry in the regular service of the
Government, whatever be the cadre held by the employee.
[Paras 16 and 17] [627-F; 628-A]
1.3. The State proceeded on the basis that the appellant had C
not completed his period of probation before proceeding on leave.
A factual error appears to have been committed by the State as it is
evident from the factual matrix, that the appellant had entered into
Government service in the year 1975 and he had already been
promoted several times. Furthermore, Rule 28 provides for D
--( promotion, which will be applicable in a case of this nature. In terms ..
of the said rule the question as to whether the employee had
completed his period of probation or not may not be a relevant
criteria. [Paras 18 and 19] [628-B-C; D]
2. The High Court committed a serious error in relying upon E
the decisions in Lukose *as also Unnikrishnna Paniker. Furthermore,
a declaration of probation in a grade would not automatically confer
an employee a right of promotion. All eligible permanent employees
are required to be considered for promotion inter alia upon taking
into consideration their seniority in the service. [Para 21) (629-C) F

*Lukose v. State ofKera la, (1995) 2 KL T 285; and Unnikrishna
Panikcerv. Bhasi, (2000) 1KLT449, held inapplicable.
3. The High Court furthermore wrongly applied clause (c) of
Rule 27 of the Kerala State and Subordinate Service Rules as the G
question of fixation of the relative seniority and the order in which
their names are arranged in the revised list (as recommended by
Public Service Commission) would not arise in a case of this nature
where the question is as to whether the entry in the State Service is
H
622 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007] 10 S.C.R.

A by way of transfer from Subordinate Service or by promotion as
such a situation has to be made from amongst the existing
Government servants and not outsiders. [Para 23) [629-G-HJ

4. Rule 3 of the Kerala Local Fund Audit Service Special
B Rules in no unmistakable term says that even for the purpose of
appointment by transfer to the post of Audit Officer the names of
the employees mentioned in the select list prepared from amongst
the eligible officers on the basis of their merit and ability are to ~
be taken into consideration as the seniority is to be considered
only where merit and ability are approximately equal. Once,
C therefore, the appellant was found to be eligible for promotion or
for that matter, for recruitment by transfer, to the post of Audit
Officer on the basis of his merit and ability, although seniority
being the relevant criteria provided merit and ability of the
respective candidates were approximately equal, his promotion
D shall not have been cancelled. [Para 24) {630-A-C]
5. The impugned judgment cannot be sustained which is set
aside. [Para 26)
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 4490
E of2007.
From the Judgmeµt & Order dated 23.11.2005 & 30.1.2006 of
the High Court ofKerala at Emakulam in W.P. (C) No. 26149/2004
and R.P. No. 97712005. ,'>--
F L. Nageshwar Rao, Malini Poduval, Hari Kumar G., Babita Sant
and Anindita Popli for the Petitioner.
G. Prakash, Beena Prakash and P.K. Jayakrishnan for the
Respondents.
G The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
S.B. SINHA, J. 1. Leave granted.

2. Appellant herein is aggrieved by and dissatisfied with the
judgment and order dated 23 .11.2005 passed by a Division Bench of
H the Kerala High Court in Writ Petition (C) No.26149 of2004.
M. MOHAMMED ABDULLA v. STATE [SINHA, J.] 623

3. The factual matrix involving the dispute is on a narrow compass. A
4. There are two services in the State ofKerala; one is governed
by the Kerala Service Rules and the other by the Kerala State and
Subordinate Service Rules. Within the State service falls Local Fund Audit
Service, known as Kerala Local Fund Audit Service. B
5. Appellant was appointed as Grade II Auditor on the
·)
~ recommendation of Public Service Commission on 7. 7.1975. He was
promoted as Inspector Local Fund Account on 18.11.1995, which post
was re-designated as Audit Officer.
c
6. In terms of paragraph 4 of Appendix XIIA of the Kerala Service
Rules, to which we will advert to a little later, the appellant while holding
the post of Audit Officer, applied for and was granted leave without
allowance for a period of 5 years from 1.9.1996 vide G.O. dated
18.11.1996 for taking employment abroad. He rejoined his duties as an
D
Audit Officer on 8.11.2001. Respondent No.3 herein, who was junior
to the appellant, was promoted as Deputy Director of Local Fund Account
on 5.8.2002 and he joined the said post on 24.8.2002. Appellant was
declared to have completed his period of probation in the category of
Audit Officer in terms of order passed by Respondent No.2 dated
6.11.2003 with effect from 6.3.2003. In the seniority list which was E
published on 6.11.2003, his seniority was shown at serial No.SA. The
original seniority assigned to the appellant in the category of Audit Officer
as published on 18.5.1998 was restored in favour of the appellant by an
order dated 3.1.2004 stating:
F
"Government, in their orders read as 7th paper above, have clarified
that the seniority of those who avail of leave without allowances
before completion of probation in a grade will be protected though
they will lose promotion chances that may arise during the currency
- _.>-,.:
of leave and until the date of completion of successful probation G
above those recruited after him and remaining in that grade.
Accordingly, the original seniority of Sri M. Mohammed Ahdulla,
Audit Officer as in the seniority list published as per this office
proceedings read as 1st paper above has to be restored.
H
624 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007] 10 S.C.R.

