KALIM KHAN & OTHERSversusFIMIDABEE & OTHERS

                        [2018] 6 S.C.R. 561                                561


                    KALIM KHAN & OTHERS                                    A
                                   v.
                      FIMIDABEE & OTHERS
                (Civil Appeal Nos. 8785-8786 of 2015)
                            JULY 03, 2018                                  B
      [DIPAK MISRA, CJI, A. M. KHANWILKAR AND
             DR. D. Y. CHANDRACHUD, JJ.]
       Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 – ss. 165 and 166 – Claim petition
– Maintainability of – Compensation – Liability of insurer – Blasting
                                                                           C
operation carried out in the field of the owner, for digging of the
well using battery of the tractor – Stone fell on deceased leading to
his death – Tribunal holding that the accident was a vehicular
accident and vehicle being used for commercial purpose, there was
breach of insurance policy by the owner, awarded compensation
fastening the liability on the owner – High Court held that the claim      D
petition was not maintainable since battery being detached from
the vehicle and not part of it, the accident did not arise out of use
of vehicle – On appeal, held: There has to be some causal relation
or the incident must relate to it – It should not be totally unconnected
– Keeping in view the evidence on record, the tribunal rightly held
                                                                           E
that the battery was installed in the tractor and explosives were
charged by the battery – Purpose was to dig the well in the field –
Vehicle was in use as stipulated u/s. 165 – Thus, the High Court
erred on the said score – Furthermore, the vehicle being used for
commercial purpose, there was breach of insurance policy and, thus,
the insurer was not liable to pay the compensation – Though, the           F
case of insurer that the work of digging of well in a field used for
agricultural purpose would embrace an activity associated with
agriculture for irrigating the field is accepted, however, this would
not help in fastening the liability since there was no analysis of the
terms and conditions of the policy and evidence of witnesses by the
                                                                           G
High Court – Parties relegated to the High Court to determine about
fastening of the liability on the insurer or the owner – Until then
insurance company to pay the compensation to the claimants as
determined by the tribunal which would be subject to the conclusion
of the remanded appeals.
                                                                           H
                                   561
562            SUPREME COURT REPORTS                      [2018] 6 S.C.R.


A           Partly allowing the appeals, the Court
            HELD: 1.1 The tribunal has treated the accident to be a
      vehicular accident and entertained the claim. The High Court
      did not analyze any evidence brought on record to come to the
      conclusion that the battery of the vehicle was practically detached
B     from the vehicle and was not a part of the vehicle. On the contrary,
      the tribunal noticed that the panchnama of the tractor clearly
      showed that the tractor was in the field and the blasting machine
      was found on tractor with wrapped gas pipe and an explosive
      battery found on the tractor with the wooden cover. It referred to
      the evidence, to record the finding that the blasting machine was
C     kept on the tractor driven by the driver engaged by the owner
      and the tractor was used for digging of the well with the blasting
      machine. The insurer, as is evident, had only raised a singular
      plea with regard to use of the tractor, namely, ‘commercial
      purpose’ and on that foundation, it had advanced the stance that
D     there had been fundamental breach of the insurance policy.
      Keeping in view the evidence on record, the view expressed by
      the tribunal that the battery was still installed on the vehicle and
      the power was drawn from the battery for explosive purposes, is
      accepted. [Para 6] [568-B-D]
E           1.2 Section 165 of the Motor Vehicles Act makes it vivid
      that the tribunal can adjudicate the claims for compensation in
      respect of accidents arising out of use of motor vehicles. Thus,
      the fundamental requirement is that the accident should arise
      out of the use of the motor vehicle. If there is no use of the motor
      vehicle, the question of vehicular accident will not arise. Section
F     2(44) defines ‘tractor’ to mean a motor vehicle which is not itself
      constructed to carry any load (other than equipment used for the
      purpose of propulsion); but excludes a road-roller. [Paras 7, 8]
      [569-A-B, D-E]
            1.3 It is limpid that the expression ‘use of the vehicle’
G     under certain circumstances can be attracted when the vehicle is
      stationary or static. The causal relationship should exist between
      violation and the accident caused. There has to be some act done
      by the person concerned in causing the accident. The commission
      or omission must have some nexus with the accident. The word
H     ‘use’ need not have an intimate and direct nexus with the accident.
     KALIM KHAN & OTHERS v. FIMIDABEE & OTHERS                           563


The court has to bear in mind that the phraseology used by the           A
legislature is “accident arising out of use of the motor vehicle”.
The scope has been enlarged by such use of the phraseology and
this Court taking note of the beneficial provision has placed a
wider meaning on the same. There has to be some causal relation
or the incident must relate to it. It should not be totally
                                                                         B
unconnected. Therefore, in each case what is required to be seen
is whether there has been some causal relation or the event is
related to the act. [Paras 22, 24] [576-E; 577-F-H]
      1.4 As is evincible, the battery was installed in the tractor
and the explosives were charged by the battery. The purpose
was to dig the well in the field. In such an obtaining factual matrix,   C
it would be an erroneous perception to say that the vehicle was
not in use as stipulated under Section 165. Hence, the Division
Bench erred on that score.[Para 25] [578-A-B]
      1.5 The insurer advanced the plea that the tractor was
insured under “Farmer Package Policy” for agriculture purpose            D
by the owner of the vehicle. However, it was used for commercial
purpose by mounting a blasting machine thereon. That use was
in breach of insurance policy and, therefore, the insurer was not
liable to pay the compensation. The insurer also examined its
employee to establish the fact that the owner of the vehicle had         E
committed breach of insurance policy by using it for commercial
purpose and for transporting the blasting machine. [Para 26]
[578-C-D]
      1.6 It is noticed that the battery of the tractor was used for
digging of well in a field used for agricultural purpose. The insured    F
had contended that the work of digging of well in a field used for
agricultural purpose would embrace an activity associated with
agriculture for irrigating the field and is answered in the
affirmative. This does not help in fastening the liability because
there has been no analysis as regards the terms and conditions
of the policy and its fundamental character. The High Court did          G
not deal with any of these matters, the adjudication whereof has
now become inevitable to answer the issue about the liability to
be borne by the insurer, the owner of the vehicle (insured) or
otherwise. This adjudication requires analysis of relevant material
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564            SUPREME COURT REPORTS                      [2018] 6 S.C.R.


