Holding

The Court held that the NCLAT correctly found the resolution plans unapproved because they lacked the mandatory voting share, and that neither the NCLT nor the NCLAT can intervene in the CoC's commercial judgment; the IBC amendments are prospective and do not apply retroactively.

Summary

The Supreme Court considered appeals by K. Sashidhar challenging the rejection of resolution plans for two corporate debtors, KS&PIPL and IIL, by the Committee of Creditors (CoC). The CoC had approved the plans with less than the statutory 75% voting share of financial creditors, leading the NCLT to deem the plans rejected and initiate liquidation under Section 33 of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (IBC). The Court held that the adjudicating (NCLT) and appellate (NCLAT) authorities have no jurisdiction to review the commercial wisdom of dissenting financial creditors or to reinterpret the voting threshold. It further ruled that the 2017 and 2018 amendments to the IBC, which lowered the threshold to 66%, are prospective and cannot be applied to decisions taken before their commencement. Consequently, the NCLAT was correct in concluding that the plans were not approved and that liquidation must proceed. The appeals were dismissed.

Issues considered

The adjudicating and appellate authorities' power to review the commercial decision of the CoC in rejecting a resolution plan.
Whether the 2017 and 2018 amendments to the IBC lowering the voting threshold are retrospective or prospective.
Whether the NCLT must initiate liquidation when a resolution plan fails to obtain the required voting share.
Whether dissenting financial creditors are required to record reasons for their vote and whether non‑recording vitiates the decision.
Whether a revised resolution plan can be entertained after the statutory 270‑day period has expired.

Legislation cited

Companies Act, 2013
Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India (Insolvency Resolution Process for Corporate Persons) Regulations, 2016s. 25, s. 39
Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016s. 12, s. 14, s. 188, s. 196, s. 21, s. 30(2), s. 30(4), s. 30(6), s. 31, s. 33, s. 5(7), s. 61(3)
Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (Amendment) Act, 2017s. 30(4)
Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (Second Amendment) Act, 2018s. 30(4)
Sick Industrial Companies (Special Provisions) Act, 1985

Subjects

Insolvency and Bankruptcy CodeCorporate Insolvency Resolution ProcessCommittee of CreditorsResolution plan approvalVoting thresholdJudicial reviewNCLTNCLATRetrospective legislationLiquidation

Judgment

[2019] 3 S.C.R. 845 845

K. SASHIDHAR A
v.
INDIAN OVERSEAS BANK & ORS.
(Civil Appeal No.10673 of 2018)
FEBRUARY 5, 2019 B
[A.M. KHANWILKAR AND AJAY RASTOGI, JJ.]
Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016:
s. 30(2) and (4), 31, 33 and 61(3) – Corporate Insolvency
Resolution Process (CIRP) – Resolution plan rejected by impugned C
order on the ground that the plan did not garner support of not less
than 75% of voting share of financial creditors constituting
Committee of Creditors (COC) – On appeal, held: Upon receipt of
a “rejected” resolution plan, the adjudicating authority (NCLT) is
obligated to initiate liquidation process u/s. 33(1) – It does not have
D
authority to analyse or evaluate the commercial decision of the CoC
or to enquire into the justness of the rejection of the resolution plan
by the dissenting financial creditors – The legislature, consciously,
has not provided any ground to challenge the “commercial wisdom”
of the individual financial creditors or their collective decision
before the adjudicating authority – The discretion of the adjudicating E
authority (NCLT) is circumscribed by Section 31 limited to scrutiny
of the resolution plan “as approved” by the requisite percent of
voting share of financial creditors – The provisions investing
jurisdiction and authority in the NCLT or NCLAT has not made the
commercial decision exercised by the CoC of not approving the
F
resolution plan or rejecting the same, justiciable – The matters or
grounds u/s. 30(2) or u/s. 61(3) are regarding testing the validity of
the “approved” resolution plan by the CoC and not for approving
the resolution plan which has been disapproved or deemed to have
been rejected by the CoC in exercise of its business decision –
Therefore, neither the adjudicating authority (NCLT) nor the G
Appellate Authority (NCLAT) has been endowed with the jurisdiction
to reverse the commercial wisdom of the dissenting financial
creditors – Since none of the grounds available under Section 30(2)
or Section 61(3) of the I&B Code are attracted in the fact situation
of the present case, the Adjudicating Authority (NCLT) as well as
H
845
846 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2019] 3 S.C.R.

A the Appellate Authority (NCLAT) had no other option but to record
that the proposed resolution plan stood rejected – Introduction of
new norm and qualifying standard for approval of a resolution plan
in the amendment Act (reducing the threshold requirement of percent
of voting share of financial creditors to 66%) will have prospective
operation – NCLAT could not have examined the case on the basis
B
of the amended provision – Supreme Court in exercise of powers u/
Article 142 of the Constitution cannot set aside the order passed by
the Tribunal and relegate the parties in both the cases, before the
NCLT for considering the proceedings afresh in light of the amended
provision – NCLAT has justly concluded that the resolution plan
C has not been approved by requisite percent of voting share of the
financial creditors and in absence of any alternative resolution plan
presented within the statutory period of 270 days, the inevitable
sequel is to initiate liquidation process u/s. 33 – Insolvency and
Bankruptcy Board of India (Insolvency Resolution Process for
Corporate Persons) Regulations, 2016 – Regs. 25 and 39 –
D
Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (Amendment) Act, 2017 –
Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (Second Amendment) Act, 2018 –
Constitution of India – Art. 142.
Dismissing the appeals, the Court
E HELD: 1. The resolution plan concerning both the corporate
debtors, namely KS&PIPL and IIL was considered by the
concerned Committee of Creditors (CoC) in October 2017, and
was approved by less than 75% of voting share of the financial
creditors. The inevitable consequences thereof are to treat the
proposed resolution plan as disapproved or deemed to be
F rejected by the dissenting financial creditors. The expression
‘dissenting financial creditors’, is defined in Regulation 2(1)(f) of
The Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India (Insolvency
Resolution Process for Corporate Persons) Regulations, 2016,
to mean the financial creditors who voted against the resolution
G plan approved by the Committee. This definition came to be
amended subsequently w.e.f. 01.01.2018 to mean the financial
creditors who voted against the resolution plan or abstained from
voting for the resolution plan, approved by the Committee.
[Para 24][883-F-H]

H
K. SASHIDHAR v. INDIAN OVERSEAS BANK & ORS. 847

2. In the case of the corporate debtor KS&PIPL, the A
resolution plan, when it was put to vote in the meeting of CoC
held on 27th October, 2017, could garner approval of only 55.73%
of voting share of the financial creditors and even if the
subsequent approval accorded by email (by 10.94%) is taken into
account, it did not fulfill the requisite vote of not less than 75%
B
of voting share of the financial creditors. On the other hand, the
resolution plan was expressly rejected by 15.15% in the CoC
meeting and later additionally by 11.82% by email. Thus, the
resolution plan was expressly rejected by not less than 25% of
voting share of the financial creditors. In such a case, the
resolution professional was under no obligation to submit the C
resolution plan under Section 30(6) of the Insolvency and
Bankruptcy Code, 2016 (I&B Code) to the adjudicating authority.
Instead, it was a case to be proceeded by the adjudicating authority
under Section 33(1) of the I&B Code. Similarly, in the case of
corporate debtor IIL, the resolution plan received approval of
D
only 66.57% of voting share of the financial creditors and 33.43%
voted against the resolution plan. This being the indisputable
position, NCLAT opined that the resolution plan was deemed to
be rejected by the CoC and the concomitant is to initiate
liquidation process concerning the two corporate debtors.
[Para 25][883-A-D] E
3. Regulations 25 and 39 must be read in the light of Section
30(4) of the I&B Code, concerning the process of approval of a
resolution plan. For that, the “percent of voting share of the
financial creditors” approving vis-à-vis dissenting - is required
to be reckoned. It is not on the basis of members present and F
voting as such. At any rate, the approving votes must fulfill the
threshold percent of voting share of the financial creditors.
Keeping this clear distinction in mind, it must follow that the
resolution plan concerning the respective corporate debtors,
namely, KS&PIPL and IIL, is deemed to have been rejected as
it had failed to muster the approval of requisite threshold votes, G
of not less than 75% of voting share of the financial creditors. It
is not possible to countenance any other construction or
interpretation, which may run contrary to what has been noted
herein before. [Para 29][886-G-H; 887-A, B]
H
848 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2019] 3 S.C.R.

A 4. Thus understood, no fault can be found with the NCLAT
for having recorded the fact that the proposed resolution plan in
respect of both the corporate debtors was approved by vote of
“less than 75%” of voting share of the financial creditors or
deemed to have been rejected. In that event, the inevitable
corollary is to initiate liquidation process relating to the
B
concerned corporate debtor, as per Section 33 of the I&B Code.
[Para 30][887-C]
5. Upon receipt of a “rejected” resolution plan the
adjudicating authority (NCLT) is not expected to do anything
more; but is obligated to initiate liquidation process under
C Section 33(1) of the I&B Code. The legislature has not endowed
the adjudicating authority (NCLT) with the jurisdiction or
authority to analyse or evaluate the commercial decision
of the CoC muchless to enquire into the justness of the rejection
of the resolution plan by the dissenting financial creditors.
D [Para 33][889-D, E]
6. From the legislative history and the background in which
the I&B Code has been enacted, it is noticed that a completely
new approach has been adopted for speeding up the recovery of
the debt due from the defaulting companies. In the new approach,
E there is a calm period followed by a swift resolution process to
be completed within 270 days (outer limit) failing which, initiation
of liquidation process has been made inevitable and mandatory.
In the earlier regime, the corporate debtor could indefinitely
continue to enjoy the protection given under Section 22 of Sick
Industrial Companies Act, 1985 or under other such enactments
F which has now been forsaken. Besides, the commercial wisdom
of the CoC has been given paramount status without any judicial
intervention, for ensuring completion of the stated processes
within the timelines prescribed by the I&B Code. There is an
intrinsic assumption that financial creditors are fully informed
G about the viability of the corporate debtor and feasibility of the
proposed resolution plan. They act on the basis of thorough
examination of the proposed resolution plan and assessment made
by their team of experts. The opinion on the subject matter
expressed by them after due deliberations in the CoC meetings
through voting, as per voting shares, is a collective business
H
K. SASHIDHAR v. INDIAN OVERSEAS BANK & ORS. 849

decision. The legislature, consciously, has not provided any A
ground to challenge the “commercial w isdom” of the
individual financial creditors or their collective decision
before the adjudicating authority. That is made non-justiciable.
[Para 33][889-E-H; 890-A, B]
7. In the report of the Bankruptcy Law Reforms Committee B
of November 2015, primacy has been given to the CoC to evaluate
the various possibilities and make a decision.The report also
highlights that having timelines is the essence of the
resolution process. It then refers to the principles driving the
design of the new insolvency bankruptcy resolution frame work.
[Para 34][890-B, G] C

8. The discretion of the adjudicating authority (NCLT) is
circumscribed by Section 31 limited to scrutiny of the resolution
plan “as approved” by the requisite percent of voting share of
financial creditors. Even in that enquiry, the grounds on which
the adjudicating authority can reject the resolution plan is in D
reference to matters specified in Section 30(2), when the
resolution plan does not conform to the stated requirements.
Reverting to Section 30(2), the enquiry to be done is in respect
of whether the resolution plan provides : (i) the payment of
insolvency resolution process costs in a specified manner in E
priority to the repayment of other debts of the corporate debtor,
(ii) the repayment of the debts of operational creditors in
prescribed manner, (iii) the management of the affairs of the
corporate debtor, (iv) the implementation and supervision of the
resolution plan, (v) does not contravene any of the provisions of
the law for the time being in force, (vi) conforms to such other F
requirements as may be specified by the Board. The Board
referred to is established under Section 188 of the I&B Code.
The powers and functions of the Board have been delineated in
Section 196 of the I&B Code. None of the specified functions of
the Board, directly or indirectly, pertain to regulating the manner G
in which the financial creditors ought to or ought not to exercise
their commercial wisdom during the voting on the resolution plan
under Section 30(4) of the I&B Code. The subjective satisfaction
of the financial creditors at the time of voting is bound to be a
mixed baggage of variety of factors. To wit, the feasibility and
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850 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2019] 3 S.C.R.

A viability of the proposed resolution plan and including their
perceptions about the general capability of the resolution applicant
to translate the projected plan into a reality. The resolution
applicant may have given projections backed by normative data
but still in the opinion of the dissenting financial creditors, it would
not be free from being speculative. These aspects are completely
B
within the domain of the financial creditors who are called upon
to vote on the resolution plan under Section 30(4) of the I&B
Code. [Para 35][892-D-H; 893-A, B]
9. The remedy of appeal including the width of jurisdiction
of the appellate authority and the grounds of appeal, is a creature
C of statute. The provisions investing jurisdiction and authority in
the NCLT or NCLAT has not made the commercial decision
exercised by the CoC of not approving the resolution plan or
rejecting the same, justiciable. This position is reinforced from
the limited grounds specified for instituting an appeal that too
D against an order “approving a resolution plan” under Section 31.
First, that the approved resolution plan is in contravention of the
provisions of any law for the time being in force. Second, there
has been material irregularity in exercise of powers “by the
resolution professional” during the corporate insolvency
resolution period. Third, the debts owed to operational creditors
E have not been provided for in the resolution plan in the prescribed
manner. Fourth, the insolvency resolution plan costs have not
been provided for repayment in priority to all other debts. Fifth,
the resolution plan does not comply with any other criteria
specified by the Board. Significantly, the matters or grounds - be
F it under Section 30(2) or under Section 61(3) of the I&B Code -
are regarding testing the validity of the “approved” resolution
plan by the CoC; and not for approving the resolution plan which
has been disapproved or deemed to have been rejected by the
CoC in exercise of its business decision. [Para 37][894-A-E]
G 10. The inquiry in such an appeal would be limited to the
power exercisable by the resolution professional under Section
30(2) of the I&B Code or, at best, by the adjudicating authority
(NCLT) under Section 31(2) read with 31(1) of the I&B Code.
No other inquiry would be permissible. Further, the jurisdiction
bestowed upon the appellate authority (NCLAT) is also expressly
H
K. SASHIDHAR v. INDIAN OVERSEAS BANK & ORS. 851

circumscribed. It can examine the challenge only in relation to A
the grounds specified in Section 61(3) of the I&B Code, which is
limited to matters “other than” enquiry into the autonomy or
commercial wisdom of the dissenting financial creditors. Thus,
the prescribed authorities (NCLT/NCLAT) have been endowed
with limited jurisdiction as specified in the I&B Code and
B
not to act as a court of equity or exercise plenary powers.
[Para 38][894-F-H]
11. Therefore, neither the adjudicating authority (NCLT)
nor the appellate authority (NCLAT) has been endowed with the
jurisdiction to reverse the commercial wisdom of the dissenting
financial creditors and that too on the specious ground that it is C
only an opinion of the minority financial creditors. The fact that
substantial or majority percent of financial creditors have accorded
approval to the resolution plan would be of no avail, unless the
approval is by a vote of not less than 75% (after amendment of
2018 w.e.f. 06.06.2018, 66%) of voting share of the financial D
creditors. The action of liquidation process postulated in Chapter-
III of the I&B Code, is avoidable, only if approval of the resolution
plan is by a vote of not less than 75% (as in October, 2017) of
voting share of the financial creditors. Conversely, the legislative
intent is to uphold the opinion or hypothesis of the minority
dissenting financial creditors. That must prevail, if it is not less E
than the specified percent (25% in October, 2017; and now after
the amendment w.e.f. 06.06.2018, 44%). The inevitable outcome
of voting by not less than requisite percent of voting share of
financial creditors to disapprove the proposed resolution plan,
de jure, entails in its deemed rejection. [Para 39][895-A-D] F
12. Concededly, the process of resolution plan is
necessitated in respect of corporate debtors in whom their
financial creditors have lost hope of recovery and who have turned
into non-performer or a chronic defaulter. The fact that the
concerned corporate debtor was still able to carry on its business G
activities does not obligate the financial creditors to postpone
the recovery of the debt due or to prolong their losses indefinitely.
Be that as it may, the scope of enquiry and the grounds on which
the decision of “approval” of the resolution plan by the CoC can
be interfered with by the adjudicating authority (NCLT), has been
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852 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2019] 3 S.C.R.

