Holding

The notification issued by ICAI is ultra vires, violates Articles 14 and 19(1)(g), and cannot deem the acquisition of a CFA qualification as professional misconduct.

Summary

The Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts (ICFAI) offered a Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) programme and the Council of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI) issued a notification stating that any Chartered Accountant (CA) who obtained the CFA qualification and did not surrender it by a prescribed date would be guilty of professional misconduct under the Chartered Accountants Act, 1949. ICFAI challenged the notification, arguing that it violated Articles 14 and 19(1)(g) of the Constitution and that Section 7 of the Act only prohibits the use of a designation, not the acquisition of an additional qualification. The Supreme Court held that the notification was ultra vires, as Section 7 does not forbid acquiring qualifications and the proviso does not permit a blanket prohibition; consequently, the acquisition of the CFA qualification cannot be deemed professional misconduct. The Court further ruled that the notification infringed the fundamental right to practice a profession and was not a reasonable restriction under Article 19(6). Accordingly, the notification was quashed and the High Court’s order set aside. The appeal was allowed.

Issues considered

The validity of ICAI's notification prohibiting CAs from acquiring the CFA qualification under Sections 7 and 24A of the Chartered Accountants Act, 1949.
Whether the notification amounts to professional misconduct as defined in Section 22 of the Act.
Whether the notification violates Articles 14 and 19(1)(g) of the Constitution of India.
Interpretation of the proviso to Section 7: does it allow a prohibition on acquiring other qualifications?
Whether a statutory authority can, by notification, prohibit the acquisition of a qualification.

Legislation cited

Chartered Accountants Act, 1949s. 22, s. 24A, s. 7

Subjects

professional misconductChartered Accountants ActSection 7Section 24ACFA qualificationfundamental rightsArticle 14Article 19(1)(g)ultra viresstatutory authoritynotification

Judgment

INSTITUTE OF CHARTERED FINANCIAL A
ANALYSTS OF INDIA AND ORS.
i:
COUNCIL OF THE INSTITUTE OF
CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS OF INDIA AND ORS.

MAY 16, 2007 B

[S.B. SINHA AND MARKANDEY KATJU, JJ.]

Chartered Accountants Act, 1949-Sections 7, 22 and 24A-Chartered C
Financial Analyst (C.F.A.) Course/Programme offered by a registered society-
Council of Institute of Chartered Accountants of India issuing notification
. prescribing that its members i.e. Chartered Accountants (C.A.), who had
obtained qualification from that Society, if they did not surrender same by
a prescribed date, they would be guilty of profe: 5ional misconduct under the
Act-Correctness of-Held-Functions of C.F.A. were altogether different D
from those ofa C.A., and did not include those in exclusive domain of latter-
Similarly in designation on premise that three papers taught by Institute
were also taught by Society was immaterial-Society did not commit offence
under Section 24A(J) of awarding degree similar to that of Institute, and
award of qualification by it could not be said to be nullity-Section 7 only
debarred member of Institute from using a qualification; it did not prohibit E
C.A. from acquiring a qualification-Acquisition of a qualification being an
inherent and human right, it could not prohibited except by a statutory
interdict-Use of same as permitted by Section 7 was not per se illegal, and
no misconduct arose as a result thereof-Section 24A could not be read with
Section 7, and being a penal provision, had to be construed strictly- F
Otherwise too, notification was impermissible as professional misconduct
having been defined under Section 22, a statutory authority could not
transgress its authority to say by an administrative order that acquisition of
a qualification by a member of Institute shall itself constitute a misconduct-
Notification issued by Council, being a law within meaning ofArticle 13(3)(a)
of Constitution, 1950 and violative of Articles 14 and 19 (I) (g) thereof. is G
quashed.

Words and phrases-Any other qualification that he may possess-In

I ;27
H
1128 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2007] 6 S.C.R.

A context of Section 7 of Chartered Accountants Act, 1949.
Words and phrases-Misconduct-In context of Section 22 a/Chartered
Accountants Act, 1949.

Appellant is a registered Society offering the Chartered Financial
B Analyst Course/Programme. Respondent issued a notification prescribing
that if any of its members i.e. any Chartered Accountant, had obtained the
qualification from appellant and did not surrender the same by a prescribed
date, they would be held to be guilty of professional misconduct under the
Chartered Accountants Act, 1949. Aggrieved by this, appellant filed a writ
C petition before High Court, but same was dismissed. Hence the present appeal.

Appellant contented that (i) the notification issued by respondent was
violative of fundamental rights under Articles 14 and 19(1) (g) of the
Constitution oflndia, 1950; (ii) second part of the proviso to Section 7 of the
..
Act enables the member of the Institute to use any qualification and in that
D view of the matter the qualification acquired by any Chartered Accountant
from them being a matter of statutory right, it cannot be taken away by a
delegated notification.

Respondents contended that (i) under Section 7 of the Act, a Chartered
Accountant was prohibited from using any other description, whether in
E addition thereto or in substitution thereof; (ii) the letters 'CFA' closely
resemble 'FCA' and are capable of misleading the lay public and also conveying
the entirely erroneous impression that a FCA with a CFA is superior to a
mere 'FCA'; (iii) proviso to Section 7 permits addition of a description or
letters to name to indicate membership of another Institute of Accountancy,
only if that other Institute, has been recognized by them and not otherwise;
F (iv) the 'other qualification' occurring to in the latter part of the proviso to
Section 7 refers to the qualification other than membership of an Institute of
Accountancy such as LL.B., Ph.D, MBA, MBBS etc; (v) the proviso cannot be
so construed as to nullify completely the prohibition in the opening part of
Section 7; (vi) their view that appellant is an institute of accountancy should
G not be interfered with by the Court having regard to their expertise in the
field of accountancy in general; (vii) item No. (i) of Part II of the Second
Schedule of the Act makes contravention of any provision of the Act or of the
regulations made there under, amount to a misconduct.

