ITC LIMITED GURGAONversusCOMMISSIONER OF LT. (TDS) DELHI

                         [2016] 3 S.C.R. 23



                    lTC LIMITED GURGAON                                  A
                                 v.
             COMMISSIONER OF LT. (TDS) DELHI
                   (Civil Appeal Nos. 4435-37 of2016)
                          APRIL 26, 2016                                 8

            [KURIAN JOSEPH AND R.F. NARIMAN, JJ.J
      Income Tax Act, 1961: s.192 - Applicability of - Held: If an
employee receives income chargeable under a head other than the
head ··salaries", then s.192 does not get attracted at all - In the
instant case, assessee was engaged in the business of hotels and
                                                                         c
paying tips collected fro111 custo111ers to its employees but not
deducting taxes thereon - Assessing Officer erred in treating the
receipt of the tips as income under the head 'salary' in the hands of
the various employees and in holding that assessee is liable to deduct
tax at source from such payments uls.192 of the Act - As income          D
fro111 tips would be chargeable in the hands of the employees as
income ji·om other sources, such tips being received fro111 customers
and not from the employer, s.192 is not attracted - The payments
received by the e111ployees have no reference whatsoever to the
contract of e111ployment and are received from the customer, the
                                                                         E
employer only being a conduit in a fiduciary capacity in between
the two.
    Allowing the assessees' appeals and dismissing the
revenue's appeal, the Court
     HELD: 1. Under sub-section (1) of Section 192, "any person          F
responsible" for paying any income chargeable under the head
"salaries" is alone brought into the dragnet of deduction of tax at
source. The person responsible for paying an employee an amount
which is to be regarded as the employee's income is only the
employer. In the facts of the present case, it is clear that the
person who is responsible for paying the employee is not the             G
employer at all, but a third person - namely, the customer. Also,
if an employee receives income chargeable unde,r a head other
than the head "salaries", then Section 192 does not get attracted
at all. As income from tips would be chargeable in the hands of
                                                                         H
                                 23
24           SUPREME COURT REPORTS .·                    [20I6J 3 s:c.R.


A · the employees as income from other sources, such tips being
    rec.eived from customers and not from the employer, Section 192
    would not get attracted at all on the facts of the present case.
    [Paras''12, 13) (33-E-G; 34-C)
            2. Section 15 of the Act is in three parts. Sub-clause (a)
B     refers to salary that is "due" from an employer or a forme'r
      employer, whether paid or not. Under this sub-clause, salary is
      taxable upon accrual - it matters not whether payment is actually
      made or riot. On the other hand, under sub-clause (b), any salary
      that is paid or allowed to an employee by or on behalf of an
      employer or former employer though not due, or before it becomes
c due; ·becomes taxable. Under this sub-clause, it matters not
      whether the salary is at all due. Payment made or allowance given
      to the employee by or on behalf of an employer or former employer
      is sufficient to bring such payment or allowance to tax under the
      said sub-clause. Under sub-clause (c) any arrears of salary paid
D or ~llowed to an employee by or on behalf of an employer or
      previous employer if not earlier charged to income tax 1n any
      previous year is also brought to tax. It can be seen, on an analysis
      of Section 15, that for the said Section to apply, there should be a
      vested right in an employee to claim any salary from an employer
      or former employer, whether due or not if paid; or paid or allowed,
E though not due~ ln the present case, it is clear that there is no
      vested right in the employee to claim any amount of tip from his
      employe1: Tips being purely voluntary am~unts that may or may
       not be paid by .customers for services rendered to them would
       not, therefore, fall within Section 15(b) at all. Also, salary must
f,. be .paid or allowed to an.employee in the previous year "by or on
       behalf of'' an employer. Even assuming that. the expression
   · "allowed" is an expression of width, the salary must be paid by
    ' ()r on' behalf of an employer; It must first be noticed that the
      expression "employer" is different from the expression "person".
      An "employer" is a person who employs another person under a
G     contract of employment; express or implied, to perform work for
     die employe·r.. Therefore, Section 15(b) necessarily has reference
       to the contract of employment between employer and employee,
      ·and salary paid or allowed must therefore have reference to such
      contract of employment.· The amount of tip paid by the employer
H to the eniployel!.$ has .no reference to the contract of employment
  ITC LIMITED GURGAON v. COMMISSIONER OF l.T. (TDS)                     25
                      DELHI

at all. Tips are received by the employer in a fiduciary capacity       A
as trustee for payments that are received from customers which
they disburse to their employees for service rendered to the
customer. There is, therefore, no reference to the contract of
employment when these amounts are paid by the employer to
the employee. [Paras 14, 15, 16] [34-D-G; 36-F-H; 37-A-B]
                                                                        B
     3. Even under the scheme of Section 17, payment must be
by an employer, whether such employer is a future employer or a
past employer of the .employee in question. When sub-clause (ii)
uses the expression "employer", it uses the said expression in
the same sense as is used in Section 15, as the opening line of
Section 17 itself states that "for the purposes of Section 15" salary   c
includes profits in lieu of salary. [Para 17] [37-G]
      Emil Webber v. CIT 1993 (2) SCR 27 : (1993) 2 SCC
      453 - relied on.
      CIT i: L. W. Russel 53 ITR 91 (SC); Jagatram Ahuja v.             D
      Commissioner of Gift Tax, Hyderabad 2000 (4) Suppl.
      SCR 1 : (2000) 8 SCC 249; Wrottesley v. Regent Street
      Florida Restaurant [1951] 2 K.B. 277; Calvert
      (Inspector of Taxes) v. Wainwright, [1947] 1 KB 526;
      Moorhouse (Inspector of Taxes) v. Dooland [1955] 2
      W.L.R. 96; Hochstrasser (Inspector of Taxes) v. Mayes             E
      [1960] A.C. 376; Co111111issioner of Income Tax, Nell'
      Delhi v. Eli Lilly and Company (India) Private Limited
      2009 (5) SCR 20 : (2009) 15 SCC 1; Karamchari
      Union, Agra v. Union of India 2000 (2) SCR 33 : (2000)
      3 SCC 335; Rambagh Palace Hotel v. Rajasthan Hotel                F
      Workers' Union (1976) 4 SCC 817; Quality Inn
      Southern Star v. ES! Corpn. 2007 (12) SCR 790 : (2008)
      2 sec 549 - referred to.
                       Case Law Reference
   2000 (2) SCR 33                referred to            Para 7         G
   (1976) 4 sec 817               referred to           Para 7
   2007 (12) SCR 790              referred to           Para 7
    1993 (2) SCR 27               relied on             Para 12
   53 ITR 91 (SC)                 referred to           Para 15         H
26              SUPREME COURT REPORTS                       [2016) 3 S.C.R.