A set out in Section 31(1) read with Section 30(2) and by the appellate
tribunal (NCLAT) under Section 32 read with Section 61(3) of
the I&B Code. No corresponding provision has been envisaged
by the legislature to empower the resolution professional, the
adjudicating authority (NCLT) or for that matter the appellate
authority (NCLAT), to reverse the “commercial decision” of the
B
CoC muchless of the dissenting financial creditors for not
supporting the proposed resolution plan. Whereas, from the
legislative history there is contra indication that the commercial
or business decisions of the financial creditors are not open to
any judicial review by the adjudicating authority or the appellate
C authority. [Para 42][896-B-E]
13. In the I&B Code and the regulations framed thereunder
as applicable in October 2017, there was no need for the
dissenting financial creditors to record reasons for disapproving
or rejecting a resolution plan. Further, there is no provision in
D the I&B Code which empowers the adjudicating authority (NCLT)
to oversee the justness of the approach of the dissenting financial
creditors in rejecting the proposed resolution plan or to engage
in judicial review thereof. Concededly, the inquiry by the
resolution professional precedes the consideration of the
resolution plan by the CoC. The resolution professional is not
E required to express his opinion on matters within the domain of
the financial creditor(s), to approve or reject the resolution plan,
under Section 30(4) of the I&B Code. At best, the Adjudicating
Authority (NCLT) may cause an enquiry into the “approved”
resolution plan on limited grounds referred to in Section 30(2)
F read with Section 31(1) of the I&B Code. It cannot make any
other inquiry nor is competent to issue any direction in relation
to the exercise of commercial wisdom of the financial creditors -
be it for approving, rejecting or abstaining, as the case may be.
Even the inquiry before the Appellate Authority (NCLAT) is
limited to the grounds under Section 61(3) of the I&B Code. It
G does not postulate jurisdiction to undertake scrutiny of the
justness of the opinion expressed by financial creditors at the
time of voting. To take any other view would enable even the
minority dissenting financial creditors to question the logic or
justness of the commercial opinion expressed by the majority of
H the financial creditors albeit by requisite percent of voting share
K. SASHIDHAR v. INDIAN OVERSEAS BANK & ORS. 853

to approve the resolution plan; and in the process authorize the A
adjudicating authority to reject the approved resolution plan upon
accepting such a challenge. That is not the scope of
jurisdiction vested in the adjudicating authority under Section 31
of the I&B Code dealing with approval of the resolution plan.
[Para 44][896-H; 897-A-E]
B
14. Since none of the grounds available under Section 30(2)
or Section 61(3) of the I&B Code are attracted in the fact situation
of the present case, the Adjudicating Authority (NCLT) as well
as the Appellate Authority (NCLAT) had no other option but to
record that the proposed resolution plan concerning the
respective corporate debtor (KS&PIPL and IIL) stood rejected. C
Further, as no alternative resolution plan was approved by the
requisite percent of voting share of the financial creditors before
the expiry of the statutory period of 270 days, the inevitable
sequel is to pass an order directing initiation of liquidation
process against the concerned corporate debtor in the manner D
specified in Chapter III of the I&B Code. [Para 45][897-F, G]
15.1 Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (Amendment) Act,
2017 (No.8 of 2018) is deemed to have come into force on the
23rd day of November, 2017. Section 6 of this Act purports to
substitute Section 30(4) of the principal Act. The change brought E
about by this amendment is insertion of words “after considering
its feasibility and viability, and such other requirements as may
be specified by the Board”. In addition, three provisos have been
added to sub-section (4). The amendment is only to declare that
the financial creditors ought to consider the feasibility and viability
and such other requirements as may be specified by the Board, F
while exercising their option on the resolution plan - to approve
or not to approve the same. It is rudimentary that the financial
creditors (in most cases are national Bankers), who are called
upon to consider the proposed resolution plan would take into
account all the relevant materials, including the feasibility and G
viability and such other requirements as may be specified by the
Board. Additionally, the financial creditors are also required to
bear in mind that the legislative intent is to bring about resolution
and revival of the corporate debtors so as to benefit not only the
corporate debtor but also other stake-holders in equal measure.
[Para 46, 47][898-C, H; 899-A-D] H
854 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2019] 3 S.C.R.

A 15.2 The amended provision merely restates as to what
the financial creditors are expected to bear in mind whilst
expressing their choice during consideration of the proposal for
approval of a resolution plan. No more and no less. Indubitably,
the legislature has consciously not provided for a ground to
challenge the justness of the “commercial decision” expressed
B
by the financial creditors – be it to approve or reject the resolution
plan. The opinion so expressed by voting is non-justiciable.
Further, in the present cases, there is nothing to indicate as to
which other requirements specified by the Board at the relevant
time have not been fulfilled by the dissenting financial creditors.
C The Board established under Section 188 of the I&B Code can
perform powers and functions specified in Section 196 of the I&B
Code. That does not empower the Board to specify requirements
for exercising commercial decisions by the financial creditors in
the matters of approval of the resolution plan or liquidation
process. Viewed thus, the amendment under consideration does
D
not take the matter any further. [Para 48][899-D-G]
16.1 By the amendment to Section 30(4) which has come
into force w.e.f. 6th day of June, 2018 vide the Insolvency and
Bankruptcy Code (Second Amendment) Act, 2018 (No.8 of 2018).
A new norm and qualifying standard for approval of a resolution
E plan has been introduced. That cannot be treated as a declaratory/
clarificatory or stricto sensu procedural matter as such. Whereas,
the stated Amendment Act makes it expressly clear that it shall
be deemed to have come into force on the 6th day of June, 2018.
Thus, by mere use of expression “substituted” in Section 23(iii)(a)
F of the Amendment Act of 2018, it would not make the provision
retrospective in operation or having retroactive effect. This
interpretation is reinforced by the fact that there is no indication
in the Amendment Act of 2018 that the legislature intended to
undo and/or govern the decisions already taken by the
CoC of the concerned corporate debtors prior to 6-06-2018.
G [Para 50, 51][900-B, D-F]
16.2 Even the report of the Insolvency Law Committee of
March, 2018 report does not mention about introducing the
amendment to Section 30(4), regarding the threshold
requirement with retrospective or retroactive effect. Indeed, the
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K. SASHIDHAR v. INDIAN OVERSEAS BANK & ORS. 855

report has noted about the necessity to alter the low threshold A
level of 25% of voting share for rejection of the resolution plan
which, it felt, should be increased to 44%. [Para 52][901-G, H]
16.3 The Amendment Act of 2018 having come into force
w.e.f. 6 th day of June, 2018, therefore, will have prospective
application and apply only to the decisions of CoC taken on or B
after that date concerning the approval of resolution plan.
[Para 53][903-F]
16.4 In the present case, however, the amendment under
consideration pertaining to Section 30(4), is to modify the voting
share threshold for decisions of the CoC and cannot be treated C
as clarificatory in nature. It changes the qualifying standards for
reckoning the decision of the CoC concerning the process of
approval of a resolution plan. The rights/obligations crystallized
between the parties and, in particular, the dissenting financial
creditors in October 2017, in terms of the governing provisions
can be divested or undone only by a law made in that behalf by D
the legislature. There is no indication either in the report of the
Committee or in the Amendment Act of 2018 that the legislature
intended to undo the decisions of the CoC already taken prior to
6 th day of June, 2018. It is not possible to fathom how the
provisions of the amendment Act 2018, reducing the threshold E
percent of voting share can be perceived as declaratory or
clarificatory in nature. In such a situation, the NCLAT could not
have examined the case on the basis of the amended provision.
For the same reason, the NCLT could not have adopted a different
approach in these matters. Hence, no fault can be found with the
impugned decision of the NCLAT. [Para 58][907-D-F] F

16.5 Prior to the amendment of Regulation 39 which has
come into force with effect from 4th July, 2018, Regulation 39(3)
merely provided that the Committee may approve any resolution
plan with such modifications as it deems fit. In the first place,
amendment to regulation cannot have retrospective effect so as G
to impact the decision of the CoC of the concerned corporate
debtor – taken before the amendment of the said regulation.
There is no indication in the Code as amended or the regulations
to suggest that as a consequence of this amendment the decisions
aleady taken by the concerned CoC prior to 3rd July, 2018 be H
856 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2019] 3 S.C.R.

A treated as deemed to have been vitiated or for that matter,
necessitating reversion of the proposal to CoC for recording
reasons, that too beyond the statutory period of 270 days. A new
life cannot be infused in the resolution plan which did not
fructify within the statutory period, by such circuitous route.
[Para 59 and 60][907-H; 908-C, D]
B
16.6 Assuming that this provision was applicable to the
present cases, non-recording of reasons for approving or
rejecting the resolution plan by the concerned financial creditor
during the voting in the meeting of CoC, would not render the
final collective decision of CoC nullity per se. Concededly, if the
C objection to the resolution plan is on account of infraction of
ground(s) specified in Sections 30(2) and 61(3), that must be
specifically and expressly raised at the relevant time. For, the
approval of the resolution plan by the CoC can be challenged on
those grounds. However, if the opposition to the proposed
D resolution plan is purely a commercial or business decision, the
same, being non-justiciable, is not open to challenge before the
Adjudicating Authority (NCLT) or for that matter the Appellate
Authority (NCLAT). If so, non-recording of any reason for taking
such commercial decision will be of no avail. In the present case,
admittedly, the dissenting financial creditors have rejected the
E resolution plan in exercise of business/commercial
decision and not because of non-compliance of the grounds
specified in Section 30(2) or Section 61(3), as such. Resultantly,
the amended regulation pressed into service, will be of no avail.
[Para 61][908-E-H]
F 16.7 In the present case, in terms of Section 30 of the I&B
Code, the decision is taken collectively after due negotiations
between the financial creditors who are constituents of the CoC
and they express their opinion on the proposed resolution plan
in the form of votes, as per their voting share. In the meeting of
G CoC, the proposed resolution plan is placed for discussion and
after full interaction in the presence of all concerned and the
resolution professional, the constituents of the CoC finally
proceed to exercise their option (business/commercial decision)
to approve or not to approve the proposed resolution plan. In
such a case, non-recording of reasons would not per se vitiate the
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K. SASHIDHAR v. INDIAN OVERSEAS BANK & ORS. 857

collective decision of the financial creditors. The legislature has A
not envisaged challenge to the “commercial/business decision”
of the financial creditors taken collectively or for that matter
their individual opinion, as the case may be, on this count.
[Para 62][910-F-H; 911-A]
16.8 It is enough for the dissenting financial creditors to B
disapprove the proposed resolution plan by voting as per its
voting share, based on commercial decision. Indeed, if the
opposition of the dissenting financial creditors is in regard to
matter(s) within the jurisdiction of the Tribunal ascribable to
Sections 30(2) or 61(3), then the situation may be somewhat
different. But that is not in issue in these cases. Therefore, it C
cannot be said NCLAT committed manifest error in not calling
upon the dissenting financial creditors to respond to the
applications filed in the concerned appeals pending before it.
[Para 63][911-B-C]
16.9 It is not open to the Adjudicating Authority to entertain D
a revised resolution plan after the expiry of the statutory period
of 270 days. Accordingly, no fault can be found with the NCLAT
for not entertaining such application. [Para 64][911-D]
16.10 In both the cases, the vote of approval exceeded more
than 66% of the voting share of the financial creditors and yet E
the benefit of the amended provision could not be availed, as it
came only during the pendency of the appeal before the NCLAT.
This Court in exercise of powers u/Article 142 of the Constitution
cannot set aside the order passed by the Tribunal and relegate
the parties in both the cases, before the NCLT for considering F
the proceedings afresh in light of the amended provision reducing
the threshold requirement of percent of voting share of
financial creditors to 66%. This will result in issuing directions
in the teeth of the provisions as applicable to the present cases.
[Para 65][911-F-H]
G
17. The NCLAT has justly concluded in the impugned
decision that the resolution plan of the concerned corporate
debtor(s) has not been approved by requisite percent of voting
share of the financial creditors; and in absence of any alternative
resolution plan presented within the statutory period of 270 days,
H
858 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2019] 3 S.C.R.

A the inevitable sequel is to initiate liquidation process under
Section 33 of the Code. [Para 66][912-A, B]
Thirumalai Chemicals Limited v. Union of India and Ors.
(2011) 6 SCC 739 : [2011] 4 SCR 838 ; Purbanchal
Cables & Conductors (P) Ltd. v. Assam SEB and Anr.
B (2012) 7 SCC 462 : [2012] 6 SCR 905 ; CIT v. Vatika
Township (P) Ltd. (2015) 1 SCC 1 : [2014] 12 SCR
1037 ; Vijayalakshmi Rice Mills, New Contractors Co.
and Ors. v. State of Andhra Pradesh (1976) 3 SCC
37 : [1976] 3 SCR 775 - relied on
C Mardia Chemicals limited and Others v. Union of India
and Others (2004) 4 SCC 311 : [2004] 3 SCR 982 -
distinguished
Gottumukkala Venkata Krishamraju v. Union of India
(2018) SCC Online SC 1386 ; Government of India v.
D India Tobacco Association (2005) 7 SCC 396 : [2005]
2 Suppl. SCR 859 ; Zile Singh v. State of Haryana (2004)
8 SCC 1 : [2004] 3 Suppl. SCR 400 ; Mithilesh Kumari
& Another v. Prem Behari Khare [1989] 2 SCC 95 :
[1989] 1 SCR 621 ; Dahiben (Widow of Ranchnodji
Jivanji) & Ors. v. Vasanji Kevalbhai (dead) & Others
E (1995) Supp. 2 SCC 295 ; B.K. Educational Services
Private Ltd. v. Parag Gupta & Associates (2018) SCC
Online SC 1921 ; State Bank of India v. Ramakrishnan
(2018) SCC Online SC 963 ; Rustom & Hornby (I) Ltd.
v. T.B. Kadom (1976) 3 SCC 71 : [1976] 1 SCR 119 ;
F Bharat Singh v. Management of New Delhi Tuberculosis
Centre, New Delhi (1986) 2 SCC 614 : [1986] 2 SCR
169 ; Padfield and Others v. Minister of Agriculture,
Fisheries and Food (1968) 2 WLR 924 ; Dhampur
Sugar Mills Ltd. v. State of U.P. and Others (2007) 8
SCC 338 : [2007] 10 SCR 245 ; Tata Cellular v. Union
G of India (1996) 6 SCC 651 : [1987] 2 SCR 841 ; Union
of India and Another v. Cynamide India Ltd. and
Another (1987) 2 SCC 720 : [1987] 2 SCR 841 ; Shri
Sitaram Sugar Company Limited and Another v. Union
of India and Others (1990) 3 SCC 223 : [1990] 1 SCR
H
K. SASHIDHAR v. INDIAN OVERSEAS BANK & ORS. 859

909 ; United Bank of India, Calcutta v. Abhijit Tea Co. A
Pvt. Ltd. and Others (2000) 7 SCC 357 : [ 2000] 3 Suppl.
SCR 153 ; Karan Singh and Others v. Bhagwan Singh
(Dead) By Lrs. And Others (1996) 7 SCC 559 : [1996]
1 SCR 924 ; Arcelormittal India Private Limited v.
Satish Kumar Gupta and Others (2018) SCC Online
B
1733 ; Karnataka State Industrial Investment &
Development Corpn. Ltd. v. Cavalet India Ltd. and
Others (2005) 4 SCC 456 : [ 2005] 2 SCR 1183 ; S.L.
Srinivasa Jute Twine Mills (P) Ltd. v. Union of India
and Another (2006) 2 SCC 740 : [2006] 2 SCR 235 ;
Rajeev Chaudhary v. State (NCT) of Delhi (2001) 5 SCC C
34 : [2001] 3 SCR 508 ; Hitendra Vishnu Thakur and
Others v. State of Maharashtra and Others (1994) 4
SCC 602 : [1994] 1 Suppl. SCR 360 ; Innoventive
Industries Limited v. ICICI Bank and Another [2018] 1
SCC 407 : [2017] 8 SCR 33 - referred to
D
Case Law Reference
(2018) SCC Online SC 1386 referred to Para 10
[2005] 2 Suppl. SCR 859 referred to Para 10
[2004] 3 Suppl. SCR 400 referred to Para 10 E
[1989] 1 SCR 621 referred to Para 10
(1995) Supp. 2 SCC 295 referred to Para 10
(2018) SCC Online SC 1921 referred to Para 10
(2018) SCC Online SC 963 referred to Para 10 F
[1976] 1 SCR 119 referred to Para 10
[1986] 2 SCR 169 referred to Para 10
[2004] 3 SCR 982 distinguished Para 11
(1968) 2 WLR 924 referred to Para 11 G

[2007] 10 SCR 245 referred to Para 11
[1987] 2 SCR 841 referred to Para 11
[1987] 2 SCR 841 referred to Para 11
H
860 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2019] 3 S.C.R.

A [1990] 1 SCR 909 referred to Para 11
[2000] 3 Suppl. SCR 153 referred to Para 12
[1996] 1 SCR 924 referred to Para 12
(2018) SCC Online 1733 referred to Para 14
B [2005] 2 SCR 1183 referred to Para 14
[2006] 2 SCR 235 referred to Para 15
[2001] 3 SCR 508 referred to Para 15
[1994] 1 Suppl. SCR 360 referred to Para 15
C
[2017] 8 SCR 33 referred to Para 19
[2011] 4 SCR 838 relied on Para 55
[2012] 6 SCR 905 relied on Para 55
[2014] 12 SCR 1037 relied on Para 55
D
[1976] 3 SCR 775 relied on Para 55
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 10673
of 2018.
From the Judgment and Order dated 06.09.2018 of the National
E Company Law Appellate Tribunal, New Delhi in Company Appeal (AT)
(Insolvency) No.335 of 2017.
WITH
Civil Appeal Nos. 10719, 10971 of 2018 and 1531 of 2019.
F C. U. Singh, Dr. A.M. Singhvi, Colin Gonsalves, Shyam Divan,
Sr. Advs., G. Ramakrishna Prasad, Suyodhan Byrapaneni,
Ms. Filza Moonis, Mohd. Wasay Khan, John Mathew, Karthik S. D.,
Bharat J. Joshi, Shikhil Suri, Shiv Kumar Suri, Kamal Deep Dayal, Ms.
Shilpa Saini, Ms. Vinishma Kaul, Ms. Saakshi Mago, Ram Lal Roy, Ms.
Gauri Rasgotra, Animesh Bisht, Karan Khanna, Siddhant Sharma (For
G M/S. Cyril Amarchand Mangaldas), Kunal Tandon, Ms. Pragya Baghel,
Ms. Niti Jain, Ms. Richa, Ms. Mahima Singh, Ritesh Kumar, Pranab
Kumar Mullick, Ms. Soma Mullick, Sebat Kumar Deuria,
Ms. Prabha Swami, Ms. Divya Swami, Soumik Ghosal, V.K. Sajith, T.N.
Durga Prasad, Advs. for the appearing parties.
H
K. SASHIDHAR v. INDIAN OVERSEAS BANK & ORS. 861

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by A
A. M. KHANWILKAR, J.
1. Leave granted in SLP (C) No.29181 of 2018.
2. All appeals were taken up for hearing at the notice stage with
the consent of the contesting respondents. B
3. These appeals have arisen from the common judgment and
order of the National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (for short
“NCLAT”), New Delhi, dated 6th September, 2018, rendered in appeals
filed in relation to the insolvency resolution process under the provisions
of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 (for short “I&B Code”) C
concerning Kamineni Steel & Power India Pvt. Ltd. (for short
“KS&PIPL”), having its registered office at Hyderabad, Telangana
and Innoventive Industries Ltd. (for short “IIL”) having its registered
office at Pune, Maharashtra.
4. The NCLAT affirmed the order passed by the National D
Company Law Tribunal, Mumbai Bench (for short “NCLT Mumbai”)
recording rejection of the resolution plan concerning IIL and directing
initiation of liquidation process under Chapter III of Part II of the I&B
Code. As regards KS&PIPL, the NCLAT reversed the decision of the
National Company Law Tribunal, Hyderabad (for short “NCLT
Hyderabad”) which had approved its resolution plan and instead E
remanded the proceedings to NCLT Hyderabad for initiation of liquidation
process in terms of Section 33 and 34 of the I&B Code.
5. The NCLAT held that as, in both the cases, the resolution plan
did not garner support of not less than 75% of voting share of the financial
creditors constituting the Committee of Creditors (for short “CoC”) the F
same stood rejected and thereby warranted initiation of liquidation process
of the concerned corporate debtor, namely, KS&PIPL and IIL.
6. For considering the grounds of challenge in the respective
appeals, we deem it appropriate to advert to the relevant facts concerning
the respective corporate debtor. G
7. KS&PIPL was incorporated as a private limited company on
20 October, 2008. Its steel division commenced operation on 30th March,
th

2013. The company was functional till the Financial Year 2014-15.
However, it could not continue beyond this period due to deficient working
capital and various other factors including financial crisis, leading to heavy H
862 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2019] 3 S.C.R.

