HINDUSTAN CONSTRUCTION CO. LTD.versusSTATE OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR

              HINDUSTAN CONSTRUCTION CO. LTD.                                  A
                                     v.
                 STATE OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR

                               AUGUST 28, 1992

    (S. RANGANATHAN, V. RAMASWAMI AND B.P. JEEVAN                              B
                      REDDY, JJ.]

      Arbitration Act, 1940:

      Sections 14, 29, 30 and 33-Award by Arbitrators-lnteiference
with-When arise!l-Whether arbitrators competent to award· interest from the    C
date of award till date of payment.

      Civil Procedure Code, 1908:

      Section 34-Award of interest Pendente lite-Applicability to proceed- D
ings before arbitrator.

      The appellant-company entered into a contract with the respondent-
State for the construction of a bridge. Certain disputes which arose
between them were referred to arbitration, in pursuance of a clause there-
for in the contract. There were eight items of claims by the Contractor.       E
The two joint arbitrators appointed for the purpose made an award
allowing the entire claim of the appellant on items Nos. 1 and 2 and totally
rejected the claims under items Nos. 3 and 7. Items Nos. 4, 5, 6 and 8 were
allowed in part.

      There were further proceedings before the High Court under sec-          F
lions 30 and 33 of the Arbitration Act. A Single Judge made the award in
respect of items Nos. 1, 4 and 6 a rule of Court, but set aside the award in
respect of items Nos. 2 and 5. On items No. 8, he held that the arbitrators
could not have awarded future interest upto the date of payment of the
amounts awarded. Rejection of claims under item Nos. 3 and 7 was not           G
challenged before the High Court.

     The appeal by the contractor and the cross-objections by the State
were dismissed by the Division Bench which, agreeing with the Single
Judge, set aside the award on Items No. 2 and 5 viz., dewatering of piers
by more than one pump and refund of toll tax payment, on the ground that       H
                                  297
    298                  SUPREME COURT REPORTS[l992] SUPP. 1 S.C.R.

A It was in violation of express terms of the clauses of the contract between
    the parites. On the issue of interest claim i.e. items No. 8, the Court held
    that the power to award future interest (i.e. from the date of the award till
    the date of payment) was available only to the Court and not to the
    arbitrator.

B         Hence the appellant-company filed two 11ppeals b•fore this Court in
    respect of item Nos. 2 and S, and also the grant of future interest.

          On behalf of the appellant, it was contended that in setting aside the
    award on items No. 2 and S the Court had overlooked that it was dealing
C   with a non-speaking award and travelled far beyond the scope of permis·
    slble grounds of judicial review of such an award; that in dealing with
    items No.5, the Division Bench considered itself at liberty to go beyond the
    award, take note of such reasons for the award as could proceed to
    examine whether those reasons were right or erroneous and, therefore,
    proceeded to place its own interpretation on clause 1.'~ and condition 32
D   of the contract, and having reached the conclusion that the interpretation
    placed by the arbitrators on the said clause was erroneous, proceeded to
    set aside that part of the award.

          It was contended on behalf of the State that since these were items
E covered by certain terms of the contract, the Court should look at those
    terms and interpret them.

          Allowing the appeals, this Court,

          HELD : 1. The arbitrator is competent to award interest for the
F period commencing with the date of award to the date of decree or date of
    realisation, whichever is earlier. This is also quite logical for, while award
    of interest for the period prior to an arbitrator entering upon the refer·
    ence is a matter of substantive law, the grant of interest for the post
    award period is matter of procedure. Section 34 of the Code of Civil
G   Procedure, 1908 provides both for awarding of interest pendente lite as wen
    as for the post-decree period and the principles of Section 34 "has been
    held applicable to proceedings before the arbitrator, though the section as
    such may not apply. Therefore, the High Court was not right in setting
    aside the award of interest by the arbitrators. [303 8-D]

H         Secrermy; Imgation Depaltment of Orissa v. G.C. Roy, 1991 (6) J.T.
                 HINDUSTAN CONSTRUCTION CO. v. J&K                     299

349, followed.                                                                A
      Union of India v. Bongo Steel Furniture (P) Ltd., (1967] 1 SCR
324/329 and Gujarat Water Supply & Sewage Board v. Unique Erectors,
(1989] 1 SCR 318, relied on.