A       2000 (4) Suppl. SCR 1            referred to            Para 20
        [1951] 2 K.B. 277                referred to            Para 22
        [1947] 1 KB 526                  referred to            Para 30
        [1955) 2 W.L.R. 96               referred to            Para 31
B       [1960) A.C. 376                  referred to            Para32
        2009 (5) SCR 20                  referred to            Para 37
          CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal Nos. 4435-
     37 of2016 .
           .,
C         From the Judgment and Order dated 11.05.2011 of the High Court
     of Delhi at New Delhi in ITA Nos. 475 of2010, 476 of2010 and 860 of
     2010.
                                     WITH
          C. A. Nos. 443 8-40, 4441, 4442, 4443-44 OF 201 (i.
D
          Ajay Vohra, Sr. Adv., Ms. Kavita Jha, Mrs. Anil Katiyar, Ms. Husnal
     Syali, Mayank Negi, Tarun Singh, Aditya Singh, Rameshwar Prasad
     Goyal, Ms. Mahua Katra, Advs., with him for the Appellant.
          N. K. Kaul, ASG, S. Ganesh, Sr. Adv., Ms. Vanita Bhargava, Ajay
E    Bhargava, Abhisar Bairagi (For Mis. Khaitan & Co.), Ms. Chanan
     Parwani, Sanyat Lodha, Arij it Prasad, Nitesh Daryanani, 8. V. Balaram
     Das, Advs. for the Respondent.
          The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
          R.F. NARIMAN, J. I. Leave granted.
F
          2. These appeals arise out of a common judgment of the Delhi
     High Court dated 11.5.2011.                      ·
           3. The assessees are engaged in the business of owning, operating,
     and managing hotels. Surveys conducted at the business premises of
     the assessees allegedly revealed that the assessees had been paying tips
G    to its employees but not deducting taxes thereon.
           4. The Assessing Officer treated the receipt of the tips as income
     under the head "salary" in the hands of the various employees and held
     that the assessees were liable to deduct tax at source from such payments
     under Section 192 of the Income Tax Act, 1961. The assessees were
H
  ITC LIMITED GURGAON v. COMMISSIONER OF J.T. (TDS)                          27
               DELHI [R.F. NARIMAN, J.]

treated by the Assessing Officers as assessees-in-default under Section      A
201 ( 1) of the Act. The Assessing Officers in various assessment orders
worked out the different amounts of tax to be paid by all the ·aforesaid
assessees under Section 201 ( 1), as also interest under Section 201 ( 1A)
of the said Act for assessment years 2003-2004, 2004-2005 and 2005-
2006.
                                                                             B
     5. The CIT (Appeals) vide his common order dated 28.11.2008
allowed the various appeals of the assessees holding that the assessees
could not be treated as assessees- in-default under Section 20 I(1) of the
Act for non-deduction of tax on tips collected by them and distributed to
their employees. Appeals filed by the Revenue to the Income Tax
Appellate Tribunal (ITAT) came to be dismissed by the Tribunal by relying    c
upon its own order for assessment year 1986-1987 in the case of ITC
and the case of Nehru Palace Hotels Limited. Against the said orders of
the Tribunal, appeals were preferred by the Revenue to the High Court.
    6. The High Court vide the impugned judgment dated I 1.5.201 I
framed the questions of law as follows:-                                     D

      "(a) Whether on the facts and in the circumstances of the case,
      the Ld. ITAT erred in law and on merits holding that the assessee
      was not an "assessee in default" for short/non deduction of tax at
      source on account of banquet and restaurant tips collected and
      paid by it to its employees?                                           E
       (b) Whether on the facts and in the circumstances of the case,
       the Ld. ITAT erred in law and on merits in holding that the payment
       of banquet.and restaurant tips to the employees of the assessee in
       its capacity as employer were not profits in lieu of salary within
       the meaning of Section I 7 (3)(ii) of the Income Tax Act, 196 I?"     F
      7. The High Court held, after considering Sections 15, 17 and 192
of the Income Tax Act, that tips would amount to 'profit in addition to
salaty or wages' and would fall under Section lS(b) read with Section
17( 1)(iv) and 17(3)(ii). Even so, the High Court held that when tips are
received by employees directly in cash, the employer has no role to play     G
and would therefore be outside the purview of Section 192 of the Act.
However, the moment a tip is included and paid by way of a credit card
by a customer, since such tip goes into the account of the employer after
which it is distributed to the employees, the receipt of such money from
the employer would, ac<;ording to the High Court, amount to "salary"
                                                                             H
28            SUPREME COURT REPORTS                           [2016] 3 S.C.R.



A    within the extended definition Gontained in Section 17 of the Act. For
     arriving at this interpretation, the High Court relied upon the decision of
     this Court in Karamchari Union, Agra v. Union of India, (2000) 3
     SCC 335, while distinguishing the judgments of this Court in Rambagh
     Palace Hotel v. Rajasthan Hotel Workers' Union, (1976) 4 SCC
     817 and Quality Inn Southern Star v. ESI Corpn., (2008) 2 SCC
B
     549. After distinguishing the said judgments, the High Court arrived at
     the following conclusion:-
           "From the above discussion, we may conclude that the receipt of
           the tips constitute income at the hands of the recipients and is
           chargeable to the income tax under the head "salary" under Section
c          15 of the Act. That being so, it was obligatory upon the assessees
           to deduct taxes at source from such payments under Section 192
           of the Act."
          8. Since the assesses were, therefore, declared to be assessees-in-
     default under Section 201 of the Act, the High Court found that despite
D    the fact that the assessees did not deduct the said amounts based on a
     bonafide belief and no dishonest intention could be attributed to any of
     them, yetthe High Court held that levy of interest under s.ection 201(1A)
     would follow, as the payment of simple interest under the said provision
     is mandatory; and not being penal in nature, no question of bonafide
E    belief would arise to absolve the assessees from any interest liability
     under the said provision.
            9. Learned senior advocates Shri Vohra and Shri Syali, assailed the
     judgment of the High Court before us. They argued that tips are paid by
     customers out of their own volition as payments to the employees being
F    waiters in a restaurant for the quality of service provided to them and
     for courteous behavior. Since this payment is gratuitous, and the assessees
     act as mere trustees in collecting the tips charged to the customers'
     credit cards, and then pass over the same to the employees, it is clear
     that no amount by way of tip has any connection with the contract of
     employment betwee1i the employer and the employee. They further
G    submitted that the tips received by the employees are not remuneration
     or reward for services rendered by the employees to the assessees.
     They argued that there was no vested right of an employee to claim any
     tip fron:i a customer. It was further argued that the expression "employer"
     contained in Sections 15 and 17 is of crucial importance, and must be
H    contrasted with the expression "any pers.on" occurring in Section 17
  ITC LIMITED GURGAON v. COMMISSIONER OF l.T. (TDS)                                29
               DELHI [R.F. NARIMAN, J.]