A operational losses and consequent erosion of the entire net worth.
Attempts were made to revive the company by forming a joint lenders
forum by the consortium of banks. As that attempt did not fructify, the
company filed an application with BIFR under Section 15(1) of Sick
Industrial Companies (Special Provisions) Act, 1985 on 15 th November,
2016. The said proceedings abated due to a notification dated 25th
B
November, 2016, as to the repeal of the Act. Eventually, the company
filed a petition under Section 10 of the I&B Code read with Rule 7 of the
Insolvency and Bankruptcy (Application to Adjudicating Authority) Rules,
2016, seeking to initiate Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process (CIRP)
concerning the said company. That petition was admitted on 10th February,
C 2017, by the NCLT Hyderabad and an Interim Resolution Professional
(for short “IRP”) came to be appointed with directions to constitute a
CoC. The CoC was constituted and the first meeting was held on 8th
March, 2017 to confirm the appointment of IRP and authorise the lead
bank, namely the Indian Bank to inform the approved valuers that they
should proceed with their valuation. The second meeting of CoC was
D
held on 6th April, 2017, for taking on record the predicated expenses and
essential costs and factory maintenance costs and to confirm about the
operation of the bank account with lead Bankers, Indian Bank by IRP
and Chief Financial Officer. In the third meeting of CoC, convened on
12th May, 2017, the corporate debtor made a presentation for a resolution
E plan, giving three options. In that meeting, it was resolved to appoint SBI
Capital Markets Limited to determine the sustainable debt of the
corporate debtor to enable the creditors to assess the viability of the
resolution plan. In the fourth meeting of CoC, held on 27 th June, 2017,
the resolution plan submitted by the corporate debtor was reviewed and
a draft Techno Economic Viability report by SBI Capital Markets Limited
F
was also considered. It is not necessary to dilate on other aspects discussed
and resolved in this meeting. As the statutory period of 180 days for
completion of CIRP was to expire, an application was filed before the
NCLT Hyderabad for extending the time by a further 90 days. Thus, the
NCLT Hyderabad, on 27th July, 2017, extended further time by 90 days
G starting from 9th August, 2017. The sixth meeting of the CoC was held
on 24th August, 2017, when the corporate debtor submitted an expression
of interest from AREA Group of Companies, Chandigarh to infuse Rs.
150 Crore in the form of debentures, subject to getting a firm approval
from the lenders. The said proposal was circulated during the meeting
which concluded with the resolution that the same be placed along with
H
K. SASHIDHAR v. INDIAN OVERSEAS BANK & ORS. 863
[A. M. KHANWILKAR, J.]

the final report of SBI Capital Markets Limited, which was still awaited. A
The seventh meeting of the CoC was held on 26th September, 2017 in
which various options were deliberated but the discussion remained
inconclusive. In the eighth CoC meeting, held on 16 th October, 2017, it
was agreed that the resolution plan submitted by the corporate debtor
should provide for monitoring and supervision by the resolution
B
professional, in case the plan was approved by the CoC. The Indian
Bank, which had 22.33% of voting power, conveyed its disapproval to
the proposed resolution plan. JMFARC Limited, having 12.39% of voting
power, had already rejected the resolution plan in the previous meeting
held on 26th September, 2017. Both these banks, however, agreed to
reconsider the resolution plan if a portion of the sustainable debt was to C
be increased. The corporate debtor was asked to submit a fresh One
Time Settlement (OTS) proposal through email to all the bankers for
consideration. Accordingly, the corporate debtor sent an email on 18 th
October, 2017, with another OTS scheme proposal as an alternative to
the resolution plan already submitted. The corporate debtor offered an
D
OTS scheme proposal of Rs.525 Crore with a structured repayment
period indicated therein. In response, the Indian Bank, through an email
sent on 25th October, 2017, called upon the corporate debtor to file an
OTS scheme proposal for 600 Crore. After interacting with the bankers,
a counter proposal was given by the corporate debtor which was
eventually considered in the 9th CoC meeting held on 27th October, 2017. E
The proposal submitted by the corporate debtor on 26th October, 2017,
was approved by the members of the CoC having only 55.73% voting
share namely Indian Bank, JM Financial Asset Reconstruction Co. Ltd.,
Allahabad Bank and Andhra Bank. The Indian Overseas Bank having
voting share of 15.15%, rejected the resolution proposal and cited reasons
F
through its letter dated 27th October, 2017. Three other Banks, namely
Oriental Bank of Commerce, Central Bank of India and Bank of
Maharashtra, having 29.12% voting share, expressed that they remained
open, awaiting in-principle approval from their respective sanctioning
authority. Eventually, on 30th October, 2017, Oriental Bank of Commerce,
having 10.94% voting share, sent an email conveying their “in-principle G
approval” to the proposed resolution plan qua revised OTS scheme and
that their final approval would be subject to similar approvals from the
co-lenders. On the same day, Bank of Maharashtra, having 6.36% voting
share, conveyed that they were open to consider the revised resolution
plan. The Central Bank of India, having 11.82% voting share, conveyed
H
864 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2019] 3 S.C.R.

A its disapproval to the revised resolution plan. Resultantly, as on 30th
October, 2017, the voting share of consenting Banks expressly approving
the proposed resolution plan was only 66.67% and the voting share of
dissenting lender Banks was 26.97%. Maharashtra Bank, having 6.36%
voting share, had not either approved, rejected or abstained from voting
but had conveyed that they remained open to consider the resolution
B
plan. The fact remains that the proposed resolution plan did not garner
approval of not less than 75% of voting share of the financial creditors
until the resolution professional (IRP) filed an affidavit before the
adjudicating authority (NCLT Hyderabad) on 3rd November, 2017,
submitting the outcome of the 9th CoC meeting. The Managing Director
C of the corporate debtor (KS&PIPL) appeared before the adjudicating
authority (NCLT) on 6th November, 2017, and also filed a memo on 17th
November, 2017, inter alia submitting that for the financial creditor who
chose not to participate in the voting, the votes and the majority be counted
without their vote. In that eventuality, the percentage of financial creditors
who chose to participate and who approved of the resolution plan would
D
work out to 78.63% and therefore, it can be assumed that the resolution
plan has been approved by the CoC. The NCLT Hyderabad vide judgment
dated 27th November, 2017, eventually, allowed the petition filed by the
corporate debtor and approved the resolution plan/revised OTS scheme,
as submitted by the resolution professional vide affidavit dated 3rd
E November, 2017, and further declared that the moratorium imposed on
10th February, 2017, ceased to have effect from the date of receipt of
copy of the order. A further direction came to be issued that the corporate
debtor shall reinstate all the employees who were on the rolls of company.
Aggrieved by the said decision, three financial creditors who were part
of the CoC, namely Indian Overseas Bank, Central Bank of India and
F
Bank of Maharashtra filed appeals under Section 61 before the NCLAT
questioning the authority of NCLT Hyderabad, to approve of the resolution
plan, despite the fact that the same did not receive approval of not less
than 75% of voting share of financial creditors. The Managing Director
of the corporate debtor also filed an independent appeal under Section
G 61 of the I&B Code with reference to the observations made by the
NCLT Hyderabad regarding the corporate guarantee to be proceeded
with. As aforesaid, these appeals were heard together along with appeals
concerning another corporate debtor, namely IIL and came to be disposed
of by the common impugned judgment dated 6th September, 2018, wherein
it has been held that approval to the proposed resolution plan by a vote
H
K. SASHIDHAR v. INDIAN OVERSEAS BANK & ORS. 865
[A. M. KHANWILKAR, J.]

of not less than 75% of voting share of the financial creditors was A
mandatory and it was not open to the adjudicating authority to disregard
the mandate of the CoC by adopting a convoluted approach. Against
this decision, the Managing Director of the corporate debtor, namely
(KS&PIPL) has filed a civil appeal under Section 62 of the I&B Code
in this Court, being Civil Appeal No.10673 of 2018.
B
8. The second set of appeals pertain to the corporate debtor-IIL,
being Civil Appeal No.10719 of 2018 filed by the promoter of the corporate
debtor who holds 21.82% shares and was the erstwhile Chairman and
Managing Director of the company. Civil Appeal No.10971 of 2018 is
filed by the workers’ union of the same corporate debtor, namely,
Innoventive Industries Kamgar Sanghathana. The workers’ union has C
filed another appeal arising from SLP (C) No.29181 of 2018 against the
judgment and order dated 24th September, 2018 passed by the High Court
of Judicature at Bombay in Writ Petition (C) No.136 of 2018, filed by
them to challenge the judgment passed by the NCLT Mumbai dated 23rd
November, 2017/8th December, 2017, and for directing the Union of D
India to revive the corporate debtor (IIL) and save it from liquidation by
dispensing with the 8% shortfall for touching the criteria of 75% of consent
of CoC for the approval of revival as per the provisions of the I&B
Code. The High Court rejected the writ petition filed by the workers’
union on the ground that they had an alternative and efficacious remedy
against the decision of the Tribunal. In other words, the Special Leave E
Petition primarily questions the decision of rejection of the proposed
resolution plan in respect of the corporate debtor (IIL).
9. As regards the corporate debtor (IIL), the relevant facts are as
follows. The said corporate debtor had suffered losses. As a result, it
had proposed to its lender Bankers for Corporate Debt Restructuring F
(for short “CDR”). The company was referred to CDR in September,
2013 by 19 banking entities and it invited a consortium, led by Central
Bank of India. The lenders’ forum approved the restructuring plan of
the company on 24th June, 2014. ICICI Bank filed an Insolvency and
Bankruptcy application under the I&B Code against the corporate debtor G
(IIL) in December 2016. That was admitted by the NCLT Mumbai,
being the adjudicating authority, on 17th January, 2017. An IRP was
appointed and a moratorium was declared. The said corporate debtor
asserts that despite the pendency of applications, the company had
achieved a turnover of Rs.337 Crore upto March 2017, with operational
revenues of Rs.125 Crore during the relevant period till September 2017. H
866 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2019] 3 S.C.R.

A The total indirect tax paid by the company is approximately Rs.8.27
Crore during the same period. Be that as it may, consequent to the order
of the adjudicating authority (NCLT) dated 17th January, 2017, the first
CoC meeting was held on 15th February, 2017 wherein the appointment
of IRP was confirmed. Eventually, in the sixth CoC meeting held on 19 th
June, 2017, it was unanimously resolved to extend the insolvency resolution
B
period till 14th October, 2017. The IRP then approached 27 parties (16
prospective financial investors and 11 prospective strategic investors)
out of which 16 parties (11 financial investors and 6 strategic investors)
showed interest in the company. After screening of the proposed
resolution applicants, the subject resolution plan was submitted to the
C IRP on 3rd September, 2017, which was taken up for consideration by
the CoC in its meeting on 4th October, 2017, by e-voting. Financial creditors
holding 66.57% voting share voted in favour of approving the proposed
resolution plan whereas the dissenting financial creditors, having 33.43%
voting share, voted against the proposed resolution plan. Resultantly, the
proposed resolution plan was not approved or came to be rejected for
D
want of support of the requisite percent of financial creditors, having
voting share of not less than 75%. The IRP then filed an application on
12th October, 2017, before the adjudicating authority (NCLT) praying
for initiating liquidating process against IIL. The NCLT Mumbai, after
considering the submissions of both sides, by order pronounced in court
E on 23rd November, 2017 and delivered on 8th December, 2017, directed
initiation of liquidation proceeding against the corporate debtor (IIL).
The appellant in the leading appeal of the second set of appeals, being
the former Chairman and Managing Director of the corporate debtor
(IIL) had filed an interim application before the NCLT Mumbai praying
that the dissenting financial creditors be directed to disclose on oath
F
reasons/basis for, or the decision making process involved in, voting against
the resolution plan and a declaration that the dissenting financial creditors
voted with malicious intention of liquidation and hence, their votes ought
to be ignored. The workers’ union of the corporate debtor (IIL) had filed
an interim application, opposing liquidation of the company. The resolution
G applicant had also filed an application to allow it to submit a revised
resolution plan and to invite a fresh vote thereon albeit after the time
earlier envisaged for obtaining shareholders approval. According to the
appellants in the second set of appeals, NCLT did not call for the response
of the opposite parties on the concerned applications and instead
proceeded to pass the impugned order rejecting the applications and
H
K. SASHIDHAR v. INDIAN OVERSEAS BANK & ORS. 867
[A. M. KHANWILKAR, J.]

directing initiation of liquidation proceeding against the corporate debtor. A
The appellants in the leading appeal concerning the corporate debtor
(IIL) filed an appeal before the NCLAT against the decision of the NCLT,
Mumbai. This appeal was heard along with the appeals concerning
another corporate debtor (KS&PIPL) and disposed of together by the
NCLAT as common issue was involved in all these appeals. As aforesaid,
B
by the impugned judgment NCLAT has held that the requirement of
approval of resolution plan by vote of not less than 75% of voting share
of financial creditors was mandatory and hence dismissed the appeal
preferred by the appellant. Aggrieved, the said appellant and the workers’
union of KS&PIPL have filed appeals against the said decision of NCLAT
and the High Court respectively. C
10. Mr. C.U. Singh, learned senior counsel appearing for the
appellant in the case of corporate debtor KS&PIPL had canvassed two-
pronged submissions. The first is on the basis of the unamended provisions
as applicable on the date of the resolution passed by the CoC in October,
2017. It is urged that on a fair interpretation of those provisions, it ought D
to be held that the same were not mandatory. Even assuming that the
same were mandatory, considering the fact that a significant section of
the financial creditors had abstained from voting on 27th October, 2017,
their votes were required to be ignored for the purpose of computing the
required percentage of voting share. In that case, it would work out to
be more than 75%. In that, the percentage of votes for approval (55.73%) E
of the resolution proposal and the voting share rejecting the proposal
was only 15.15%. Taking these votes only, the proportionate percentage
of the voting share for approval will obviously be more than 75% (i.e.
approximately 78.63%). Thus understood, the NCLT Mumbai ought to
have approved the resolution proposal. The second limb of the argument F
is that the NCLAT, which had decided the appeals on 6th September,
2018, ought to have taken into account the amendments brought into
force w.e.f. 23rd November, 2017 and followed by another amendment
brought into force w.e.f. 6th June, 2018 to the provisions of I&B Code
and including the amendment to the Regulations of the Insolvency and
Bankruptcy Board of India (Insolvency Resolution Process for Corporate G
Persons) Regulations, 2016 brought into force from 4th July, 2018. For,
the same came into force during the pendency of the appeals. Further,
the purport of the said amendments posit that the CoC should be objective
in its approach and consider the feasibility and viability of the resolution
proposal and must assign reasons for approval or rejection of the proposal, H
868 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2019] 3 S.C.R.