A     including the insurance policy and evidence of concerned
      witnesses, for understanding the terms and conditions of the policy
      regard being had to nature of policy and the extent of the liability
      of the insurer, if any. As the High Court did not consider this
      aspect at all, it is deemed appropriate to relegate the parties to
      the High Court for determining the singular issue about fastening
B
      of the liability on the insurer or the owner of the vehicle. Under
      these circumstances, until that issue is finally decided, the
      insurance company must pay the compensation amount payable
      to the claimants as determined by the tribunal in terms of the
      award, which payment will be subject to the outcome of the
C     remanded appeals to be decided by the High Court. The claimants
      need not contest the remanded proceedings before the High
      Court as it is remitted only for limited purpose to determine the
      liability amongst the insurer and owner of the vehicle. [Para 27]
      [579-G-H; 580-A-B]
D           Kanhei Rana and Another v. Gangadhar Swain and
            Others AIR 1993 ORI 89 – approved.

            Shivaji Dayanu Patil v. Smt. Vatschala Uttam More
            (1991) 3 SCC 530 : [1991] 3 SCR 26 ; Pushpa Rani
            Chopra v. Anokha Singh 1975 ACJ 396 (Del HC) ;
E           General Manager, K.S.R.T.C. v. S. Satalingappa
            1979 ACJ 452 (Kant HC) ; Oriental Fire and General
            Insurance Co. Ltd. v. Suman Navnath Rajguru 1985
            ACJ 243 (Bom HC); Union of India v. United India
            Insurance Co. Ltd. and Others (1997) 8 SCC
F           683 :[1997] 4 Suppl. SCR 643 ; Samir Chanda v.
            Managing Director, Assam State Transport Corporation
            (1998) 6 SCC 605 : [1998] 1 Suppl. SCR 219 ; Union
            of India v. Bhagwati Prasad (Dead) and Others (2002)
            3 SCC 661: [2002] 2 SCR 290; General Manager,
            Kerala State Road Transport Corporation, Trivandrum
G           v. Susamma Thomas and Others (1994) 2 SCC 176 –
            referred to.

            Heyman v. Darwins Ltd. [1942] AC 356 : [1942] 1 All
            ER 337; Union of India v. E.B. Aaby’s Rederi A/S
H
     KALIM KHAN & OTHERS v. FIMIDABEE & OTHERS                         565


      [1975] AC 797 : [1974] 2 All ER 874 ; Samick Lines               A
      Co. Ltd. v. Owners of the Antonis P. Lemos [1985] 2
      WLR 468 ; Newberry v. Simmonds [1961] 2 ALL ER
      318 ; Smart v. Allan [1962] 3 ALL ER 893 ; Elliott v.
      Grey [1960] 1 QB 367 : [1959] 3 All ER 733 ;
      Government Insurance Office of New South Wales v.
                                                                       B
      R.J. Green & Lloyd Pty. Ltd. (1965) 114 CLR 437 –
      referred to.

                       Case Law Reference

[1991] 3 SCR 26                referred to            Para 9           C
1975 ACJ 396 (Del HC)          referred to            Para 13

1979 ACJ 452 (Kant HC)         referred to            Para 13

1985 ACJ 243 (Bom HC)          referred to            Para 13
                                                                       D
[1997] 4 Suppl. SCR 643        referred to            Para 18

[1998] 1 Suppl. SCR 219        referred to            Para 19

[2002] 2 SCR 290               referred to            Para 21
                                                                       E
AIR 1993 ORI 89                approved               Para 23

      CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal
Nos. 8785-8786 of 2015.

      From the Judgment and Order dated 10.10.2013 of the High Court   F
of Judicature at Bombay, Nagpur Bench, Nagpur in First Appeal
No. 494 of 2013 and First Appeal No. 437 of 2008.

     Ms. Aparna Jha, M. D. Adkar, Rohit Gupta, Amit Bhagat,
Ms. Kirti Sondhi, Abhishek Yadav, Advs. for the Appellants.
                                                                       G
     Satyajit A. Desai, Ms. Anagha S. Desai, Varun Mathur,
Ms. Aishwarya Bhati, Abhishek Kumar, Viresh B. Saharya, Akshat
Agarwal, Advs. for the Respondents.


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566            SUPREME COURT REPORTS                          [2018] 6 S.C.R.