(3)(iii). It was also argued, based on the Hotel Receipts Tax Act and a A
circular issued thereunder, that tips do not form any part of taxable receipts
of the employers. Further, we were shown a publication in which
guidelines were issued by the Australian Tax Office stating that voluntary
tips are not consideration for the supply of food or service in a hotel or
restaurant. The intervenor represented by Shri S. Ganesh also argued
                                                                               B
that Section 192 is attracted only when any person responsible for paying
any income chargeable under the head "salary" is to deduct income tax
on the amount payable. According to the learned counsel, since the
income received from tips is not income chargeable under the head
"salary", so far as the employees are concerned, but income from other
sources, Section 192 is not at all attracted. It was further agued by him c
that the machinery provision contained in Section 192 is not possible of
compliance inasmuch as it is impossible for the employer to predicate
 how much each individual employee would get by way of income from
tips, particularly when the schemes for distribution are many and varied
 and may include different sums being received by different employees
                                                                               D
 based on various criteria. He also argued that no question of Section
 201 would come into play in this case as it is only in consequence of
 failure to comply with Section 192 that Section 20 I is at all attracted. It
 was also argued that since the High Court had found that the conduct of
 the assessees was bonafide, interest therefore could not have been
 charged from them under Section 20 I (I A). All the learned counsel           E
 have relied upon various judgments of this Court and other courts in
 support of their submissions.
      10. Shri Neeraj K. Kaul, learned Additional Solicitor General,
appearing on behalf of the Revenue, argued that Section I 5(b) referred
to salary that is "paid" or "allowed" to an employee by or on behalf of an          F
employer, and stated that the expression "allowed" is an expression of
wide import and would include amounts such as tips paid by employers
to their employees. He also relied upon Section 17(3) (ii) to state that
any payment received by an assessee from an employer would be
regarded as 'profit in lieu of salary', and that since the amount of tips
received by way of credit cards from the customer are first put into the            G
employer's account and thereafter received by the employees from the
employer, that was sufficient to attract 'profits in lieu of salary' as defined.
According to the learned counsel, the section makes no reference to the
contract of employment, which is therefore a foreigner to the Section.
The learned Additional Solicitor General for this proposition relied heavily        H
30            SUPREME COURT REPORTS                            (2016] 3 S.C.R.



A    upon Karamchari Union, Agra's case (supra), to buttress this
     submission and stated that the High Court correctly relied upon the said
     decision. He went on to add that the judgments contained in Rambagh
     Palace Hotel and Quality Inn Southern Star were not directly on
     point and were rightly distinguished by the High Court. He also supported
     the finding of the High Court that bonafide belief would have no bearing
B
     on payability of interest under Section 20l(IA). He referred to the
     provision of sect,ion 192(3) in order to buttress his submission that the
     machinery provisions contained in Section 192 cou Id easily be worked
     out as monthly estimates of the tips that were received or receivable
     had to be made by the employer.
c         11 . Before adverting to the contentions raised by counsel for both
     the parties, it will be necessary to set out some of the provisions of the
     Income Tax Act.                    '
           "192. Salary (I) Any person responsible for paying any income
           chargeable under the head "Salaries" sh al I. at the time of payment.
D          deduct income-tax on the amount payable at the average rate of
           income-tax computed on the basis of the rates in force for the
           financial year in which the payment is made, on the estimated
           income of the asscssce under this head for that financial year.

E
           (3) The person responsible for making the payment referred to in
           sub-section (I) or sub-section (I A) or sub-section (2) or sub-
           section (2A) or sub-section (28) may. at the time of making any
           deduction. increase or reduce the amount to be deducted under
           this section for the purpose of adjusting any excess or deficiency
F          arising out of any previous deduction or failure to deduct during
           the financial year.
           201. Consequences of failure to deduct or pay.
            (I) Where any person, including the principal officer of a com-
            pany,-
G
            (a) who is required to deduct any sum in accordance with the
            provisions of this Act; or
            (b) referred to in sub-section (IA) of section 192, being an employe1~
            does not deduct, or does not pay, or after so deducting fails to pay,
H           the whole or any part of the tax. as required by or under this Act,
ITC LIMITED GURGAON v. COMMISSIONER OF I.T. (TDS)                         31
             DELHI [R.F. NARIMAN, J.]

   then. such person, shall, without prejudice t<l any other              A
   consequences which he may incur, be deemed to be an assessee
   in default in respect of such tax:
   Provided that any person, including the principal officer of a com-
   pany, who fails to deduct the whole or any part of the tax in ac-
   cordance with the provisions of this Chapter on the sum paid to a      B
   resident or on the sum credited to the account of a resident shall
   not be deemed to be an assessee in default in respect of such tax
   if such resident-
   (i) has furnished his return of income under section 139;
   (ii) has taken into account such sum for computing income in           c
   such return of income: and
   (iii) has paid the tax due on the income declared by him in such
   return of income,
   and the person furnishes a certificate to this effect from <111
                                                                          D
   accountant in such form as may be prescribed:
   Provided further that no penalty shall be charged under sectio11
   221 from such person, unless the Assessing Officer is satisfied
   that such person. without good and sufficient reasons. has failed
   to deduct and pay such tax.
                                                                          E
   ( 1A) Without prejudice to the provisions of sub-section (I). if any
   such person, principal officer or company as is reforred to in that
   sub-section does not deduct the whole or any part of the tax or
   after deducting fails to pay the tax as required by or under this
   Act. he or it shall be liable to pay simple interest.-
                                                                           F
    (i) at one per cent for every month or part of a month on the
   amount of such tax from the date on which such tax was deductible
   to the date on which such tax is deducted: and
   (ii) at one and one-half per cent for every month or part of a
   month on the amount of such tax from the date on which such tax
                                                                          G
   was deducted to the date on which such tax is actually paid,
   and such interest shall be paid before furnishing the statement in
   accordance with the provisions of sub-section (3) of section 200:
   Provided that in case any person. including the principal officer of
   a company fails to deduct the whole or any part of the tax in           H
32         SUPREME COURT REPORTS                      [2016] 3 S.C.R.