Allowing the appeal, the Court
H ,
'
INST. Of CHART. FINA. ANALYSTS Of INDIA'· COUNCIL Of 11lE INST. Of CHART. ACCOUNTAlm Of INDIA 1129

HELD (per. S. B. Sinha, J): A
1.1. The Institute is constituted under a parliamentary Act It is governed
by the provisions thereof as also the rules and regulations framed thereunder.
It being a statutory authority must confine its activities within the four-comers
of the statute. Section 7 of the Act debars a person from using a qualification;
it does not prohibit him from acquiring a qualification. If, therefore, any B
member of the Institute intends to acquire a qualification, the same being an
inherent and human right cannot be a subject-matter of prohibition until and
unless there exists any statutory interdict therefor. [Para 18] [1144-F, G]

1.2. If a notification issued under a statute is a law within the meaning
of Article 13(3)(a) of the Constitution, the same is liable to be struck down if C
it is contrary to any of the fundamental rights guaranteed under the
Constitution oflndia. (Para 32] (1148-C, D]

Indian Express Newspapers (Bombay) Private Ltd. v. Union of India,
I19851 1 sec 641, relied on
D
1.3. The notification dated 03.08.1989 issued by respondent No. 1
violates Articles 14 and 19 (1) (g) of the Constitution and is hereby quashed.
[Para 32] (1148-D]

2. Section 7 cannot be read with Section 24A of the Act. An institute
may commit an offence for awarding a degree in respect of attainment ofany E
qualification or competence similar to that of a member of institute. But
answer to such a question must be rendered as and when the same is raised.
It is not for the Court to proceed on the presumption that the appellant has
committed an offence. It is also not possible to hold that the appellant has
committed, in the event such an offence has been committed, awarding of any
degree in violation of Clause (ii) of Sub-section (1) of Section 24A of the Act F
y would be a nullity. In any event, so long awarding of any degree is not held to
be illegal or a nullity, using the same as permitted in terms of Section 7 of
the Act would not per se be illegal. If it is not per se held to be illega~ the
concept of misconduct arising as a result thereof, would not arise.
Reasonableness is the soul of law. A law is said to be the perfection of reason.
Even otherwise, Section 24A of the Act is a penal provision. It must receive a G
strict construction. What is, therefore, not contemplated is a misconduct under
the Act, cannot be termed to be a misconduct by reason of an administrative
order. A statutory authority, as is well-known, must not only act within the
four-corners of the statute, it also must act fairly and reasonably.
[Para 28] [1147-D, E, F, G) H
A
1130 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007] 6 S.C.R.

3.1. Even otherwise the notification is impermissible. What is a
,
professional misconduct has been defined. The statutory authority, therefore,
cannot transgress its authority to say that acquisition or a qualification by a
member or the Institute shall itself constitute a misconduct.
(Para 19) (1144-H; 1145-A)

B 3.2. The provision or Section 22 of the Act must be considered widely. It
must take within its sweep the misconduct or a member or the Institute, which
would disentitle him from pursuing a noble profession.
[Para 19) (1145-A) r
The Council of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India v. B.
c Mukherjea, (1958) SCR 371 and HA. K Rao v. Council ofInstitute ofChartered
Accountants of India, New Delhi, AIR (1967) SC 1257, distinguished

3.3. Whether misconduct has been conducted or not would depend upon
the statute in question and the nature of misconduct said to have been
committed. A misconduct must be definite or precise but subject to its generic
D
meaning in absence ofany statutory definition. (Para 25) (1146-D)

3.4. When a person is otherwise entitled to acquire any additional -'I
qualification, such qualification per se, cannot be termed to be a misconduct
in its generic sense. [Para 25) (1146-D)
E
'M' an Advocate Re, AIR (1957) SC 149 and Probodh Kumar Bhowmick
v. University of Calcutta and Ors., (1994) 2 C.L.J. 456, relied on

State of Punjab and Ors v. Ram Singh Ex. Constable, AIR (1992) SC
2188, B.C. Chaturvedi v. Union of India, [1995) 6 SCC 749, referred to.
F
3.5. A distinction must be drawn between a misconduct committed by an
employee and a professional misconduct. In the case of the latter, the person
in the profession precisely knows what is expected or him.
[Para 26) (1146-E)

G 3.6. It may not be possible to lay down all such misconducts but, it would
be too much to contend that even an acquisition or an additional qualification
would come within the purview thereof. Such a broad meaning defy all norms.
[Para 26) (1146-t)

B. P. Sharma v. Union ofIndia and Ors., (2003) 7 SCC 309, relied on
H
L

rNST. OFOfART. FlNA ANAL vm Of N>lA "·COUNCIL Of THE INST. OFOfART. ACCOUNTANTS OF INDlA 1131
4. Similarity in the designation on the premise that three of the papers A

' taught by the appellant institute are also taught by Respondent No. 1 was
immaterial. (Para 31) [1148-C)

5.1. A proviso may restrict the operation of the main provision, but by
reason thereof the rights and liabilities contained in the main provision cannot
altogether be taken away. (Para 15[ [ 1144-BJ B

5.2. The main provision of Section 7 contains the prohibition, but the
proviso appended threto only lifts such prohibition to the extent mentioned
1 therein, in respect of the other Institutes of Accountancy, the degrees granted
in respect thereof are six in number, as would appear from Appendix No. (8)
of the said Act The expression 'any other qualification that he may possess',
c
therefore, must be read as qualification other than conferred upon the member
by other Institutes of Accountancy. [Para 16) [1144-C)

5.3. The explanatory statement appended to the notification does not state
that the same had been issued for the purposes sought to be achieved by Section
D
7 of the Act. [Para 19) (1144-G)

6. Interpretation of law is the job of the superior court. An opinion of
an expert is not beyond the pale of judicial review. It would certainly not be so
when the statutory authority transgresses its jurisdiction. A decision taken
in excess of jurisdiction would render the same a nullity. E
[Para 30) (1148-B)

Vasu Dev Singh & Ors. v. Union ofIndia & Ors., (2006) 1 SCALE, 108
relied on.

(Markandey Katju, J (supplementing): F
.,,,..
I.I. It is difficult to understand how does the term 'professional
misconduct' apply to a Chartered Accountant seeking additional training and
qualification of CFA? The impugned notification clearly and flagrantly violates
the fundamental rights of the writ petitioners under Articles 14 and 19 (g) of
the Constitution oflndia. (Para 13) (1150-H) G
1.2. It is strange that the ICAI, renowned in its own field and with various
.,.. statutory responsibilities, should go out of its way to stop its members i.e•
Chartered Accountants from enhancing their knowledge, training and ability
by acquiring a 'CFA' qualification. Instead of appreciating such aspirations
of Chartered Accountants who seek to widen their know-how and horizons H
I

1132 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007] 6 S.C.R.