A as the case may be. Additionally, the requirement of percentage of votes
of the financial creditors stood reduced to 66% of voting share which, in
the present case, has been fulfilled on account of the approval given by
55.73% in the meeting convened on 27th October, 2017, and followed by
in-principle approval conveyed via email on 30th October, 2017, by Oriental
Bank of Commerce, having 10.94% voting power. In effect, this argument
B
proceeds on the assumption that the amendments to the Code brought
into force w.e.f. 23rd November, 2017 and in particular on 6th June, 2018,
would have retroactive effect, as is clear from the legislative intent behind
the said amendments. The said amendments are made applicable from
the inception and to pending proceedings also because it is to substitute
C the original provision as was applicable on the date of the resolution
dated 27th October, 2017, and filing of affidavit by IRP before the
adjudicating authority. To buttress this argument, reliance has been placed
on the exposition in Gottumukkala Venkata Krishamraju vs. Union
of India1, Government of India vs. India Tobacco Association2 and
Zile Singh vs. State of Haryana3. In support of the argument that the
D
amendment to Section 30(4) applied to pending proceedings, reliance
has been placed on the judgment in Mithilesh Kumari & Another Vs.
Prem Behari Khare4, Dahiben (Widow of Ranchnodji Jivanji) &
Ors. vs. Vasanji Kevalbhai (dead) & Others5. Reliance is also placed
on the decision in B.K. Educational Services Private Ltd. vs. Parag
E Gupta & Associates6 which had considered the applicability of Section
238-A inserted by way of the same amendment Act in the I&B Code
w.e.f. 6th June, 2018. In this decision, the court held that the legislative
intent behind the amendment was to apply the Limitation Act from the
very beginning to NCLT and NCLAT while deciding the applications
filed under Sections 7 and 9 of the I&B Code and the appeals therefrom.
F
Reliance is also placed on the decision in State Bank of India vs.
Ramakrishnan7 which had dealt with amendment by way of substitution
to Section-14(3) of the I&B Code concerning surety in a contract of
guarantee for a corporate debtor. The court held that the amendment
was retrospective. Reliance is also placed on the decision in Rustom &
G Hornby (I) Ltd. vs. T.B. Kadom8 in which this court gave retrospective
1
(2018) SCC Online SC 1386-Paragraphs 13-16.
2
(2005) 7 SCC 396 Paragraphs 14-16, 24, 26&28.
3
(2004) 8 SCC 1 Paragraphs 14-16.
4
(1989) 2 SCC 95. Paragraph 24 and also see paragraphs 1, 23 and 25
5
(1995) Supp. 2 SCC 295. Paragraph 13 and also see Paragraphs 12, 14 and 15.
6
(2018) SCC Online SC 1921 Paragraph 45.
H 7
(2018) SCC Online SC 963. Paragraph 34.
8
(1976) 3 SCC 71. Paragraph 6.
K. SASHIDHAR v. INDIAN OVERSEAS BANK & ORS. 869
[A. M. KHANWILKAR, J.]

construction to Section 2-A of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 and also A
in Bharat Singh vs. Management of New Delhi Tuberculosis Centre,
New Delhi9 to the same effect. The thrust of the argument is that the
object of the I&B Code is resolution rather than liquidation as also the
maximization of value of assets of such persons, to promote
entrepreneurship. To buttress this argument, reliance is also placed on
B
the report of the Insolvency Law Committee in March 2018. Paragraph
11.6 therein states that in order to further the stated object of the I&B
Code to promote resolution, the voting share for approval of resolution
plan may be reduced to 66%. It is submitted that this should have been
taken into account by the NCLAT in reference to the amended provisions
brought into force during the pendency of the appeal before it. It is also C
contended that the adjudicating authority (NCLT) as well as the appellate
authority (NCLAT), while approving or rejecting the resolution plan, is
duty bound to exercise a judicious mind and be alive to the facts and
circumstances of the specific case before it and the socio-economic
benefit considering the favourable opinion noted by the resolution
D
professional in his affidavit, that there was every possibility of reviving
the corporate debtor. Even as per the report submitted by M/s. Atlas
Financial Research & Consulting Private Limited regarding a thorough
Techno Economic Viability study conducted in respect of the corporate
debtor (KS&PIPL), it has been noted that the company was technically
feasible and economically viable. The corporate debtor was facing a E
financial crisis due to abrupt and unilateral stoppage of operations in the
working capital loan account and the proposed resolution plan fulfilled
all the eligibility criteria for its approval under the provisions of the I&B
Code. Furthermore, the dissenting financial creditors having failed to
offer any reason whatsoever for rejecting the resolution proposal, it must
F
follow that they did not do so in good faith but with malicious intent,
warranting intervention by the adjudicating authority and the appellate
authority.
11. Mr. A.M. Singhvi, learned Senior Counsel appearing for the
appellant concerning the corporate debtor (IIL) would submit that the
CoC, being the custodian of public interest, is under a statutory duty to G
exercise its power under Section 30(4) of the I&B Code reasonably and
fairly. Section 30(4) posits an obligation upon the CoC to adopt a resolution
plan which is ex facie more viable than liquidation. According to him,
the amendments to Section 30(4) in particular brought into force w.e.f.
9
(1986) 2 SCC 614, Paragraphs 2, 5-6, 10-14 H
870 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2019] 3 S.C.R.

A 23rd November, 2017 are only declaratory/clarificatory of the law and
resultantly, retrospective. He submits that giving reasons for the view
expressed on the resolution plan, be it for approval or rejection, is the
quintessence to fulfill the requirement of a reasonable and fair approach
of the CoC. Reasons so given, would demonstrate whether it is a bonafide
or malicious act of the financial creditors. That has now been clarified
B
and restated by the amending regulation 39(3) which has come into force
w.e.f. 4th July, 2018. Being a clarificatory amendment, the same would
take effect retrospectively and is applicable even to pending proceedings.
It is then contended that if no reason is assigned or forthcoming, the
court is not powerless to strike down the exercise of power by the
C concerned financial creditor if it was possible to infer from the
circumstances emanating from the record that the exercise of such power
was wrongly exercised. To buttress this submission reliance was placed
upon Mardia Chemicals limited and Others vs. Union of India and
Others10 which had read the requirement of fairness and reasonableness
into Section 13 of the SARFAESI Act. The court declared that reasons
D
must be given and communicated. This “reading in” of the principle of
fairness and reasonableness, was eventually codified in the form of
Section 13(3-A) of that Act. Such interpretation was inexorable in respect
of provisions as draconian as Section 30(4), resulting in the inevitable
consequence of liquidation of the corporate debtor. The provisions of
E the I&B Code must be so construed as not to be financial creditor centric
but to be an inclusive approach where all stakeholders’ interests are
balanced and particularly for exploring the possibility of revival of the
corporate debtor and maximisation of the value of assets. In the present
case, contends learned counsel, the only plea taken by the dissenting
financial creditors before the adjudicating authority (NCLT), was that
F
they had taken a commercial decision and it was not open to judicial
scrutiny. Even if it is a commercial decision, contends learned counsel, it
must fulfill the test of a reasonable and fair approach to be supported by
tangible reasons. In the absence of reasons, the adjudicating authority
(NCLT) must exercise its jurisdiction to ascertain whether the exercise
G of power by the CoC is reasonable and in conformity with the purpose
of the Code. If the resolution plan is ex facie viable and yet the dissenting
financial creditors reject the same, such exercise of power would be
subversive of the policy of the Code, requiring intervention by the
adjudicating authority (NCLT). Whereas, such a case would imply a
H 10
(2004) 4 SCC 311, paragraph 45.
K. SASHIDHAR v. INDIAN OVERSEAS BANK & ORS. 871
[A. M. KHANWILKAR, J.]

duty on the CoC to exercise its power to approve the plan. To counter A
the defence of the dissenting financial creditors regarding a commercial
decision, reliance was placed on Padfield and Others vs. Minister of
Agriculture, Fisheries and Food11 and Dhampur Sugar Mills Ltd.
vs. State of U.P. and Others12. Learned counsel contends that abdication
of duty by the CoC to consider the feasibility and viability projected in
B
the proposed resolution plan would be fatal. It would be a case of non
application of mind by the CoC, if not a malicious approach in rejection
of the proposed resolution plan. The test of limits of judicial review, as
expounded in Tata Cellular Vs. Union of India13 ought to be invoked
to rein in the unbridled exercise of power by the CoC. The Tribunal
could certainly discard the view of the dissenting financial creditors if it C
was satisfied that such a decision could not be reached by any reasonable
and prudent person. It is also possible for the adjudicating authority
(NCLT) to intervene if the circumstances suggest that the decision of
dissenting financial creditors was the outcome of abuse of power or
being irrational and unreasonable. Reliance is also placed on the decision
D
in Union of India and Another vs. Cynamide India Ltd. and Another14
and Shri Sitaram Sugar Company Limited and Another vs. Union
of India and Others15. As regards the amendment brought into effect
from 23th November, 2017 to Section 30(4) of the I&B Code, it is
contended that the same must be construed as only clarificatory and
resultantly, be given retrospective effect. Inasmuch as the discretion E
given to the constituents of CoC, namely the financial creditors under
Section 30(4) of the I&B Code is required to be exercised in a just
manner and by giving due regard to the feasibility and viability of a plan
proposed for revival of the corporate debtor. There is nothing else relevant
for discharging the statutory obligation of approving or rejecting the
F
proposed resolution plan. With regard to the second amendment to Section
30(4) of the I&B Code which came into effect from 6th June, 2018,
reducing the voting threshold from 75% to 66%, learned counsel contends
that even the same operates from the time the section was brought on
the statute book. For, the legislature consciously lowered the threshold
requirement to 66%. It was to infuse more flexibility in the resolution G
processes and to maximise the effort for revival of the corporate debtor
11
(1968) 2 WLR 924
12
(2007) 8 SCC 328
13
(1996) 6 SCC 651 Paragraphs-73 and 77.
14
(1987) 2 SCC 720 Paragraph 4
15
(1990) 3 SCC 223 Paragraphs - 47-49, 51-53, 57-58 H
872 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2019] 3 S.C.R.

A in the larger public interests. The intention of the Parliament was to cure
the mischief that the high threshold was causing; and by reducing it,
Parliament intended to encourage revival of the corporate debtor and
maximisation of the value of assets and to discourage liquidation resulting
in closure of the functioning company on which many stakeholders
depended, such as its workers. With regard to the objection to the locus
B
of the appellant being the former Chairman and Managing Director of
the corporate debtor, it is contended that the same is raised for the first
time, and in any case, cannot be countenanced in view of the express
provision contained in Section 61 of the I&B Code and moreso because
the appellant had initiated proceedings by filing an application before the
C adjudicating authority (NCLT) and the appellant, being the shareholder,
had reason to insist for revival of the corporate debtor instead of its
liquidation. As regards the objection about the eligibility of the appellant
as a person acting jointly or in concert with the corporate debtor in terms
of Section 29A of the I&B Code, it is contended that even this objection
was being taken for the first time. Notably, Section 29A of the I&B
D
Code came into force only from 23rd November, 2017, and it did not
exist when the resolution plan was considered by the CoC. Further, the
scope of appeal preferred by the appellant was to call upon the
adjudicating authority to interfere with the unreasonable rejection of the
resolution plan by the dissenting financial creditors and not to propound
E an independent plan of the appellant. Thus understood, Section 29A of
the I&B Code would have no application and in any case, if the proposed
resolution plan is to be taken forward, the appellant has no causal
connection with the resolution applicant. Learned counsel submits that
the appeal be allowed and the matter be restored to the file of the
adjudicating authority (NCLT) for reconsideration of the proposed
F
resolution plan afresh.
12. Mr. Colin Gonsalves, learned Senior Counsel appearing for
the workers’ union concerning corporate debtor (IIL) submits that the
rejection of the plan would have a direct impact on the workers engaged
by the corporate debtor. According to him, the resolution plan manifests
G that the company is a viable company and all efforts should be made to
revive the company and not to shove it into liquidation because of the
whims and fancies of the minority financial creditors or, for that matter,
in the guise of their commercial wisdom. Reliance is placed on United
Bank of India, Calcutta vs. Abhijit Tea Co. Pvt. Ltd. and Others16
H 16
(2000) 7 SCC 357 Paragraph 20.
K. SASHIDHAR v. INDIAN OVERSEAS BANK & ORS. 873
[A. M. KHANWILKAR, J.]

and Karan Singh and Others vs. Bhagwan Singh (Dead) By Lrs. A
And Others17 and additionally, on the decision of the NCLAT in the
case of another corporate debtor (Alok Employees Benefit and Welfare
Trust) in Company Appeal (AT) (Insolvency) No.344 of 2018 decided
on 29th November, 2018. He had also invited our attention to the chart
given in Economic Survey 2017-18 Volume 2, to contend that there will
B
be hardly any impact if this Court was to remit the case for reconsideration
on the basis of the amended provisions by the adjudicating authority
(NCLT) and especially because there is ample material on record to
indicate that the corporate debtor (IIL) is a viable company and needs to
be revived and not liquidated.
13. On the other hand, Mr. Shyam Divan, learned Senior Counsel C
and Ms. Pragya Baghel countered the above submissions and supported
the conclusion reached by the NCLAT that the requirement specified in
Section 30(4) of the I&B Code is mandatory. They submit that the I&B
Code has been enacted after the experience of the earlier dispensations.
There has been paradigm shift in adopting the new regime regarding the D
timelines to be observed by all concerned at every stage as predicated in
the Code. Be it for the resolution process or liquidation process. Both
these processes are intended to be disposed of speedily and in a time-
bound manner. The initial time limit provided to revive the company is
180 days from the date of admission of the petition and extendable by 90
days. The outer limit for resolution process has been specified as 270 E
days and if the resolution plan is not approved by the CoC with requisite
number of votes of the financial creditors (not less than of 75%), then
there is no other option but to order liquidation. That is the inevitable
consequence of failure to approve the resolution plan within the specified
time. The adjudicating authority (NCLT) would have no other option. F
Further, on presentation of the rejected resolution plan, it is not open to
the adjudicating authority (NCLT) to enquire into the justness of the
reason or the commercial decision taken by the financial creditors to
approve or not to approve the proposed resolution plan. There is complete
autonomy regarding the commercial decision or wisdom of the financial
creditors. That cannot be questioned by the adjudicating authority G
(NCLT). Whereas, the judicial review is circumscribed to the grounds
specified in the Act itself, which is a self-contained Code. The legislative
intent makes it amply clear that the Parliament was conscious about the
fact that some business entities will fail and cannot be revived within the
17
(1996) 7 SCC 559 Paragraph 7. H
874 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2019] 3 S.C.R.

A specified time but that cannot suppress the need for addressing the serious
concern of financial creditors due to increasing financial pressure on
them because of non-performing assets of the corporate debtor. The
promoters have no divine right to continue to manage such corporate
debtor. The I&B Code predicates the necessity of interest in the
management of such corporate debtors being handed over to professionals
B
during the moratorium period so as to make a sincere effort to revive the
company within the specified time. Our attention was invited to
Bankruptcy Law Reforms Committee Report dated 4th November, 2015
and Insolvency Law Committee Report dated 26th March, 2018, to buttress
the argument about the legislative intent behind the enactment of the
C I&B Code and the concerned amendment. Reliance has been placed on
Innoventive Industries Ltd. (supra), which had adverted to the legislative
intent behind the I&B Code.
14. Mr. Divan, appearing for ICICI Bank in the case of corporate
debtor (IIL), submits that there was only one resolution plan. Neither
D has the resolution applicant challenged the decision of the adjudicating
authority (NCLT) nor has it been made party in the appeal. The
outstanding amount payable by the corporate debtor (IIL) is around
Rs.1435 Crore. He submits that the resolution plan is a complex document
unlike a bid or tender document. The professionals associated with the
dissenting financial creditors have analysed the same and were of the
E considered opinion that it is not a feasible and achievable target - rather
it is a speculative proposal. The dissenting financial creditors exercised
their commercial wisdom after taking into account all the relevant aspects.
It is not open to undertake scrutiny of that decision of the dissenting
financial creditors. Neither can the IRP nor the adjudicating authority
F (NCLT) be allowed to sit over the same as a court of appeal. The decision
of the dissenting financial creditors reckons various aspects including
the confidence about the capacity of the resolution applicant to translate
the projected plan into reality as per the timelines specified and the
feasibility and viability of the proposal and revival of the company in
question. He took us through the relevant provisions including amended
G provisions and contended that the purpose and intent underlying the
amendment was to give prospective effect thereto. He submitted that
the appeal filed by the former Chairman and Managing Director of the
corporate debtor (IIL) was not maintainable also because the said
appellant has no locus. He submitted that the appellant was acting in
H concert with the resolution applicant and for which the appellant must
K. SASHIDHAR v. INDIAN OVERSEAS BANK & ORS. 875
[A. M. KHANWILKAR, J.]

be called upon to first deposit 100% of the dues. Our attention is invited A
to the recent decision in Arcelormittal India Private Limited vs. Satish
Kumar Gupta and Others18. He submits that the Court has noticed the
necessity of observing timelines by all concerned - be it at the stage of
resolution process or liquidation process - in terms of the mandate in the
I&B Code. The amendments cannot be construed otherwise so as to
B
render the legislative intent otiose. He submits that, in law, there is a
presumption of prospective application of the amended provisions. There
is no express provision ordaining retrospective application of the amended
provisions. The amended provisions unambiguously predicate that the
same would come into force with effect from the stated date. In the
present case, the timeline for completion of the resolution process expired C
on 14th November, 2017, and for which reason the amended provision
lowering the voting share to 66% will be of no avail. As regards the
amendment to Regulation 39, that has come into force w.e.f. 4th July,
2018, and obviously would have prospective application. In any case,
non-disclosure of the reason by the dissenting financial creditors, would
D
not vitiate the concluded cause of action upon exercising the vote to
reject the proposed resolution plan. That position cannot be unsettled on
the basis of the amended regulation. Learned counsel has placed reliance
on the case of Karnataka State Industrial Investment & Development
Corpn. Ltd. vs. Cavalet India Ltd. and Others. 19. As regards the
concern expressed by the workers union of the corporate debtor (IIL), it E
is submitted that the workmen would get the highest priority in terms of
Section 53 of the I&B Code. Moreover, the fact that the liquidation
process has been initiated in respect of the company does not mean that
the possibility of sale of the company as a running concern has been
completely ruled out. Thus, the interests of the workers engaged by the
F
corporate debtor will be taken care of as per the statutory command.
The sum and substance of the argument is that the adjudicating authority
(NCLT) was justified in rejecting the applications filed by the appellants
and recorded the factum of rejection of the proposed resolution plan
with the inevitable direction to initiate process for liquidation of the
company under Section 33 of the I&B Code. In that view of the matter, G
no interference is warranted with the impugned decision of the NCLAT.
15. Ms. Pragya Baghel, appearing for Indian Overseas Bank in
the case of corporate debtor (KS&PIPL), having voting share of 15.15%
and being one of the dissenting financial creditors, would submit that the
18
(2018) SCC Online 1733, Paragraphs 64, 78, 83 and 88 H
19
(2005) 4 SCC 456 Paragraphs 13 and 19
876 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2019] 3 S.C.R.