A           The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
             DIPAK MISRA, CJI 1. The legal representatives of the
      deceased Firoz preferred a claim petition being MAC Petition No. 64 of
      2006 before the Chairman, Motor Accidents Claims Tribunal (for short,
      ‘the tribunal’), Washim under Section 166 of the Motor Vehicles Act,
B     1988 (for brevity, “the Act”) claiming compensation of Rs. 15 lacs on
      the foundation that the deceased was an Assistant Teacher in Urdu
      Primary School at Pusad run by Zilla Parishad, Yeotmal and was drawing
      monthly salary of Rs. 8,123/- and they were dependent on the income of
      the deceased. The assertion in the claim petition was that land situated
      in survey number 136 of village Kajleshwar, Tq Karanja, Washim District
C     was belonging to Respondent No. 1 who had commenced the work for
      digging of well in the above agricultural land. On 08.04.2005 at about
      4.15 p.m., when the deceased was returning towards his house after
      purchasing certain articles from the grocery shop, a heavy stone came
      flying and fell on his head, as a consequence of which, he sustained
D     grievous injuries and was carried for treatment in a jeep to the hospital
      where he was declared dead. The case of the claimants before the
      Tribunal was that the stone fell on the deceased due to blasting operation
      carried out for digging of well in the field of respondent No. 1. It is
      further put forth that the tractor belonging to the 1st respondent and
      insured with the respondent No. 4 was used for digging up well by
E     keeping the blasting machine and, therefore, the causing of death by the
      use of the tractor was established.
             2. The tribunal, appreciating the materials brought on record, came
      to hold that digging of the well with use of blasting machine was carried
      on in the field of the owner and the tractor was used for digging of the
F     well with the blasting machine. Thereafter, it proceeded to deal with
      fixing of the liability and the quantum of the compensation. On the first
      aspect, it took note of the submission advanced on behalf of the insurer
      that the owner had committed breach of the policy by using the tractor
      for commercial use. To bolster the said stance, the insurer asserted that
G     the owner had not taken permission from the competent authority for
      carrying on the blasting work in his field and, hence, there was violation
      of the policy. On behalf of the owner, the stand was taken that the
      tractor was used for agricultural purposes, for digging of the well was
      carried on for the irrigation of the crops which work was incidental to
      agriculture and hence, there was no violation of the policy.
H
     KALIM KHAN & OTHERS v. FIMIDABEE & OTHERS                                567
                 [DIPAK MISRA, CJI]

       3. The tribunal came to hold that on the basis of the material         A
brought on record, the vehicle was used for commercial purpose and,
therefore, there was a fundamental breach of the insurance policy. It
further opined that the cause of the death of the deceased was due to
vehicular accident because of the evidence brought on record. Emphasis
was laid on the fundamental breach of the insurance policy by the owner
                                                                              B
and, ultimately the liability was fastened on him directing him and other
respondent to pay the compensation of Rs. 9,30,000/- with interest at
the rate of 6% per annum from the date of the petition till
realization.

        4. Two appeals were preferred before the High Court challenging       C
the award of the tribunal. The High Court noted that the power for
trigger of the explosives came from the battery of the tractor which was
parked nearby and as explosion took place, a large stone flew in air and
fell on the head of the deceased who was standing in front of a shop that
was 300 ft. away. It addressed to the concept of ‘use of motor vehicle’
and in that context stated that the tractor, when it is stationary with the   D
additional implements/machines can be run using the power generated
by its engine for thrashing and cutting agriculture produce. It also dwelt
upon the concept that when a storage battery of a vehicle is disconnected
and taken for some other use, sometimes it is used for other purposes
without disconnecting the battery from the vehicle. On the factual issue,     E
the High Court opined that the battery of the vehicle was still installed
inside and the terminals were used for providing power to the use of
explosive. However, it further went on to say that the battery was
practically detached from the vehicle and was not a part of the vehicle
and on that basis ruled that use of battery for causing explosion cannot
be said to be use of vehicle, for the vehicle was not used for causing        F
explosion. Eventually, it held that it could not be said that the accident
that took place had arisen out of the use of motor vehicle as defined in
Section 165 of the Act and, therefore, the claim petition under Section
166 was not maintainable. Expressing the aforesaid view, the High Court
set aside the award passed by the tribunal.                                   G
      5. We have heard Ms. Aparna Jha, learned counsel for the
appellants, Ms. Aishwarya Bhati, learned counsel for the respondent
No. 2 and Mr. Abhishek Kumar, learned counsel for the respondent
No. 4.
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568             SUPREME COURT REPORTS                            [2018] 6 S.C.R.


A             6. As is noticeable, the High Court has recorded a finding that the
      battery was practically detached from the vehicle. The correctness of
      this finding is required to be determined first. It is necessary to note here
      that the tribunal has treated the accident to be a vehicular accident and
      entertained the claim. As we find, the High Court has not analyzed any
      evidence brought on record to come to the conclusion that the battery of
B
      the vehicle was practically detached from the vehicle and was not a part
      of the vehicle. On the contrary, the Tribunal had noticed that the
      panchnama of the tractor, Ex-42, clearly showed that the tractor was in
      the field and the blasting machine was found on tractor with wrapped
      gas pipe and an explosive battery found on the tractor with the wooden
C     cover. It has referred to Ex-41 and other oral evidence to record the
      finding that the blasting machine was kept on the tractor driven by the
      driver engaged by the owner and the tractor was used for digging of the
      well with the blasting machine. The insurer, as is evident, had only raised
      a singular plea with regard to use of the tractor, namely, ‘commercial
      purpose’ and on that foundation, it had advanced the stance that there
D
      had been fundamental breach of the insurance policy. Keeping in view
      the evidence on record, we agree with the view expressed by the tribunal
      that the battery was still installed on the vehicle and the power was
      drawn from the battery for explosive purposes. Having arrived at the
      aforesaid conclusion, we shall proceed to deal with the concept of ‘use’
E     and determine whether the accident could be regarded as a vehicle
      accident.
             7. Section 165 deals with the claims tribunals. It uses the word
      ‘use of motor vehicles’. For the sake of completeness, we reproduce
      the relevant part of the said provision:-
F           “Section 165. Claims Tribunals.—
            (1) A State Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette,
            constitute one or more Motor Accidents Claims Tribunals
            (hereafter in this Chapter referred to as Claims Tribunal) for such
            area as may be specified in the notification for the purpose of
G           adjudicating upon claims for compensation in respect of accidents
            involving the death of, or bodily injury to, persons arising out of
            the use of motor vehicles, or damages to any property of a third
            party so arising, or both…..”

