Supreme Court of India
LILAWATI H. HIRANANDANIversusUSHA TANDON
- Citation
- 1995 INSC 638
- Decided
- 20 October 1995
- Disposal
- Dismissed
- Bench
- KULDIP SINGH
Holding
The original applicant's tenancy was not terminated; her title was enlarged, rendering the s.43 objection untenable, and the respondent's claim of tenancy under s.42A fails because the arrangement was a licence.
Summary
The original applicant, a tenant of the building's owner, became a member of a co‑operative society that purchased the building and was allotted the flat. She granted a licence to the original respondent over part of the flat, later terminated it and filed an ejectment suit under s.41 of the Presidency Small Causes Courts Act, 1882. The respondent claimed tenancy under s.42A and protection of the Bombay Rents, Hotel and Lodging House Rates Control Act, 1947. The trial court held the ejectment untenable on the ground that the applicant's tenancy had ended when she became a part‑owner; the High Court reversed. The Supreme Court held that the applicant's tenancy was not terminated – her title was merely enlarged – so the objection under s.43 fails, and the respondent’s claim under s.42A is without merit because the arrangement was a licence, not a tenancy. The appeal was dismissed.
Issues considered
- Whether the original applicant's tenancy rights were terminated when she became a member/part‑owner of the co‑operative society, affecting the applicability of s.43 of the Presidency Small Causes Courts Act, 1882.
- Whether the respondent, who held a licence, can be treated as a tenant under s.42A and claim protection of the Bombay Rents, Hotel and Lodging House Rates Control Act, 1947.
- Whether the nomenclature of the arrangement (licence) determines the rights of the parties.
Legislation cited
- Bombay Rents, Hotel and Lodging House Rates Control Act, 1947
- Presidency Small Causes Courts Act, 1882s. 41, s. 42A, s. 43, s. 47
Subjects
tenancylicenceco‑operative housing societyevictionsmall causes courtsection 41section 42Asection 43rent controltitle enlargement
Judgment
LILAWATI H. H!RANANDANI A
v.
USHA TANDON
OCTOBER 20, 1995
[KULD!P SINGH AND K.S. PARIPOORNAN, JJ.] B
Presidency Small Causes Cowts Act 1882, Ss.41, 43---0rigi.nal tenant
gi.ving licence over a portion of flat-Tenant becoming part owner after pur-
chase of building from owner by society of which she was member-Whether
tenant's title stood tenninated precluding her from seeking ejectment of licen- c
cee-Held, no; tenant's title became enlarged and not detennined.
Presidency Small Causes Courts Act 1882, S. 42A-Origi.nal tenant
gi.ving licence over a portion of flat-Tenant becoming part owner after
purchase of building from owner by society of which she was mem-
ber-Whether licencee can resist ejectment c/abning to be a tenant entitled to D
protection of Rent Act-Held, no; the nomenclature of the a"angement
concludes the matte1-Bombay Rents, Hotel and Lodging House Rates Con-
trol Act, 1947.
Respondent, a member of the Mazagaon Terrace Co-operative Hous-
E
ing Society Ltd., was allotted the flat in question and in turn gave a licence
over a portion of it to the appellant. The licence was terminated and an
ejectment application was filed by the respondent under S.41 of the
Presidency Small Caus.es Courts Act 1882 (hereinafter 'Act'). Appellant
claimed under S.42 A of the Act that she was a tenant and entitled to the
11rotection of the Bombay Rents, Hotel and Lodging House Rates Control F
Act, 1947. Appellant lost in the Trial and appellate Courts.
Thereafter appellant raised an objection under S.43 of the Act
contending that since the tenancy of the respondent under the original
owner had been terminated on her becoming part- owner, She could not
file the ejectment application. Relying on the earlier order allowing her G
application, the Trial Court negatived this objection of the appellant. In a
writ petition thereafter by the appellant, the High Court remitted the
matter for a fresh decision clarifying that if the appellant failed in her
objection under S.43 of the Act, she would under S.42-A nevertheless be
entitled to assail the ejectment order made of the Act. Accepting H
505
506 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1995J SUPP. 4 S.C.R.
A appellant's objection, the Trial Court on remand held that respondent's
application was not maintainable. The High Court reversed. Hence this
appeal.