A appellant was disqualified to appeal and that his appeal before NCLAT
was limited to the observation regarding the personal guarantee as noted
by the NCLT. The fact remains that the resolution plan put to vote did
not garner support of the requisite percentage of financial creditors to
the extent of not less than 75% of the voting share. The provisions as
couched in the I&B Code do not permit computation of the voting share
B
percentage by excluding the votes of financial creditors who had
abstained. Whereas, there is express provision to the contrary, making it
amply clear that the votes of the financial creditors who had abstained
from voting must be computed along with the votes rejecting the resolution
plan, as being dissenting financial creditors. Any other interpretation would
C result in re-writing Section 30(4) and the regulations framed under the
I&B Code, if not doing violence to the legislative intent. She has placed
reliance on the decisions of S.L. Srinivasa Jute Twine Mills (P) Ltd.
vs. Union of India and Another20 and Rajeev Chaudhary vs. State
(NCT) of Delhi21. As regards the argument of retrospective application
D of the amended provisions, in particular, reducing the voting share from
75% to 66%, learned counsel has placed reliance on the decision of this
Court in Hitendra Vishnu Thakur and Others vs. State of Maharashtra
and Others22. The appellant and respondents 1-3 & 5-8 in C.A. No.10673
of 2018 and appellant and respondents 2 & 20 in C.A. No.10719 of 2018
E have filed written submissions through their counsels, elaborating the
above points.
16. Ms. Prabha Swami, appearing for the resolution applicant
(Suyash Outsourcing Pvt. Ltd.), has submitted that the resolution plan
was approved on certain conditions and the resolution applicant assures
F to abide by those conditions. Further, as per the liberty given to the
resolution applicant, appropriate affidavit has now been filed to place
that assurance on record.
17. Ms. Mahima Singh, learned counsel appearing for the Official
Liquidator in the case of corporate debtor (IIL), had sought liberty to
G place on record certain subsequent developments which may have bearing
on the concerned appeals. That affidavit dated 23rd November, 2018,
has also been filed and is allowed to be taken on record.
20
(2006) 2 SCC 740, Paragraphs 13-19.
21
(2001) 5 SCC 34 Paragraphs 3 and 4.
22
H (1994) 4 SCC 602 Paragraph 26.
K. SASHIDHAR v. INDIAN OVERSEAS BANK & ORS. 877
[A. M. KHANWILKAR, J.]

18. Having heard learned counsel for the parties, the moot question A
is about the sequel of the approval of the resolution plan by the CoC of
the respective corporate debtor, namely KS&PIPL and IIL, by a vote of
less than seventy five percent of voting share of the financial creditors;
and about the correctness of the view taken by the NCLAT that the
percentage of voting share of the financial creditors specified in Section
B
30(4) of the I&B Code is mandatory. Further, is it open to the adjudicating
authority/appellate authority to reckon any other factor (other than
specified in Sections 30(2) or 61(3) of the I&B Code as the case may
be) which, according to the resolution applicant and the stakeholders
supporting the resolution plan, may be relevant?
19. This Court in its recent decisions has elaborately adverted to C
the legislative history and delineated the broad contours of the provisions
of the I&B Code. The latest being the case of Arcelormittal (supra)
followed by B.K. Educational (supra) and Innoventive Industries
Limited vs. ICICI Bank and Another.23 In the present case, however,
our focus must be on the dispensation governing the process of approval D
or rejection of resolution plan by the CoC. The CoC is called upon to
consider the resolution plan under Section 30(4) of the I&B Code after
it is verified and vetted by the resolution professional as being compliant
with all the statutory requirements specified in Section 30(2).
20. The CoC is constituted as per Section 21 of the I&B Code, E
which consists of financial creditors. The term ‘financial creditor’ has
been defined in Section 5(7) of the I&B Code to mean any person to
whom a financial debt is owed and includes a person to whom such debt
has been legally assigned or transferred to. Be it noted that the process
of insolvency resolution and liquidation concerning corporate debtors
has been codified in Part II of the I&B Code, comprising of seven F
Chapters. Chapter I predicates that Part II shall apply in matters relating
to the insolvency and liquidation of corporate debtor where the minimum
amount of default is Rs.1,00,000/-. Section 5 in Chapter I is a dictionary
clause specific to Part II of the Code. Chapter II deals with the gamut
of procedure to be followed for the corporate insolvency resolution G
process. For dealing with the issue on hand, the provisions contained in
Chapter II will be significant. From the scheme of the provisions, it is
clear that the provisions in Part II of the Code are self-contained code,
providing for the procedure for consideration of the resolution plan by
the CoC.
23
(2018) 1 SCC 407 H
878 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2019] 3 S.C.R.

A 21. The stage at which the dispute concerning the respective
corporate debtors (KS&PIPL and IIL) had reached the adjudicating
authority (NCLT) is ascribable to Section 30(4) of the I&B Code, which,
at the relevant time in October 2017, read thus:
“30(4)-The committee of creditors may approve a resolution
B plan by a vote of not less than seventy five per cent of voting
share of the financial creditors.”
If the CoC had approved the resolution plan by requisite percent
of voting share, then as per Section 30(6) of the I&B Code, it is imperative
for the resolution professional to submit the same to the adjudicating
C authority (NCLT). On receipt of such a proposal, the adjudicating authority
(NCLT) is required to satisfy itself that the resolution plan as approved
by CoC meets the requirements specified in Section 30(2). No more and
no less. This is explicitly spelt out in Section 31 of the I&B Code, which
read thus (as in October 2017):
D “31. Approval of resolution plan.-(1) If the Adjudicating
Authority is satisfied that the resolution plan as approved by the
committee of creditors under sub-section (4) of section 30 meets
the requirements as referred to in sub-section(2) of section 30, it
shall by order approve the resolution plan which shall be binding
on the corporate debtor and its employees, members, creditors,
E guarantors and other stakeholders involved in the resolution plan.
(2) Where the Adjudicating Authority is satisfied that the resolution
plan does not confirm to the requirements referred to in sub-
section (1), it may, by an order, reject the resolution plan.

F (3) After the order of approval under sub-section (1),-
(a) the moratorium order passed by the Adjudicating Authority
under section 14 shall cease to have effect; and
(b) the resolution professional shall forward all records relating
to the conduct of the corporate insolvency resolution process
G and the resolution plan to the Board to be recorded on its
database.”
We may also usefully refer to Section 30(2) as applicable at the relevant
time. The same read thus:

H
K. SASHIDHAR v. INDIAN OVERSEAS BANK & ORS. 879
[A. M. KHANWILKAR, J.]

“30. Submission of resolution plan.- A
(1) xxx xxx xxx
(2) The resolution professional shall examine each resolution
plan received by him to confirm that each resolution plan-
(a) provides for the payment of insolvency resolution
process costs in a manner specified by the Board in priority B
to the repayment of other debts of the corporate debtor;
(b) provides for the repayment of the debts of operational
creditors in such manner as may be specified by the Board
which shall not be less than the amount to be paid to the
operational creditors in the event of a liquidation of the C
corporate debtor under section 53;
(c) provides for the management of the affairs of the
Corporate debtor after approval of the resolution plan;
(d) the implementation and supervision of the resolution plan;
D
(e) does not contravene any of the provisions of the law for
the time being in force;
(f) conforms to such other requirements as may be specified
by the Board.
xxx xxx xxx” E
22. In Innoventive Industries Limited (supra), the Court, after
analysing the historical background in which the Code was enacted,
opined that one of the most important objectives of the Code was to
bring the insolvency law in India under a single, unified umbrella with the
object of speeding up the insolvency process. As regards the process F
regarding submission of resolution plan and, in particular, in reference to
Section 30, the Court observed as follows:
“33. Under Section 30, any person who is interested in putting
the corporate body back on its feet may submit a resolution plan
to the resolution professional, which is prepared on the basis of G
an information memorandum. This plan must provide for payment
of insolvency resolution process costs, management of the affairs
of the corporate debtor after approval of the plan, and
implementation and supervision of the plan. It is only when
such plan is approved by a vote of not less than 75% of
H
880 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2019] 3 S.C.R.

A the voting share of the financial creditors and the
adjudicating authority is satisfied that the plan, as
approved, meets the statutory requirements mentioned
in Section 30, that it ultimately approves such plan, which
is then binding on the corporate debtor as well as its
employees, members, creditors, guarantors and other
B
stakeholders. Importantly, and this is a major departure from
previous legislation on the subject, the moment the adjudicating
authority approves the resolution plan, the moratorium order
passed by the authority under Section 14 shall cease to have
effect. The scheme of the Code, therefore, is to make an attempt,
C by divesting the erstwhile management of its powers and vesting
it in a professional agency, to continue the business of the
corporate body as a going concern until a resolution plan is drawn
up, in which event the management is handed over under the
plan so that the corporate body is able to pay back its debts and
get back on its feet. All this is to be done within a period of
D
6 months with a maximum extension of another 90 days or
else the chopper comes down and the liquidation process
begins.”
(emphasis supplied)
The Court, however, was not called upon to deal with the specific issue
E
that is being considered in the present cases namely, the scope of judicial
review by the adjudicatory authority in relation to the opinion expressed
by the CoC on the proposal for approval of the resolution plan.
23. In Arcelormittal (supra), the Court adverted to the timelines
specified in the Code and the consequences thereof in paragraphs 73
F and 74, which read thus:
“73. The time limit for completion of the insolvency resolution
process is laid down in Section 12. A period of 180 days from the
date of admission of the application is given by Section 12(1).
This is extendable by a maximum period of 90 days only if the
G Committee of Creditors, by a vote of 66%, votes to extend the
said period, and only if the Adjudicating Authority is satisfied
that such process cannot be completed within 180 days. The
authority may then, by order, extend the duration of such process
by a maximum period of 90 days (see Sections 12(2) and 12(3)).
What is also of importance is the proviso to Section 12(3) which
H
K. SASHIDHAR v. INDIAN OVERSEAS BANK & ORS. 881
[A. M. KHANWILKAR, J.]

states that any extension of the period Under Section 12 cannot A
be granted more than once. This has to be read with the third
proviso to Section 30(4), which states that the maximum period
of 30 days mentioned in the second proviso is allowable as the
only exception to the extension of the aforesaid period not being
granted more than once.
B
74. What is important to note is that a consequence is
provided, in the event that the said period ends either
without receipt of a resolution plan or after rejection of a
resolution plan under Section 31. This consequence is
provided by Section 33, which makes it clear that when
either of these two contingencies occurs, the corporate C
debtor is required to be liquidated in the manner laid down
in Chapter III. Section 12, construed in the light of the
object sought to be achieved by the Code, and in the light
of the consequence provided by Section 33, therefore,
makes it clear that the periods previously mentioned are D
mandatory and cannot be extended.”
(emphasis supplied)
And again, while dealing with the purport of Sections 30, 33 and 61 in
paragraph 76, it is observed thus:
E
“76. ……………………
(viii) Section 30 is an important provision in that a resolution
applicant may submit a resolution plan to the Resolution
Professional, who is then to examine the said plan to see that it
conforms to the requirements of Section 30(2). Once this plan
conforms to such requirements, the plan is then to be presented F
to the Committee of Creditors for its approval under Section
30(3). This can then be approved by the Committee of Creditors
by a vote of not less than 66% under Sub-section (4). What is
important to note is that the Committee of Creditors shall not
approve a resolution plan where the resolution applicant is G
ineligible under Section 29A, and may require the Resolution
Professional to invite a fresh resolution plan where no other
resolution plan is available. Once approved by the Committee of
Creditors, the resolution plan is to be submitted to the Adjudicating
Authority under Section 31 of the Code. It is at this stage that
H
882 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2019] 3 S.C.R.

A a judicial mind is applied by the Adjudicating Authority to
the resolution plan so submitted, who then, after being
satisfied that the plan meets (or does not meet) the
requirements mentioned in Section 30, may either approve
or reject such plan.
B (ix) An appeal from an order approving such plan is only
on the limited grounds laid down in Section 61(3).
However, an appeal from an order rejecting a resolution
plan would also lie under Section 61.
(x) As has been stated hereinbefore, the liquidation
C process gets initiated under Section 33 if, (1) either no
resolution plan is submitted within the time specified under
Section 12, or a resolution plan has been rejected by the
Adjudicating Authority; (2) where the Resolution
Professional, before confirmation of the resolution plan,
intimates the Adjudicating Authority of the decision of the
D Committee of Creditors to liquidate the corporate debtor;
or (3) where the resolution plan approved by the
Adjudicating Authority is contravened by the concerned
corporate debtor. Any person other than the corporate
debtor whose interests are prejudicially affected by such
E contravention may apply to the Adjudicating Authority, who
may then pass a liquidation order on such application.”
(emphasis supplied)
24. Notably, the resolution plan concerning both the corporate
debtors, namely KS&PIPL and IIL was considered by the concerned
F CoC in October 2017, and was approved by less than 75% of voting
share of the financial creditors. The inevitable consequences thereof
are to treat the proposed resolution plan as disapproved or deemed to be
rejected by the dissenting financial creditors. The expression ‘dissenting
financial creditors, is defined in Regulation 2(1)(f) of The Insolvency
and Bankruptcy Board of India (Insolvency Resolution Process for
G
Corporate Persons) Regulations, 2016, to mean the financial creditors
who voted against the resolution plan approved by the Committee. This
definition came to be amended subsequently w.e.f. 01.01.2018 to mean
the financial creditors who voted against the resolution plan or abstained
from voting for the resolution plan, approved by the Committee.
H
K. SASHIDHAR v. INDIAN OVERSEAS BANK & ORS. 883
[A. M. KHANWILKAR, J.]

25. Admittedly, in the case of the corporate debtor KS&PIPL, A
the resolution plan, when it was put to vote in the meeting of CoC held
on 27th October, 2017, could garner approval of only 55.73% of voting
share of the financial creditors and even if the subsequent approval
accorded by email (by 10.94%) is taken into account, it did not fulfill the
requisite vote of not less than 75% of voting share of the financial
B
creditors. On the other hand, the resolution plan was expressly rejected
by 15.15% in the CoC meeting and later additionally by 11.82% by email.
Thus, the resolution plan was expressly rejected by not less than 25% of
voting share of the financial creditors. In such a case, the resolution
professional was under no obligation to submit the resolution plan under
Section 30(6) of the I&B Code to the adjudicating authority. Instead, it C
was a case to be proceeded by the adjudicating authority under Section
33(1) of the I&B Code. Similarly, in the case of corporate debtor IIL,
the resolution plan received approval of only 66.57% of voting share of
the financial creditors and 33.43% voted against the resolution plan.
This being the indisputable position, NCLAT opined that the resolution
D
plan was deemed to be rejected by the CoC and the concomitant is to
initiate liquidation process concerning the two corporate debtors.
26. According to the resolution applicant and the stakeholders
supporting the concerned resolution plan in respect of the two corporate
debtors, the stipulation in Section 30(4) of the I&B Code as applicable at
the relevant time in October 2017 is only directory and not mandatory. E
This argument is founded on the expression “may” occurring in Section
30(4) of the I&B Code. This argument does not commend to us. In that,
the word “may” is ascribable to the discretion of the CoC - to approve
the resolution plan or not to approve the same. What is significant is the
second part of the said provision, which stipulates the requisite threshold F
of “not less than seventy five percent of voting share of the financial
creditors” to treat the resolution plan as duly approved by the CoC. That
stipulation is the quintessence and made mandatory for approval of the
resolution plan. Any other interpretation would result in rewriting of the
provision and doing violence to the legislative intent.
G
27. It was then contended that the amendment vide Insolvency
and Bankruptcy Code Amendment Act, 2018 (Act No.8 of 2018, dated
18th January, 2018) w.e.f. 23rd November, 2017 was to substitute the
amended provision, which means that the amended provision stood
incorporated as Section 30(4) from the commencement of I&B Code.
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884 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2019] 3 S.C.R.

A This argument will be dealt with a little later while considering the effect
of the amended provisions. For the present, we are adverting to the
provisions in the I&B Code and the regulations framed there under, as
were in force in October 2017, when the CoC of the concerned corporate
debtor was called upon to consider the proposed resolution plan.
B 28. We may now take note of the provisions in the 2016 regulations
framed under the I&B Code. Chapter-VI of the regulations deals with
general meetings of the committee. Chapter-VII with matters relating
to voting by the committee. Chapter-VIII with the conduct of corporate
insolvency resolution process and Chapter-X with the resolution plan.
As the issue under consideration is about the conduct of meeting of CoC
C for considering the proposed insolvency resolution plan, we may usefully
refer to the dispensation delineated in Chapter-VI and VII, in particular.
Regulation 18 is about the meetings of the committee to be convened by
the resolution professional when he considers necessary or upon the
requisition given by the members of the committee, representing 33% of
D the voting rights. Regulation 19 is about the notice period for convening
such a meeting and Regulation 20 is about the service of notice by
electronic means. Regulation 21 is about the contents of the notice for
meeting. Regulation 22 provides for the quorum at the meeting and
Regulation 23 recognises participation of the members of committee
through video conferencing and other audio visual means, as specified
E therein. In other words, the members of the committee need not participate
during voting propria persona or in person but can do so through video
conferencing or other audio or visual means. The conduct of meeting is
governed by Regulation 24 and the method and procedure for voting
during such meeting is predicated in Regulation 25 and 26. Regulation
F 25 is about voting by the members of the committee present in the meeting
and Regulation 26 is about the voting by either electronic means or through
electronic voting system.
29. Be it noted, these provisions are regarding the conduct of
meetings of the committee generally and including about the method of
G voting during such meetings. The specific provision regarding approval
of a resolution plan can be traced to Regulation 39. Regulation 39, as it
was in force at the relevant time in October 2017, read thus:
“39. Approval of resolution plan.-(1) A resolution applicant shall
endeavour to submit a resolution plan prepared in accordance
H with the Code and these Regulations to the resolution professional,
K. SASHIDHAR v. INDIAN OVERSEAS BANK & ORS. 885
[A. M. KHANWILKAR, J.]

thirty days before expiry of the maximum period permitted under A
section 12 for the completion of the corporate insolvency resolution
process.
(2) The resolution professional shall present all resolution plans
that meet the requirements of the Code and these Regulations to
the committee for its consideration. B
(3) The committee may approve any resolution plan with such
modifications as it deems fit.
(4) The resolution professional shall submit the resolution plan
approved by the committee to the Adjudicating Authority with the
certification that: C

(a) the contents of the resolution plan meet all the requirements
of the Code and the Regulations; and
(b) the resolution plan has been approved by the committee.
(5) The resolution professional shall forthwith send a copy of the D
order of the Adjudicating Authority approving or rejecting a
resolution plan to the participants and the resolution applicant.
(6) A provision in a resolution plan which would otherwise require
the consent of the members or partners of the corporate debtor,
as the case may be, under the terms of the constitutional E
documents of the corporate debtor, shareholders’ agreement, joint
venture agreement or other document of a similar nature, shall
take effect notwithstanding that such consent has not been
obtained.
(7) No proceedings shall be initiated against the interim resolution F
professional or the resolution professional, as the case may be,
for any actions of the corporate debtor, prior to the insolvency
commencement date.
(8) A person in charge of the management or control of the business
and operations of the corporate debtor after a resolution plan is G
approved by the Adjudicating Authority, may make an application
to the Adjudicating Authority for an order seeking the assistance
of the local district administration in implementing the terms of a
resolution plan.”

