H. DOHIL CONSTRUCTIONS CO. (P) LTD.versusNAHAR EXPORTS LTD. & ANR.

                          (2014] 8 S.C.R. 424


A           H. DOHIL CONSTRUCTIONS CO. (P) LTD.
                                  v.
                  NAHAR EXPORTS LTD. & ANR.
               (Civil Appeal Nos. 7886-7887 of 2014)
                          AUGUST 20, 2014.
B
        [FAKKIR MOHAMED IBRAHIM KALIFULLA AND
                 SHIVA KIRTI SINGH, JJ.]

        Delay!Laches:
c
          Delay in filing appeal - 9 days delay in filing Regular
    First Appeals and 1727 days delay in refiling the same - High
    Court condoning the delay and admitting the appeals subject
    to payment of cost to other side - Held: Law of limitation is
D   J;ased on sound public policy and therefore the principle that
    in the absence of bona fide reasons the applications for
    condonation of delay should be strictly construed· assumes
    significance - Courts are required to weigh the scale of'
    balance of justice in respect of both parties and this principle
                      a
    cannot be given go-by under the guise of liberal approach
E   even if it pertains to refiling - In the case on hand, delay in
    refiling was 1727 days - It is bounden duty of respondents to
    have satisfactorily explained such a long delay in refiling -
     There was no convincing explanation as to how respondents
    were disabled from rectifying the defects pointed out by
F   Registry and refiling the appeal papers within time - As a
    matter of fact the appeal papers were filed without payment
    of any court fee - This only affirms the stand of appellant(s)
    that there was no bona fide in respondents' claim - There is,
    therefore, gross negligence and total lack of bona-tides in
G   respondents' approach and the impugned order of High Court
    in having condoned the delay in filing as well as refiling, of 9
    days and 1727 days respectively, in a casual manner without
    giving any reason, much less acceptable reasons, cannot be

H                                 424
     H. DOHIL CONSTRUCTIONS CO. (P) LTD. v. NAHAR          425
                    EXPORTS LTD.

 sustained - Impugned order is set aside - Direction to admit     A
 appeals of respondents is also set aside and the same shall
 stand dismissed - Principles to be applied while dealing with
 application for condonation of delay - Culled out - Limitation
 - Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 - s. 144 - 0. 41, r. 3A -
 Maxim, vigilantibus non dormientibus ju(a subveniunt.            B
       The instant appeals arose out of the order of the High
  Court condoning 9 days delay in filing Regular First
  Appeals and 1727 days delay in refiling those appeals. It
  was contended that when the appeals were presented
  without payment of court fee and there was 9 days delay         C
  in filing the appeals, as per 0. 41 r. 3A, CPC, it was
1 mandatory to file an application for condoning the delay,
  which was not done by the respondents; and when the
  appeal papers were returned for complying with the
  defects, there was enormous delay of 1727 days in refiling      D
  the same.
     Allowing the appeals, the Court

      HELD: 1.1. Section 149, CPC empowers the court to           E
 accept the payment of court fee at a tater point of time if
 the appeal papers had been filed within the due date.
 Therefore, in the case on hand, when the appeals were
 presented with a delay of 9 days without payment of
 proper court fee and when the required court fee was
 duly paid at the time of refiling, it should be construed
                                                                  F
 that such payment of court fee was deemed to have been
 paid on the date on which the appeals were originally
 presented by virtue of the implication of s.149, CPC. [para
 9] [435-B-C]
                                                                  G
     1.2. This Court in Pradeep Kumar* has held that there
 is no such rule prescribing for rejection of memorandum
 of appeal in a case where the appeal is not accompanied
 by an application for condoning the delay. If the
 memorandum of appeal is filed without an accompanying            H
    426     SUPREME COURT REPORTS                [2014] 8 S.C.R.


A application to condone the delay, the consequence
  cannot be fatal and if the appellant subsequently files an
  application to condone the delay before the appeal is
  rejected, the same should be taken up along with the
  already filed memorandum of appeal. [para 11] [436-C-F]
B
       *State of MP. & Anr. vs. Pradeep Kumar & Anr. 2000
  (3) Suppl. SCR 235 = (2000) 7 SCC 372 - relied on.

          2.1. It is true that the delay in filing the appeals was
    only 9 days and that the longer delay was only relating
C   to the refiling of the appeal papers. But even if it is related
    to refiling of the appeals, the net result is that the appeals
    could be taken into records only when such a delay in
    refiling is condoned. Therefore, if the refiling had been
    made within the time granted by the Registry of the High
D   Court, no fault could be found with the filing of the papers
    into the Registry. But when an enormous delay of nearly
    five years occurred in the matter of refiling, it was the
    bounden duty of the respondents to have satisfactorily
    explained such a long delay in refiling. There was no
E   convincing explanation as to how the respondents were
    disabled from rectifying the defects pointed out by the
    Registry and refiling the appeal papers within time. The
    respondents only attempted to throw the blame on the
    previous counsel (whose identity was not disclosed) to
F   whom appeal papers were entrusted for filing in
    September 2007. As a matter of fact the appeal papers
    were filed without payment of any court fee. This only
    affirms the stand of the appellant(s) that there was no
    bona fide in the respondents' claim and that they were
G   seriously interested in challenging the judgment of the
    trial court as against the non-grant of relief of specific
    performance. In this context the maxim vigilantibus non
    dormientibus jura subveniunt (Law assists those who are
    vigilant and not those who sleep over their rights) aptly
H   applies to the case on hand. [para 19-20] [440-D-F; 441-
    B-G]
    H. DOHIL CONSTRUCTIONS CO. (P) LTD. v. NAHAR          427
                   EXPORTS LTD.
    2.2. In Esha Bhattacharjee*, inter alia, the following       A
principles were culled out to be kept in mind while
dealing with such applications for condonation of delay:

     "(iv) No presumption can be attached to deliberate
     causation of delay but, gross negligence on the part
                                                                 8
     of the counsel or litigant is to be taken note of.