A they are sought to be harassed and termed as being guilty of 'professional
misconduct' Surely this cannot be regarded as reasonable.
[Para 121 [1150-G)

2.1. The court below has obviously misunderstood the difference between
the nature offunctions of the Chartered Financial Accountant Analyst and
B Chartered Accountant. [Para 141 [1151-B)

2.2. The CFA programme does not give training to become Auditors or
Accountants or Cost Accountants or Income Tax or Direct or Indirect Laws
advisers etc. These functions are performed and remain in the exclusive )-
domain of Chartered Accountants, Cost Accountants, and lawyers (though it
c is true that the CFA course includes some study of accountancy)
(Para 7) (1149-G, HJ

2.3. The main function of the CFA is to study and analyse the financial
markets and advise his clients accordingly, whereas the main function of a
C.A. is to do auditing ofa firm's (company's) balance sheet and profit and
D
loss account. These are two altogether different functions. Of course, if a
person audits a firm's ,balance sheet and P & L accounts, there may be a
conflict of interest if he also advices the same firm about its investments. An
auditor is a watchdog on behalf of the shareholders, whereas a financial adviser
advices the management. Such a possible conflict of interest can no doubt be
E prohibited by law, and such prohibition would be reasonable and in the public
interest. [Para 8) (1150-B, CJ

2.4. The notification dated 3-8-1989 goes far beyond such a reasonable
restriction. It prohibits all C.As. from joining C.F.A. course A.C.A can do
auditing work for one firm and can be financial adviser for another, in which
F case there is conflict of interest. It is only for the same firm (or company).
that he should not do both work. Moreover, a C.A. can switch over and become
exclusively C.F.A. (Para 9) (1150-D)

2.5. Thus the notification dated 3-8-1989 amounts to excessive
restriction, and it is settled that excessive restriction which is not required
G
in public interest is not reasonable and hence not saved by Article 19(6).
(Para 10) (1150-EJ

Maneklal Chotelal v. M E. Makwana, AIR (1967) SC 1373 and Express ,.,
Newspapers Ltd. v. Union of India, AIR (1958) SC 578, relied on
H
-·
INST_ Of' CHART. FINA. ANALYSTS Of [NOIA 11. COUNCll. OFTiiE fNST_ OF OIART. ACCOlJNl"ANTS OF INDIA fS.B. SINHA. J.I ll33
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 6835 of2000. A
From the Final Judgment and Order dated 29.4.1999 of the High Court
of Andhra Pradesh at Hyderabad in WA No. 1407of1990.

K.K. Venugopal, Parag P. Tripathy, Sr. Adv., Ankur Y. Ramesh, Arathi
Gupta, Y. Vismai Rao and Y. Raja Gopala Rao for the Appellants. B
S. Ganesh, Sr. Adv, K.K. Jain, Rakesh Agarwal and Pramod Dayal for
the Respondents.
-i
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

S.B. SINHA, J. I. Appellant No. I herein is a Society registered under
c
the Andhra Pradesh (Telangana Area) Public Societies Act, 1350F. At the time
of its registration it was known as 'Institute of Certified Financial Analysts',
which was changed to 'The Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts of
India'. Appellants contend that it offers the Chartered Financial Analyst
Course/Programme, which is entirely different form that offered by Respondent D
No. I. It has sought for opinion from the Director General of Investigation and
Registration in terms of Sections 11 and 36 of the Monopolies and Restrictive
Trade Practices Act, 1969 on 11.02.1988, whereto a reply was sent by the
appellants on 24.02.1988. A notice, however, was published in the journal of
Respondent No. I herein, wherein a purported caution to members about the E
appellant-Institute was published in the following terms:

"It has come to the notice of the Institute that the Institute of
Chartered Financial Analysts of India, Hyderabad is conferring the
designation of "Chartered Financial Analyst" and permitting its
members to use the letters 'C.F.A.' after their names. The Additional F
v Solicitor General of India has opined that the designation "Chartered
Financial Analyst'', would seem to be similar to the designation
Chartered Accountant especially when the letters 'C.F.A.' are added
to the name, which is very close to the letters 'F.C.A.' conferred by
the Institute of Chartered Accountant of India. He has further opined
that the activities of the Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts of G
India are violative of Section 24A of the Chartered Accountants Act,
1949. The Institute has already filed an application under Section 36
..,,-
of the MRTP Act, 1969 with the Director General, MRTP Commission,
New Delhi against the activities of the said Institute and the matter
is under investigation by the Commission." H
1134 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007] 6 S.C.R.

A 2. It is, however, not in dispute that no investigation was initiated by )
the MRTP Commission in that behalf. A notice was sent by Appellant No. 1
to Respondent No. 1, asking for a copy of the opinion of the Additional
Solicitor General so as to enable it to know the facts placed before him for
his opinion. But no response was received thereto. A reminder thereto was
sent on 15.06.1989 and by a letter dated 11.07.1989, the Secretary of Respondent
B No. 1 refused to send the copies of the case and the opinion of the Additional
Solicitor General. On or about 03.08.1989, a notification was issued by
Respondent No. 1 herein prescribing that if any member of the Respondent-
Institute i.e. any Chartered Accountant, who obtained the qualification of the
Chartered Financial Analyst on or after 01.01.1990; or having obtained the
C said qualification earlier did not surrender the same before the said date,
would be held to be guilty of professional misconduct in term of the provisions
of the Chartered Accountants Act, 1949 (for short, 'the Act').

3. A writ petition was filed before the Andhra Pradesh High Court by
Appellant No. 1 herein on or about 16.11.1989. The said writ petition was
D dismissed by a learned Single Judge by a judgment and order dated 21.11.1990,
inter alia, opining:

"The proviso to a section cannot be expected to nullify the effect
of the main Section. The proviso must be treated as an exception and
subservient to the object sought to be achieved by the main Section.
E Under Appendix No. (8) it was agreed that the Institutes previously
recognized under the Auditor's Certificate Rule, 1932, oe recognized
for the purposes of Section 7 for the use of letters, F.S.A.A. Further
the Council decided that letters or description in respect of membership
of bodies other than Accountancy Institutes can be used provided
F such use does not amount to the use of designation and in the case
of Accountancy Institutes prior recognition of the Council in this
behalf is necessary. He was also decided that in respect of
Accountancy Institutes prior recognition of the Council in this behalf
is necessary, It was also decided that in respect of Accountancy
Institutes, which are recognized and in respect of Institutes other than
G Accountancy Institutes the word 'London' in brackets may be allowed
to be added provided that in each case the respective Institutes had
permitted such addition. The Council also decided that the Institute
of Costs and Works Accountants is not an Accountancy Institute y
within the meaning of Section 7 and therefore there was no bar to the
use of these letters by the members of that Institute, if they happen
H
INST. OF CHART. FINA ANALYSTS OF JNDfA \/. COUNCIL OFTiiE INST. OF OiART. ACCOllNrANT'S Of !NOIA rs.e. SINHA. J.J 1135
~ to be their members. A
A combined reading of Section 7 and the Appendix (8) makes it
clear that Chartered Accountants who have been registered as members
of the !st respondent-Institute alone are permitted to use the letters
or description which are recognized by it. Therefore it is clear that the
designation of 'Chartered Financial Analyst' is not recognized by the B
!st respondent-Institute or for that matter by the Central Government
or by any Statute. Therefore, under Section 24A of the Act the Ist
respondent-Institute can impose restrictions on all the members of the
!st petitioner-Institute not to use the unrecognized diploma or
designation that has been awarded by the !st petitioner-Institute.
Section 24A clearly provides penalty for using the name of the Council, c
awarding degree of chartered Accountancy etc. Section 24A of the
Act reads as follows:

"24A-Penalty for using name of the Council awarding degree of
chartered accountancy, etc.
D
"(!) Save as otherwise provided in this Act, no person shall -
(i) use a name or the common seal which is identical with the name
or the common seal of the Institute or so nearly resembles it as to
deceive or as is likely to deceive the public;
E
(ii) award any degree, diploma or certificate or bestow any
designation which indicates or purports to indicate the position or
attainment of any qualification or competence similar to that of a
member of the Institute; or

(iii) seek to regulate in any manner whatsoever the profession of F
chartered accountants."