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886 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2019] 3 S.C.R.

A On a conjoint reading of these provisions it is amply clear that the
stipulation is to reckon the percent of “voting share of the financial
creditors”, for the purposes of determining as to whether the proposed
resolution plan has been approved by the CoC or otherwise. When it
comes to the method of voting and for determining the outcome of voting
with regard to other subjects (other than the approval of the resolution
B
plan), discussed in the meeting of the CoC, the same is governed by
Regulation 25 as applicable in October 2017. The same read thus:
“25. Voting by the committee.-(1) the actions listed in section
28(1) shall be considered in meetings of the committee.
C (2) Any action other than those listed in section 28(1) requiring
approval of the committee may be considered in meetings of the
committee.
(3) Where all members are present in a meeting, the resolution
professional shall take a vote of the members of the committee
D on any item listed for voting after discussion on the same.
(4) At the conclusion of a vote at the meeting, the resolution
professional shall announce the decision taken on items
along with the names of the members of the committee who
voted for or against the decision, or abstained from voting.
E (5) If all members are not present at a meeting, a vote shall
not be taken at such meeting and the resolution professional
shall-
(a) circulate the minutes of the meeting by electronic
means to all members of the committee within forty-eight
F hours of the conclusion of the meeting; and
(b) seek a vote on the matters listed for voting in the
meeting, by electronic voting system where the voting
shall be kept open for twenty four hours from the
circulation of the minutes.”
G (emphasis supplied)
Concededly, Regulations 25 and 39 must be read in light of Section
30(4) of the I&B Code, concerning the process of approval of a resolution
plan. For that, the “percent of voting share of the financial creditors”
approving vis-à-vis dissenting - is required to be reckoned. It is not on
H
K. SASHIDHAR v. INDIAN OVERSEAS BANK & ORS. 887
[A. M. KHANWILKAR, J.]

the basis of members present and voting as such. At any rate, the A
approving votes must fulfill the threshold percent of voting share of the
financial creditors. Keeping this clear distinction in mind, it must follow
that the resolution plan concerning the respective corporate debtors,
namely, KS&PIPL and IIL, is deemed to have been rejected as it had
failed to muster the approval of requisite threshold votes, of not less than
B
75% of voting share of the financial creditors. It is not possible to
countenance any other construction or interpretation, which may run
contrary to what has been noted herein before.
30. Thus understood, no fault can be found with the NCLAT for
having recorded the fact that the proposed resolution plan in respect of
both the corporate debtors was approved by vote of “less than 75%” of C
voting share of the financial creditors or deemed to have been rejected.
In that event, the inevitable corollary is to initiate liquidation process
relating to the concerned corporate debtor, as per Section 33 of the I&B
Code.
31. Indeed, in terms of Section 31 of the I&B Code, the D
adjudicating authority (NCLT) is expected to deal with two situations.
The first is when it does not receive a resolution plan under sub-section
(6) of Section 30 or when the resolution plan has been rejected by the
resolution professional for non-compliance of Section 30(2) of the I&B
Code or also when the resolution plan fails to garner approval of not less E
than seventy five percent of voting share of the financial creditors, as
the case may be; and there is no alternate plan mooted before the expiry
of the statutory period. The second is when a resolution plan duly approved
by the CoC by not less than 75% of voting share of the financial creditors
is submitted before it by the resolution professional under Section 30(6)
of the Code, for its approval. F

32. In the present case, we are concerned with a situation where
in both the resolution processes under consideration, the resolution plan
failed to garner support of not less than 75% of voting share of the
financial creditors. That is the first category referred to above. In such
a situation, the adjudicating authority can have no other option but to G
initiate liquidation process in terms of Section 33 (1) of the I&B Code.
Section 33 of the I&B Code as applicable at the relevant time in October
2017, read thus:

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888 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2019] 3 S.C.R.

A “33. Initiation of liquidation.-(1) Where the Adjudicating
Authority,-
(a) before the expiry of the insolvency resolution process period
or the maximum period permitted for completion of the
corporate insolvency resolution process under section 12 or
B the fast track corporate insolvency resolution process under
section 56, as the case may be, does not receive a resolution
plan under sub-section (6) of section 30; or
(b) rejects the resolution plan under section 31 for the non-
compliance of the requirements specified therein,
C It shall-
(i) pass an order requiring the corporate debtor to be liquidated
in the manner as laid down in this Chapter;
(ii) issue a public announcement stating that the corporate
debtor is in liquidation; and
D
(iii) require such order to be sent to the authority with which
the corporate debtor is registered.
(2) Where the resolution professional, at any time during the
corporate insolvency resolution process but before confirmation
E of resolution plan, intimates the Adjudicating Authority of the
decision of the committee of creditors to liquidate the corporate
debtor, the Adjudicating Authority shall pass a liquidation order as
referred to in sub-clauses (i) (ii) and (iii) of clause (b) of sub-
section (1).

F (3) Where the resolution plan approved by the Adjudicating
Authority is contravened by the concerned corporate debtor, any
person other than the corporate debtor, whose interests are
prejudicially affected by such contravention, may make an
application to the Adjudicating Authority for a liquidation order as
referred to in sub-clauses (i), (ii) and (iii) of clause (b) of sub-
G section (1).
(4) On receipt of an application under sub-section (3), if the
Adjudicating Authority determines that the corporate debtor has
contravened the provisions of the resolution plan, it shall pass a
liquidation order as referred to in sub-clauses (i), (ii) and (iii) of
H clause (b) of sub-section (1).
K. SASHIDHAR v. INDIAN OVERSEAS BANK & ORS. 889
[A. M. KHANWILKAR, J.]

(5) Subject to section 52, when a liquidation order has been passed, A
no suit or other legal proceeding shall be instituted by or against
the corporate debtor:
Provided that a suit or other legal proceeding may be instituted
by the liquidator, on behalf of the corporate debtor, with the prior
approval of the Adjudicating Authority. B
(6) The provisions of sub-section (5) shall not apply to legal
proceedings in relation to such transactions as may be notified by
the Central Government in consultation with any financial sector
regulator.
(7) The order for liquidation under this section shall be deemed to C
be a notice of discharge to the officers, employees and workmen
of the corporate debtor, except when the business of the corporate
debtor is continued during the liquidation process by the liquidator.”
33. As aforesaid, upon receipt of a “rejected” resolution plan the
adjudicating authority (NCLT) is not expected to do anything more; but D
is obligated to initiate liquidation process under Section 33(1) of the I&B
Code. The legislature has not endowed the adjudicating authority (NCLT)
with the jurisdiction or authority to analyse or evaluate the commercial
decision of the CoC muchless to enquire into the justness of the rejection
of the resolution plan by the dissenting financial creditors. From the E
legislative history and the background in which the I&B Code has been
enacted, it is noticed that a completely new approach has been adopted
for speeding up the recovery of the debt due from the defaulting
companies. In the new approach, there is a calm period followed by a
swift resolution process to be completed within 270 days (outer limit)
failing which, initiation of liquidation process has been made inevitable F
and mandatory. In the earlier regime, the corporate debtor could
indefinitely continue to enjoy the protection given under Section 22 of
Sick Industrial Companies Act, 1985 or under other such enactments
which has now been forsaken. Besides, the commercial wisdom of the
CoC has been given paramount status without any judicial intervention, G
for ensuring completion of the stated processes within the timelines
prescribed by the I&B Code. There is an intrinsic assumption that financial
creditors are fully informed about the viability of the corporate debtor
and feasibility of the proposed resolution plan. They act on the basis of
thorough examination of the proposed resolution plan and assessment
made by their team of experts. The opinion on the subject matter H
890 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2019] 3 S.C.R.

A expressed by them after due deliberations in the CoC meetings through
voting, as per voting shares, is a collective business decision. The
legislature, consciously, has not provided any ground to challenge the
“commercial wisdom” of the individual financial creditors or their
collective decision before the adjudicating authority. That is made non-
justiciable.
B
34. In the report of the Bankruptcy Law Reforms Committee of
November 2015, primacy has been given to the CoC to evaluate the
various possibilities and make a decision. It has been observed thus:
“The key economic question in the bankruptcy process
C When a firm (referred to as the corporate debtor in the draft law)
defaults, the question arises about what is to be done. Many
possibilities can be envisioned. One possibility is to take
the firm into liquidation. Another possibility is to negotiate
a debt restructuring, where the creditors accept a reduction
D of debt on an NPV basis, and hope that the negotiated value
exceeds the liquidation value. Another possibility is to sell
the firm as a going concern and use the proceeds to pay
creditors. Many hybrid structures of these broad categories
can be envisioned.

E The Committee believes that there is only one correct forum
for evaluating such possibilities, and making a decision: a
creditors committee, where all financial creditors have votes
in proportion to the magnitude of debt that they hold. In the
past, laws in India have brought arms of the Government
(legislature, executive or judiciary) into this question. This
F has been strictly avoided by the Committee. The appropriate
disposition of a defaulting firm is a business decision, and
only the creditors should make it.”
(emphasis supplied)
The report also highlights that having timelines is the essence of
G
the resolution process. It then refers to the principles driving the design
of the new insolvency bankruptcy resolution frame work. While dealing
with this aspect, it is noted that the Code would facilitate the assessment
of the viability of the enterprise at a very early stage. The relevant extract
of the report reads thus:
H
K. SASHIDHAR v. INDIAN OVERSEAS BANK & ORS. 891
[A. M. KHANWILKAR, J.]

“Principles driving the design A
The Committee chose the following principles to design
the new insolvency and bankruptcy resolution framework:
I. The Code will facilitate the assessment of viability of the
enterprise at a very early stage.
B
(1) The law must explicitly state that the viability of the
enterprise is a matter of business, and that matters of
business can only be negotiated between creditors and
debtor. While viability is assessed as a negotiation between
creditors and debtor, the final decision has to be an
agreement among creditors who are the financiers willing C
to bear the loss in the insolvency.
(2) The legislature and the courts must control the process
of resolution, but not be burdened to make business
decisions.
D
(3) The law must set up a calm period for insolvency resolution
where the debtor can negotiate in the assessment of viability
without fear of debt recovery enforcement by creditors.
(4) The law must appoint a resolution professional as the manager
of the resolution period, so that the creditors can negotiate the
E
assessment of viability with the confidence that the debtors will
not take any action to erode the value of the enterprise. The
professional will have the power and responsibility to monitor and
manage the operations and assets of the enterprise. The
professional will manage the resolution process of negotiation to
ensure balance of power between the creditors and debtor, and F
protect the rights of all creditors. The professional will ensure the
reduction of asymmetry of information between creditors and
debtor in the resolution process.
……………………
IV. The Code will ensure a collective process. G

(9) The law must ensure that all key stakeholders will
participate to collectively assess viability. The law must ensure
that all creditors who have the capability and the willingness to
restructure their liabilities must be part of the negotiation process.
H
892 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2019] 3 S.C.R.

A The liabilities of all creditors who are not part of the negotiation
process must also be met in any negotiated solution.
V. The Code will respect the rights of all creditors equally.
(10) The law must be impartial to the type of creditor in counting
their weight in the vote on the final solution in resolving insolvency.
B
VI. The Code must ensure that, when the negotiations fail to
establish viability, the outcome of bankruptcy must be binding.
(11) The law must order the liquidation of an enterprise which has
been found unviable. This outcome of the negotiations should be
C protected against all appeals other than for very exceptional cases.
…”
(emphasis supplied)
35. Whereas, the discretion of the adjudicating authority (NCLT)
is circumscribed by Section 31 limited to scrutiny of the resolution plan
D
“as approved” by the requisite percent of voting share of financial
creditors. Even in that enquiry, the grounds on which the adjudicating
authority can reject the resolution plan is in reference to matters specified
in Section 30(2), when the resolution plan does not conform to the stated
requirements. Reverting to Section 30(2), the enquiry to be done is in
E respect of whether the resolution plan provides : (i) the payment of
insolvency resolution process costs in a specified manner in priority to
the repayment of other debts of the corporate debtor, (ii) the repayment
of the debts of operational creditors in prescribed manner, (iii) the
management of the affairs of the corporate debtor, (iv) the implementation
and supervision of the resolution plan, (v) does not contravene any of
F
the provisions of the law for the time being in force, (vi) conforms to
such other requirements as may be specified by the Board. The Board
referred to is established under Section 188 of the I&B Code. The powers
and functions of the Board have been delineated in Section 196 of the
I&B Code. None of the specified functions of the Board, directly or
G indirectly, pertain to regulating the manner in which the financial creditors
ought to or ought not to exercise their commercial wisdom during the
voting on the resolution plan under Section 30(4) of the I&B Code. The
subjective satisfaction of the financial creditors at the time of voting is
bound to be a mixed baggage of variety of factors. To wit, the feasibility
and viability of the proposed resolution plan and including their perceptions
H
K. SASHIDHAR v. INDIAN OVERSEAS BANK & ORS. 893
[A. M. KHANWILKAR, J.]

about the general capability of the resolution applicant to translate the A
projected plan into a reality. The resolution applicant may have given
projections backed by normative data but still in the opinion of the
dissenting financial creditors, it would not be free from being speculative.
These aspects are completely within the domain of the financial creditors
who are called upon to vote on the resolution plan under Section 30(4) of
B
the I&B Code.
36. For the same reason, even the jurisdiction of the NCLAT
being in continuation of the proceedings would be circumscribed in that
regard and more particularly on account of Section 32 of the I&B Code,
which envisages that any appeal from an order approving the resolution
plan shall be in the manner and on the grounds specified in Section 61(3) C
of the I&B Code. Section 61(3) of the I&B Code reads thus:
“61. Appeals and Appellate Authority.-(1) Notwithstanding
anything to the contrary contained under the Companies Act, 2013
(18 of 2013), any person aggrieved by the order of the Adjudicating
Authority under this part may prefer an appeal to the National D
Company Law Appellate Tribunal.
(2) xxx xxx xxx
(3) An appeal against an order approving a resolution plan under
section 31 may be filed on the following grounds, namely:- E
(i) the approved resolution plan is in contravention of the
provisions of any law for the time being in force;
(ii) there has been material irregularity in exercise of the powers
by the resolution professional during the corporate insolvency
resolution period; F
(iii) the debts owed to operational creditors of the corporate
debtor have not been provided for in the resolution plan in the
manner specified by the Board;
(iv) the insolvency resolution process costs have not been
provided for repayment in priority to all other debts; or G

(v) the resolution plan does not comply with any other criteria
specified by the Board.
xxx xxx xxx.”
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894 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2019] 3 S.C.R.

A 37. On a bare reading of the provisions of the I&B Code, it would
appear that the remedy of appeal under Section 61(1) is against an “order
passed by the adjudicating authority (NCLT)” – which we will assume
may also pertain to recording of the fact that the proposed resolution
plan has been rejected or not approved by a vote of not less than 75% of
voting share of the financial creditors. Indubitably, the remedy of appeal
B
including the width of jurisdiction of the appellate authority and the grounds
of appeal, is a creature of statute. The provisions investing jurisdiction
and authority in the NCLT or NCLAT as noticed earlier, has not made
the commercial decision exercised by the CoC of not approving the
resolution plan or rejecting the same, justiciable. This position is reinforced
C from the limited grounds specified for instituting an appeal that too against
an order “approving a resolution plan” under Section 31. First, that the
approved resolution plan is in contravention of the provisions of any law
for the time being in force. Second, there has been material irregularity
in exercise of powers “by the resolution professional” during the corporate
insolvency resolution period. Third, the debts owed to operational creditors
D
have not been provided for in the resolution plan in the prescribed manner.
Fourth, the insolvency resolution plan costs have not been provided for
repayment in priority to all other debts. Fifth, the resolution plan does not
comply with any other criteria specified by the Board. Significantly, the
matters or grounds - be it under Section 30(2) or under Section 61(3) of
E the I&B Code - are regarding testing the validity of the “approved”
resolution plan by the CoC; and not for approving the resolution plan
which has been disapproved or deemed to have been rejected by the
CoC in exercise of its business decision.
38. Indubitably, the inquiry in such an appeal would be limited to
F the power exercisable by the resolution professional under Section 30(2)
of the I&B Code or, at best, by the adjudicating authority (NCLT) under
Section 31(2) read with 31(1) of the I&B Code. No other inquiry would
be permissible. Further, the jurisdiction bestowed upon the appellate
authority (NCLAT) is also expressly circumscribed. It can examine the
challenge only in relation to the grounds specified in Section 61(3) of the
G I&B Code, which is limited to matters “other than” enquiry into the
autonomy or commercial wisdom of the dissenting financial creditors.
Thus, the prescribed authorities (NCLT/NCLAT) have been endowed
with limited jurisdiction as specified in the I&B Code and not to act as a
court of equity or exercise plenary powers.
H
K. SASHIDHAR v. INDIAN OVERSEAS BANK & ORS. 895
[A. M. KHANWILKAR, J.]

