Holding

Clause 16 is not an arbitration agreement; therefore, no arbitrator can be appointed under Section 11 and the High Court's order is set aside.

Summary

The parties entered into a partnership deed containing Clause 16, which stated that any dispute would be "mutually decided" or "referred for arbitration if the parties so determine." The respondent filed an application under Sections 11(5) and 11(6) of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 seeking appointment of an arbitrator to resolve a dispute over dissolution and accounts. The High Court treated Clause 16 as an arbitration agreement and appointed a retired judge as arbitrator. On appeal, the Supreme Court examined whether the clause satisfied the essential elements of an arbitration agreement under Section 7 of the Act and whether Section 89 of the CPC could be invoked in its absence. The Court held that the clause merely enabled arbitration subject to the parties' further consent and therefore did not constitute an arbitration agreement; consequently, the power under Section 11 could not be exercised and Section 89 was inapplicable. The order appointing the arbitrator was set aside and the arbitration application rejected.

Issues considered

Whether Clause 16 of the partnership deed qualifies as an arbitration agreement within the meaning of Section 7 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996.
Whether Section 89 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 can be invoked to refer the dispute to arbitration in the absence of an arbitration agreement.
Whether the power under Section 11 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act can be exercised without a valid arbitration agreement.

Legislation cited

Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996s. 11(5), s. 11(6), s. 7
Code of Civil Procedure, 1908s. 89

Subjects

arbitration agreementSection 7Section 11Section 89 CPCpartnership deedconsentappointment of arbitratorArbitration and Conciliation Actdispute resolution clause

Judgment

A JAGDISH CHANDER
v.
RAMESH CHANDER AND ORS.

APRIL 26, 2007

B [H.K. SEMA AND R.V. RAVEENDRAN, JJ.]

Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996: •
Sections 7 and /I-Arbitration agreement and appointment of
C arbitrator-Settlement of disputes clause in Deed of Partnership-Providing
for disputes to be settled mutually or referred for arbitration if parties so
determine-Held, the relevant clause of Deed of Partnership is not an
arbitration agreement, but a provision which enables arbitration only if
parties mutually decide after due consideration as to whether dispute should
D be referred to arbitration or not-The clause requires consent of parties
before dispute can be referred to arbitration-Jn absence of arbitration
agreement, arbitrator could not have been appointed-Section 89, CPC has ~
also no application to the case-Attributes/essential elements/settled
principles in regard to what constitutes an arbitration agreement, as given
in various decisions of Supreme Court, set out in the judgment-Code of Civil
E Procedure, 1908-Section 89.

Code of Civil Procedure, 1908:

Section 89-Even though the Section mandates courts to refer pending
suits to any of several alternative disputes resolution processes, th.ere cannot
F be a reference to arbitration under Section 89, unless there is a mutual 'f ~
consent of parties for such reference.

Words and Phrases:

Expression "dispute shall be referred to arbitration if parties so
G determine", appearing in a settlement of disputes clause of a Deed of
Partnership-Meaning of

Word 'determine '-Connotation of

Appellant and respondent No.I entered into a business partnership.

H 720
JAGDISH CHANDER v. RAMESH CHANDER 721
Clause 16 of the Deed of Partnership relating to settlement of disputes A
provided: "If any dispute touching the partnership arises between the partners,
the same shall be mutually decided by the partners or shall be referred for
arbitration if the parties so determine". On the strength of this clause
respondent No.1 filed an application under Sections 11(5) and 11(6) of the
Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 for appointment of an arbitrator to B
decide the dispute regarding dissolution of the partnership firm and for
rendition of accounts. The appellant resisted the application, inter alia, on
· the ground that the partnership deed did not contain any agreement to refer
any dispute to arbitration and Clause 16 of the Deed of Partnership was not
an arbitration agreement. The Judge of the High Court, who heard the
application, held Clause 16 as an arbitration agreement and appointed a retired C
Judge as the sole arbitrator. Aggrieved, the appellant filed the present appeal

On the question: whether Clause 16 of the Deed of Partnership is an
'arbitration agreement within the meaning of Section 7 of the Arbitration
and Conciliation Act, 1996,
D
Allowing the appeal, the Court