It was contended that with respondent becoming member of the
society which came to own the building, her old status of tenant under the
B original onner c.rime to an end. Accordingly, she could not maintain the
ejectment application under S.43 of the Act. In any event appellant was a
tenant entitled to the protection of the Rent Act and could accordingly
challenge the orders made under S.42-A of the Act.
C Dismissing the appeal, this Court
HELD : 1. There was no determination or extingnishment or ter·
ruination of the tenancy rights of the original tenant when the building
came to be owned by the society wherein the applicant became a part·
owner. The words in the explanation to S .43 of the Presidency Small causes
D Court Act, viz. "permission granted by virtue of a title which determined
previous to the date of the application" predicate that the status of the
grantor should have been terminated. The title of the original tenant
became 'enlarged' or augmented and was not determined. [512-B, 511-C]
KM. Motwani v. Albeit Sequeira, AIR (1960) Born 18, distinguished.
E
2. The plea based on s.42 of the Act is without substance. The
appellant and the respondent chose to call the arrangement as a 'licence'.
The specific nomenclature of the arrangement should conclude the matter.
It is idle to contend that the appellant is entitled to the protection of the
Bombay Rents, Hotel and Lodging House Rates Control Act, 1947 as a
F
tenant. [514-B]
Swam Singh v. Madan Singh, [1995] Supp. 1 SCC 306, relied on.
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTlON: Civil Appeal No. 2412 of
G 1992.
From the Judgment and Order dated 28.11.91 of the Bombay High
Court in W.P. No. 1823 of 1983.
Harish N. Salve, Vijay Kumar and Ms. Sangcela Kumar, for the
H Appellant.
L.H. HIRANANDANI. v. USHA TANDON [PARIPOO:K.NAN. J.j 507
Shankar Ghosh and Prnbir Choudhary for the Respondcnl. A
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
PARIPOORNAN, J. The original respondeilt in Ejectment Applica-
tion No. 149/929/E of 1%6 in the Court of Small Causes al Bombay B
respondent in Writ Petition No. 1823/83 (hereinafter referred to as 'the
original respondent'), is the appellant in this appeal. The original applicant
in the said Ejectment Application - petitioner in Writ Petition No. 1823/83
(hereinafter referred to as 'the original applicant'), is the respondent in this
appeal. The matter arises in connection with the eviction of the original
respondent from the premises, comprised in flat No. 36, Block No. 30-C, C
27-A, Mazagaon Terrace. One Sri Syed Abdul Hamid Kadri was the owner
of the entire building. The original applicant was a tenant under Shri Kadri
long before 1965. The property was mortgaged to a trust. Pursuant to some
litigation, the property was put up for auction on 6'.10.1965. Prior to this
auction, on 14.8.1965, the tenants of the flat formed a Society called D
Mazagaon Terrace Co-operative Housing Society Ltd. The entire building
in question was purchased by the society. The original applicant became a
member of the society on 26.9.1965. It is stated that the flat covered by the
cjectment application was allotted to the original applicant.
2. The original applicant gave a licence over a portion of the flat in E
her possession to the original respondent. By notice dated 3.8.1966, the
licence was terminated. On 29.11.1966, the ejectmcnt application was filed
under section 41 of the Presidency Small Cause Courts Act, 1882
(hereinafter referred to as 'the Act'). In the said proceedings, the original
respondent claimed the benefit of section 42A - the right of tenancy. The F
Court repelled the said plea by order dated 17.8.1973. The appeal filed
from the aforesaid order, was dismissed on 18.10.1977. Thereafter, the
original respondent raised an objection under section 43 of the Act,
contending that the applicant is not entitled to file the application under
section 41 of the Act. By order dated 17.7.1978, the Court of Small causes,
Bombay rejected the said plea relying on its earlier order dated 17.8.1973 G
passed under section 42A of the Act. The original respondent filed special
civil application No. 2268/78 before the Bombay High Court and assailed
the orders passed under section 42A as_ well as under section 43 of the Act.
Masodkar, J., by .Judgment dated 6th of October, 1982 ordered a remit of
the matter, for a fresh consideration. The learned Judge held that the plea H
508 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1995] SUPP. 4 S.C.R.