H
        KALIM KHAN & OTHERS v. FIMIDABEE & OTHERS                                  569
                    [DIPAK MISRA, CJI]

       The aforesaid provision makes it vivid that the tribunal can                A
adjudicate the claims for compensation in respect of accidents arising
out of use of motor vehicles. Thus, the fundamental requirement is that
the accident should arise out of the use of the motor vehicle. If there is
no use of the motor vehicle, the question of vehicular accident will not
arise.
                                                                                   B
       8. In this context, reference to certain definitions, as stated in the
dictionary clause would be apt. Section 2(28) defines ‘motor vehicle’ or
‘vehicle’. It reads as follows:-
          “(28) “motor vehicle” or “vehicle” means any mechanically
          propelled vehicle adapted for use upon roads whether the power           C
          of propulsion is transmitted thereto from an external or internal
          source and includes a chassis to which a body has not been attached
          and a trailer; but does not include a vehicle running upon fixed
          rails or a vehicle of a special type adapted for use only in a factory
          or in any other enclosed premises or a vehicle having less than
          four wheels fitted with engine capacity of not exceeding twenty-         D
          five cubic centimeters;”
       Section 2(44) defines ‘tractor’ to mean a motor vehicle which is
not itself constructed to carry any load (other than equipment used for
the purpose of propulsion); but excludes a road-roller.
                                                                                   E
       9. Keeping the aforesaid definitions in view, we are required to
analyze whether the use of the vehicle in the manner in which it is done
can be treated as use of the vehicle to cause a vehicular accident. This
Court in Shivaji Dayanu Patil and another v. Smt. Vatschala Uttam
More1 was dealing with conceptual meaning of the phrase “arising out
of the use of motor vehicle” as contained in Section 92-A of the Motor             F
Vehicles Act, 1939 (hereinafter referred to as ‘the 1939 Act’). We may
note with profit that Section 92-A(1) used the words “an accident arising
out of the use of a motor vehicle” and Section 165 of the Act that has
been reproduced hereinabove also uses the words “arising out of the
use of motor vehicles”. Thus, there has been no change in this part of             G
the provision.
      10. In Patil’s case, there was a collision between a petrol tanker
and a tractor on the national highway as a result of which, the petrol

1
    (1991) 3 SCC 530
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570                SUPREME COURT REPORTS                         [2018] 6 S.C.R.


A     tanker went off the road and fell on its left side as a result of its turning
      turtle, the petrol contained in it leaked out and collected nearby. The
      accident took place at about 3 a.m. and at about 7.15 a.m. an explosion
      took place in the said petrol tanker resulting in fire and the persons who
      had assembled near the tanker sustained injuries and one of them
      succumbed to the injuries. On a claim petition being filed, the tribunal
B
      dismissed the same on the ground that the explosion could not be said to
      be an accident arising out of the use of the petrol tanker and that the
      provision of Section 92-A of the 1939 Act were not attracted. It expressed
      the view that the accident that took place at 7.15 a.m. was an independent
      explosion. On appeal, the learned single Judge of the High Court held
C     that though at the material time the tanker was not being driven on the
      highway and was lying turtle on its side on the highway but it would be
      covered by the expression ‘use’ as contemplated in Section 92-A of the
      1939 Act. In Letters Patent Appeal, the Division Bench opined that the
      expression ‘use’ of motor vehicle covers a very wide field, a field more
      extensive than which might be called traffic use of the motor vehicle
D
      and that the use of a vehicle is not confined to the periods when it was in
      motion or was moving and that a vehicle would still be in use even when
      it was stationary. It had also expressed the view that it could not be
      inferred that there was no causal relation between the earlier event and
      the later incident of explosion and fire and further, the earlier collision if
E     not the cause, was at least the main contributory factor for the subsequent
      explosion. Being of this view, the Division Bench affirmed the judgment
      of the learned single Judge.
             11. This Court referred to the Statement of Objects and Reasons
      for introduction of Section 92-A to Section 92-E of the Motor Vehicles
F     (Amendment) Act, 1982. Analyzing, Chapter VII-A of the 1939 Act
      which was amended by Act 47 of 1982 dealt with “Liability without fault
      in certain cases”, the Court referred to the anatomy of Section 92-A,
      the purpose behind it, the concept of beneficial legislation and proceeded
      to interpret the words ‘arising out of the use of motor vehicle’. Be it
      noted, on behalf of the petitioners therein, a contention was raised that
G     the tanker had ceased to be a mechanically propelled vehicle. The Court
      relied on the decision in Newberry v. Simmonds2 wherein it was held
      that the motor car does not cease to be a mechanically propelled vehicle
      upon the mere removal of the engine if the evidence admits the possibility