       2.1. The High Court was not correct In setting aside the award on B
items No. 2 and S on the ground that there was an error apparent on the
face of the award. The award is a non-speaking one and contains· no
reasoning which can be declared to be faulty. The scope of the Court's
jurisdiction In Interfering with a non-speaking award on the above ground
In extremely limited. The arbitrators have just awarded amounts to the C
contractor, against Its claim, on Items 2 and S. They made no reference to
the contract or any of Its clauses. Even If, In fact, the arbitrators had
Interpreted the relevant clauses of the contract lo making their award on
the items lo question and even If the Interpretation Is erroneous, the Court
cannot touch the award as It Is within the jurisdiction of the arbitrators
to Interpret the contract. Whether the interpretation Is right or wrong, the D
parties will be boond; only If the arbitrators set oot their line of Inter·
pretatlon In the award and that is found erroneous can the Court Inter-
fere. [304 G·H; 305 A, G, H, 306 A•BJ

      Champsey Bhara & Co. v. Jivraj Ba/loo Spinning & Weaving Co. Ltd.,      E
L.R. 1922-50 I.A, 324, followed.

      Sudarsan Trading Co. v. Govt. of Kera/a, (1989] 1 SCR 665, relied on.

      Absalom Ltd. v. Great Western (London) Garden, Village society Ltd.,
1933 A.C. 592 and Giacomo Costa Fu Andrea v. British Italian Trading Co.      F
Ltd., 1962 (2) A.E.R. 53, referred to.

       2.2. A non-speaking award can be considered and If necessary,
interfered with on the ground of excess or jorlsdlctloo also, and Coorts
sometimes rely on this ground to set aside an award, when actually what
they were embarking upon was an interpretation or the contract and a G
criticism of the arbitrator's approach thereto. It is clear that this Is what
bas happened in the instant case. However, the instant case cannot be
brooght within the scope of the "excess of jurisdiction" role .either. The
High Court has not rested Its decision on any qoestloo nf the arbitrator
having exceeded his jurisdiction or travelled beyond the contract; It has H
    300                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS[1992] SUPP. 1 S.C.R.

A   clearly held It to be a case of "error apparent on the face of the award".
                                                                [307 G-H; 308-A]

          Sudarsan Trading Co. v. Govt. of Kera/a, [1980] 1 SCR 665, relied on.

          2.3. The clauses of the contract are not so clear or unambiguous as
B   to warrant an inference that the interpretation placed on them by the
    arbitrators Is totally unsustainable. Clause 19 does not prohibit the use of
    more than one pump for dewaterlng the well. It permits the pneumatic
    sinking or well in addtion to sinking of well by dredging methods and it Is
    not known whether any dewaterlng would have been necessary in this
C   process. This is purely a technical matter and there Is no material to bold
    that the arbitrators' interpretation was erroneous. If the arbitrators bad
    accepted the plea of the contractor that the dewatering with more than one
    pump was authorised by the officials on the spot, the Court cannot
    Interfere therewith. Likewise in Clause 1.28 and condition 32, the import
D   of the words "tender amount shall exclude" is very ambiguous and the
    parties were themselves not clear as to whether they wanted "toll tax" to be
    within this clause or outside its purview. Even reading the clauses and the
    award side by side, it is difficult to say that the arbitrators' interpretation
    Is erroneous on the face of it. [308 B·E J

E         CIVILAPPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 940 of1978.

         From the Judgment dated 31.U.1975 of the Jammu & Kashmir High
    Court in Letters Patent Appeal No. 7 of 1973.


F
          AND

          Civil Appeal No. 2868 Of 1977.

         From the Order dated 25.4.1977 of the Jammu & Kashmir High
G   Court in Application No. 4 of 1976.

          R.F. Nariman and P.H. Parekh for the Appellant.

          Ashok Mathur for the Respondent.