39. In our view, neither the adjudicating authority (NCLT) nor the A
appellate authority (NCLAT) has been endowed with the jurisdiction to
reverse the commercial wisdom of the dissenting financial creditors and
that too on the specious ground that it is only an opinion of the minority
financial creditors. The fact that substantial or majority percent of financial
creditors have accorded approval to the resolution plan would be of no
B
avail, unless the approval is by a vote of not less than 75% (after
amendment of 2018 w.e.f. 06.06.2018, 66%) of voting share of the
financial creditors. To put it differently, the action of liquidation process
postulated in Chapter-III of the I&B Code, is avoidable, only if approval
of the resolution plan is by a vote of not less than 75% (as in October,
2017) of voting share of the financial creditors. Conversely, the legislative C
intent is to uphold the opinion or hypothesis of the minority dissenting
financial creditors. That must prevail, if it is not less than the specified
percent (25% in October, 2017; and now after the amendment w.e.f.
06.06.2018, 44%). The inevitable outcome of voting by not less than
requisite percent of voting share of financial creditors to disapprove the
D
proposed resolution plan, de jure, entails in its deemed rejection.
40. Notably, the threshold of voting share of the dissenting financial
creditors for rejecting the resolution plan is way below the simple majority
mark, namely not less than 25% (and even after amendment w.e.f.
06.06.2018, 44%). Thus, the scrutiny of the resolution plan is required to
pass through the litmus test of not less than requisite (75% or 66% as E
may be applicable) of voting share - a strict regime. That means the
resolution plan must appear, to not less than requisite voting share of the
financial creditors, to be an overall credible plan, capable of achieving
timelines specified in the Code generally, assuring successful revival of
the corporate debtor and disavowing endless speculation. F
41. The counsel appearing for the resolution applicant and the
stakeholders supporting the resolution plan of the concerned corporate
debtor, were at pains to persuade us to take a view that voting by the
dissenting financial creditors suffers from the vice of being unreasonable,
irrational, unintelligible and an abuse of exercise of power. The power G
bestowed on the financial creditors to cast their vote under Section 30(4)
is coupled with a duty to exercise that power with utmost care, caution
and reason, keeping in mind the legislative intent and the spirit of the
I&B Code - fullest attempt should be made to revive the corporate debtors
and not to mechanically shove them to the brink of liquidation process,
H
896 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2019] 3 S.C.R.

A which has the inevitable impact on larger public interests and the
stakeholders in particular, including workers associated with the company.
42. The argument, though attractive at the first blush, but if
accepted, would require us to re-write the provisions of the I&B Code.
It would also result in doing violence to the legislative intent of having
B consciously not stipulated that as a ground - to challenge the commercial
wisdom of the minority (dissenting) financial creditors. Concededly, the
process of resolution plan is necessitated in respect of corporate debtors
in whom their financial creditors have lost hope of recovery and who
have turned into non-performer or a chronic defaulter. The fact that the
concerned corporate debtor was still able to carry on its business activities
C does not obligate the financial creditors to postpone the recovery of the
debt due or to prolong their losses indefinitely. Be that as it may, the
scope of enquiry and the grounds on which the decision of “approval” of
the resolution plan by the CoC can be interfered with by the adjudicating
authority (NCLT), has been set out in Section 31(1) read with Section
D 30(2) and by the appellate tribunal (NCLAT) under Section 32 read with
Section 61(3) of the I&B Code. No corresponding provision has been
envisaged by the legislature to empower the resolution professional, the
adjudicating authority (NCLT) or for that matter the appellate authority
(NCLAT), to reverse the “commercial decision” of the CoC muchless
of the dissenting financial creditors for not supporting the proposed
E resolution plan. Whereas, from the legislative history there is contra
indication that the commercial or business decisions of the financial
creditors are not open to any judicial review by the adjudicating authority
or the appellate authority.
43. It was argued that the dissenting financial creditors have not
F assigned any reason for recording their dissent and therefore, their action
is vitiated. As per the provisions applicable at the relevant time in October
2017, there was no requirement of recording reasons for the dissent.
That requirement has been introduced by an amendment to the regulations
effected in 2018 w.e.f. 4th July, 2018. Whether that amendment is
G prospective or has retrospective effect is a matter which will be
considered a little later.
44. Suffice it to observe that in the I&B Code and the regulations
framed thereunder as applicable in October 2017, there was no need for
the dissenting financial creditors to record reasons for disapproving or
H rejecting a resolution plan. Further, as aforementioned, there is no
K. SASHIDHAR v. INDIAN OVERSEAS BANK & ORS. 897
[A. M. KHANWILKAR, J.]

provision in the I&B Code which empowers the adjudicating authority A
(NCLT) to oversee the justness of the approach of the dissenting financial
creditors in rejecting the proposed resolution plan or to engage in judicial
review thereof. Concededly, the inquiry by the resolution professional
precedes the consideration of the resolution plan by the CoC. The
resolution professional is not required to express his opinion on matters
B
within the domain of the financial creditor(s), to approve or reject the
resolution plan, under Section 30(4) of the I&B Code. At best, the
Adjudicating Authority (NCLT) may cause an enquiry into the “approved”
resolution plan on limited grounds referred to in Section 30(2) read with
Section 31(1) of the I&B Code. It cannot make any other inquiry nor is
competent to issue any direction in relation to the exercise of commercial C
wisdom of the financial creditors - be it for approving, rejecting or
abstaining, as the case may be. Even the inquiry before the Appellate
Authority (NCLAT) is limited to the grounds under Section 61(3) of the
I&B Code. It does not postulate jurisdiction to undertake scrutiny of the
justness of the opinion expressed by financial creditors at the time of
D
voting. To take any other view would enable even the minority dissenting
financial creditors to question the logic or justness of the commercial
opinion expressed by the majority of the financial creditors albeit by
requisite percent of voting share to approve the resolution plan; and in
the process authorize the adjudicating authority to reject the approved
resolution plan upon accepting such a challenge. That is not the scope of E
jurisdiction vested in the adjudicating authority under Section 31 of the
I&B Code dealing with approval of the resolution plan.
45. To put it differently, since none of the grounds available under
Section 30(2) or Section 61(3) of the I&B Code are attracted in the fact
situation of the present case, the Adjudicating Authority (NCLT) as well F
as the Appellate Authority (NCLAT) had no other option but to record
that the proposed resolution plan concerning the respective corporate
debtor (KS&PIPL and IIL) stood rejected. Further, as no alternative
resolution plan was approved by the requisite percent of voting share of
the financial creditors before the expiry of the statutory period of 270
days, the inevitable sequel is to pass an order directing initiation of G
liquidation process against the concerned corporate debtor in the manner
specified in Chapter III of the I&B Code.
46. Realising this position, the resolution applicant and the
stakeholders supporting the proposed resolution plan of the concerned
H
898 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2019] 3 S.C.R.

A corporate debtors, would contend that the NCLAT has failed to give
effect to the amended provisions which came into effect from 23rd day
of November, 2017 and the second amendment from 6th June, 2018 to
Section 30(4) of the I&B Code in particular. According to them, the said
amendment ought to be given retrospective effect and in any case, being
retroactive in nature, ought to govern the proceedings before the NCLAT
B
where the appeal was pending for consideration. For considering this
submission, we may advert to the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code
(Amendment) Act, 2017 (No.8 of 2018) which is deemed to have come
into force on the 23rd day of November, 2017. Section 6 of this Act
purports to substitute Section 30(4) of the principal Act. The amended
C sub-section (4) reads thus:
“6. In section 30 of the principal Act, for sub-section (4), the
following sub-section shall be substituted, namely:-
(4) The committee of creditors may approve a resolution plan by
a vote of not less than seventy-five per cent. of voting share of
D the financial creditors, after considering its feasibility and viability,
and such other requirements as may be specified by the Board:
Provided that the committee of creditors shall not approve a
resolution plan, submitted before the commencement of the
Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code (Amendment) Ordinance, 2017,
E where the resolution applicant is ineligible under section 29A and
may require the resolution professional to invite a fresh resolution
plan where no other resolution plan is available with it:
Provided further that where the resolution applicant referred to
in the first proviso is ineligible under clause (c) of section 29A, the
F resolution applicant shall be allowed by the committee of creditors
such period, not exceeding thirty days, to make payment of overdue
amounts in accordance with the proviso to clause (c) of section
29A:
Provided also that nothing in the second proviso shall be construed
G as extension of period for the purposes of the proviso to sub-
section (3) of section 12, and the corporate insolvency resolution
process shall be completed within the period specified in that sub-
section.”.
47. The change brought about by this amendment is insertion of
H words “after considering its feasibility and viability, and such other
K. SASHIDHAR v. INDIAN OVERSEAS BANK & ORS. 899
[A. M. KHANWILKAR, J.]

requirements as may be specified by the Board”. In addition, three A
provisos have been added to sub-section (4). For considering the issue
on hand, the three provisos are not relevant. As regards the insertion of
the above quoted words in sub-section (4), that does not alter the
requirement regarding approval of a resolution plan, by a vote of not less
than 75% of voting share of the financial creditors. The amendment is
B
only to declare that the financial creditors ought to consider the feasibility
and viability and such other requirements as may be specified by the
Board, while exercising their option on the resolution plan - to approve
or not to approve the same. It is rudimentary that the financial creditors
(in most cases are national Bankers), who are called upon to consider
the proposed resolution plan would take into account all the relevant C
materials, including the feasibility and viability and such other requirements
as may be specified by the Board. Additionally, the financial creditors
are also required to bear in mind that the legislative intent is to bring
about resolution and revival of the corporate debtors so as to benefit not
only the corporate debtor but also other stake-holders in equal measure.
D
48. Suffice it to observe that the amended provision merely restates
as to what the financial creditors are expected to bear in mind whilst
expressing their choice during consideration of the proposal for approval
of a resolution plan. No more and no less. Indubitably, the legislature has
consciously not provided for a ground to challenge the justness of the
“commercial decision” expressed by the financial creditors – be it to E
approve or reject the resolution plan. The opinion so expressed by voting
is non-justiciable. Further, in the present cases, there is nothing to indicate
as to which other requirements specified by the Board at the relevant
time have not been fulfilled by the dissenting financial creditors. As noted
earlier, the Board established under Section 188 of the I&B Code can F
perform powers and functions specified in Section 196 of the I&B Code.
That does not empower the Board to specify requirements for exercising
commercial decisions by the financial creditors in the matters of approval
of the resolution plan or liquidation process. Viewed thus, the amendment
under consideration does not take the matter any further.
G
49. We may not be understood to have expressed any opinion
either way about the effect of the three provisos introduced by the same
amendment to Section 30(4) - as to whether it would have retrospective
or retroactive effect. That question does not arise for consideration in
these appeals. Our discussion is restricted to the efficacy of the
H
900 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2019] 3 S.C.R.

A amendment to main provision viz., Section 30(4), whereby the above
quoted words (“after considering feasibility and viability, and such other
requirements as may be specified by the Board”) have been inserted.
50. The learned counsel for the resolution applicant and other
stakeholders supporting the resolution plan of the concerned creditors,
B next relied upon the amendment to Section 30(4) which has come into
force w.e.f. 6th day of June, 2018 vide the Insolvency and Bankruptcy
Code (Second Amendment) Act, 2018 (No.8 of 2018). Vide section
23(iii)(a) of the said amendment Act, the word “seventy-five” in sub-
section (4) of Section 30 has been substituted by the word “sixty-six”.
Taking clue from this amendment, it was argued that since the amendment
C substitutes the threshold requirement of 75% to 66% and since the same
has been brought into force when appeals were pending, the NCLAT
was obliged to consider its effect on the present cases. Further, being
substitution, it must be assumed that the amended provision was always
there from the beginning of the Code.
D 51. We are not impressed by this submission. In our opinion, by
this amendment, a new norm and qualifying standard for approval of a
resolution plan has been introduced. That cannot be treated as a
declaratory/clarificatory or stricto sensu procedural matter as such.
Whereas, the stated Amendment Act makes it expressly clear that it
E shall be deemed to have come into force on the 6th day of June, 2018.
Thus, by mere use of expression “substituted” in Section 23(iii)(a) of the
Amendment Act of 2018, it would not make the provision retrospective
in operation or having retroactive effect. This interpretation is reinforced
by the fact that there is no indication in the Amendment Act of 2018 that
the legislature intended to undo and/or govern the decisions already taken
F by the CoC of the concerned corporate debtors prior to 6-06-2018.
52. Our attention was invited to the report of the Insolvency Law
Committee of March, 2018. Even the said report does not mention about
introducing the amendment to Section 30(4), regarding the threshold
requirement with retrospective or retroactive effect. Indeed, the report
G has noted about the necessity to alter the low threshold level of 25% of
voting share for rejection of the resolution plan which, it felt, should be
increased to 44%. It may be useful to reproduce paragraph 11 of the
said report dealing with voting share threshold for decisions of the CoC,
which reads thus:
H
K. SASHIDHAR v. INDIAN OVERSEAS BANK & ORS. 901
[A. M. KHANWILKAR, J.]

“11.VOTING SHARE THRESHOLD FOR DECISIONS OF A
THE COC
11.1 Section 21(8) of the Code provides that all decisions of the
CoC shall be taken by a vote of not less than 75 percent of the
voting share of the financial creditors. Regulation 25(5) read with
regulation 26 of the CIRP Regulations provides that if all members B
of the CoC are not present, an option to vote through electronic
means must be provided.
11.2 It was represented to the Committee that the high threshold
of 75 percent of voting share of financial creditors for decisions
of the CoC was proving to be a road-block in the resolution process. C
Effectively, as a result of the high threshold, blocking the resolution
plan and other decisions of the CoC, was easier than approving
these.
11.3 The Committee considered the fact that, so far, various
benches of the NCLT have passed liquidation orders in 30 cases. D
76 Out of these 30 cases, only nine cases went into liquidation on
account of rejection by the CoC. Further, only in one case, a
liquidation order was passed owing to lack of consensus of 75
percent financial creditors for approval of the resolution plan. 77
In respect of the remaining eight cases, the plan was rejected by
an overwhelming majority of voting share above 80 percent. Thus, E
empirical evidence suggests that the apprehension that
companies are being put into liquidation by minority
creditors is pre-mature. The Committee reiterated that the
objective of the Code is to respect the commercial wisdom
of the CoC. F
11.4 The Committee noted the voting thresholds across other
statutes and guidelines that deal/have dealt with rehabilitation of
companies as follows:
(a) Section 230(6) of the CA 2013 which deals with power to
compromise or make arrangements with creditors and members G
provides that any compromise or arrangement must be approved
by 75 percent in value of creditors or class of creditors or members
or class of members, as the case maybe.
(b) Section 262 of the CA 201378 provided for a scheme of
rehabilitation which required approval by (i) secured creditors H
902 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2019] 3 S.C.R.

A representing 75 percent in value of the debts owed by the company
to such creditors; and (ii) unsecured creditors representing 25
percent in value of the amount of debt owed to them. Further, in
case of voluntary winding up, section 311 of the CA 2013 provided
for replacement of the company liquidator by approval of 75 percent
of creditors or 75 percent of members of the company.79
B
(c) The Joint Lender’s Forum (“JLF”) framework formulated
by the RBI (which has now been replaced) to enable creditors to
identify and deal with stressed assets at an early stage prescribed
a voting threshold of 60 percent (reduced from 75 percent) of
creditors by value and 50 percent (reduced from 60 percent) of
C creditors by number in the JLF, for proceeding with the
restructuring of the account.80
(d) Section 13(9) of the Securitisation and Reconstruction of
Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002
provided that in the case of financing of a financial asset by more
D than one secured creditors or joint financing of a financial asset
by secured creditors, no secured creditor would be entitled to
exercise any or all of the rights conferred on her under the relevant
law (such as taking possession of the secured asset or takeover
the management of the borrower) unless exercise of such right
E was agreed upon by secured creditors representing not less than
60 percent (reduced from 75 percent) 81 in value of the amount
outstanding as on a record date and such action was binding on all
the secured creditors.
11.5 The Committee also noted that globally, bankruptcy laws
F prescribe different voting thresholds for decisions of the CoC. In
USA, approval of a plan requires 66 percent or more voting share
in value and 50 percent or more voting share in number for each
class of creditors.82 The position is similar in Canada, however,
such requirement applies to each class of unsecured creditors.83
In the UK, approval of a plan under administration requires a
G simple majority in value of the creditors present and voting. While
such threshold is higher in Singapore as the requirement therein is
to obtain 75 percent or more of voting share by value and more
than 50 percent voting share in number of creditors present and
voting, for approval of the plan.84 The Committee was of the
H view a higher threshold with the present and voting requirement,
K. SASHIDHAR v. INDIAN OVERSEAS BANK & ORS. 903
[A. M. KHANWILKAR, J.]

or a lower threshold sans the present and voting requirement, A
may be adopted.
11.6 After due deliberation and factoring in the experience
of past restructuring laws in India and international best
practices, the Committee agreed that to further the stated
object of the Code i.e. to promote resolution, the voting B
share for approval of resolution plan and other critical
decisions may be reduced from 75 percent to 66 percent
or more of the voting share of the financial creditors. In
addition to approval of the resolution plan under section
30(4), other critical decisions are extension of the CIRP
beyond 180 days under section 12(2), replacement or C
appointment of RP under sections 22(2) and 27(2), and
passing a resolution for liquidation under section 33(2) of
the Code. Further, for approval of the other routine
decisions for continuing the corporate debtor as going
concern by the IRP/RP, the voting share threshold may be D
reduced to 51 percent or more of the voting share of the
financial creditors.”
(emphasis in para 11.3 supplied)
53. Significantly, the report mentions that the empirical record
suggests that the apprehension regarding companies are being put into E
liquidation by minority creditors is pre-mature and further that the objective
of the Code is to respect the commercial wisdom of the CoC. As
aforesaid, the amendment of 2018 cannot be considered as clarificatory
but it envisages a new norm of threshold for considering the decision of
the CoC as approval of the resolution plan. The Amendment Act of F
2018 having come into force w.e.f. 6th day of June, 2018, therefore, will
have prospective application and apply only to the decisions of CoC
taken on or after that date concerning the approval of resolution plan.
54. Reliance was placed by the resolution applicants and the
stakeholders supporting the resolution plan of the concerned corporate G
debtors, on the decisions of this Court in Gottumukkala Venkata
Krishamraju (supra), B.K. Educational Services Private Ltd. (supra),
and State Bank of India (supra). In the case of Gottumukkala (supra),
this Court, after adverting to the dictum in Government of India vs.
India Tobacco Association (supra), and Zile Singh vs. State of Haryana
(supra), opined in paragraph 15 as under: H
904 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2019] 3 S.C.R.