A It is therefore ordered that the original seniority of Sri Mohammed
Abdulla is restored as SI. No.111, below Sri U.P. Ramachandran
(SI. No. I 09) in the seniority list published as per this office
proceedings No. LF/6188/Spl. Cell/98 dated 18.5.1998.

B The revision and modification orders issued as per 5th paper read
above is hereby replaced by this final order restoring the original
seniority of Sri Mohammed Abdulla in the light of Government
orders."
7. Questioning the said G.Os. dated 6.11.2003, 19.11.2003 and
C 3.1.2004, the third respondent filed a writ application before the High
Court ofKerala which was marked as Writ Petition No.2075/2004. An
interim order of stay was granted therein pursuant whereto the G.O. dated
3.1.2004 was cancelled. A Select List was prepared on 7.5.2004 on
the recommendation of the Departmental Promotion Committee. Pursuant
D thereto, the appellant was promoted to the post of Deputy Director of .
Local Fund Audit Account by order dated 27.5.2004. However, the said
order was reviewed by the Government by its order dated 26.8.2004,
inter alia on the premise that while passing the same, the order of stay
passed in Writ Petition No.2075/2004 had not been taken into account
E whereby the promotion of the appellant was cancelled.
8. Aggrieved thereby the appellant filed another writ application
being Writ Petition (Civil) No.26149/2004 before the Kerala High Court
for a declaration that the inclusion of his name in the Select List and the
order dated 27.5.2004 giving promotion to hiin was legal and valid and
F the same should not have been reviewed.
9. The said writ petition although was dismissed but the review
application filed by the appellant was allowed. By reason of the impugned
judgment, the High Court upon hearing the parties, while dismissing the
G writ petition filed by the appellant herein, allowed the writ petition filed -rl-
by the third respondent herein.
10. In view of the controversy involving the applicability of paragraph ·
4 or paragraph 5 of Appendix XIIA to the Kerala Service Rules, we
may at the outset notice the same:
H
M. MOHAMMED ABDULLA v. STATE [SINHA, J.] 625

r "4 Permanent officers and non-permanent officers who have A
completed probation in their entry cadre in the regular service of
Government may be granted leave without allowances under these
rules. In such cases, for, and during the currency of the period of
leave, the officers shall lose all service benefits such as the earning
ofleave including half pay leave, pension, gratuity, increment, etc., B
and also promotion chances as may arise with reference to their
seniority in the posts from which they proceeded on leave. They
...; shall also lose seniority in the higher grade/grades with reference
to their juniors who might get promoted to such grade/grades
before they rejoin duty. c
5. In the case of non-permanent officers in regular service who
have not completed probation in the entry grade, leave without
allowances may be granted subject to the condition that they will
have to start afresh and complete their probation on return from
the leave without allowances. In other words, the officers will forfeit D
the service benefits ·that had accrued to them prior to their
-(
proceeding on leave and they will be deemed as new entrants to
Government service on return from leave. What is protected is only
their right to rejoin Government service in the same entry grade as
if they were new entrants." E

11. The High Court relying upon its earlier decisions in Lukose v.
State ofKerala (1995) 2 KLT 285 and Unnikrishna Panicker v. Bhasi,
(2000) 1 KL T 449, held that in this case, paragraph 5 of Appendix XIIA
--.(
shall apply. Appellant contends that paragraph 4 is applicable in this case. F
12. We may before embarking on the said issue at this juncture,
notice the stand taken by the State of Kerala in its counter affidavit before
the High Court:
"It is submitted that the petitioner is governed by Clause 5 of
G
-
_}., Appendix XIIA of KSR since he had not complete probation
before proceeding on leave. As per the Clause 4 & 5 of Appendix
XIIA ofKSR, entry cadre means the cadre from which the officer
proceeds on leave. Officers who avail long leave without
allowances for employment abroad before the completion of
H
'•