Sub-section (2) of Section 24A deals with the penalty to be
imposed in case of contravention of the provisions of sub-section(!).
Under sub-section (3) it is stated that nothing contained in this
section shall apply to any University established by law or to any G
body affiliated to the Institute. The !st respondent-Institute can also
impose restrictions on its own members and also impose penalty for
"" using the name of the Council, awarding degree of chartered
accountancy. Section 24 deals with the penalty for falsely claiming to
be a member of the Institute (R-1)
H
1136 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2007] 6 S.C.R.

A According to the petitioners, the course of study that is being
taught at the Institute is different. But the I st respondent Institute
contends that the course of study is similar. The respondents filed an
Annexure-X to the counter giving a comparative table of syllabi of
ICFAJ and !CAI. But one should not forget the fact that the 1st
respondent-Institute has got authority to change the syllabus from
B time to time depending upon the changes in the economic environment
in the national and international sphere and the Chartered Accountants
can function not only as Accountants, Auditors, Financial Advisors,
bet also as Financial Analysts. The Chartered Accountancy course !s
fairly exhaustive and includes areas in financial and investment
C management, micro economics and security evaluation, project appraisal
and Indian financial system.

Section 2(b) of the Act defines 'Chartered Accountant' as to
mean a person who is a member of the Institute and the persons who
have passed such examination and complete such training as may be
D prescribed for members of the Institute shall be entitled to h~ve their
names entered in the Register of the Institute and no member of the
Institute shall be entitled to practice whether in India or elsewhere
unless he has obtained from the Council a Certificate of practice.
According to Section 7, every member of the Institute in practice
shall, any other member may, use the designation of a chartered
E accountant and no member using such designation shall use any
other description, whether in addition thereto or in substitution
therefor. The members of the Institute are divided into two classes
viz., associates and fellows. Any person whose name is entered in the
Register is deemed to have become an associate member of the Institute
F and is entitled to use the letters "A.C.A." after his name to indicate
that he is an associate member of the Institute of Chartered
Accountants. A member, being an associate, who has been in
continuous practice in India for at least five years as a Chartered
Accountant is entitled to use the letters F.C.A. after his name to
indicate that he is a fellow of the Institute of Chartered Accountants
G and his name will be entered in the Register as a fellow of the
Institute."
y
It was further held:

'There are many Analysts in different fields such as Food Analyst
H and Chemical Analyst. But when the !st petitioner-Institute is dealing
lNST. OF CHART. f'lNA. ANALYSTS OF INDIA~· COUNCll. OF rnE INST. Of QIART. ACCOUNfA.Vl"S Of INDIA [S.B. SINHA. J.I 1137

with the accountancy profession and training people in one form or A
the other, the 1st respondent-Institute which is a statutory body is
perfectly justified in restraining their own members in using some
other designation which is akin or which resembles the designation
along with the designation that is being conferred by the 1st
respondent-Institute, which will give rise an impression in the minds B
of the general public or the persons connected with the accountancy
profession that the designation 'C.F.A.' is an additional qualification
to the persons lhat were already holding 'C.A.' or 'F.C.A.'. Such
preference cannot be taken advantage of by the members of the Ist
respondent-Institute and Section 24A of the Act gives ample power
to the !st respondent-Institute to issue the impugned Notification as C
well as the 'caution'.

4. A writ appeal filed thereagainst was dismissed by a Division Bench
of the High Court relying on or on the basis of a decision of this Court in
Dr. Haniraj L. Chulani v. Bar Council of Maharashtra & Goa, JT 1996 4 SC
162: [1996] 3 sec 342, holding: D
" ... In the instant case too what is sought to be prevented is
membership of a Chartered Accountant, who is governed by the
Chartered Accountants Act, 1949 from being a member of the 1st
appellant-institution and should a Chartered Accountant not like this
imposition, he may be free to resign from being a Chartered Accountant E
and then can be free to choose to be a member of any other institution
including that of the 1st respondent. But, so long as he continues to
be the Chartered Accountant under the Act, his degree and practice
can be regulated only under the provisions of the said Act. The
authorities under the Act also found that the degree of C.F.A. affixed F
is causing confusion and gullible public may be misguided and in
order to streer clear off such confusion and a larger public interest,
the authorities thought that the Chartered Accountants registered
under the Act and governed by the Council of the Institute of Chartered
Accountants of India not to acquire the C.F.A. and if already acquired,
shed the said membership. Having regard to the reasons stated in the G
impugned notification as also the reasoning given by the learned
single Judge, it cannot be said that there is no nexus for the object
to be achieved and that the impugned notification is irrational.
Fundamental right to practice a profession guaranteed under Article
19(1 )(g) of the Indian Constitution can always be hedged with H
I 138 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2007] 6 S.C.R.

A restrictions; but the said restrictions should be reasonable restrictions .
)
and in the instant case, having regard to the facts and circumstances
discussed and legal it cannot be said that the restrictions imposed are
unreasonable so as to negate the fundamental rights of the Chartered
Accountants to practice their profession."

B 5. Mr. K.K. Venugopal, the learned Senior Counsel appearing on behalf
of the appellants, would submit:

(i) The High Court committed a manifest error in passing the
impugned judgment insofar as it failed to take into consideration .,.
that in terrns of Section 7 of the Act any Chartered Accountant
c whether in profession or not is entitled to use any degree and
in that view of the matter, the prohibition purported to have been
imposed by reason of the impugned notification dated 03.08.1989
must be held to be arbitrary.
(ii) The said notification is violative of a person's fundamPntal right
D guaranteed under Article 19( 1)(g) of the Constitution vf India.
(iii) The power to issue such a notification being hedged with
excessive delegation, the same -would otherwise be ultra vires
Article 14 of the Constitution oflndia.