A “15. Ordinarily wherever the word ‘substitute’ or ‘substitution’ is
used by the legislature, it has the effect of deleting the old provision
and make the new provision operative. The process of substitution
consists of two steps: first, the old rule is made to cease to exist
and, next, the new rule is brought into existence in its place. The
rule is that when a subsequent Act amends an earlier one in such
B
a way as to incorporate itself, or a part of itself, into the earlier,
then the earlier Act must thereafter be read and construed as if
the altered words had been written into the earlier Act with pen
and ink and the old words scored out so that thereafter there is no
need to refer to the amending Act at all. No doubt, in certain
C situations, the Court having regard to the purport and object
sought to be achieved by the Legislature may construe the
word “substitution” as an “amendment” having a
prospective effect. Therefore, we do not think that it is a
universal rule that the word ‘substitution’ necessarily or
always connotes two severable steps, that is to say, one of
D
repeal and another of a fresh enactment even if it implies
two steps. However, the aforesaid general meaning is to
be given effect to, unless it is found that legislature intended
otherwise. Insofar as present case is concerned, as discussed
hereinafter, the legislative intent was also to give effect to the
E amended provision even in respect of those incumbents who were
in service as on September 01, 2016.”
(emphasis supplied)
The Court has restated the position that there can be no hard and
fast rule merely because of the usage of expression “substituted” in the
F amendment Act. For, in certain situations like the case on hand, the
amendment will have prospective effect as it is not intended to reverse
or nullify the decisions already taken by the CoC of the concerned
corporate debtors before coming into force of the amended provision.
55. This Court in Thirumalai Chemicals Limited vs. Union of
G India and Ors.,24 in paragraph 23, observed that it is trite law that
every statute is prospective unless it is expressly or by necessary
implication made to have retrospective operation. This proposition has
been reiterated in Purbanchal Cables & Conductors (P) Ltd. vs. Assam
SEB and Anr.25 in paragraphs 51, which reads thus:
24
H (2011) 6 SCC 739
25
(2012) 7 SCC 462
K. SASHIDHAR v. INDIAN OVERSEAS BANK & ORS. 905
[A. M. KHANWILKAR, J.]

“51. There is no doubt about the fact that the Act is a substantive A
law as vested rights of entitlement to a higher rate of interest in
case of delayed payment accrues in favour of the supplier and a
corresponding liability is imposed on the buyer. This Court, time
and again, has observed that any substantive law shall
operate prospectively unless retrospective operation is
B
clearly made out in the language of the statute. Only a
procedural or declaratory law operates retrospectively as
there is no vested right in procedure.
(emphasis supplied)
It may be useful to notice the exposition in CIT vs. Vatika C
Township (P) Ltd.26 In paragraph 29, the Court observed thus:
“29. The obvious basis of the principle against retrospectivity is
the principle of “fairness”, which must be the basis of every legal
rule as was observed in L’Office Cherifien des Phosphates v.
Yamashita-Shinnihon Steamship Co. Ltd.7 Thus, legislations D
which modified accrued rights or which impose obligations
or impose new duties or attach a new disability have to be
treated as prospective unless the legislative intent is clearly
to give the enactment a retrospective effect; unless the
legislation is for purpose of supplying an obvious omission
in a former legislation or to explain a former legislation. E
We need not note the cornucopia of case law available on the
subject because aforesaid legal position clearly emerges from the
various decisions and this legal position was conceded by the
counsel for the parties. In any case, we shall refer to few
judgments containing this dicta, a little later.” F
(emphasis supplied)
Once again, in Vijayalakshmi Rice Mills, New Contractors Co.
and Ors. vs. State of Andhra Pradesh27, in paragraph 5, the Court
observed thus:
G
“5. Mr Nariman appearing on behalf of the appellants has laid
great emphasis on the word “substituted” occurring in clause 2 of
the Rice (Andhra Pradesh) Price Control (Third Amendment)
26
(2015) 1 SCC 1
27
(1976) 3 SCC 37 H
906 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2019] 3 S.C.R.

A Order, 1964 and has urged that the claim of the appellants cannot
be validly ignored. Elaborating his submission, counsel has
contended that as the prices fixed by the Government are meant
for the entire season, the appellants have to be paid at the controlled
price as fixed vide the Rice (Andhra Pradesh) Price Control (Third
Amendment) Order, 1964, regardless of the dates on which the
B
supplies were made. We cannot accede to this contention. It
is no doubt true that the literal meaning of the word
“substitute” is “to replace” but the question before us is
from which date the substitution or replacement of the new
schedule took effect. There is no deeming clause or some
C such provision in the Rice (Andhra Pradesh) Price Control
(Third Amendment) Order, 1964 to indicate that it was
intended to have a retrospective effect. It is a well recognized
rule of interpretation that in the absence of express words or
appropriate language from which retrospectivity may be inferred,
a notification takes effect from the date it is issued and not from
D
any prior date. The principle is also well settled that statutes should
not be construed so as to create new disabilities or obligations or
impose new duties in respect of transactions which were complete
at the time of the amending Act came into force. See Nani Gopal
Mitra v. State of Bihar1.”
E (emphasis supplied)
56. As regards the decision in B.K. Educational (supra), the Court
was called upon to consider the question as to whether the Limitation
Act, 1963 will apply to applications that are made under Section 7 and/or
Section 9 of the Code on and from its commencement on 01-12-2016 till
F 06-06-2018. That question was examined in the context of Section 238-
A inserted in the I&B Code by the self-same amendment Act of 2018.
The Court after adverting to the contents of the report of the Insolvency
Law Committee of March, 2018 and other provisions of the Code and
other enactments, opined that Section 238-A was clarificatory in nature
G and being a procedural law, came to hold that it had retrospective effect.
The Court held that taking any other view would result in an incongruous
situation as the provisions of the Limitation Act would apply in some set
of cases to be decided by the same Tribunal and not in other set of
cases. Besides, the Court adverted to the principle that right to sue

H
K. SASHIDHAR v. INDIAN OVERSEAS BANK & ORS. 907
[A. M. KHANWILKAR, J.]

accrues on the date when default occurs and if the default occurred A
even three years prior to the date of filing of the application, the same
cannot be treated as “debt that is due and payable” or “debt” due.
57. In the case of State Bank of India (supra), the Court considered
the question as to whether Section 14 of the I&B Code, which provides
for moratorium for the period mentioned in the Code, insolvency would B
apply to a personal guarantor of a corporate debtor. Even in this judgment,
the Court after adverting to all the relevant materials and the governing
provisions in the Code, concluded that the amended Section 14 was only
to clarify and set at rest what the Committee thought was an over-board
interpretation of Section 14. On that reasoning the Court concluded that
the amendment of Section 14 had retrospective effect. C

58. In the present case, however, the amendment under
consideration pertaining to Section 30(4), is to modify the voting share
threshold for decisions of the CoC and cannot be treated as clarificatory
in nature. It changes the qualifying standards for reckoning the decision
of the CoC concerning the process of approval of a resolution plan. The D
rights/obligations crystallized between the parties and, in particular, the
dissenting financial creditors in October 2017, in terms of the governing
provisions can be divested or undone only by a law made in that behalf
by the legislature. There is no indication either in the report of the
Committee or in the Amendment Act of 2018 that the legislature intended E
to undo the decisions of the CoC already taken prior to 6th day of June,
2018. It is not possible to fathom how the provisions of the amendment
Act 2018, reducing the threshold percent of voting share can be perceived
as declaratory or clarificatory in nature. In such a situation, the NCLAT
could not have examined the case on the basis of the amended provision.
For the same reason, the NCLT could not have adopted a different F
approach in these matters. Hence, no fault can be found with the
impugned decision of the NCLAT.
59. In our view, no other contention raised to support the resolution
plan of the concerned corporate debtors would be of any avail. Even so,
we may advert to the argument regarding the effect of amendment of G
Regulation 39 which has come into force with effect from 4th July, 2018.
Prior to that amendment, Regulation 39(3) merely provided that the
Committee may approve any resolution plan with such modifications as
it deems fit. This was amended vide Notification dated 3rd July, 2018
and the substituted Regulation 39(3), now reads thus: H
908 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2019] 3 S.C.R.

A “39. Approval of resolution plan.-
xxx xxx xxx
(3) The committee shall evaluate the resolution plans received
under sub-regulation (1) strictly as per the evaluation matrix to
identify the best resolution plan and may approve it with such
B modification as it deems fit:
PROVIDED that the committee shall record the reasons for
approving or rejecting a resolution plan.”
60. In the first place, amendment to regulation cannot have
C retrospective effect so as to impact the decision of the CoC of the
concerned corporate debtor – taken before the amendment of the said
regulation. There is no indication in the Code as amended or the
regulations to suggest that as a consequence of this amendment the
decisions aleady taken by the concerned CoC prior to 3rd July, 2018 be
treated as deemed to have been vitiated or for that matter, necessitating
D reversion of the proposal to CoC for recording reasons, that too beyond
the statutory period of 270 days. A new life cannot be infused in the
resolution plan which did not fructify within the statutory period, by such
circuitous route.
61. Assuming that this provision was applicable to the cases on
E hand, non-recording of reasons for approving or rejecting the resolution
plan by the concerned financial creditor during the voting in the meeting
of CoC, would not render the final collective decision of CoC nullity per
se. Concededly, if the objection to the resolution plan is on account of
infraction of ground(s) specified in Sections 30(2) and 61(3), that must
F be specifically and expressly raised at the relevant time. For, the approval
of the resolution plan by the CoC can be challenged on those grounds.
However, if the opposition to the proposed resolution plan is purely a
commercial or business decision, the same, being non-justiciable, is not
open to challenge before the Adjudicating Authority (NCLT) or for that
matter the Appellate Authority (NCLAT). If so, non-recording of any
G reason for taking such commercial decision will be of no avail. In the
present case, admittedly, the dissenting financial creditors have rejected
the resolution plan in exercise of business/commercial decision and not
because of non-compliance of the grounds specified in Section 30(2) or
Section 61(3), as such. Resultantly, the amended regulation pressed into
service, will be of no avail.
H
K. SASHIDHAR v. INDIAN OVERSEAS BANK & ORS. 909
[A. M. KHANWILKAR, J.]

62. Relying on the dictum in Mardia Chemicals (supra), in A
particular paragraph 45, it was argued that even in regard to the option
exercisable by the financial creditors under Section 30(4), the requirement
of giving reasons for approval or disapproval of the proposed resolution
plan must be read into it. In that case, the Court had considered the
mechanism specified in Section 13 of the Securitisation and
B
Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest
Act, 2002, which provided for giving a notice to the borrower and upon
receipt of such notice the borrower could raise objections as to why the
proposed action of the secured creditor was uncalled for. In that context,
this Court in paragraph 45, observed thus:
“45. In the background we have indicated above, we may consider C
as to what forums or remedies are available to the borrower to
ventilate his grievance. The purpose of serving a notice upon
the borrower under sub-section (2) of Section 13 of the Act
is, that a reply may be submitted by the borrower explaining
the reasons as to why measures may or may not be taken D
under sub-section (4) of Section 13 in case of non-
compliance with notice within 60 days. The creditor must
apply its mind to the objections raised in reply to such notice
and an internal mechanism must be particularly evolved to
consider such objections raised in the reply to the notice.
There may be some meaningful consideration of the objections E
raised rather than to ritually reject them and proceed to take drastic
measures under sub-section (4) of Section 13 of the Act. Once
such a duty is envisaged on the part of the creditor it would
only be conducive to the principles of fairness on the part
of the banks and financial institutions in dealing with their F
borrowers to apprise them of the reason for not accepting
the objections or points raised in reply to the notice served
upon them before proceeding to take measures under sub-
section (4) of Section 13. Such reasons, overruling the
objections of the borrower, must also be communicated to
the borrower by the secured creditor. It will only be in G
fulfillment of a requirement of reasonableness and fairness in the
dealings of institutional financing which is so important from the
point of view of the economy of the country and would serve the
purpose in the growth of a healthy economy. It would certainly
provide guidance to the secured debtors in general in conducting H
910 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2019] 3 S.C.R.

A the affairs in a manner that they may not be found defaulting and
being made liable for the unsavoury steps contained under sub-
section (4) of Section 13. At the same time, more importantly,
we must make it clear unequivocally that communication
of the reasons for not accepting the objections taken by
the secured borrower may not be taken to give occasion to
B
resort to such proceedings which are not permissible under
the provisions of the Act. But communication of reasons not to
accept the objections of the borrower, would certainly be for the
purpose of his knowledge which would be a step forward towards
his right to know as to why his objections have not been accepted
C by the secured creditor who intends to resort to harsh steps of
taking over the management/business of viz. secured assets without
intervention of the court. Such a person in respect of whom steps
under Section 13(4) of the Act are likely to be taken cannot be
denied the right to know the reasons of non-acceptance and of
his objections. It is true, as per the provisions under the Act,
D
he may not be entitled to challenge the reasons
communicated or the likely action of the secured creditor
at that point of time unless his right to approach the Debts
Recovery Tribunal as provided under Section 17 of the Act
matures on any measure having been taken under sub-
E section (4) of Section 13 of the Act.”
(emphasis supplied)
In the present case, however, we are concerned with the provisions
of I&B Code dealing with the resolution process. The dispensation
provided in the I&B Code is entirely different. In terms of Section 30 of
F the I&B Code, the decision is taken collectively after due negotiations
between the financial creditors who are constituents of the CoC and
they express their opinion on the proposed resolution plan in the form of
votes, as per their voting share. In the meeting of CoC, the proposed
resolution plan is placed for discussion and after full interaction in the
G presence of all concerned and the resolution professional, the constituents
of the CoC finally proceed to exercise their option (business/commercial
decision) to approve or not to approve the proposed resolution plan. In
such a case, non-recording of reasons would not per se vitiate the
collective decision of the financial creditors. The legislature has not
envisaged challenge to the “commercial/business decision” of the
H
K. SASHIDHAR v. INDIAN OVERSEAS BANK & ORS. 911
[A. M. KHANWILKAR, J.]

financial creditors taken collectively or for that matter their individual A
opinion, as the case may be, on this count.
63. It was then contended that NCLAT committed manifest error
in not calling upon the dissenting financial creditors to respond to the
applications filed in the concerned appeals pending before it, including
with a prayer to allow the resolution applicant to revise the resolution B
plan. We find no merits in this submission. The reliefs claimed in the
stated application filed before the NCLAT would not take the matter
any further. For, it is enough for the dissenting financial creditors to
disapprove the proposed resolution plan by voting as per its voting share,
based on commercial decision. Indeed, if the opposition of the dissenting
financial creditors is in regard to matter(s) within the jurisdiction of the C
Tribunal ascribable to Sections 30(2) or 61(3), then the situation may be
somewhat different. But that is not in issue in these cases.
64. As regards the application by the resolution applicant for taking
his revised resolution plan on record, the same is also devoid of merits
inasmuch as it is not open to the Adjudicating Authority to entertain a D
revised resolution plan after the expiry of the statutory period of 270
days. Accordingly, no fault can be found with the NCLAT for not
entertaining such application.
65. The counsel appearing for the resolution applicant and the
stakeholders supporting the resolution plan were at pains to persuade us E
to exercise powers under Article 142 of the Constitution of India.
Inasmuch as, in both the cases, the vote of approval exceeded more
than 66% of the voting share of the financial creditors and yet the benefit
of the amended provision could not be availed, as it came only during the
pendency of the appeal before the NCLAT. The submission is that this F
Court may set aside the order passed by the Tribunal and relegate the
parties in both the cases, before the NCLT for considering the
proceedings afresh in light of the amended provision reducing the
threshold requirement of percent of voting share of financial creditors to
66%. We are afraid, it is not possible for us to exercise powers under
Article 142 of the Constitution which will result in issuing directions in G
the teeth of the provisions as applicable to the cases on hand. We,
therefore, decline to accede to this request. Having answered the core
issues and to avoid prolixity, we do not wish to dilate on the exposition in
other reported decisions relied upon by the counsel.
H
912 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2019] 3 S.C.R.

A 66. As a result, we hold that the NCLAT has justly concluded in
the impugned decision that the resolution plan of the concerned corporate
debtor(s) has not been approved by requisite percent of voting share of
the financial creditors; and in absence of any alternative resolution plan
presented within the statutory period of 270 days, the inevitable sequel is
to initiate liquidation process under Section 33 of the Code. That view is
B
unexceptional. Resultantly, the appeals must fail.
67. In view of the above, the appeals are dismissed. The companion
applications also stand dismissed. No order as to costs.

Kalpana K. Tripathy Appeals dismissed.
C

D

E

F

G

H