A    accordance with the provisions of this Chapter on the sum paid to
     a resident or on the sum credited to the account of a resident but
     is not deemed to be an assessee in default under the first proviso
     to sub-section (I), the interest under clause (i) shall be payable
     from the date on which such tax was deductible to the date of
     furnishing of return of income by such resident.
B
     15. Salaries. The following income shall be chargeable to in-
     come-tax under the head "Salaries"-
     (a) any salary due from an employer or a former employer to an
     assessee in the previous year, whether paid or not;
c    (b) any salary paid or allowed to him in the previous year by or on
     behalf of an employer or a former employer though not due or
     before it became due to him;
     (c) any arrears of salary paid or allowed to him in the previous
     year by or on behalf of an employer or a former employer, if not
D    charged to income-tax for any earlier previous year.
     Explanation I .-For the removal of doubts, it is hereby declared
     that where any salary paid in advance is included in the total in-
     come of any person for any previous year it shall not be included
     again in the total income of the person when the salary becomes
E    due.
     Explanation 2.-Any salary, bonus, commission or remunera-
     tion, by whatever name called, due to, or received by, a partner of
     a firm from the firm shall not be regarded as "salary" for the
     purposes of this section.
F    17. "Salary", "perquisite" and "profits in lieu of salary"
     defined. For the purposes of sections 15 and 16 and of this sec-
     tion,-
     (J) "salary" includes-
G    x.x
     (iv) any fees, commissions, perquisites or profits in lieu of or in
     addition to any salary or wages;
           xx
     (3) "profits in lieu of salary" includes-
H
  ITC LIMITED GURGAON v. COMMISSIONER OF l.T. (TDS)                            33
               DELHI [R.F. NAR!MAN, J.]

      (i)' the amount of any compensation due to or received by an             A
      assessee from his employer or former employer at or in connection
      with the termination of his employment or the modification of the
      terms and conditions relating thereto;
      (ii) any payment (other than any payment referred to in clause
      (10), clause (JOA), clause (JOB), clause (11), clause (12), clause       B
      (13) or clause (13A) of section 10), due to or received by an
      assessee from an employer or a former employer or from a
      provident or other fund, to the extent to which it does not consist
      of contributions by the assessee or interest on such contributions
      or any sum received under a Keyman insurance policy including
      the sum allocated by way of bonus on such policy.
                                                                               c
      Explanation.-Forthe purposes of this sub-clause, the expression
      "Keyman insurance policy" shall have the meaning assigned to it
      in clause (1 OD) of section IO;
      (iii) any amount due to or received, whether in lump sum or              D
      otherwise, by any assessee from any person-
      (A) before his joining any employment with that person; or
      (B) after cessation of his employment with that person."
      12. At this stage it is important to analyse Section 192 of the Income
                                                                               E
Tax Act. First and foremost, under sub-section (1) thereof, "any person
responsible" for paying any income chargeable under the head "salaries"
is alone brought into the dragnet of deduction of tax at source. The
person responsible for paying an employee an amount which is to be
regarded as the employee's income is only the employer. In the facts of
the present case, it is clear that the person who is responsible for paying    F
the employee is not the employer at all, but a third person - namely, the
customer. Also, if an employee receives income chargeable under a
head other than the head "salaries", then Section 192 does not get
attracted at all. In Emil Webber v. CIT, (1993) 2 SCC 453, the
Ballarpur Paper and Straw Board Mills wanted to set up a caustic soda/
                                                                               G
chlorine manufacturing plant at Ballarpur. For this purpose, it entered
into two agreements with Krebs, a French concern, which in turn entered
into an agreement with a Swiss concern for making available services
of ce1iain personnel. The assessee, Emil Webber, was a person engaged
by the Swiss concern. The assessee came to India and worked in
connection with the setting up of the said plant. The question that was        H
34            SUPREME COURT REPORTS                           [2016] 3 S;C.R.


A    posed before this Court was whether the tax component paid by Ballarpur
     of the assessee's taxable income could be included within the income of
     the assessee. This Court, in answering the said question, specifically
     stated in paragraph 8, that the question arose as to under which head of
     income should the said income be placed. This Court held that inasmuch
     as the assessee is not an employee ofBallarpur, which made the payment,
B
     it cannot be brought within the purview of Section 17 of the Act. Thus,
     such income must necessarily be placed under Section 56( I) of the Act
     as 'income from other sources'.
           13. Following the aforesaid decision, it is clear that as income from
     tips would be chargeable in the hands of the employees as income from
c    other sources, such tips being received from customers and not from the
     employer, Section 192 would not get attracted at all on the facts of the
     present case.
         14. Section 15 of the Act is in three parts. Sub-clause (a) refers to
   salary that is "due" from an employer or a former employer, whether
D paid or not. Under this sub-clause, salary is taxable upon accrual - it
  ·matters not whether payment is actually made or not. On the other
   hand, under sub-clause (b), with which we are directly concerned, any
   salary that is paid or allowed to an employee by or on behalf of an
   employer or former employer though not due, or before it becomes due,
E becomes taxable. Under this sub-clause, it matters not whether the salary
   is at all due. Payment made or allowance given to the employee by or
   on behalf ofan employer or former employer is sufficient to bring such
   payment or allowance to tax under the said sub-clause. Under sub-clause
   (c) any arrears of salary paid or allowed to an employee by or on behalf
   ofan employeror previous employer ifnot earlier charged to income tax
F in any previous year is also brought to tax.
           15. It can be seen, on an analysis of Section 15, that for the said
     Section to apply, there should be a vested right in an employee to claim
     any salary from an employer or former employer, whether due or not if
     paid; or paid or allowed, though not due. In CIT v. L.W. Russel reported
G    in 53 ITR 91 (SC), this Court dealt with the provisions of Section 7(1) of
     the 1922 Act, which preceded Sections 15 and 17 of the present Act.
     Holding that it is necessary for the employee to have a vested right to
     receive an amount from his employer before he could be brought to tax
     under the head "salaries", this Cou11 held:-
H
ITC LIMITED GURGAON v. COMMfSSIONER OF l.T. (TDS)                          35
             DELHf [R.F. NARIMAN, J.]