A of the original respondent under section 43 of the Act should be considered
afresh and in case of rejection of the said defence, it is open lo the original
respondent to challenge the orders made under section 42A of the Act. •
Thereafter, the Trial Court passed the order dated 24.l.1983 holding that
the application filed under section 41 of the Act by the applicant is not
maintainable since the initial title of the applicant as a tenant has come to
B
an end. The original applicant filed Writ Petition No. 1823/83 before the
High Court of Bombay and assailed the order of the Trial Court dated
21.4.1983. By the judgment under appeal dated 28.11.1991, the learned
single Judge of the Bombay High Court set aside the judgment and order •
passed by the Small Causes Court dated 21.4.1983 and allowed the applica-
c tion filed by the original applicant. The original respondent after having
obtained special leave in Special Leave Petition (Civil) No. 5509 of 1992,
has filed this civil appeal.
3. We heard counsel. Mr. Harish Salve, Senior counsel appearing for
D the appellant; raised two contentions. They are : (i) the original applicant
had given a licence to the original respondent while she was a tenant of Sri
Kadri and when she became a tenant member of the society, her old status
came to an end, and so, she is disqualified under section 43 of the Act for
obtaining decree from the Court, and (ii) by the judgment in Special Civil
Application No. 2268/78 dated 6.10.1982 the Court had directed that in
E case the plea of the original respondent under section 43 of the Act fails,
the challenge to the orders made under section 42A is open. In the
judgment impugned in this appeal, the learned single Judge in error in
stating that the challenge to the orders passed under section 42A cannot
be entertained. On the other hand, Counsel for the respondent submitted
that the judgment passed by the learned single Judge rejecting the pica
F
made under section 43 of the Act, is justified. It was further submitted that
the plea made by the original applicant under section 42A of the Act has
no substance.
4. In order adjudicate the controversy raised in this case, it will be
G useful to bear in mind the relevant provisions of the Presidency Small
Cause Courts Act of 1882 (Act 15 of 1882) :
S. 41. "When any person has had possession of any immovable
property situate within the local limits of the Small Cause Court's
H jurisdiction and of which the annual value at a rack-rent does not
LH. llIRANANDANI. ~·.USHA TANDON (PARIPOORNAN,J.J 509
exceed t\VO th0usan<l rupees, as the tenant, or by permission, of A
another person, or of some person ·through whom such other
person clai1ns,
an<l such tenancy or pern1ission has determined or been
V·lithdrawn_.
B
and such tenant of occupier or any person holding under or by
assignment from him (hereinafter called the occupant) refuses to
deliver up such property in compliance with a request made to
him in this behalf by such other person,
such other person (hereinafter called the applicant) may apply c
to the Small Cause Court for a summons against the occupant,
calling upon him to show cause, on a day therein appointed, why
he should not be compelled to deliver up the property."
S. 42A. "Procedure where occupant contests as a lawful tenant, D
etc.; (1) If in any application pending in the Small Cause Court
immediately before the date of commencement of the Presidency
Small Cause Courts (Maharashtra Amendment) Act, 1963, or
made to it on or after such date, the occupant appears at the lime
appointed and claims that he is a tenant of the applicant within
the meaning of the Bombay Rents, Hotel and Lodging House E
Rates Control Act, 1947 and in consequence whereof he is entitled
to the protection of that Act, and if such claim is not admitted by
the applicant, then notwithstanding anything contained in that Act
the question shall be decided by the Small Cause Court as a
prelin1inary is."ue.
F
-! (2) An appeal against the decision on the issue shall lie to a Bench
of two Judges of the Small Cause Court."
S.43. " If the occupant does not appear at the time appointed and
show cause to the contrary, the applicant shall, if the Small Cause G
Court is satisfied that he is entitled to apply under section 4 J, be
entitled to an order addressed lo a bailiff of the Court directing
him to give possession of the property to the applicant on such.
day as the Court thinks fit to name in such order.
&planation : If the occupant proves that the tenancy was cr~ated H
SlO SUPREME COUJZT REPORTS f1995J SUPP. 4 S.C.R.
A or pcrn1ission granlc<l by virtue of a title \vhich detennined previous
lo the date of the application, he shall be deemed to have shown.
cause \Vithin the n1caning of this section.''
S.47. 1'Whenever on an application being made under section 41
the occupant hinds hin1sclf) \vith l\VO surctics 1 in o bond fur such
B amount as the Small Cause Court thinks reasonable, having regard
to the value of the property and the probable costs of the suit next
hereinafter mentioned, to institute without delay a suit in the High
Court against the applicant for compensation for trespass and to
pay all the costs of such suit in case he does not prosecute the
c same or in case judgment therein is given for the app1icant, the
Small Cause Court shall stay the proceedings on such application
until such suit is disposed of.