HELD: 1.1. In view of the attributes or essential elements of an
arbitration agreement and the well settled principles in regard to what
constitutes an arbitration agreement referred to in various decisions of this
Court and set out in this judgment, Clause 16 of the Deed of Partnership in E
the instant case is not an arbitration agreement as defined under Section 7
of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996.
(Paras 8 and 9] (725-A, B; 727-C]

K.K. Modiv. KN. Modi, (1998) 3 SCC 573; Bharat Bhushan Bansal v.
U.P. Small Industries Corporation Ltd, (1999] 2 SCC 166; Bihar State Mineral F
Development Corporation v. Encon Builders (l)(P) Ltd., (2003] 7 SCC 418
and State of Orissa v. Damodar Das, [1996] 2 SCC 216, relied on.

1.2. When Clause 16 of the Deed of Partnership uses the words "the
dispute shall be referred for arbitration if the parties so determine", it means G
that it is not an arbitration agreement but a provision which enables arbitration
only if the parties mutually decide after due consideration as to whether the
disputes should be referred to arbitration or not. The expression "determine"
indicates that the parties are required to reach a decision by application of
mind. In effect, the clause requires the consent of parties before the disputes
can be referred to arbitration. The main attribute of an arbitration agreement, H
722 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2007] 5 S.C.R.

A namely, consensus ad idem to refer the disputes to arbitration is missing in
clause 16 relating to settlement of disputes. (Para 91 (727-A, B, CJ

Wellington v. Kirit Mehta, [20001 4 SCC 272 and Jyoti Bros v. Shree
Durg Mining Co., AIR (1956) Cal 280, cited.

B 2.1. The contention of appellant that on a conjoint reading of clause 16
of the Deed of Agreement and Section 89 of CPC, the dispute could be referred
to arbitrator, under clause 16, has no merit. The object and scope of section
11 of the Act is specific and narrow. Though the power exercised under section ,_
11 of the Act has been held to be a judicial power, the proceedings relate only ' .....
to appointment of Arbitral Tribunal. The disputes as such are not before the
c Chief Justice or his designate for adjudication. Therefore, section 89, CPC
has no application. It should not also be overlooked that even though section
89 mandates courts to refer pending suits to any of the several alternative
dispute resolution processes mentioned therein, there cannot be a reference
to arbitration even under section 89, CPC, unless there is a mutual consent
D of all parties, for such reference. [Para 10) [727-F, G, H; 728-AI

SBP & Co. v. Patel Engineering Ltd. [200518 SCC 618, referred to.
..>-
2.2. The existence of an arbitration agreement as defined under section
7 of the Act is a r.ondition precedent for exercise of power to appoint an
E Arbitrator/Arbitral Tribunal, under section 11 of the Act by the Chief Justice
or his Designate. It is not permissible to appoint an Arbitrator to adjudicate
the disputes between the parties, in the absence of an arbitration agreement
or mutual consent The designate of the Chief Justice of the High Court could
not have appointed the arbitrator in the absence of an arbitration agreement
The order appointing Arbitrator is set aside. [Paras 11 and 12) (728-A, B, CJ
F 1
•
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 4467 of2002.

From the Final Judgment and Order dated 10.07.2001 of the High Court
of Delhi at New Delhi in Arbitration Application No. 284 of 1997.

G Lalita Kohli (for Manoj Swarup) and Arvind Gaur, for the Appellant.
~ ._
Rohit Minocha, S.P. Sharma and Ashwani Bhardwaj for the Respondents.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by:

H R. V. RA VEENDRAN, J. I. This appeal by special leave is against the
JAGDISH CHANDER v. RAMESH CHANDER [R.V. RA VEENDRAN, J.j 723

order dated 10. 7 .200 I passed by the Designate of Chief Justice of the High A
Court of Delhi, allowing Arbitration Application No.284 of 1997 filed under
Section 11 (5) and (6) of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996 ('the Act'
for short).