   "Now let us look at the provisions of section 7(1) of the Act in        A
   order to ascertain whether such a contingent right is hit by the
   said provisions. The material part of the section reads:
      "7 .(I )-The tax shall be payable by an assessee under the head
      'salaries' in respect ofany salary or wages, any annuity, pension
      or gratuity, and any fees, commissio11s, perquisites, or profits     B
      in lieu of, or in addition to, any salary or wages, which are
      allowed to him by or are due to him, whether paid or not,
      from, or are paid by or on behalf of................ a
      company.................... .
       Explanation I- For the purpose of this section, 'perquisite'        c
       includes-
      (v) any sum payable by the employer, whether directly or
      through a fund to which the provisions of Chapters fXA and
      IXB do not apply, to effect an assurance on the life of the
      assessee or in respect of a contract of annuity on the life of       D
      the assessees."
      This section imposes a tax on the remuneration of an
      employee. It presupposes the existence of the relationship of
      employer and employee. The present case is sought to be
      brought under the head "perquisites in lieu of, or in addition to,
                                                                           E
      any salary or wages, which are allowed to him by or are due
      to him, whether paid or not, from, or are paid by or on behalf
      of a company". The expression "perquisites" is defined in the
      Oxford Dictionary as "casual emoluments, fee or profit
      attached to an office or position in addition to salary or wages".
      Explanation I to Section 7( I) of the Act gives an inclusive         F
      definition. Clause (v) thereof includes within the meaning of
      "perquisites" any sum payable by the employer, whether
      directly or through a fund to which the provisions of Chapters
      IXA and IXB do not apply, to effect an assurance on the life
      of the assessee or in respect of a contract for an annuity on
                                                                           G
      the life of the assessee. A combined reading of the substantive
      part of Section 7( I) and clause (v) of Explanation I thereto
      makes it clear that if a sum of money is allowed by the
      employee by or is due to him from or is paid to enable the
      latter to effect an insurance on his life, the said sum would be
      a perquisite within the meaning of section 7( 1) of the Act and,     H
36             SUPREME COURT REPORTS                            [2016) 3 S.C.R.



A               therefore, would be eligible to tax. But before such sum
                becomes so exigible, it shall either be paid to the employee or
                allowed to him by or due to him from the employer. So far as
                the expression "paid" is concerned, there is no difficulty, for it
                takes in every receipt by the employee from the employer
                whether it was due to him or not. The expression "due"
B
                followed by the qualifying clause "whether paid or not" shows
                that there shall be an obligation on the part of the employer to
                pay that amount and a right on the employee to claim the
                same. The expression "allowed", it is said, is of a wider
                connotation and any credit made in the employer's account is
c               covered thereby. The word "allowed" was introduced in the
                section by the Finance Act of 1955. The said expression in
                the legal terminology is equivalent to "fixed, taken into account,
                set apart, granted". It takes in perquisites given in cash or in
                kind or in money or money's worth and also amenities which
                are not convertible into money. It implies that a right is
D
                conferred on the employee in respect of those perquisites.
                One cannot be said to allow a perquisite to an employee ifthe
                employee has no right to the same. It cannot apply to contingent
                payments to which the employee has no right till the
                contingency occurs. In short, the employee must have a vested
E               right therein."
           16. On the facts of the present case, it is clear that there is no
     vested right in the employee to claim any amount of tip from his employer.
     Tips being purely voluntary amounts that may or may not be paid by
     customers for services rendered to them would not, therefore, fa! I within
F    Section l 5(b) at all. Also, it is clear that salary must be paid or allowed to
     an employee in the previous year "by or on behalf of' an employer.
     Even assuming that the expression "allowed" is an expression of width,
     the salary must be paid by or on behalf of an employer. It must first be
     noticed that the expression "employer" is different from the expression
     "person". An "employer" is a person who employs another person under
G    a contract of employment, express or implied, to perform work for the
     employer. Therefore, Section l 5(b) necessarily has reference to the
     contract of employment between employer and employee, and salary
     paid or allowed must therefore have reference to such contract of
     employment. On the facts of the present case, it is clear that the amount
H    of tip paid by the employer to the employees has no reference to the
  ITC LIMITED GURGAON v. COMMISSIONER OF I.T. (TDS)                           37
               DELHI [R.F. NARIMAN, J.]

contract of employment at all. Tips are received by the employer in a         A
fiduciary capacity as trustee for payments that are received from
customers which they disburse to their employees for service rendered
to the customer. There is, therefore, no reference to the contract of
employment when these amounts are paid by the employer to the
employee. Shri Kaul, however, argued that there is an indirect reference
                                                                              B
to the contract of employment inasmuch as but for such contract, tips to
employees could not possibly have been paid at all. We are afraid
that this argument must be rejected for the simple reason that the
payments received by the employees have no reference whatsoever to
the contract of employment and are received from the customer, the
employer only being a conduit in a fiduciary capacity in between the          c
two. Indeed, if Shri Kaul's arguments ·were to be accepted, even the
position accepted by the revenue and consequently the High Court that
tips given in cash, which admittedly are not covered by Section 192,
would also then be covered inasmuch. as such tips also would not have
been given but for the contract of employment< between employer and
                                                                              D
employee. Clearly, therefore, such argument does not avail Revenue.
      17. However, the sheet anchor ofShri Kaul's submission is Section
I 7(3)(ii) in which Shri Kaul stressed that any payment received by an
assessee from an employer would be regarded as profits in lieu of salary.
According to Shri Kaul it is undisputable that payments were received
by the employees from their employer and that, without more, Section          E
17 would therefore be attracted to the facts of the case. This argument
again cannot be countenanced for the simple reason that Section 17(3)
itselfuses two different expressions- "employer" in sub-clause (ii) and
"person" in sub-clause (iii). Obviously "person" is wider than "employer".
Even the word "person" which appears in the said sub-clause has               F
reference either to a future employer or a past employer. Therefore, it
is clear that under the scheme of Section 17, payment must be by an
employer, whether such employer is a future employer or a past employer
of the employee in question. When sub-clause (ii} uses the expression
"employer", it uses the said expression in the same sense as is used in
Section 15, as the opening line of Section 17 itself states that "for the     G
purposes of Section 15" salary includes profits in lieu of salary. We
have already held that the word "employer" in Section 15 necessarily
brings in a contract of employment, express or implied, and for this reason
also we are afraid we are not able to accept Shri Kaul's argument.
                                                                              H
38            SUPREME COURT REPORTS                            [2016] 3 S.C.R.