      2
          [1961] 2 ALL ER 318
H
      KALIM KHAN & OTHERS v. FIMIDABEE & OTHERS                                 571
                  [DIPAK MISRA, CJI]

that engine may shortly be replaced and the moving power restored.              A
The Court further referred to the authority in Smart v. Allan3 where the
defendant had brought a car for £ 2 and subsequently sold it as scrap for
30 cents. It was found that the engine was in a rusty condition and was
incomplete and it did not work, and there was no gear-box or electric
batteries; and the car was incapable of moving under its own power,
                                                                                B
having been towed from place to place and that it could only have been
put in running order again by supplying a considerable number of spare
parts and effecting considerable repairs, the cost of which would have
been out of all proportion to its value. It was contended before the House
of Lords that every vehicle which starts its life as a mechanically propelled
vehicle remains as such until it is physically destroyed. The said              C
submission was rejected by Lord Parker, CJ who observed thus:-
       “… it seems to me as a matter of common sense that some limit
       must be put, and some stage must be reached, when one can say:
       ‘This is so immobile that it has ceased to be a mechanically
       propelled vehicle’. Where, as in the present case, and unlike            D
       Newberry v. Simmonds, there is no reasonable prospect of the
       vehicle ever being made mobile again, it seems to me that, at any
       rate at that stage, a vehicle has ceased to be a mechanically
       propelled vehicle.”
       This Court agreed with the aforesaid formulation and reasoning
and came to hold that the petrol tanker had not ceased to be a motor            E
vehicle.
       12. The two-Judge Bench thereafter proceeded to interpret the
expression ‘use of the motor vehicle’, for it was urged that a vehicular
accident could only take place when the vehicle is mobile.
       13. Learned counsel for the petitioner therein urged for placing a       F
narrow meaning on the word ‘use’ by confining it to a situation only
when the vehicle is mobile. On behalf of the respondent, it was suggested
that a wider connotation for the word ‘use’ should be taken so as to
include the period when the vehicle is stationary. On behalf of the
respondents, observations made in Elliott v. Grey 4, Government                 G
Insurance Office of New South Wales v. R.J. Green & Lloyd Pty.
Ltd.5, Pushpa Rani Chopra v. Anokha Singh6, General Manager,
3
  [1962] 3 ALL ER 893
4
  [1960] 1 QB 367 : [1959] 3 All ER 733
5
  (1965) 114 CLR 437
6
  1975 ACJ 396 (Del HC)                                                         H
572             SUPREME COURT REPORTS                            [2018] 6 S.C.R.


A     K.S.R.T.C. v. S. Satalingappa7 and Oriental Fire and General
      Insurance Co. Ltd. v. Suman Navnath Rajguru8 were pressed into
      service. The Court, after referring to the decisions cited by the respondent
      and the analysis made by the High Court, opined:-
             “26.…In our opinion, the word “use” has a wider connotation to
B            cover the period when the vehicle is not moving and is stationary
             and the use of a vehicle does not cease on account of the vehicle
             having been rendered immobile on account of a breakdown or
             mechanical defect or accident. In the circumstances, it cannot be
             said that the petrol tanker was not in the use at the time when it
             was lying on its side after the collision with the truck.”
C
              14. After so holding, the Court proceeded to consider whether
      explosion and fire which caused injuries to the insured and eventual
      death of one could be said to have taken place due to an accident arising
      out of the use of the motor vehicle, i.e., the petrol tanker. In that context,
      the question of causal relationship between the user of the motor vehicle
D     and the accident which has resulted in death or disablement arose. Be
      it stated, the stand of the petitioner that the deceased and the injured
      persons were engaged in pilferage of petrol and the explosion of fire
      took place because of the unlawful activities was negatived as the finding
      recorded by the tribunal on the said score had been overturned by the
E     learned Single Judge whose view had been approved by the appellate
      Bench of the High Court.
            15. The Court referred to Heyman v. Darwins Ltd.9, Union of
      India v. E.B. Aaby’s Rederi A/S 10 and Samick Lines Co. Ltd. v.
      Owners of the Antonis P. Lemos11 and thereafter adverted to the decision
F     of the High Court of Australia in R.J. Green Case wherein Lord
      Barwick, C.J. has stated:-
             “Bearing in mind the general purpose of the Act I think the
             expression ‘arising out of’ must be taken to require a less proximate
             relationship of the injury to the relevant use of the vehicle than is
             required to satisfy the words ‘caused by’. It may be that an
G
             association of the injury with the use of the vehicle while it cannot
      7
         1979 ACJ 452 (Kant HC)
      8
         1985 ACJ 243 (Bom HC)
      9
        [1942] AC 356 : [1942] 1 All ER 337
      10
         [1975] AC 797 : [1974] 2 All ER 874
      11
H        [1985] 2 WLR 468
     KALIM KHAN & OTHERS v. FIMIDABEE & OTHERS                                  573
                 [DIPAK MISRA, CJI]

      be said that that use was causally related to the injury may yet be       A
      enough to satisfy the expression ‘arise out of’ as used in the Act
      and in the policy.”
        The observation of Windeyer, J. that was reproduced by the Court
is to the following effect:-
      “The words ‘injury caused by or arising out of the use of the             B
      vehicle’ postulate a causal relationship between the use of the
      vehicle and the injury. ‘Caused by’ connotes a ‘direct’ or
      ‘proximate’ relationship of cause and effect. ‘Arising out of’
      extends this to a result that is less immediate; but it still carries a
      sense of consequence.”                                                    C
      16. The two-Judge Bench, appreciating the wider connotation,
proceeded to lay down:-
      “36. This would show that as compared to the expression “caused
      by”, the expression “arising out of” has a wider connotation. The
      expression “caused by” was used in Sections 95(1)(b)(i) and (ii)          D
      and 96(2)(b)(ii) of the Act. In Section 92-A, Parliament, however,
      chose to use the expression “arising out of” which indicates that
      for the purpose of awarding compensation under Section 92-A,
      the causal relationship between the use of the motor vehicle and
      the accident resulting in death or permanent disablement is not           E
      required to be direct and proximate and it can be less immediate.
      This would imply that accident should be connected with the use
      of the motor vehicle but the said connection need not be direct
      and immediate. This construction of the expression “arising out of
      the use of a motor vehicle” in Section 92-A enlarges the field of
      protection made available to the victims of an accident and is in         F
      consonance with the beneficial object underlying the enactment.”
       17. Thereafter, the Division Bench posed the question, whether
the accident involving explosion and fire in the petrol tanker was
connected with the use of tanker as a motor vehicle. Concurring with
the view of the High Court, it ruled:-                                          G
      “37. …In our view, in the facts and circumstances of the present
      case, this question must be answered in the affirmative. The High
      Court has found that the tanker in question was carrying petrol
      which is a highly combustible and volatile material and after the
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574                SUPREME COURT REPORTS                            [2018] 6 S.C.R.