2. The appellant and first respondent entered into a Partnership as per
deed dated 9.1.1964 to carry on the business under the name and style of B
'Empire Art Industries'. Clause 16 of the said Deed relates to settlement of
<t disputes. The said clause is extracted below:

"( 16) If during the continuance of the partnership or at any time
afterwards any dispute touching the partnership arises between the
partners, the same shall be mutually decided by the partners or shall C
be referred for arbitration if the parties so determine. "

(Emphasis supplied)

3. The first respondent filed the application for appointment of an
Arbitrator to decide the disputes in regard to dissolution of the said partnership D
firm and ior rendition of accounts. In the said application, the first Respondent
arrayed the appellant herein as the first respondent. Respondents 2 to 6
herein were also impleaded as respondents alleging that the two partners
entered into an arrangement/agreement with Respondents 2 to 6 in the year
1974 under which Respondents 2 to 6 were to supervise the business of the E
firm and pay to each of the two partners, a fixed sum, which was increased
periodically. According to first Respondent, the arrangement worked
satisfactorily for several years, but for some years, the entire amount was
being received by the appellant and he was not paying the first Respondent's
half share. The appellant resisted the petition, inter alia, on the ground that
J ~-
the partnership had come to an end in the year 1979 and the accounts were F
all settled. He also contended that the partnership deed did not contain any
agreement to refer disputes to arbitration. It was specifically contended that
clause 16 of the Deed of Partnership was not an arbitration agreement.

4. The learned Judge who heard the application under section 11,
allowed it by order dated 10.7.2001. He held that ifthe intention of the parties G
was not to refer their disputes to arbitration, the~e was no need to incorporate
clause 16 making a specific mention of arbitration, and that such a provision
should be liberally interpreted so as to encourage arbitration. The learned
Judge held that clause 16 of the partnership deed was an arbitration agreement.
In regard to the objection of respondents 2 to 6 that they were not parties H
724 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007] 5 S.C.R.

A to either the partnership deed or agreement, the learned Judge observed that
the scope of the proceedings was limited to the extent of examining whether
it was a case for appointment of Arbitrator or not, and it was for the Arbitrator
to decide whether Respondents 2 to 6 were liable or not. Justice Santosh
Duggal, a retired Judge, was appointed as the sole Arbitrator.

B 5. The appellant has challenged the said order appointing the Arbitrator.
It is submitted that the power under section 11 of the Act, to appoint an

c
Arbitrator, can be exercised only if there is a valid arbitration agreement
between the parties, and that as there is no arbitration agreement between the
parties, the Arbitrator could not have been appointed. Strong reliance was
placed by the Appellant on the decision in Wellington v. Kirit Mehta, (2000)
~
' -
4 SCC 272; where a Designate of the Chief Justice .of India held that the
following clause was not an 'arbitration agreement':

"It is also agreed by and between the parties that any dispute or
difference arising in connection with these presents may be referred
D to arbitration in pursuance of the Arbitration Act, 1940 by each party
appointing one arbitrator and the arbitrator so appointed selecting an
Umpire. The venue of the arbitration shall be at Bombay."
>
He also held that the use of the word "may" could not be construed as "shall"
and that the clause was only an enabling provision and a fresh consent was
E necessary to go to arbitration. The decision of the Calcutta High Court in
Jyoti Bros v. Shree Durg Mining Co., AIR (1956) Cal 280 was ::!so cited with
approval.

6. Therefore, the only question that arises for consideration in this case
is whether clause 16 of the Deed of Partnership dated 9.1.1964 is an 'arbitration
F agreement' within the meaning of Section 7 of the Act. 1 ;

7. Sub-section (I) of Section 7 of the Act defmes 'arbitration agreement'
as an agreement by the parties to submit to arbitration all or certain disputes
which have arisen or which may arise between them in respect of a defined
legal relationship, whether contractual or not Sub-section (2) provides that an
G arbitration agreement may be in the form of an arbitration clause in a contract
or in the form a separate agreement. Sub-section (3) requires an arbitration 'I-

agreement to be in writing. Sub-section (4) provides that an arbitration
"
agreement is in writing, if it is contained in - (a) document signed by the
parties; or (b) in an exchange of letters, telex, telegrams or other means of
H telecommunication which provide a record of the agreement; or (c) an exchange
JAG DISH CHANDER v. RAMESH CHANDER [R.V. RAVEENDRAN, J.] 725
\;
of statements of claim and defence in which the existence of the agreement A
is alleged by one party and not denied by the other.