6. Mr. S. Ganesh, the learned Senior Counsel appearing on behalf of the
E
respondents, on the other hand, would submit:

(i) Section 7 of the Act prohibits a Chartered Accountant from using
any other description, whether in addition thereto or in
substitution thereof. A Chartered Accountant is, therefore,
F prohibited from using the description 'Chartered Financial Analyst'
or its affreviation 'CFA'.
(ii) Proviso to Section 7 permits a Chartered Accountant to add a
description or letters to his name to indicate membership of
another Institute of Accountancy, only if that other Institute, has
been recognized by the Council and not otherwise. Consequently,
G
addition of a description or letters to indicate membership of a
non-recognized Institute of Accountancy is prohibited, even by
the proviso to Section 7 of the Act. The 'other qualification'
occurring to in the latter part of the proviso to Section 7 refers ,...
to the qualification other than membership of an Institute of
H Accountancy such as LL.B., Ph.D, MBA, MBBS etc. The proviso
INST. OF CHART ~.4. .... NALYSTSOF INDIA 1•. COl!NCll. OfrnE INST. OF CHART ACC'Olfr.oiANTSOF INDIA !SB sr...'HA J.j 1139

cannot possibly be so construed as to nullify completely the A
prohibition in the opening part of Section 7.
(iii) The appellant Institute is an Institute of Accountancy because:
(a) There is a very substantial overlapping of the curriculum of
the ICFII and that of !CAI.
B
(b) A Chartered Accountant is exempted from giving 3 out of the
6 examination papers of the JCFAI.
(c) Strictly financial analysis is only study and analysis of
1 accounts.
(d) A Chartered Accountant is trained to do financial analysis c
and ordinarily does it as part of his practice of accountancy.
(iv) In any event, the considered view of the !CAI that ICFAI is an
institute of accountancy should not be interfered with by the
Court, having regard to the materials on record and expertise of
the Institute in the field of accountancy in general. D
(v) The !CAI is also of the considered view that the diploma/certificate
bestowed by ICFAI does indicate 'the position or attainment of
any qualification or competence similar to that of a member of the
Institute' which attracts the prohibition in Section 24A(l)(ii) of
the Act. E
(vi) Further, the letters 'CFA' closely resemble 'FCA' and are capable
of misleading the lay public and also conveying the entirely
erroneous impression that a FCA with a CFA is superior to a mere
'FCA'. This will directly result in the dilution and debasement of
the value of the membership of the Institute. F
"( (vii) Item No. (i) of Part II of the Second Schedule makes it clear that
contravention of any provision of the Act or of the regulations
made thereunder amount to a misconduct. Section 22 defines
'professional misconduct' in the widest possible terms. This
Hon'ble Court has also read and construed Section 22 and clause G
(ii) of Part II of the Second Schedule in the broadest manner.
(viii) The impugned notification seeks to make effective the prohibition
contained in Sections 7 and 24A of the Act, the constitutional
validity of which has not been challenged by the appellant before
the High Court. The notification is, therefore, not unreasonable H
1140 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007) 6 S.C.R.

A or arbitrary.
7. The Act was enacted to make provision for the regulation of the
profession Charternd Accountants. Section 2 thereof provides for definition
clause. 'Institute' has been defined in Section 2(e) of the Act to mean the
Institute of Chartered Accountants of India constituted under thereunder.
B Sub-section (2) of Section 2 creates a legal fiction to define a member of the
Institute to be in practice, when individually or in partnership with Chartered
Accountants (in practice) as a person in consideration ofremuneration received
or to be received. Sub-Section (2) of Section 2 of the Act reads as under:

"A member of the Institute shall be deemed "to be in practice",
c when individually on in partnership with chartered accountants (in
practice), he, in consideration of remuneration received or to be
received-
(i) engages himself in the practice of accountancy; or

D (ii) offers to perform or performs services involving the auditing
or verification of financial transactions, books, accounts or
records, or the preparation, verification or certification of financial
accounting and related statements or holds himself out to the
public as an accountant; or

E (iii) renders professional services or assistance in or about matters
of principle or detail relating to accounting procedure or the
recording, presentation or certification of financial facts or data;
or
(iv) renders such other services as, in the opinion of the Council,
F are or may be rendered by a chartered accountant (in practice)
and the words "to be in practice" with their grammatical variations
y
and cognate expressions shall be construed accordingly.
Explanation - An associate or a fellow of the Institute who is a
salaried employee ofa chartered accountant (in practice) or (a firm of
G such chartered accountants) shall, notwithstanding such employment,
be deemed to be in practice for the limited purpose of the training of
articled clerks."
8. Section 3 of the Act provides for incorporation of the Institute.
Section 7 of the Act, which is relevant for determination of the case, reads
H under:
lNSf, Of OfART. FINA. ANALYSTS OF INDIA 1" COUNCU. OF 1HE rNST. OF CHART. ACCOUNTANl'S OF INDIA [S.B. SINHA J.j 1141

"7. Members to be known as Chartered Accountants A
Every member of the Institute in practice shall, and any other
member may, use the designation of a chartered accountant and no
member using such designation shall use any other description,
whether in addition thereto in substitution therefor:
B
Provided that nothing contained in this section shall be deemed
to prohibit any such person from adding any other description or
letters to his name, if entitled thereto, to indicate membership of such
other Institute of accountancy, whether in India or elsewhere, as may
be recognized in this behalf by the Council, or any other qualification C
that he may possess, or to prohibit a firm, all the partners of which
are members of the Institute and in practice, from being known by its
firm name as Chartered Accountants.

Sub-section (I) of Section ~I, inter a/ia, Jays down the manner in which
an enquiry relating to misconduct of members of the Institute shall be instituted. D

Section 22 of the Act defines professional misconduct to mean:

"22. Professional misconduct defined

For the purpose of this Act, the expression "professional E
misconduct" shall be deemed to include any act or omission specified
in any of the Schedules, but nothing in this section shall be construed
to limit or abridge in any way the power conferred or duty cast on the
Council under sub-section (I) of Section 21 to inquire into the conduct
of any member of the Institute under any other circumstances."
F
Section 22A of the Act provides for a statutory appeal to a High Court
against the order of the disciplinary committee. Section 24A was introduced
in the year 1949 containing a penal provision for using the name of the
Council, awarding degree of chartered accountancy, etc. The said provision
reads as under: G

"(I) Save as otherwise provided in this Act, no person shall-

(i) use a name or the common seal which is identical with the name
or the common seal of the Institute or so nearly resembles it as to
deceive or as is likely to deceive the public; H
1142 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007] 6 S.C.R.

A (ii) award any degree, diploma or certificate or bestow any
designation which indicates or purports to indicate the position or
attainment of any qualification or competence similar to that of a
member of the Institute; or

(iii) seek to regulate in any manner whatsoever the profession of
B chartered accountants."