A          18. The judgment of this Court in CIT v. L.W. Russel reported in
     53 ITR 91 (SC) was relied upon by Shri Kaul stating that the expression
     "allowed" is of a wider connotation and would be equivalent to "fixed,
     taken into account, set apart or granted". We have already held that
     given the fact that the expression "allowed" is of wide amplitude, yet the
     other expressions in Section 15 as construed by us would exclude tips
B
     ft:om its purview.
          19. Interestingly, this Court in Rambagh Palace Hotel's case
     (supra), in paragraph No.2 held as under:-
           "We regret to be unable to agree with the counsel on this point. It
c          is well-known that in important hotels in the country-the appellant
           is now a five star hotel-the customers are of the affluent variety
           and pay tips either to the waiters directly or in the shape of service
           charges or otherwise to the management along with the bill for
           the items consumed. In short, the true character of tips cannot be
           treated as any payment made by the management out of its pocket
D          but a transfer of what is collected to the staff as it is intended by
           the payer to be so distributed. It may also happen that more money
           comes in by way oftips into the pockets of the management than
           distributed by it. We cannot therefore consider the receipt of tips
           by the staff as anything like a payment made by the management
E          to its employees warranting consideration by the tribunal to depress
           the award of dearness allowance. Of course, it is a factor which
           may perhaps be in the mind of the tribunal when he finalised the
           actual figures. There is no reason for us to think that although not
           specifically put down in his order, the tribunal has lost sight of this
           circumstance. For this reason, we think there is no ground for
F          interference with the award of the Industrial Tribunal. Having
           regard to the fair way the case has been placed before us, we do
           not regard this as a case where costs should be awarded while
           dismissing the appeal. The appeal is dismissed but the parties will
           bear their own costs."
G        This judgment was followed in Quality Inn Southern Star v. ESI
     Corpn., (2008) 2 SCC 549.
          20. Shri Kaul sought to distinguish the aforesaid judgments as they
     arose in contexts that were outside the Income Tax Act. For this, he
     relied upon Jagatram Ahuja v. Commissioner of Gift Tax,
H    Hyderabad, (2000) 8 SCC 249 at paragraph 23, for the proposition that
  ITC LIMITED GURGAON v. COMMISSIONER OF I.T'. (TDS)                           39
               DELHI [R.F. NARIMAN, J.]

words judicially construed in a particular statute cannot be a guide to        A
construction of the same words in another statute, unless the concerned
statutes are statutes in pari materia. He argued that the Rambagh
Palace Hotel judgment arose in the context of an award made by the
Industrial Tribunal in favour of the workers of the Rambagh Palace
Hotel who had raised a dispute on the score that the price index having
                                                                               B
gone up, the workers were entitled to adequate compensation by way of
dearness allowance. It is in this context, that according to Shri Kaul, this
Court held that the true character of tips cannot be treated as any
payment made by the management out of its pocket but only as a transfer
of what is collected, to the staff, as it is intended by the employer to be
distributed to the staff.                                                      c
      21. Shri Kaul may be right in his submission that generally speaking
the context of the two statutes being different, no reliance can be placed
as a precedent on the Rambagh Palace Hotel case. However, we
may point out that the statement by this Court that the true character of
tips cannot be treated as any payment made by the management but               D
only as a transfer of what is collected from the customer and paid to the
staff is equally applicable to the facts-of the present case. Similarly, the
Quality Inn Southern Star case was also a judgment in a different
context, namely the Employees' State Insurance Act, 1948. In that case,
it was held that the amounts of tips received by employees were not in
the nature of wages as they were not given to the employees under the          E
terms of the contract of employment, either express or implied. The.
aforesaid statement made by this Court, though made in a different
context, would apply on all fours in the present case, again for the reasons
mentioned hereinabove.
      22. Along the lines of the aforesaid judgments, the House of Lords,      F
in Wrottesley v. Regent Street Florida Restaurant, [1951] 2 K.B.
277 dealt with a case in which, under a tronc system, customers' tips are
shared out between the waiters, and, in some cases, other members of
the staff. This judgment arose under Section 9(2) of the Catering Wages
Act, 1943 which provided that if an employer fails to pay to a worker, to
                                                                               G
whom a wages regulation order applies, remuneration not less than the
statutory minimum remuneration (clear of all deductions), he shall be
guilty of an offence. The question that arose in that case is whether tips
received by waiters under the tronc system were to be regarded as
"remuneration" so as to take the employer out of Section 9 (2) aforesaid.
In this context, the House of Lords held:                                      H
40            SUPREME COURT REPORTS                            [2016] 3 S.C.R.


A          "What we have to decide is whether, when a waiter receives a
           payment from the tronc in the manner found in the case, that sum
           can be regarded as remuneration paid to him by, or as remunera-
           tion obtained by him in cash from, his employer. In our opinion,
           when a customer gives a tip to a waiter the money becomes the
           property of the latter. The customer has no intention of giving
B
           anything to the employer. Mr. Salmon, indeed, did not contend
           that in a case where no tronc existed, a tip given by a customer
           could be regarded as remuneration paid by or obtained from the
           employer. But where the tronc system obtains the money given
           by the customer is paid into a tronc or pool by the waiter so that it
c          then becomes the joint property of all those entitled to share in the
           pool. In parenthesis, it may be seen by reference to a French
           dictionary, that the word tronc: is applied to a box or receptacle for
           money, and can be used to indicate, for instance, a poor box.
           It seems to us that there is no ground for saying that these tips
D          ever became the property of the employers. Even ifthe box were
           kept in the actual custody of the employer he would have no title
           to the money: the position would be exactly the same as if the
           owner of some bank notes and coin put them in a bag and handed
           it to some person to keep for him. When the tronc money is shared
           out the waiters are dividing up their own money. Accordingly, we
E          hold that the sums received from the tronc by the waiters cannot
           be taken into account in computing the amounts paid by the
           respondents to them."
          23. We approve of the reasoning contained in this judgment and
     hold that payments of collected tips made in the manner indicated in
F    Paras 7 and 9 above would not be payments made "by or on behalf of'
     an employer. We agree with the statement of law that there is no ground
     for saying that these tips ever became the property of the employers.
     Even if the box were kept in the actual custody of the employer he
     would have no title to the money as he would hold such money in a
G    fiduciary capacity for and on behalf of his employees. In the said cir-
     cumstances, it is clear that such payments wou Id be outside the purview
     of Section l S(b) of the Act.
          24. It remains to deal with the sheet anchor of Shri Kaul's
     submission, which is this Court's judgment in Karamchari Union, Agra
H    v. Union oflndia, (2000) 3 SCC 335. In th is judgment, this Court was
  ITC LIMITED GURGAON v. COMMISSIONER OF I.T. (TDS)                               41
               DELHI [R.F. NARIMAN, J.]