If the occupant obtains a decree in any such suit against the
applicant, such decree shall supersede the order (if any) made
D under section 43.
Nothing contained in section 22 shall apply to suits under this
section. 11
5. There was some discussion as to whether the original applicant
E gave a declaration to the society regarding the surrender of the earlier
tenancy in exchange for the conferment of (tenant) membership of the
newly formed Cooperative Society. The learned single Judge held that the
evidence on this aspect is inconclusive. The matter \Vas not pursued there~
after hy both the parties. The question which arises for consideration is as
F to \Vhclhcr the application filed hy the original applicant is nlaintainablc
when she be.came a tenant-n1ember of the society. The learned single Judge
held that the tenancy of the original applicant has only changed colour by
virtue of the society stepping into the shoes of the original landlord, Shri
Kadri, that the original applicant did not cease to be a tenant, that there
is no legal determination of the tenancy of the original applicant, that the
G original applicant has not sold or disposed of the premises but continued
in possession of the same. It is only the ownership of the building that has
changed and the original applicant tenant, became a part owner, by the
I-
mcn1hership in the society in respect of the same premises and her tenancy
had not been determined. The tenancy has not ended or ceased or ter-
H minated or extinguished. In this view nfthc n1attcr, the learned single Judge
L.H. HIRANANDANI. ~·.USHA TANDON [PARIPOORNAN. J.J 511
held that explanation to section 43 is inapplicable to the instant case, and A
the pica of the original respondent stating that the title of the applicant has
been determined, is without force. The learned single Judge declined to go
into the question whether the provisions of section 42A of the Act arc
applicable as in his opinion the matter was concluded by the earlier order.
B
6. We are of opinion that the ori[,>inal respondent (appellant herein)
(occupant) has failed to show that the permission granted by virtue of a
title was determined previous to the date of the application. The appellant
has failed to show cause within the meaning of section 43 of the Act and
the learned single Judge was justified in hulding so. The crucial words in
the explanation to sectio~ 43 of the Act to the effect that the "permission c
granted by virtue of a title which determined previous to the date of the
application" predicate that the status of the grantor, (the original applicant)
should have been terminated or should have come to an end or ceased or
concluded or extinguished. In our opinion, it is not possible to say that the
. original applicant, admittedly a tenant of the owner, Sri Kadri, ceased to D
have tenancy right, when the building came to be owned by the society
wherein the applicant became a part-owner. The title of the original
applicant became 11 enlarged 11 or augmented and was not determined.
7. The appellant's counsel placed considerable reliance on the
decision of the Bombay High Court in K.M Motwani v. Albeit Sequeira and E
Another, AIR (1960) Bombay 18 to contend that the title of the original
applicant was determined when she became a part-owner of the society. In
that case, the second respondent landlord let out the premises to one
Robert Nicoias prior to 1947. On l.l2.1947 Nicolas, sub-let the premises
to the first respondent. In Octohcr, 1948, the first respondent granted a F
licence to the appellant in the said appeal. The second respondent landlord
filed a suit for eviction against Nicolas which was decreed in 1950. The
legal effect flowing from the said decree was that the tenancy granted to
Nicolas was determined. It was terminated. By such termination, the sub-
tenancy granted to the first respondent and the licence granted to the
appellant also came to an end. The appellant-licensee obstructed \~hen the G
second respondent landlord initiated execution. On 13.9.1950, the appel-
- lant and second respondent- landlord can1e to an agreement wherein the
appellant was recognised as a tenant. Thereafter, the first respondent - sub-
tenant filed an application under section 41 of the Act against the appellant
and obtained an order. The appellant filed a suit under section 47 of the H
512 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1995) SUPP. 4 S.C.R.