Sub-section (2) of Section 24A provides for punishment for violation of
the provisions of sub-section ( 1) thereof

9. Part I of the First Schedule appended to the Act lists the professional
C misconducts in relation to Chartered Accountants in practice; whereas Part
II deals with professional misconduct in relation to members of the Institute
in service. Part III deals with professional misconduct in relation to members
of the Institute generally. Part I of the Second Schedule appended to the Act
deals with professional misconduct in relation to Chartered Accountants in
practice requiring action by a High Court; whereas Part II provides for
D professional misconduct in relation to members of the Institute generally
requiring action by a High Court, whether in practice or not.

I0. A resolution has been passed by the Council under Section 2(2)(iv)
of the Act exempting a member who is holding a Certificate of Practice from
E the Institute of Cost & Works Accountants of India or the Institute of
Company Secretaries of India or from the Bar Council or such other bodies,
as may be specified in that behalf, by the Council, from the purview of clause
(3) thereof which reads as under:

"(3) "Pursuant" to Section 2(2)(iv) of the Chartered Accounts Act,
F 1949, the Council herein reiterates its opinion that a member shall be
deemed to be in practice if he, in his professional capacity and neither
y
in his personal capacity nor in his capacity as an employee, acts as
a liquidator, trustee, executor, administrator, arbitrator, receiver, adviser
or representative for costing, financial or taxation matters or takes up
an appointment made by the Central Government or a State Government
G or a Court or law or any other legal authority or acts as a Secretary
unless his employment is on a salary-cum-full-time basis;"

Clauses (2) and (3) of Appendix No. (8) read as under:

"The Council decided that letters or description in respect of
H
INST.OF CHART. FINA. ANALYSTSOf'l}l,'DfA v. COUNCll. OFlHE INST. ~CHART. ACCOUNTANTSOFINDIA jS.B. SINHA. ll 1143

membership of bodies other than Accountancy Institutes can be used A
( provided such use dos not amount to the use of designation and in
the case of Accountancy Institutes prior recognition of the Council
in this behalf is necessary. It was also decided that in respect of
Accountancy Institutes which are recognized and in respect of
Institutes other than Accountancy Institutes the word London in
brackets may be allowed to be added provided that in each case the B
respective Institutes had permitted such addition.

xxx. xxx xxx

(3) The Council also decided that the Institute of Cost and Works
Accountants is not an Accountancy Institute within the meaning of c
Section 7 and therefore there was no bar to the use of these letters
by the members of that Institute, if they happen to be our members."

11. The High Court proceeded on the basis that the notification is
covered under Sections 7 and 24A of the Act.
D
12. Before proceeding to consider the respective contentions raised by
the learned counsel for the parties, we may notice that the constitutionality
of the provisions of the Act are not in question. What was in question before
the High Court was merely the validity of the said notification dated 03.08.1989.

13. Section 7 of the Act prohibits any member using the designation of E
a Chartered Accountant from using any other description, whether in addition
thereto or in substitution therefor. Proviso appended thereto, however, inter
a/ia, permits the member of the Institute to describe any other qualification
that he may possess. The proviso is in three parts. The first part lifts the
embargo provided under the main provision in respect of membership of such F
other Institute of Accountancy, whether in India or elsewhere may be
.., recognized in that behalf by the Council. The second part enables the member
of the Institute to add any other qualification that he may possess; and third
part prohibits a firm, all the partners of which are members of the Institute and
in practice, from being known by its firm name as Chartered Accountants. We
are not herein concerned with the third part. G

14. Whereas submission of Mr. Venugopal is that the second part of the
proviso appended to Section 7 of the Act enables the member of the Institute
to use any qualification and in that view of the matter the qualification
acquired by any member f;om the appellant Institute being a matter of statutory H
1144 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007] 6 S.C.R.

A right cannot be taken away by reason of a delegated notification; the
submission of Mr. Ganesh is that the second part of the proviso must be ·
given a contextual meaning in the light of the first part thereof.

15. The role of a proviso is well-known. A proviso may restrict the
operation of the main provision, but by reason thereof the rights and liabilities
B contained in the main provision cannot altogether be taken away.

16. The main provision contains the prohibition, but the proviso
appended thereto only lifts such prohibition to the extent mentioned therein,
in respect of the other Institutes of Accountancy, the degrees granted in
respect thereof are six in number, as would appear from Appendix No. (8) of
C the said Act. The expression 'any other qualification that he may possess',
therefore, must be read as qualification other than conferred upon the member
by other Institutes of Accountancy. Such qualification of accountancy may
be conferred even by other Institutes. But as noticed hereinbefore, an exemption
had been granted by reason of a resolution of the Institute in relation to the
O Institute of Cost and Works Accountants. Furthermore, a degree confeiTed by
any university also is subject to an exemption from the rigour of the provisions
of Section 7 of the Act.

17. There cannot, therefore, be any doubt whatsoever that 'the other
qualification' would mean a qualification other than granted by an Institute
E of Accountancy, subject of course to recognition thereof by the Institute.
18. The questions, however, which is required to be posted and answered
inter alia is whether by reason of a notification, acquisition of a qualification
itself can be prohibited. The Institute is constituted under a parliamentary act.
It is goveme/l by the provisions thereof as also the rules and regulations
F framed thereunder. It being a statutory authority must confine its activities
within the four-comers of the statute. Section 7 of the Act debars a person
from using a qualification; it does not prohibit him from acquiring a qualification.
If, therefore, any member of the Institute intends to acquire a qualification,
the same being an inherent and human right cannot be a subject-matter of
G prohibition until and unless there exists any statutory interdict therefor.

19. The explanatory statement appended to the notification does not -
state that the same had been issued for the purposes sought to be achieved
by Section 7 of the Act. Even otherwise it is impermissible. What is a
professional misconduct has been defined. The statutory authority, therefore,
H cannot transgress its authority that acquisition of a qualification by a member
INST.OF CHART. ANA ANALYSTSOFINDIA,. COUNCILOFlHE INST OF CHART. ACCOUNTA"'50F INDIA rs.a. SINHA lJ 1145
of the Institute shall itself constitute a misconduct. We have no doubt in our A
mind that the provision of Section 22 of the Act must be construed widely.
It must take within its sweep the misconduct of a member of the Institute,
which would disentitle him from pursuing a noble profession.

20. Our attention, in this behalf, has been drawn to two decisions of this
Court in The Council of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India & B
Anr. v. 8. Mukherjea, [1958] SCR 371: AIR 1958 SC 72 and H.A.K. Rao v.
Council of Institute of Chartered Accoi;ntants of India, New Delhi, AIR
(1967) SC 1257. They were, however, rendered in different fact situation.

21. In 8. Mukherjea (supra), the question which arose for consideration C
before this Court was as to whether a Chartered Accountant while acting in
the capacity of a liquidator appointed by the High Court could refuse to
furnish any information to this Court and, thus, committed a misconduct.