faced with whether city compensatory allowance and other allowances               A
such as house rent allowance are "salary" under Section 17. This Court
held that Section 17 gives an exhaustive meaning to the expression
"salary" by extending the ordinary connotation of the word to fees,
commissions, perquisites or payments of profits in lieu of salary which
are not ordinarily considered to be salary. The question posed before
                                                                                  B
this Court was what does the expression "salary" signify. Would it also
i_nclude any payment received from the employer relatable to or out
of the profits or could it be understood as any pecuniary gain or
advantage? This Couti held:-
      "ln our view, even though there is much substance in the
      contentions raised by the learned counsel for the assessee yet it is        c
      to be stated that the Act is a self-contained code and the taxability
      of the receipt of any amount or allowance is to be determined on
      the basis of the meaning given to the words or phrases in the Act.
      Section 2(24) of the Act gives a wide inclusive definition to the
      word "income". Similarly, for levying tax on salary income, an              D
      exhaustive definition is given under Section 17, which includes
      perquisites and profits in lieu of salary. The only exclusion provided
      under sub-section (3) is any payment referable to clause (10),
      clause ( 10-A), clause ( 10-8), clause ( 11 ), clause ( 12), clause ( 13)
      or clause (13-A) of Section 10. In view of this specific inclusion
      and exclusion in the meaning of the word "income" and "salary",              E
       it is rightly submitted that payment received by the assessee has
      no connection with the profits of the employer. The word "profits"
      is used only to convey any "advantage" or "gain" by receipt of
      any payment by the employee.
      Applying the aforesaid general meaning of the word "profits" and             F
      considering the dictionary (sic statutory) meaning given to it under
      Sections 17(l)(iv) and (3)(ii), it can be said that "advantage'" in
      terms of payment of money received by the employee from t lie
      employer in relation or in addition to any salary or wages would
      be covered by the inclusive definition of the word. "salary".
                                                                                   G
      Because of the inclusive meaning given to the phrase "profits in
      lieu of salary" would include "any payment" due to or received
      by an assessee from an employer, even though it has no connection
      with the profits of the employer. It is true that the legislature might
      have avoided giving an inclusive meaning to the word "salary" by
      stating that any payment received by the employee from an                    H
42            SUPREME COURT REPORTS                             [2016] 3 S.C.R.


A          employer would be considered to be salary except the payments
           which are excluded by Section I 7(3)(ii) i.e. clause (I 0), ( 10-A),
           (10-B), ( 11 ), (12), (13) or ( 13-A) of Section 10. However, it is for
           the legislature to decide the same. This would not mean that by.
           giving an exhaustive and inclusive meaning, the word "profits"
           can be given a meaning only when it pertains to sharing of profits
B
           by the employer. For the assessee, the receipt of such amount
           would be a profit, gain or advantage in addition to salary, even
           though it is not named as salary. Therefore, the word "profits" in
           context is required to be understood as a gain or advantage to the
           assessee. Hence, it is not possible to accept the contention of the
c          learned counsel for the employee that as the CCA amount is paid
           to meet the additional expenditure as contemplated by the statutory
           Service Rules, it cannot be said to be profit, gain or additional
           salary. Under the Act, such receipt of the amount as conceded is
           covered by the definition of the word "income" and as provided it
           would be in addition to salary. Hence, it would be part and parcel
D
           of income by way of salary, which would be a taxable one.
           In the result, we hold that DA, CCA and HRA would be taxable
           income. Since, counsel for the employees did not make any
           submission with regard to other allowances like night allowance,
           tuition fee, leave encashment linked with leave travel concession,
E          running allowance etc. we do not pass any order with regard to
           those allowances." [at paras 23, 25 and 28]
           25. All that was held by this Court in the aforesaid decision is that
     even if an amount is received by an employee which has no connection
     with the profits of the employer, it may yet be salary as any advantage
F    or gain by receipt of such payment would be included in the expression
     "profits in lieu of salary". Hence, this court did not accede to the
     contention of learned counsel for the assessee that as the CCA amount
     is paid to meet additional expenditure as contemplated by statutory service
     rules, it cannot be said to be "profit". This Court finally held that CCA
G    and HRA would be taxable income in the hands of the employee.
           26. It is wel 1settled that a case is an authority, for what it decides,
     and not for what logically follows from it. This case in no manner supports
     Shri Kaul's submission on Section I 7(3)(ii) that the moment any amount
     is received from an employer by an employee, without more, such amount
H    becomes a profit in lieu of salary. In the Karamchari Union judgment,
  ITC LIMITED GURGAON v. COMMISSIONER OF I.T. (TDS)                           43
               DELHI [R.F. NARIMAN, J.]

CCA and HRA arose directly from the employer- employee relationship.          A
The question the Court had to answer was whether a pecuniary advantage
in the form ofCCA and HRA would be covered by Section I 7, which
the Court answered in the affirmative. This Court's decision cannot be
understood to mean that even de hors the employer - employee
relationship, any amount received from the employer by an employee
                                                                              B
would become 'salary' under Section 17. We are, therefore, unable to
subscribe to the High Court's view in understanding this decision to mean
that so long as the employer pays an amount to an employee, even in a
fiduciary capacity and de hors the employer - employee relationship,
the amount so paid would come within the head "salary".
     27. Shri Kaul also relied upon two English judgments and one             c
Australian judgment to buttress his submission.
      28. Before adverting to the English judgments, it is necessary first
to set out the statutory scheme contained in Schedule E of the English
Income Tax Act, 1918.
                                                                              D
                            "SCHEDULE E
      Tax under Schedule E shall be charged in respect or every public
      office or employment of profit and in respect of every annuity,
      pension, or stipend payable by the Crown or out of the public
      revenue of the United Kingdom, other than annuities charged under       E
      Schedule C, for every twenty shillings of the annual amount
      thereof."
      "1. Tax under this Schedule shall be annually charged on every
      person having or exercising an office or employment of profit
      mentioned in this Schedule, or to whom any annuity, pension, or
                                                                              F
      stipend, as described in this Schedule, is payable, in respect of all
      salaries, fees, wages, perquisites or profits whatsoever therefrom
      for the year of assessment, except as otherwise provided, after
      deducting the amount of duties or other sums payable or chargeable
      on the same by virtue of any Act of Parliament, where the same
      have be~n really and bona fide paid and borne by the party to be        G
      charged."
     29. The difference in language between the U.K. Act and Sections
15 and 17 of the Income Tax Act, 1961 is obvious. There need not be an
employer employee relationship under Schedule E read with Rule I to
attract the aforesaid provision. Since this is the case, it is clear that     H
44             SUPREME COURT REPORTS                           [2016] 3 S.C.R.