626 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007] 10 S.C.R.~

A probation are governed by Clause 5 of the Rule under Appendix
XIIA of KSR. As per this rule, such officers will be treated as new
entrants when they rejoin duty and will have to start the probation
afresh. Since they have not completed probation before proceeding
on leave, they are not eligible for promotion during the currency
B ofleave period."
13. Before us, however, Mr. G. Prakash, learned counsel appearing
on behalf of the State would submit that in view of the fact that the appellant
joined his services in the Subordinate Service of the State on the post of ~
Inspector of Local Fund Account, now re-designated as Audit Officer,
C which is in the State service and he having been appointed by transfer
from the f01mer to the latter, would be deemed to have entered into the
State service on 8.11.2001 and as before completion of his period of
probation; the third respondent had already been promoted as Deputy
Director of Local Fund Account, the matter would be governed by
D paragraph 5 and not paragraph 4 of Appendix XIIA of the said rules.
14. We may notice Rules 27 & 28 of the Kerala State and )-·
Subordinate Service Rules which read as under:
"27. Seniority.- (a) Seniority of a person in a service, class,
E category or grade shall, unless he has been reduced to a lower
rank as punishment, be determined by the date of the order of his
first appointment to such service, class, category or grade.
Explanation:- For the purposes of this sub-rule, 'appointment' shall
F not include appointment under rule 9 or appointment by promotion
under rule 31.
28.(a) Promotion.- (i) Except in the case of appointment to the
posts of Heads of Departments no member of a service or class
of a service shall be eligible for promotion from the category in
G which he was appointed to the service unless he has satisfactorily
completed his probation in that category:
15. Kerala Local Fund Audit Service Special Rules, 1960 consists
of only four category of officers:
H
M. MOHAMMED ABDULLA v. STATE [SINHA, J.] 627

,>-- 1. Examiner of Local Fund Accounts (re-designated as Director) A
2. Deputy Examiner of Local Fund Accounts (re-designated as
Assistant Director)
3. Assistant Examiner of Local Fund Accounts (re-designated as
Deputy Director) B

4. Inspectors of Local Fund Accounts (re-designated as Audit
Officers
~
Rule 3 of the 1960 Rules provides as under:
c
"Promotion to the posts of Deputy Examiner of Local Fund
Accounts and Assistant Examiner of Local Fund Accounts and
appointment by transfer to the post oflnspector of Local Fund
Accounts shall be made from select lists prepared from among
eligible officers on the basis of merit and ability, seniority being
D
considered only where merit and ability are approximately equal."
16. Appellant availed leave without allowance in terms of paragraph
4 of the said rules while he was working as Audit Officer of Local Fund
Accounts. But prior thereto he had already entered the cadre of Grade
II Auditor and completed his period of probation. He was a permanent E
Government servant. Once he became permanent Government servant,
the question of his availing leave while he had not completed the period
of probation in the entry grade as envisaged in paragraph 5 of Appendix
XIIAofthe rules would not arise. Distinction between paragraphs 4and
5 is apparent. Paragraph 4 deals with the cases of permanent officers F
who have completed the period of probation in their entry cadre in the
regular service, whereas paragraph 5 speaks of non-permanent officers
in regular service who have not completed probation in their entry grade.
In the latter case, all the service benefits which had accrued to the officer
prior to his proceeding on leave, would be forfeited and he has to be G
- ~~
treated as new entrant when he rejoins his post. It has categorically been
stated in paragraph 5 that only the service of the concerned officer is
protected but any benefit thereof is not to be given. Paragraph 4, on the
other hand, deals with a situation where a person availing leave thereunder
would lose his seniority in the higher grade with reference to his juniors H
628 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007] 10 S.C.R.