22. In H.A.K. Rao (supra), the question which arose was as to whether
canvassing for the purpose of contesting an election to the post of an D
Institute is permissible in law.

23. We are herein concerned with the term 'misconduct'. The word
'misconduct' which in generic sense would mean, as held in Probodh Kumar
Bhowmick v. University of Ca/cul/a and Ors., (1994) 2 C.L.J. 456 is as under:
E
"Misconduct, inter alia, envisages breach of discipline, although it
would net be possible to lay down exhaustively as to what would
constitute conduct and indiscipline, which, however, wide enough to
include wrongful omission or commission whether done or omitted to
be done intentionally or unintentionally. It means, 'improper behaviour;
intentional wrong doing on deliberate violation of a rule of standard F
or behaviour:

Miscoduct is a transgression of some established and definite rule of
action, where no discretion is left except what necessity may demand;
it is a violation of definite law a forbidden act. It differs from
carelessness. Misconduct even if it is an offence under the Indian G
Penal Code is equally a misconduct."

[See also State ofPunjab and Ors. v. Ram Singh Ex. Constable, AIR (1992)
SC 2188 : 1992 4 SCC 54 and B. C. Chaturvedi v. Union ofIndia, [1995] 6 SCC
749].
H
1146 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007] 6 S.C.R.

A 24. In 'M' an Advocate Re, AIR (1957) SC 149, this court dealt with
professional misconduct in the following terms:

"As has been laid down by this Court in the matter of 'G', a Senior
Advocate of the Supreme Court (A) (supra) the Court, in dealing with
cases of professional misconduct is "not concerned with ordinary
B legal rights, but with the special and rigid rules of professional conduct
expected of and applied to a specially privileged class of persons
who, because of their privileged status, are subject to certain disabilities
which do not attach to their men and which do not attach even to
them in a non-professional character ... he (a legal practitioner) is
bound to conduct himself in a manner befitting the high and honourable
c professional the whose privileges he has so long been admitted; and
if he departs from the high standards which that professional has set
for itself and demands of him in professional matters, he is liable to
disciplinary action."

, D 25. Whether misconduct has been conducted or not would depend
upon the statute in question and the nature of misconduct said to have been
committed. A misconduct must be definite or precise but subject to its generic
meaning in absence of any statutory definition. When a person is otherwise
entitled to acquire any additional qualification, such qualification per se, in
our opinion, cannot be termed to be a misconduct in its generic sense.
E
26. There is another aspect of the matter. A distinction must be drawn
between a misconduct committed by an employee and a professional
misconduct. Jn the case of the latter, the person in the profession .xecisely
knows what is expected of him. It may not be possible to lay down all such
misconducts but, in our opinion, it would be too much to contend that even
F an acquisition of an additional qualification would come within the purview
thereof. Such a broad meaning in our opinion defy all norms.

27. In B.P. Sharma v. Union of India and Ors., [2003] 7 SCC 309, this
Court held:
G "14. The right which is guaranteed to all citizens under Article 19(1)(g)
of the Constitution of India is to practise any profession or to carry
on any calling, trade or business. Clause (6) of Article 19, however,
places a restriction that nothing would prevent the State from making
any law imposing reasonable restrictions in exercise of the right in the
H intrest of the general public. Sub-clauses (i) and (ii) further provide .•
INS"f.Clf O!ART. FINA ANALVITT ()f INDIA •·. COUNCIL ()f 1l!E INST. ()f CHART. ACCOUNfANTS ()f INDIA {SB. SINHA I.I 1147
that professional and technical qualifications, as may be thought A
necessary for practising the profession, can always be prescribed and
exclusion of carrying on of any calling, trade or business etc. is also
envisaged which is also carried on by a State or by a corporation
owned and controlled by the State. Subject to the abovenoted
restrictions the valuable right as provided under Article 19(1 )(g) is B
available to all the citizens who are free to choose any trade, business,
calling or profession etc. It obviously, also includes the manner and
terms in which they will carry on their profession, but again subject
to reasonable restrictions which may be thought necessary by the
State in the interest of the general public. On the other hand, once a
citizen voluntarily chooses to join government service or any other C
service, he would obviously be free to do so but he would be bound
by the terms and conditions of the service as may be provided under
the law or by contract of service."

28. Submission of Mr. Ganesh that Section 7 should be read with
Section 24A of the Act, in our opinion, cannot be accepted. An institute may D
commit an offence for awarding a degree in respect of attainment of any
qualification or competence similar to that of a member of institute. But
answer to such a question must be rendered as and when the same is raised.
It is not for us to proceed on the presumption that the appellant has committed
an offence. It is also not possible to hold that the appellant has committed E
an offence. It is also not possible to hold that in the event such an offence
has been committed, awarding of any degree in violation of Clause (ii) of Sub-
section (I) of Section 24A of the Act would be a nullity. In any event, so long
awarding of any degree is not held to be illegal or a nullity, using the same
as permitted in terms of Section 7 of the Act would not per se be illegal. If
it is not per se held to be illegal, the concept of misconduct arising as a result F
thereof, in our opinion, would not arise. Reasonableness is the soul of law.
A law is said to be the perfection of reason. Even otherwise, Section 24A of
the Act is a penal provision. It must receive a strict construction. What is,
therefore, not contemplated is a misconduct under the Act, in our opinion,
cannot be termed to be a misconduct by reason of an administrative order.
A statutory authority, as is well-known, must not only act within the four- G
comers of the statute, it also must act fairly and reasonably.

29. Our attention has been drawn to certain subsequent events. We do
not think that we should go thereinto. It would be for the appropriate authority
to take a decision on the basis of the said subsequent events. Submission H
1148 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007) 6 S. C.R.

A of Mr. Ganesh that the decision taken by Respondent No. l having been
taken by an expert decision and, thus, the same does not deserve any
interference at the hands of the court, in our opinion, is misconceived.

30. Interpretation of law is the job of the superior court. An opinion of
an expert is not beyond the pale of judicial review. It would certainly not be
B so when the statutory authority transgresses its jurisdiction. A decision taken
in excess of jurisdiction would render the same a nullity. [See Vasu Dev Singh
& Ors. v. Union of India & Ors.. (2006) 11 SCALE 108]

31. In any event, similarity in the designation on the premise that three
C of the papers taught by the appellant institute are also taught by Respondent
No. I cannot be a ground to uphold the contention of Mr. Ganesh.

32. If a notification issued under a statute is a law within the meaning
of Article 13(3)(a) of the Constitution, the same is liable to be struck down
if it is contrary to any of the fundamental rights guaranteed under the
D Constitution of India. [See Indian Express Newspapers (Bombay) Private
Ltd. and Ors. v. Union of India and Ors., [1985] 1 SCC 641). In our opinion
the notification dated 03.08.1989 issued by respondent No. 1 violates Articles
14 and 19(1 )(g) of the Constitution and is hereby quashed.