A    amounts that are received by any person chargeable under the said
     Schedule and Rule become taxable even ifthe said amount is paid by a
     third person. Keeping this vital difference in view, let us analyse the two
     English judgments relied upon by Shri Kaul.
           30. In Calvert (Inspector of Taxes) v. Wainwright, [ 194 7] l
B    KB 526, the question posed before the King's Bench was: Are tips
     received by taxi drivers from their customers assessable to income tax
     in their hands? The King's Bench Division held that such tips are
     assessable under Schedule E read with Rule I of the Income tax Act,
     1918. In so holding, the King's Bench held that though persons like taxi
     drivers have no vested right to ask for tips, they would yet be covered.
c    This is for the reason that Rule I indicates that emoluments may be
     received either from the employer or from a third party as a reward for
     services rendered in the course of employment. This case is obviously
     distinguishable, first, on the ground that an emolument received from a
     third party is not covered by Sections 15 and 17 of the Indian Income
D    Tax Act unless such emolument is on behalf of an employer. Secondly,
     the case dealt with whether such emoluments may be taxable in the
     hands of the taxi driver. It is nobody's case thatthe amount of tips received
     by the employees in the present cases are not taxable in their hands -
     indeed learned counsel for the assessees have stated that they are so
     taxable as income from other sources. The question that we have to
E    determine is somewhat different- whether the person responsible for
     paying salary income to his employee is liable to deduct the tax of the
     employee and pay it over on an estimated basis under Section 192 of the
     Income Tax Act. For both the aforesaid reasons, this judgment therefore
     does not take Shri Kaul 's case any further.
F          31. Similarly, the judgment in Moorhouse (Inspector of Taxes)
     v. Dooland, [ 1955] 2 W.L.R. 96, also arose under Schedule E Rule I.
     The question posed in that case was whether collections made by a
     professional cricketer for his own benefit under a contract with a cricket
     club could be assessed to tax under the aforesaid provisions. The Court
     of Appeal, in holding that such sum could so be assessed to income tax,
G
     held that by an express term in the contract of employment the cricketer
     was entitled to solicit contributions from spectators. Since.this was the
     actual situation before the Court of Appeal, the Court of Appeal held
     that from the standpoint of the recipient, such voluntary payments accrued
     to him by virtue of his employment by the cricket club. A distinction was
H    made by the Court of Appeal, regard being had to the U.K. statute,
  ITC LIMITED GURGAON v. COMMISSIONER OF I.T. (TDS)                          45
               DELHI [R.F. NARIMAN, J.]

between voluntary payments made in circumstances on a ground personal        A
to the recipient as opposed to those which arise from his contract of
employment. The Court of Appeal held that given the special facts of
the ca~e, being the clause contained in the contract of employment, that
the said amounts could not be said to be purely personal to the cricketer
but arose from his contract of employment. For the very reasons given
                                                                             B
in distinguishing the earlier U.K. judgment, we find this judgment also
has no application as the U.K. statute is markedly different from Sections
 15 and 17 of the Indian Income Tax Act, and that consequently the tests
applied by the English Courts, being based upon the language of the
U.K. Income Tax Act, would not apply to the situation in India.
      32. A judgment cited by the appellants has also to be dealt with in    c
this context. In Hochstrasser (Inspector of Taxes) v. Mayes, [1960]
A.C. 376, a certain company employed many persons in numerous
factories in different places. The employees were required by their
service agreement to be prepared to serve the employer wherever
required. A housing scheme was entered into with the employees under         D
which, whenever the employee had to shift residence, and in so shifting
would incur a loss on selling the house in the place from which he was
transferred, the Company would compensate such loss. This loss was
the subject matter of assessment under Schedule E of the Income Tax
Act, 1918. The House of Lords, in this judgment, had to deal with
paragraph 2 of Schedule E which reads as follows:-                           E

      "2. Tax under this Schedule shall also be charged in respect of
      any office employment or pension, the profits or gains arising or
      accruing from which would be chargeable to tax under Schedule
      D but for the proviso to paragraph I of that Schedule .... "
                                                                             F
      33. The House of Lords held that it is not enough for the Crown to
establish that the employee would not have received the sum on which
tax is claimed had he not been an employee at all. The Court must be
satisfied that the service agreement was the causa causans and not
merely the causa sine qua non of the receipt of the amount.
                                                                             G
     34. Having held that the judgments cited by Shri Kaul would have
no application to the facts of this case because they deal with the U.K.
Act, which is different in material particular from the Indian Act, this
case would also be tarnished with the same brush. However, we find
that paragraph 2 of Schedule E speaks of profits or gains arising or
accruing from any office or employment. This statutory provision, unlike     H
46            SUPREME COURT REPORTS                          [2016] 3 S.C.R.


A    paragraph 1 of the Schedule E, comes somewhat close to Section 15 of
     the Indian Income Tax Act as construed by us, and consequently the
     test of proximity with the service agreement, which was applied by the
     House of Lords, is a test applicable to the facts of the present case. We
     find, therefore, that the contract of employment in the present cases, not
     being the proximate cause for the receipt of tips by the employee from a
B
     customer, the same would be outside the dragnet of Sections 15 and 17
     of the Income Tax Act.
           35. Shri Kaul also cited before us the decision of the Supreme
     Court of Western Australia reported in 85 ATC 4283 (Kelly v. Federal
     Commissioner of Taxation). Suffice it to say that this very judgment
c    distinguished some of the English judgments on the ground that the
     Australian Act was not in pari materia with Schedule E of the English
     Income Tax Act, 1918. This being the case, and the Australian Act
     being far removed from the Indian Income Tax Act, we do not feel this
     judgment throws any further light on the issue at hand.
D          36. Shri Kaul further argued that in a cross appeal filed by the
     Commissioner oflncome Tax, we should set aside all observations made
     by the High Court insofar as penalty is concerned. We find on a reading
     of the assessment order dated 29.3.2007, that penalty proceedings under
     Section 271 C were separately initiated by the Assessing Officer, and
E    consequently form no part of this appeal. Indeed we have been told that
     by an order dated 19.6.2013, penalty under the said Section has been
     levied against ITC in Civil Appeals arising from SLP(C) Nos.20822-
     20824 of201 l. Since the High Court judgment is being set aside in toto,
     none of the observations on penalty would consequently bind either of
     the parties.
F
          3 7. A great deal of argument was made by both sides on the nature
     of interest contained in Section 20l(IA) of the Act. We find it
     unnecessary to go into this question for the simple reason that as held in
     Commissioner oflncome Tax, New Delhi v. Eli Lilly and Company
     (India) Private Limited, (2009) 15 SCC I at paragraph 91, interest
G    under section 20l(IA) can only be levied when a person is declared as
     an assessee-in-default. Having found that the appellants in the present
     cases are outside Section 192 of the Act, the appellants cannot be stated
     to be assessees-in-default and hence no question of interest therefore
     arises.
H
  ITC LIMITED GURGAON v. COMMISSIONER OF I.T. (TDS)                         47
               DELHI [R.F. NARIMAN, J.]

     38. In the view we have taken it is unnecessary to go into various     A
other submissions made by counsel on both sides. The appeals filed by
the assessees are, therefore, allowed and civil appeals arising out of
SLP (Civil) Nos.9587-9589 of2012 filed by Revenue are dismissed.
The judgment of the High Court is•set aside with no order as to costs.
Devika Gujral                                         Appeal disposed of.   B