8. This Court had occasion to refer to the attributes or essential elements
of an arbitration agreement in KK Modi v. K. N. Modi, [1998] 3 SCC 573,
Bharat Bhushan Bansal v. U.P. Small Industries Corporation Ltd., [1999] 2
SCC 166 and Bihar State Mineral Development Corporation v. Encon Builders B
(l)(P) Ltd, [2003] 7 SCC 418. In State ofOrissa v. Damodar Das, [1996] 2 SCC
216, this Court held that a clause in a conact can be construed as an 'arbitration
1 agreement' only if an agreement to refer disputes or differences to arbitration
is-expressly or impliedly spelt out from the clause. We may at this juncture
set out the well settled principles in regard to what constitutes an arbitration
agreement;
c
(i) The intention of the parties to enter into an arbitration agreement
shall have to be gathered from the terms of the agreement. If the terms
of the agreement clearly indicate an intention on the part of the parties
to the agreement to refer their dispµtes to a private tribunal for D
adjudication and an willingness to be bound by the decision of such
tribunal on such disputes, it is arbitration agreement. While there is
....
no specific form of an arbitration agreement, the words used should
disclose a determination and obligation to go to arbitration and not
merely contemplate the possibility of going for arbitration. Where
there is merely a possibility of the parties agreeing to arbitration in E
future, as contrasted from an obligation to refer disputes to arbitration,
there is no valid and binding arbitration agreement.

(ii) Even if the words 'arbitration' and 'arbitral tribunal (or arbitrator)'
are not used with reference to the process of settlement or with
f
)
reference to the private tribunal which has to adjudicate upon the F
disputes, in a clause relating to settlement of disputes, it does not
detract from the clause being an arbitration agreement if it has the
attributes or elements of an arbitration agreement. They are : (a) The
agreement should be in writing, (b) The parties should have agreed
to_ refer any disputes (present or future) between them to the decision
G
of a private tribunal. (c ) The private tribunal should be empowered
-f
to adjudicate upon the disputes in an impartial manner, giving due
opportunity to the parties to put forth their case before it. (d) the
parties should have agreed that the decision of the Private Tribunal
in respect of the disputes will be binding on them.
H
726 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2007] 5 S.C.R.

A (iii) Where the clause provides that in the event of disputes arising
between the parties, the disputes shall be referred to Arbitration, it is
an arbitration agreement. Where there is a specific and direct expression
of intent to have the disputes settled by arbitration, it is not necessary .
to set out the attributes of an arbitration agreement to make it an
arbitration agreement. But where the clause relating to settlement of
B disputes, contains words which specifically excludes any of the
attributes of an arbitration agreement or contains anything that detracts
from an arbitration agreement, it will not be an arbitration agreement.
For example, where an agreement requires or pennits an authority to
decide a claim dispute without hearing, or requires the authority to act
c in the interests of only one of the parties, or provides that the
decision of the Authority will not be final and binding on the parties,
or that if either party is not satisfied with the decision of the Authority,
he may file a civil suit seeking relief, it cannot be termed as an
arbitration agreement.

D (iv) But mere use of the word 'arbitration' or 'arbitrator' in a clause
will not make it an arbitration agreement, if it requires or contemplates
a further or fresh consent to the parties for reference to arbitration.
For example, use of words such as "parties can, if they so desire, refer
their disputes to arbitration" or "in the event of any dispute, the
parties may also agree to refer the same to arbitration" or "if any
E dispute arise between the parties, they should consider settlement by
arbitration" in a clause relating to settlement of disputes, indicate that
the clause is not intended to be an arbitration agreement. Similarly, a
clause which states that "if the parties so decide, i:he disputes shall
be referred to arbitration" or "any disputes between parties, if they so
F agree, shall be referred to arbitration" is not an arbitration agreement.
Such clauses merely indicate a desire or hope to have the disputes
settled by arbitration, or a tentative arrangement to explore arbitration
as a mode of settlement if and when a dispute arises. Such clauses
require the parties to arrive at a further agreement to go to arbitration,
as and when the disputes arise. Any agreement or clause in an
G agreement requiring or contemplating a further consent or consensus
before a reference to arbitration, is not an arbitration agreement, but
an agreement to enter into an arbitration agreement in future.