A               collision with the other motor vehicle the tanker had fallen on one
                of its sides on the sloping ground resulting in escape of highly
                inflammable petrol and that there was grave risk of explosion and
                fire from the petrol coming out of the tanker. In the light of the
                aforesaid circumstances the learned Judges of the High Court
                have rightly concluded that the collision between the tanker and
B
                the other vehicle which had occurred earlier and the escape of
                petrol from the tanker which ultimately resulted in the explosion
                and fire were not unconnected but related events and merely
                because there was interval of about four to four and half hours
                between the said collision and the explosion and fire in the tanker,
C               it cannot be necessarily inferred that there was no causal relation
                between explosion and fire. In the circumstances, it must be held
                that the explosion and fire resulting in the injuries which led to the
                death of Deepak Uttam More was due to an accident arising out
                of the use of the motor vehicle viz. the petrol tanker No. MKL
                7461.”
D
                                                               [Emphasis supplied]
             The aforesaid analysis throws immense light to understand the
      concept of “related events” and “causal relation”. They have been
      distinguished from an event which is not connected. Needless to say, the
E     appreciation of causal relation is a question of fact in each case and is to
      be weighed and appreciated on the basis of the materials brought on
      record.
             18. In Union of India v. United India Insurance Co. Ltd. and
      others12, a two-Judge Bench has opined that the words ‘use of the motor
F     vehicle’ is to be construed in a wider manner. The learned Judges
      referred to the decision in Patil’s case wherein reference was made to
      the Australian case in R.J. Green (supra) and to the observations of
      Lord Barwick, C.J. that those words have to be widely construed. The
      Court, in the latter case, referred to the observations of Windeyer, J. in
      R.J. Green’s case which read thus:-
G
                 “… no sound reason was given for restricting the phrase, ‘the
                use of a motor vehicle’ in this way. The only limitation upon it …
                that I can see is that the injury must be one in any way a
                consequence of a use of the vehicles as a motor vehicle.”
      12
           (1997) 8 SCC 683
H
        KALIM KHAN & OTHERS v. FIMIDABEE & OTHERS                                575
                    [DIPAK MISRA, CJI]

      The aforesaid passage emphasizes on “consequence of a use”. It             A
is equated with a “related event”.
      19. The aforesaid view has been reiterated in Samir Chanda v.
Managing Director, Assam State Transport Corporation13. In the
said case, a bomb exploded inside the bus as a result of which the
appellant sustained serious injuries on his legs. The tribunal passed an         B
award in favour of the claimant. In appeal preferred by the respondent,
the High Court, while not disturbing the finding of the tribunal on facts,
expressed the view that there was no negligence on the part of the
owner or the driver of the vehicle and, therefore, the question of paying
compensation did not arise. This Court referred to Patil’s case and
placing reliance on the same, opined:-                                           C

          “14. … The explosion took place inside the bus is an admitted
          fact and the usual police escort was not there. The High Court,
          except observing that there was no negligence, has not upset the
          finding of the Tribunal that the atmosphere during the period of
          accident was so polluted requiring care on the part of the conductor   D
          and the driver of the bus. There cannot be any doubt that the
          accident arose out of the use of the motor vehicle justifying the
          claim of the appellant.”
       20. The decision in United India Insurance Co. Ltd. (supra)
has ruled that if it is ultimately found that there is no negligence on the      E
part of the driver of the vehicle or there is no defect in the vehicle but
the accident is only due to the sole negligence of the other parties/
agencies, then on that finding, the claim would go out of Section 110(1)
of the 1939 Act because the case would then become one of exclusive
negligence of the Railways. Again if the accident had arisen only on             F
account of the negligence of persons other than the driver/owner of the
motor vehicle, the claim would not be maintainable before the tribunal.
       21. The said opinion has been overruled by a three-Judge Bench
decision in Union of India v. Bhagwati Prasad (Dead) and others14.
We have placed reliance on the Division Bench judgment, as we are                G
really not concerned about the overruled part. However, we may note
with profit that Bhagwati Prasad’s case expands the horizon of the
jurisdiction of the Motor Accidents Claims Tribunal by stating that a
combined reading of Sections 110 and 110-A, which deal with the
13
     (1998) 6 SCC 605
14
     (2002) 3 SCC 661                                                            H
576               SUPREME COURT REPORTS                         [2018] 6 S.C.R.