H         The Judgment of the. Court was delivered by
   HINDUSTAN CONSTRUCTION CO. v. J&K [RANGANATHAN, J.] 301

       RANGANATHAN, J, The appellant company entered into a contract             A
with the Public Works Department of the Jammu & Kashmir Government
for the construction of a bridge on the River Chenab at Baradari. Certain
disputes arose between them which were referred to arbitration in pursuance
of a clause therefor contained in the contract. The two joint arbitrators made
an award on 24th October 1972: There were eight items of claim by the            B
contractor which were put up for their consideration. They allowed fully the
entire claim of the appellant on items nos.1 and 2 and totally rejected the
claims under items nos. 3 and 7. The rest ofthe claims were allowed in part.

      There were further proceedings before the Jammu & Kashmir High
Court under Sections 30 and 33 of the Arbitration Act. The learned Single        C
Judge made the award in respect of items nos. 1, 4, 6 a rule of Court but
set aside the award in respect of items nos. 2 and 5. The rejection of the
claim under items nos. 3 and 7 was not challenged before him. On item 8,
he held that the arbitrators could not have awarded furture interest upto
the date of payment of the amounts awarded. The contractors filed an             D
appeal before the Division Bench and the State preferred a memorandum
of cross-objections. Both the appeal and the cross-objections were dis-
missed by the Division Bench. Hence the present two appeals.

      The contractors are aggrieved by the High Court's order on three of
the claims made by them :                                                        E
                                                   Amount
Item Subject                     Claimed               Awarded
No.                              Rs.                   Rs.
  2 Dewatering of piers          1, 26, 376.62         1, 26, 376.62
     by more than one
                                                                                 F
     pump
  5 Refund of Toll Tax           2, 49, 595.39         2, 39, 204.67
     payment
  8 Interest on the total        9% p.a.               6% p.a. from date of
     amount of claim                                   reference (6.12.68)       G
     remaining unpaid at                               to date of payment
                                                       or decree, whichever
                                                       is earlier.
       The High Court as mentioned earlier, set aside the award on items
nos. 2 and 5 and also set aside the grant of future interest. These are the H
    302                  SUPREME COURT REPORTS[l992] SUPP. 1 S.C.R.

A three issues before us.
           In regard to item no. 2 above, the arbitrators had accepted the
    contractor's claim in full. The Division Bench, agreeing with the Single
    Judge, has set aside the award on this issue on the ground that it is in
    violation of an express clause of the contract between the parties which
B   read thus:

            "19. The foundation wells will be sunk by open dredging
            methods only. If the grabs persistently done less than half
            full (i.e. not less than half a yd.) dewatering of wells and
c           removing the stratum by putting men inside will be resorted
            to only if the wells can be dewatered by 1 no. 6" x 6" pump
            without blowing. For sinking well in this manner the con-
            tractor will be paid extra rupees three per cft. of sinking
            done. If complete dewatering by 1 no. 6" x 4" (sic) pump
            without blowing of sand is not pQssible, pneumatic sinking
D           will be permitted for further sinking of the wells for which
            the contractors will be paid extra at rates quoted by them."

    Likewise, in regard to item no.5, the Court set aside the award on the
    ground that it violated the terms of clause 1.28 and condition 32 of the
    contract which were in the following terms :
E
            '1.28 Tender amount shall exclude all quarry fees, royalties,
            terminal taxes and octroi duty if any payable for materials
            to be consumed on the work. No sales tax is payable by the
            contractor on constructional works. Any payments made
F           by the contractor on this account shall be reimburshed by
            the department on production of proper original vouchers.

            Condition 32. Tender amount will exclude all quarry fees,
            royalties, terminal taxes and octroi duty if any. No sales tax
            is payable by the contractor on the constructional works.
G           Any payments made by the contractor on such account
            shall be reimbursed by the department on production of
            proper original vouchers. '1