9. Para 16 of the Partnership deed provides that ifthere is any dispute
H touching the partnership arising between the partners, the same shall be
JAGDISHCHANDER v. RAMESH CHANDER [R.V. RAVEENDRAN,J.] 727
).
mutually decided by the parties or shall be referred to arbitration if the parties A
so determine. If the clause had merely said that in the event of dispute arising
between the parties, they "shall be referred to arbitration'', it would have been
arbitration agreement. But the use of the words "shall be referred for ar0itration
ifthe parties so determine" completely change the complexion of the provision.
The expression "determine" indicates that the parties are required to reach a
decision by application of mind. Therefore, when clause 16 uses the words B

.1 "the dispute shall be referred for arbitration if the parties so determine'', it
means that it is not an arbitration agreement but a provision which enables
arbitration only if the parties mutually decide after due consideration as to
whether the disputes should be referred to arbitration or not. In effect, the
clause requires the consent of parties before the disputes can be referred to C
arbitration. The main attribute to an arbitration agreement, namely, concensus
ad idem to refer the disputes to arbitration is missing in clause 16 relating to
settlement of disputes. Therefore it is not an arbitration agreement, as defined
under section 7 of the Act. In the absence of an arbitration agreement, the
question of exercising power under section 11 of the Act to appoint an
Arbitrator does not arise. D
10. Learned counsel for the first respondent next contended that clause
16 of the deed of partnership discloses a clear intention on the part of the
partners to settle their dispute relating to partnership by an alternative dispute
resolution process. He pointed out that clause I 6 required the partners to E
"mutually decide the disputes" or "refer the disputes to arbitration". This,
according to him, is in the nature of a 'con-arb ' agreement, that is, it requires
the parties to settle the disputes by negotiations (conciliation and mediation),
and failing settlement by such negotiations, refer the disputes to arbitration
for settlement. He submitted that the clause provides what section 89 CPC
now statutorily requires. It is contended that if under section 89 of CPC, F
parties can be mandated to have recourse to alternative dispute resolution
processes to settle their disputes, there is no reason why the disputes
between the parties in this case should not be referred to ADR process
including arbitration under clause 16. This contention, though attractive, has
no merit. The object and scope of section 11 of the Act is specific and narrow."
Though the power exercised under section 11 of the Act has been held to G
be a judicial power [see SBP & Co. v. Patel Engineering Ltd, [2005] 8 SCC
618, the proceedings relate only to appointment of Arbitral Tribunal. The
disputes as such are not before the Chief Justice or his designate for
adjudication. Therefore, section 89 CPC has no application. It should not also
be overlooked that even though section 89 mandates courts to refer pending H
728 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2007] 5 S.C.R.

A suits to any of the several alternative dispute resolution processes mentioned
therein, there cannot be a reference to arbitration even under section 89 CPC,
unless there is a mutual consent of all parties, for such reference. Be that as
it may.

11. The existence of an arbitration agreement as defined under Section
B 7 of the Act is a condition precedent for exercise of power to appoint an
Arbitrator/Arbitral Tribunal, under section 11 of the Act by the Chief Justice
or his Designate. It is not permissible to appoint an Arbitrator to adjudicate
the disputes between the parties, in the absence of an arbitration agreement
or mutual consent. The designate of the Chief Justice of Delhi could not have
C appointed the Arbitrator in the absence of an arbitration agreement.
12. The appeal is therefore allowed, the order appointing an Arbitrator
is set aside and the application by the first respondent under section 11 of
the Act is rejected. Parties to bear their respective costs.

D RP. Appeal allowed.