A     constitution of one or more Motor Accidents Claims Tribunals and
      application for compensation arising out of an accident, as specified in
      sub-section (1) of Section 110 unequivocally indicates that the Claims
      Tribunal would have the jurisdiction to entertain application for
      compensation both by the persons injured or legal representatives of the
      deceased when the accident arose out of the use of a motor vehicle.
B
      The crucial expression conferring jurisdiction upon the Claims Tribunal
      constituted under the Motor Vehicles Act is the accident arising out of
      the use of a motor vehicle and, therefore, if there has been a collision
      between the motor vehicle and railway train then all those persons injured
      or legal representatives of the deceased could make application for
C     compensation before the Claims Tribunal not only against the owner,
      driver or insurer of the motor vehicle but also against the Railway
      Administration. Once such an application is held to be maintainable and
      the tribunal entertains such an application, if in course of enquiry the
      tribunal comes to a finding that it is the other joint tortfeasor connected
      with the accident who was responsible and not the owner or driver of
D
      the motor vehicle then the tribunal cannot be held to be denuded of its
      jurisdiction which it had initially. In other words, in such a case also
      tribunal would be entitled to award compensation against the other joint
      tortfeasor.
              22. From the aforesaid authorities, it is limpid that the expression
E     ‘use of the vehicle’ under certain circumstances can be attracted when
      the vehicle is stationary or static. A Division Bench of the High Court of
      Orissa in Kanhei Rana and another v. Gangadhar Swain and others15
      while dealing with a situation where the deceased labourer after loading
      the truck with logs lost his life. The tribunal had categorically found that
F     death was on the account of fall of a log, when the truck was being
      loaded with logs. The learned Single Judge, in appeal, had concurred
      with the view of the tribunal by opining that the fall of the log had no
      nexus with the use of the vehicle not even remotely, and there was no
      material to show that the fall of the log was occasioned due to use of the
      vehicle. He had further held that the careless handling of goods being
G     loaded on or unloaded from a vehicle had no connection to the vehicle
      itself. Reversing the conclusion of the learned single Judge, the Division
      Bench opined that the concept of movement being not intrinsically or
      inherently connected with the use and the term ‘use’ having been
      15
           AIR 1993 ORI 89
H
     KALIM KHAN & OTHERS v. FIMIDABEE & OTHERS                                  577
                 [DIPAK MISRA, CJI]

connotatively expanded, there can be no doubt that the same can also be         A
extended to the arena/sphere of a claim advanced under Section 110 of
the 1939 Act. Heavy onus is cast on the driver to avoid negligence while
the vehicle is in use. If the term ‘use’ in its conceptual sweep engulfs no
motion or no movement or stationariness, then by logical corollary it is
made essential that the driver or for that matter any agent of the owner
                                                                                B
should be careful and non-negligent. Negligence in driving is regarded
as a fact that the vehicle is in motion. But the definition of ‘use’ having
been expanded in its broader canvas, it has to clothe in its sweep other
categories of negligence. To elaborate, when a vehicle remains static, it
cannot constitute that the driver is negligent because of his rash and
negligent driving. On the contrary, it has to embody some other different       C
types of negligence. Of course that would depend upon the facts and
circumstances of each case. The Division Bench of the High Court
went on to say that the apex Court in Patil (supra) was dealing with the
negligence so far as it was concerned with Section 92 of the Act, but as
the language of Section 92-A and Section 110 of the old Act used the
                                                                                D
same phraseology and there is absence of any etymological distinction,
the same meaning should be given to the expression under Section 110
of the old Act. The appellate Bench held that there was causal relationship
with the accident which had resulted in the death of the claimant.
       23. We entirely agree with the aforesaid analysis, for it is in accord
with the view of the decisions of this Court.                                   E

       24. It may be reiterated here that the causal relationship should
exist between violation and the accident caused. There has to be some
act done by the person concerned in causing the accident. The
commission or omission must have some nexus with the accident. The
word ‘use’ as has been explained by the authorities of this Court need          F
not have an intimate and direct nexus with the accident. The Court has
to bear in mind that the phraseology used by the legislature is “accident
arising out of use of the motor vehicle”. The scope has been enlarged by
such use of the phraseology and this Court taking note of the beneficial
provision has placed a wider meaning on the same. There has to be               G
some causal relation or the incident must relate to it. It should not be
totally unconnected. Therefore, in each case what is required to be seen
is whether there has been some causal relation or the event is related to
the act.

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578             SUPREME COURT REPORTS                            [2018] 6 S.C.R.


A            25. Presently, we shall scrutinse the factual score in the case at
      hand. As is evincible, the battery was installed in the tractor and the
      explosives were charged by the battery. The purpose was to dig the
      well in the field. In such an obtaining factual matrix, it would be an
      erroneous perception to say that the vehicle was not in use as stipulated
      under Section 165 of the Act. Hence, we have no hesitation in holding
B
      that the Division Bench has fallen into error on the said score.

              26. Having said that, we have to presently analyse on whom the
      liability should be mulcted. As is evident, the insurer has advanced the
      plea that the tractor was insured under “Farmer Package Policy” for
C     agriculture purpose by the owner of the vehicle. However, it was used
      for commercial purpose by mounting a blasting machine thereon. That
      use was in breach of insurance policy and, therefore, the insurer was
      not liable to pay the compensation. The insurer also examined its
      employee, namely, Mr. Chararkar to establish the fact that the owner of
      the vehicle had committed breach of insurance policy by using it for
D     commercial purpose and for transporting the blasting machine. The
      tribunal has adverted to the plea of the insured that the vehicle was used
      for digging of the well in the field of respondent No. 1 (Fimidabee w/o
      Abdul Gaffar) which obviously was for irrigation and incidental to
      agricultural activity and not in breach of the insurance policy. The rival
E     contention in this behalf has been considered by the tribunal in the following
      words:-

             “29. The Respondent No.2 has admitted the fact that Insurance
             Policy of offending tractor was for the agricultural purpose. The
             insurance of offending tractor was taken at Jaipur, Rajasthan. It
F            was brought for commercial activity namely the blasting work.
             The blasting machine was found on the tractor. No permission
             from Competent Authority was taken for the blasting work and
             therefore, the Respondent No.2 has used tractor for commercial
             purpose and consequently there was fundamental breach of the
             Insurance Policy. The Respondent No.2 committed fundamental
G
             breach of the Insurance Policy allowing the use of tractor for
             commercial purpose and therefore, the decision cited supra is
             inapplicable.”