33. For the reasons aforementioned, the impugned judgment cannot be
E sustained which is set aside accordingly. The appeal is allowed. No costs.
MARKANDEY KATJU, J. I. I have perused the judgment of my learned
brother Hon'ble S.B. Sinha, J. and am in respectful agreement with the same.
However, I wish to add some of my own reasons.

F 2. In recent years, the country has witnessed phenomenal growth in the
field of financial markets. The funds raised by the corporate sector from the
capital market have increased exponentially, the number of stock exchanges
have increased, the investor community has multiplied. The structural
developments in the markets are the inclusion of institutional and corporate
members, of stock exchanges, and formation of the regulatory authority 'SEBI'
G to oversee the functioning of the capital market.

3. In recent decades the financial services industry has matured in our
country. A large number of mutual funds have been set up by the banks, r

insurance companies and the corporate sectors, leasing and hire purchasing

H
companies have grown in size, content and operations. Credit rating services
-
INST. Of. OfART. FlNA. ANALYSTS Of INOIA 1· COUNCR. OF lllE INST Of CHART. ACCOUNTANTS OF INDIA [KATJUJ.I 1149

( have been launched. Venture Capital Funds have been set up to meet the A
requirements of diversified industrial, research and entrepreneurial enterprises.
Reliance on international capital markets has become an important source for
financing many other developments as well in the ceuntry. This makes it all
the more important for India to have effective management, controls and
practices in line with those in the international financial markets.
B
4. In view of these developments corporate financial management and
controls have become very sophisticated and, therefore, demand highly
specialized skills for planning, decision making and controls, consistent with
--<t: .,
the practices of the world's leading financial markets.

5. Obviously, to meet the growing professional requirements of the c
financial industry, it became essential to set up an institute for education and
training of professiorrals in accordance with the norms, content, practices and
standards of the leading international markets. It is in this context that at the
request of the Indian financial industry, some eminent professionals with
extensive background in Finance/RBI/UTI/Stock Exchanges etc. promoted D
and helped establishing the Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts of India
(in short 'ICFAI') in active collaboration with the Institute of Chartered
)'
Financial Analysts of USA.

6. This collaboration helped ICFAI in establishing educational standards
in the field of financial analysis, training people, conducting examinations and E
awarding the qualification of 'Chartered Financial Analyst' (hereinafter referred
to as 'CFA')- an internationally acclaimed qualification in the field of financial
management.

7. Similar institutions have been established by many other countries,
including Europe, Japan, Australia, Singapore etc. The profession of CFA is F
y now internationally highly regarded and recognized as vital for modem and
orderly development of financial markets. The response to the CFA programme
in India has been enormous. This is confirmed by the large number of students
who have been enrolled with the Institute. The students also include Chartered
Accountants and professionals from other fields. The CFA programme does G
not give training to become Auditors or Accountants or Cost Accountants
or Income Tax law or Direct or Indirect Laws advisers etc. These functions
are performed and remain in the exclusive domain of Chartered Accountants
(hereinafter referred to as "C.A. ") Cost Accountants, and lawyers (though it
is true that the C.F.A. course includes some study of accountancy).
H
1150 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2007) 6 S.C.R.

A 8. The submission of learned counsel for respondent no. I, Mr. Ganesh,
is that the object of the impugned notification dated 3.8.1989 is to avoid
)
conflict of interest. In our opinion this submission suffers from a total
misunderstanding of the functions of a C.F.A. vis-a-vis a C.A. The main
function of the former is to study and analyze the financial markets and advise
B his clients accordingly, whereas the main function of a C.A. is to do auditing
of a firm's (or company's) balance sheet and profit and loss account. These
are two altogether different functions. Of course, if a person audits a firm's
balance sheet and P&L Accounts, there may be a conflict of interest if he also
advises the same firm about its investments. An auditor is a watchdog on
behalf of the shareholders, whereas a financial adviser advises the management.
C Such a possible conflict of interest can no doubt be prohibited by law, and
such prohibition would be reasonable and in the public interest.

9. However, the notification dated 3.8.1989 goes far beyond such a
reasonable restriction. It prohibits all C.As. from joining a C.F.A. course. A
C.A. can do auditing work for one firm and can be a financial adviser·for
D another, in which case there is no conflict of interest. It is only for the same
firm (or company) that he should not do both work. Moreover, a C.A. can
switch over and become exclusively a C.F.A.

10. Thus the notification dated 3.8.1989 amounts to excessive restriction,
and it is well settled that excessive restriction which is not required in the
E public interest is not reasonable and hence not saved by Article 19(6) vide
Maneklal Chotelal v. M.E. Makwana, AIR (1967) SC 1373 (para 46), Express
Newspapers Ltd. v. Union of India, AIR (1958) SC 578 (para 168), etc.

11. In our opinion the contentions of the learned counsel for respondent
no. I are not tenable. By the notification dated 3.8.1989 it was directed that
F Chartered Accountants shall be deemed to be guilty of 'professional
misconduct' if they become members of the ICFAI. The C.As. had been
y
directed to surrender their membership of ICFAI before !st January, 1990.
12. We find it strange that the ICAI, renowned in its own field and with
various statutory responsibilities, should go out of its way to stop its members
G i.e. Chartered Accountants from enhancing their knowledge, training and
ability by acquiring a 'CFA' qualification. Instead of appreciating such
aspirations of Chartered Accountants who seek to widen their know-how and
horizons they are sought to be harassed and termed as being guilty of
'professional misconduct'. Surely this cannot be regarded as reasonable.
H 13. We find it difficult to understand how does the term 'professional
-- INST. <F O<AAT. RNA Al<AL vm <F NllA ... COUNClL <F THE INST. <F O<AAT. ACCOUNfANTS <F INDIA (KATJIJ) I 1151
misconduct' apply to a Chartered Accountant seeking additional training and A
qualification of CFA ? In our opinion the impugned notification clearly and
flagrantly violates the fundamental rights of the writ petitioners under Articles
14 and 19(I)(g) of the Constitution of India.
14. With respect to the court below it has obviously misunderstood the
difference between the nature of functions of the Chartered Financial Analysts B
and the Chartered Accountants. Thousands of Chartered Accountants who
have become students and/or have qualified as CFAs from the Institute of
Chartered Financial Analysts of India could not have done so if the CFA
programme did not offer training and education that was not available in the
CA programme. Their involvement in such large numbers is in itself the
testament to the CFA qualification. C
15. In view of the above, the appeal is allowed. The impugned judgment
of the High Court is set aside and the notification dated 3.8.1989 issued by
the respondent No. I is quashed.

vs. Appeal allowed.