A Act, stating that the order obtained by the first respondent under section
41 of the Aet resulted in trespass. The Trial Court dismissed the suit. The
High Court of Bomhay allowed the appeal. The High Court found that the
right of sub-tenant, the first respondent) came to an end when a decree
was passed against Nicolas, the tenant. The title of the first respun-
dent---<iuh-tcnant by which he gave the licence to the appellant was
B
'determined' as soon as the tenancy of Nicolas can1e to an end. the said
decision is distinguishable on facts. We are of the view that there is no
determination or extinguishmcnt or termination of the tenancy rights or the
original applicant in this case, as it happened in the decision reported in
AIR 1960 Bombay 18. ll is true that the Court also observed that if an
c application under Chapter VII can be maintained by a person not under
an original title but under a different or subsequent title, then the Small
Cause Court would have to go into the question of title and that is exactly
what the Legislature wanted to prevent and it was clear that it was not
contemplated by the Legislature that under Chapter VII of the Small Cause
D Courts Act the Court should go into difficult questions of title. The said
decision was rendered before the amendment inserted by Maharashtra
Amendment Act (Act 41 of 1963) whereby section 42A was brought into
force from 1.l.1964. section 42A of the Act mandates that if in an applica-
tion (tiled under section 41) pending in the Small Cause Court, the oc-
cupant claims that he is a tenant of the applicant under the Rent Control
E Act and so entitled to the protection of that Act, and if such claim is not
admilled by the applicant, the question shall be decided by the Small Cause
Court as a preliminary issue. The decision is subject to an appeal to a
Bench of two Judges of the Small Cause Court. After insertion of section
42A in Chapter VII, it is envisaged that complicated questions regarding
title should be adjudicated by the Small Cause Court in certain cases. To
F
a limited extent, the scheme of Chapter VII of the Act has been altered or
changed. So, the broad observations in AIR 1960 Bombay 18, regarding
the scope and the intention of the legislature with respect of the scheme
envisaged by Chapter VII of the Act may require a second look, in an
appropriate case.
G
8. The second and only other contention raised by Mr. Salve, Senior
Counsel, was that the applicability of section 42A of the Act should have
been considered by the learned single Judge. It is true that the said plea
was not considered. We informed Counsel that since this matter is pending
H for nearly 30 years, we will ourselves consider the matter. The plea was
-
LH. HIRANANDANI. v. lJSHA TANDON [PARIP~ORNAN. J.J 513
that the appellant (the original respondent) is a tenant under the Rent A
Control Acl and not a licensee and, so the niatter requires investigation
and adjudication. Our attention was invited to a letter written by the
original respondent to the applicant dated 22nd July, 1958 appearing at
page 126 of the paperbook. The communication of the original respondent
addressed to the applicant states thus :
B
..
Usha Tandon Alias Mrs. Usha Gopalan,
Dear Madam,
c
Re : Premises in TTMazagaon Terrace" at Mazagaon.
I hereby record that at my request a11d eamest e11traties you have
been kind ·enough to me to pem1it to me to occupy a part of your
flat No. 30/36 i11 "Mazagao11 Te1Tace" situated at Mazagaon, which D
part consists of one hall, one bed-room and one store room as your
licencee 011/y with intent that no right or interest whatsoever in the
said premises or any part thereof is created in my favour.
I hereby further record that I shall at any time whenever
required by you and without any objection or hinderance what- E
soever, vacate and given quiet and peaceful possession of the said
premi5es to you, but in that event you will inform me at least a
month before.
Yours faithfully''
F
(Emphasis supplied)
The nomenclature or the label for the arrangement is unambiguous.
It is only a 'licence'. The appellant sought permission of the original
applicant to occupy a portion of the Oat belonging to the original applicant. G
No right, or interest whatsoever in the said premise.;; or any part thereof is
created in favour of the original respondent. The appellant also undertook
to vacate the building and to give quite possession to the applicant at any
time when required to do so. All that was stipulated was that the informa-
tio11 shciuld be given one month before it is so required. The document is
clear. The eye need look no further. The Bombay Rent Control Act was H
514 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1995] SUPP. 4 S.C.R.
A in existence ever-since 1947. The appellant (the original respondent) as
well as the applicant were aware or should be deemed to be aware of the
prevailing slate of law. They chose to call the arrangement as a "licence".
Permission was sPught to occupy a part of the flat and it \Vas given. In our
opinion, the specific label or nomenclature of the arrangement and the
contents of the communication, should conclude the matter. It is idle for
B the appellant to contend that she is entitled to the protection of the
Bombay Rents, Hotel and Lodging House Rates Control Act, 1947 as a
tenant. We are of the view that the plea based on the section 42A of the
Act is without substance and we repel lhe same. Our above reasoning and
conclusion are in accord with the Bench decision of this Court in Swam
C Singh v. Madan Singh, [1995] 1 SCC 306.
No other point was raised in the appeal. We affirm the judgment of
the learned single Judge dated 28.11.1991 and dismiss this appeal. How-
ever, there shall be no order as to costs in this appeal.
S.M. Appeal dismissed.
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