H
     KALIM KHAN & OTHERS v. FIMIDABEE & OTHERS                                    579
                 [DIPAK MISRA, CJI]

And again in paragraphs 35, 36 and 37, the tribunal has observed:-                A
       “35. The Respondent No. 1 has come with the case that digging
       work with blasting operation was given with sole responsibility of
       Respondent Nos. 2 and 3. The Respondent Nos. 2 and 3 have
       come with the case that blasting work for digging of well was
       taken at the risk of Respondent No.1 to 3 have not produced                B
       documentary evidence showing that digging work of well with
       blasting operation was being done on the sole responsibility either
       of Respondent No.1 or of the respondent Nos. 2 and 3. In absence
       of such evidence, the Respondent Nos. 1 to 3 are jointly and
       severally liable to pay compensation.
                                                                                  C
       36. It was submitted on behalf of Respondent No.4 that Respondent
       No.2 committed fundamental breach of Instruction Policy by using
       the tractor for commercial purpose and therefore, Respondent
       No.4 cannot be directed to make the payment to petitioners and
       recover the same from the owner of offending tractor.
                                                                                  D
                   xxx               xxx              xxx
       37. The Respondent No.2 allowed the use of offending tractor
       for doing the blasting work and therefore there was fundamental
       breach of the Insurance Policy. Since there was fundamental
       breach of the Insurance Policy for using the offending tractor for         E
       commercial purpose and consequently, Respondent No. 4 is not
       liable to pay the compensation and directed to pay the same and
       recover the same from Respondent No. 2 owner of offending
       tractor.
                    xxx              xxx               xxx”                       F
       The High Court, however, has not analysed this issue at all, for it
took the view that as the vehicle was not used for causing explosion, it
could not be said that the accident had arisen out of use of motor vehicle
as defined under Section 165 of the Act.
       27. From the factual position as already analysed earlier, it is noticed   G
that the battery of the tractor was used for digging of well in a field used
for agricultural purpose. The insured had contended that the work of
digging of well in a field used for agricultural purpose would embrace an


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580             SUPREME COURT REPORTS                           [2018] 6 S.C.R.


A     activity associated with agriculture for irrigating the field and we have
      answered the same in the affirmative. We may immediately state that
      our answer does not help in fastening the liability because there has
      been no analysis as regards the terms and conditions of the policy and its
      fundamental character. The High Court, as we notice, has not dealt with
      any of these matters, the adjudication whereof has now become inevitable
B
      to answer the issue about the liability to be borne by the insurer, the
      owner of the vehicle (insured) or otherwise. This adjudication requires
      analysis of relevant material including the insurance policy and evidence
      of concerned witnesses, for understanding the terms and conditions of
      the policy regard being had to nature of policy and the extent of the
C     liability of the insurer, if any. As the High Court has not considered this
      aspect at all, we deem it appropriate to relegate the parties to the High
      Court for determining the singular issue about fastening of the liability on
      the insurer or the owner of the vehicle. Under these circumstances, we
      are of the considered opinion that until that issue is finally decided, the
      insurance company must pay the compensation amount payable to the
D
      claimants as determined by the tribunal in terms of the award dated 5th
      January, 2008, which payment will be subject to the outcome of the
      remanded appeals to be decided by the High Court. Needless to state
      that the claimants need not contest the remanded proceedings before
      the High Court as it is remitted only for limited purpose to determine the
E     liability amongst the insurer (United India Assurance Co. Ltd.) and owner
      of the vehicle, Kanhaiyalal.
             28. In view of the aforesaid analysis, we partly allow both the
      appeals, set aside the judgment of the High Court dated 10th October,
      2013 in First Appeal Nos. 494 of 2013 and 437 of 2008 and restore both
F     the First Appeals to the file of the High Court to their original numbers
      for being decided on the question as to who should be made liable to pay
      the compensation amount as determined by the tribunal to be paid to the
      claimants. We request the High Court to decide the First Appeals
      expeditiously, with reference to the limited issue of liability to pay
      compensation. In terms of this order, the insurance company is directed
G     to deposit the compensation amount before the tribunal within eight weeks
      hence, which will be without prejudice to the rights and contentions of
      the insurance company in the remanded First Appeals. In the event the
      insurance company succeeds, it will have the right to recover the same
      with interest accrued thereon from the owner of the vehicle. The amount
H
         KALIM KHAN & OTHERS v. FIMIDABEE & OTHERS                             581
                     [DIPAK MISRA, CJI]

deposited by the insurance company shall be disbursed by the tribunal          A
keeping in view the law laid down in General Manager, Kerala State
Road Transport Corporation, Trivandrum v. Susamma Thomas and
others16.
      29. In the facts and circumstances of the case, there shall be no
order as to costs.                                                             B


Nidhi Jain                                           Appeals partly allowed.



                                                                               C




                                                                               D




                                                                               E




16
     (1994) 2 SCC 176                                                          F




                                                                               G




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