         On the issues of interest (claim no.8) the Court held that the power
H   to award furture interest (i.e. from the date of the awa1d to the date of
       HINDUSTAN CONSTRUCTION CO. v. J&K [RANGANATHAN, J.] 303

    payment) was available only to the Court and not the arbitrator.                   A
           The question of interest can be easily disposed of as it is covered by
    recent decisions of this Court. It is sufficient to refer to the latest decision
    of. a five-judge Bench of the Court in Secretary, Irrigation Department of
    Orissa v. G.C. Roy, (1991) 6 J.T. 349. Though the said decision deals with
    the power of the Arbitrator to award interest pendente lite, the principle of      B
    the decision makes it clear that the arbitrator is competent to award
    interest for the period commencing with the date of award to the date of
    decree or date of realisation, whichever is earlier. This is also quite logical
    for, while award of interest, for the period prior to a arbitrator entering
    upon the reference is a matter of substantive law, the grant of interest for       C
    the post-award period is a matter of procedure. Section 34 of Code of Civil
    Procedrue provides both for awarding of interest pendente lite as well as
    for the post -decree period and the principle of Section 34 has been held
    applicable to proceedings before the arbitrator, though the section as such
1   may not apply. In this connection, the decision in Union of India v. Banoo         D
    Steel Furniture (P) Ltd., [1967] 1 SCR 324/329 may lie seen as also the
    decision in Gujarat Water Supply & Sewage Board v. Unique erectors, [1989]
    1 S.C.R. 318 which upholds the said power though on a somewhat different
    reasoning. We, therefore, think that the award on item no.8 should have
    been upheld.
                                                                                       E
           Now coming to the High Court's decision regarding items nos. 2 and
    5, Sri Nariman, for the appellant contends that, in setting aside the award
    on these items, the Court has overlooked that it was dealing with a
    non-speaking award and travelled far beyond the scope of permissible
    grounds of judicial review of such an award. He draws our attention to             F
    certain passages in the judgment of the Division Bench which, he submits,
    are contrary to the principles laid down in several decisions of this Court.
    In dealing with the award on items no.2, the Court observed :

                 "The above cited passage from the award clearly shows
             that the determination of dispute between the parties by                  G
             the arbitrators was based on consideration of documen-
             tary and oral evidence. Although that evidence has not
             been specially discussed in the award, yet, that evidence
             which has been perused and considered by the learned
             arbitrators for giving the award would, in our opinion,                   H
    304                  SUPREME COURT REPORTS[1992] SUPP. 1 S.C.R.

A           form part of the award and the lamed Judge in Chambers
            could, therefore, look into all that evidence. The submis-
            sion of the learned counsel therefore deserves to be
            repelled, as we do not find that the learned Judge com-
            mitted any error in looking into the record accompanying
            the award while setting aside the awrd in respect of the
B
            claim relating to item no.2."
           Again, dealing with item no.5, the Division Bench considered itself
    at liberty to go beyond the award, take not of such reasons for the award
    as could be deduced from the record accompanying the award and proceed
C   to examine whether those reasons were right or erroneous. In this view, it
    proceeded to place its own interpretation on clause 1.28 and condition 32
    of the contract, and having reached the conclusion that the interpretation
    placed by the arbitrators on the said interpretation placed by the ar-
    bitrators on the said clause was erroneous, proceeded to set aside that part
    of the award. Sri Nariman submits that in adopting this type of approach
D   to the issue the Division Bench was influenced by the following observa-
    tions of Lord Wright in Absalom Ltd. v. Great Western (London) Garden
    Village Society Ltd., (1933) AC. 592 at 612 :
                                                                                   •
            "As the action is to set aside the award for matter appearing
E           on its face the court is deparred from considering any
            matter which does not appear in the award itself or in
            documents incorporated in it. The award recited the con-
            tract between the parties and referred in terms to certain
            conditions of the contract namely clauses 26, 30 and 32;
            though these clauses are not set out in full, they must, I
F           think, be taken to be incorporated."

    which represent a line of approach which has been specifically. deviated
    from by our Courts.