A who might get senior grade before he rejoins his duty.
17. Condition precedent for denying the concerned officer the benefit
of his seniority is that his junior in the meantime must obtain a senior grade
before he rejoins his duty. Paragraph 4, in our opinion, speaks of the entry
B in the regular service of the Government, whatever be the cadre held by
the employee.
18. The State, as noticed hereinbefore, proceeded on the basis that
the appellant had not completed his period of probation before proceeding \...,
on leave. A factual error appears to have been committed by the State·
C as it is evident from the factual matrix, as noticed hereinbefore, that the
appellant had entered into Government service in the year 1975 and he
had already been promoted several times.
19. Furthermore, Rule 28 as noticed hereinbefore, provides for
promotion, which will be applicable in a case of this nature. In terms of
D the said rule the question as to whether the employee had completed his
period of probation or not may not be a relevant criteria.
20. We may now notice the decisions of the High Court whereupon
reliance has been placed while passing the impugned judgment. In Lukose
E (supra), the Full Bench had no occasion to consider the applicability of
Appendix XIIA which was inserted only in the year 1986, as the cause
of action therein had arisen much prior thereto. Unnikrishna Panicker
(supra) is a case where admittedly paragraph 5 of the Rules was
applicable. In that case, the third respondent therein joined the service
F on 24.12.1981 and before completion of his probation in the post of Drug
Inspector, he had applied for leave for a period of 5 years to take up
employment abroad. It was in that view of the matter that on rejoining
his duty, he was treated as a new entrant in service. In the fact situation
obtaining therein, paragraph 5 indisputably was applicable. It was so
G noticed by the Bench in the following terms:
-L-
"The Government Order dated 16.12.1983 provided that non-
permanent employees in regular service who have not completed
probation in the entry grade will have to start afresh and complete
their probation on return from leave without allowance. In other
H words, the officers will forfeit the service benefits that have accrued
·-- M.MOHAMMEDABDULLAv. STATE[SINHA,J.] 629

to them prior to their proceeding on leave and they will be A
deemed as new entrant to Government service on return from
leave. Government Order however protected their right to rejoin
Government service on the same grade as if they were new
entrants. The aforementioned G.0. was given the status of a rule
and inserted as Appendix XIIA vide G.O.(P) No. 953/86/Fin B
dated 2.12.1986 published in the Keala Gazette dated 3.3.1987
with effect from 16.12.1983."
21. The High Court, therefore, in our opinion committed a serious
error in relying upon the decision in Lukose (supra) as also
Unnikrishna Panicker (supra). We may furthermore observe that a C
declaration of probation in a grade would not automatically confer an
employee a right of promotion. All eligible permanent employees are
required to be considered for promotion inter alia upon taking into
consideration their seniority in the service.
D
22. The submission of Mr. G. Prakash that the appellant was a
fresh entrant in the post oflnspector, Local Fund Account (now Audit
Officer) may not be entirely correct. He might have entered into the
State service for the purpose of the said rule, the same would not affect
his career, if paragraph 5 of the Appendix XIIA of the Kerala Service E
Rules is found to be inapplicable. At the cost of repetition, we may
reiterate that paragraphs 4 & 5, talk of the position of the employees
with reference to their pem1anent or temporary status, meaning thereby
the persons who have completed their probation and who are yet to
complete their probation. It does not take into consideration the F
question in regard to entry in any other service to which he might have
been promoted or appointed by transfer.
23. The High Court furthennore wrongly applied clause (c) of Rule
27 of the Kerala State and Subordinate Service Rules, as the question
of fixation of the relative seniority and the order in which their names G
are arranged in the revised list (as recommended by Public Service
Commission) would not arise in a case of this nature where the question
is as to whether the entry in the State Service is by way of transfer
from Subordinate Service or by promotion as such a situation has to
be made from amongst the existing Government servants and not H
630 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007] 10 S.C.R.

A outsiders.
24. Rule 3 of the Kerala Local Fund Audit Service Special Rules in
no unmistakable term says that even for the purpose of appointment by
transfer to the post of Audit Officer the names of the employees mentioned
B in the select list prepared from amongst the eligible officers on the basis
of their merit and ability are to be taken into consideration as the seniority
is to be considered only when merit and ability are approximately equal.
Once, therefore, the appellant was found to be eligible for promotion or
for that matter, for recruitment by transfer, to the post of Audit Officer
on the basis of his merit and ability, although seniority being the relevant
C criteria provided merit and ability of the respective candidates were
approximately equal, in our opinion, his promotion shall not have been
cancelied.
25. For the reasons aforementioned, we are of the opinion that the
D impugned judgment cannot be sustained which is set aside accordingly.
The appeal is allowed. However, in the facts and circumstances of this
case, there shall be no order as to costs.
26. We make it clear that this order shall not affect the benefits which
might have been given to the third respondent herein pursuant to the order
E impugned in the writ application.
RP. Appeal allowed.