          In our opinion, there is great force in the contentions urged by
                                                                                   I
G   learned counsel. The High Court has set aside the award on the above
    items on the ground that there is an error apparent on the face of the
    award. This is clearly incorrect. The award is a non-speaking one and
    contains no reasoning which can be declared to be faulty. The scope of the
    Court's jurisdiction in interfering with non-speaking award on the above
H   ground is extremely limited. The rule of limitation in this respect was
  HINDUSTAN CONSTRUCTION CO. v. J&K (RANGANATIIAN, J.] 305

enunciated by the Judicial Committee almost seven decades ago in A
Champsey Bhara & Co. v. livraj Ba/loo Spinning & Weaving Co. Ltd., L.R.
1922-50 IA. 324, in words which have been consistently and uniformly
followed and applied in all subsequent decisions. Lord Dunedin said, after
noting with disapproval certain attempts to extend the area of the court's
interference with such an award:
                                                                             B
        "An error in law on the face of the award means, in their
         Lordships' view, that you can find in the award or a docu-
         ment actually incorporated thereto, as for instance a note
         appended by the arbitrator stating the reasons for his
        judgment, some legal proposition which is the basis of the           c
         award and which you can they say is erroneous. It does not
         mean that if in a narrative a reference is made to a CO!!len-
       . tion of one party, that opens the door to seeing first what
         that contention is, and then going to the contract on which
         the parties' rights depend to see if that contentiOn is sound.
         Here it is impossible to say, from what is shown on the face        D
         of the award, what mistake the arbitrators made. The only
         way that the learned judges have arrived at fmding what
         the mistake was is by saying : "inasmuch as the arbitrators
         awarded so-and-so, and inasmuch as the letter shows that
         the buyer rejected the cotton, the arbitrators can only have        E
         arrived at that result by totally misinterpreting rule 52." But
         they were entitled to give their own interpretation to rule
         52 or any other article, and the award will stand unless, on
         the face of it, they have tied themselves down to some
         special legal proposition which they, when examined, ap-
         pears to be unsound."
                                                                             F

       The present case is precisely one of the same type as the one before
the Judicial Committee. The arbitrators have just awarded amounts to the
contractor, against its claims, on items 2 and 5. They make no reference to
the contract or any of its clauses. Yet, the State contends that since these G
are items covered by certain terms of the contract, the Court should look
at those terms and interpret them; if this is done, it is said, the State's
interpretation is bound to be accepted and that apparently accepted by the
arl!itrators will be found to be wrong. It is this contention that has been
accepted. This cannot be done. Even if, in fact, the arbitrators had inter- H
    306                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS(1992) SUPP. 1 S.C.R.

A preted the relevant clauses of the contract in making their award on the
    impugned items and even if the interpretation is erroneous, the Court
    cannot touch the award as it is within the jurisdiction of the arbitrators to
    interpret the contract. Whether the interpretation is right or wrong, the
    parties will be bound; only if they set out their line of interpretation in the
B   award and that is found erroneous can the Court interfere.

        In going further and proceeding to consider the terms of the contract
  and their interpretation, the High Court was influenced by the decision in
  Absalom Ltd. v. Great Western (London) Garden Village Society Ltd., (1933)
  AC. 592. The ratio of this decision has been discussed and explained by
C the Court of Appeal in Glacoma Costa Fu Andrea v. British Italian Trading
  Co. Ltd., (1962) 2 A.E.R. 53 and more recently by this Court (in a derision
  to which one of us was a party) in Sudarsan Tarading Co. v. Govt. of Kera/a,
  (1989) 1 S.C.R,. 665 at p.687. That decision, therefore, could not have been
  taken aid of to fault the award.
D
          There is, however, apart from the existence of an "error apparent on
    the face of the award", another angle from which a non-speaking award
    can be considered by the Court and, if necessary, interfered with. This
    ground for impeaching a non-speaking award and its limitations have been
E   explained by this Court in the Sudarsan Trading Co, case earlier referred
    to. Sabyasachi Mukherjee J. (at p. 685 of (1989] 1 S.C.R.) enunciated the
    rule and its limitation thus:

             "An award may be remitted or set aside on the ground that
F            the arbitrator in making it, had exceeded his jurisdiction
             and evidence of matters not appearing on the face of it,
             will be admitted in order to establish whether the jurisdic-
             tion had been exceeded or not, because the nature of the
             dispute in something which has to be determined outside
             the award - whatever might be said about it, in the award
G            or by the arbitrator. See in this connection, the observations
             of Russell on The Law of Aroitration, 20th Edn. 427. Also
             see the observations of Christopher Brown Ltd. v. Genos-
             senschaft Oestmeichischer etc., (1954) 1 QB 8 at p.10 and
             Dalmia Dairy Industries Ltd. v. National Bank of Pakistan,
H            (1978] 2 Lloyd's Rep. 223. It has to be reiterated that an
   HINDUSTAN CONSTRUCl10N CO. v. J&K [RANGANATHAN, J.] 307

        arbitrator acting beyond his jurisdiction - is a different          A
        ground from the error apparent on the face of the awar.d.
        In Halsbury's Laws of England (4th Edn. Vol.2 para 622)
        one of the misconducts enumerated, is. tbe decision by the
        arbitrators on a matter which is not included in the agree-
        ment or reference. But in such a case one has to determine
        the distinction between an error within the jurisdiction and
                                                                            B
        an error in excess of the jurisdiction. See the observations
        in Anisminic Ltd. v. Foreign· Compensation Commission,
        (1969) 2 AC 147 and Regina v. Noseda, Field, Knight &
        Fitzpatrick, [1958] 1 SLR 793. But, in the instant case the
        court had examined the defferent claims not to find out             c
        whether these claims were within the disputes referable to
        the arbitrator, but to find out whether in arriving at the
        decision, the arbitrator had acted correctly or incorrectly.
        This, in our opinion, the court had no jurisdiction to do,
        namely, substitution of its own evaluation of the conclusion
                                                                            D
        of law or fact to come to the conclusion that the arbitrator
        had acted contrary to the bargain between the parties.
        Whether a particular amount was liable to be paid on
        damges liable to be sustained, was a decision within the
        competency of the arbitrator in this case. By purporting to
        construe the contract the court could not take upon itself          E
        the burden of saying that this was contrary to the contract
        and, as such, beyond jurisdiciton. It has to be determined
        that there is a distinction between disputes as to the juris-
        diction of the arbitrator and the disputes as to in what way
        that jurisdiction should be exercised ..... "                        F
The learned Judge further proceeds to point out that Courts are sometime
persuaded to rely on this ground to set aside an award when, actually, what
Ibey were embarking upon was in interpretation of the contract and a
criticism of the arbitrator's approach thereto. It is clear that this is what G
has happened in the present case also. We have already mentioned that
the High Court has not rested its decision on any question of the arbitrator
having exceeded his jurisdiction or travelled beyond the contract; it has
clearly held it to be a case of "error apparent on the face of the award". In
our view, the case cannot be brought within the scope of the 11 excess of
jurisdiction" rule either.                                                    H
    308                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS[1992] SUPP. 1 S.C.R.

A         We would like to add th~t we have also heard arguments on the
    scope of the relevant clauses of the contract. It seems to us that the clauses
    are not so clear or unambiguous as to warrant an inference that the
    interpretation placed on them by the arbitrators is totally unsustainable.
    Cl.19 does not, as the High Court has said, seem to prohibit the use of
    more than one pump for dewatering the well. It permits the pneumatic
B   sinking of well in addition to sinking of wells by dredging methods and we
    are not aware whether any dewatering would have been necessary in this
    process. This is purely a technical matter and we have no material to hold
    that the arbitrators' interpretation was erroneous. The contractor has also
    contended that the dewatering with more than one pump was authorised
C   by the officials on the spot and, if the arbitrators had accepted this plea,
    the Court cannot interfere therewith. Likewise in Clause 1.28 and condition
    32, the import of the words "tender amount shall exclude" is very ambiguous
    and indeed we find that the arguments at various stages indicate that the
    parties were themselves not clear as to whether they wanted "toll tax" to be
D   within this clause or outside its purview. We do not consider it necessary
    to discuss the matter further. We only wish to say that, even reading the
    clauses and the award side by side, it is difficult to say that the arbitrator's
    interpretation is erroneous on the face of it.

          For the reasons discussed above we allow the appeals, set aside the
    orders of the learned Single Judge and Division Bench of the High Court
E
    and direct the passing of a decree in terms of the award. We, however,
    make no order regarding costs.

    N.P.V.                                                        Appeal allowed.