     (v) Lack of bona fides imputable to a party seeking
     condonation of delay is a significant and relevant
     fact.
                                                                 c
     (viii) There is a distinction between inordinate delay
     and a delay of short duration or few days, for to the
     former doctrine of prejudice is attracted whereas to
     the latter it may not be attracted. That apart, the first
     one warrants strict approach whereas the second             0
     calls for a liberal delineation.

     (ix) The conduct, behaviour and attitude of a party
     relating to its inaction or negligence are relevant
     factors to be taken into consideration. It is so as the
     fundamental principle is that the courts are required       E
     to weigh the scale of balance of justice in respect of
     both parties and the said principle cannot be given
     a total go by in the name of liberal approach.

     (x) If the explanation offered is concocted or the          F
     grounds urged in the application are fanciful, the
     courts should be vigilant not to expose the other side
     unnecessarily to face such a litigation." [para 22]
     [443-F-H; 444-A-D]

     *Esha Bhattacharjee vs. Managing Committee of               G.
Raghunathpur Nafar Academy             &    Ors. 2013
(9) SCR 782 = (2013)12 sec 649 - relied on.

      2.3. Applying the said principles to the case on hand,
-it has to be stated that the failure of the respondents in      H
   428     SUPREME COURT REPORTS              (2014] 8 S.C.R.


A not showing due diligence in filing of the appeals and the
  enormous time taken in the refiling can only be
  construed, in the absence of any valid explanation and
  satisfactory reasons, as gross negligence and lacks in
  bonafides as displayed on the part of the respondents.
B [para 23] [444-E-F]

       2.4. In the rejoinder filed by the appellant(s) to the
  respondents' counter, the appellant(s) has explained as
  to how they had to spend a huge amount to upkeep the
C property by approaching the authorities of the Delhi
  Municipal Corporation, the eno.rmous amount spent to
  the tune of Rs.28,00,000/- by way of house tax from the
  year 2004 up to date and various other improvements
  made in the property during the period when the delay
  in the matter of filing·of the appeals and refiling was made
D by the respondents. Therefore, the principle that the law
  of limitation is based on sound public policy and,
  therefore, the principle that in the absence of bona fide
  reasons the applications for condonation of delay should
  be strictly construed assumes significance,_.,[para 21]
E [442-B-D]

      Tamil Nadu Mercantile Bank, Ltd. (represented by its
  Chairman), Tuticorin vs. Appellate Authority under the Tamil
  Nadu Shops and Establishments Act, Madurai and another
F 1990 (I) LLN 457 - approved.

   • 2.5. Courts are required to weigh the scale of balance
  of justice in respect of both parties and this principle
  cannot be given a go-by under the guise of liberal
  approach even if it pertains to refiling. The filing of an
G application for condoning the delay of 1727 days in the
  matter of refiling without disclosing reasons, much less
  satisfactory reasons only results in the respondents not
  deserving any indulgence by the court in the matter of
  condonation of delay. The respondents had filed the suit
H for specific performance and when the trial court
    H. DOHIL CONSTRUCTIONS CO. (P) LTD. v. NAHAR        . 429
                   EXPORTS LTD.

exercised its discretion not to grant the relief for specific   A
performance and to grant only damages and if the
respondents were really keen to get the decree for
specific performance by filing the appeals, they should
have shown utmost diligence and come forward with
justifiable reasons explaining the enormous delay of five       B
years involved in getting its appeals registered. [para 23]
[445-A-D]

    2.6. There is, therefore, total lack of bona-fides in the
respondents' approach, and the impugned order of the            C
High Court in having condoned the_, delay of 9 days and
1727 days in filing as well as refilling respectively, in a
casual manner without giving any reason, much less
acceptable reasons, cannot be sustained. The impugned
order is set aside. Direction to admit the Regular First
Appeals of the respondents is also set aside and the said       D
appeals shall stand dismissed. [para 24] [445-E-G]
    ?. Madhuri Goud vs. B. Damodar Reddy (2012) 12 SCC
693, Maniben Devraj Shah vs. Municipal Corporation of
Brihan Mumbai (2012) 5 SCC 157, N. Balakrishnan vs. M.          E
Krishnamurthy 1998 (1) Suppl. SCR 403 = (1998)7 SCC 123,
Mahant Bikram Dass Che/a vs. Financial Commissioner,
Revenue, Punjab, Chandigarh and others 1978 (1)
SCR 262 = (1977) 4 sec 69 - cited
                    Case Law Reference :                        F

    c2012) 12 sec 693            cited            para 7
    (2012) 5 sec 157             cited            para 7
    2013 (9) SCR 782             relied on        para 7        G
    2000 (3) Suppl. SCR 235 relied on             para 7
    1998 (1) Suppl. SCR 403 cited                 para 7
    1978 (1) SCR 262             cited            para 7
                                                                H
    430      SUPREME COURT REPORTS              [2014] 8 S.C.R.


A         1990 (I) LLN 457           approved          para 21

        CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal Nos.
    7886-7887 of 2014.

       From the Judgment and Order dated 16.12.2013 of the
B High Court of D~lhi at New Delhi in CM No. 11364 and 11365
  of 2012 in RF.A. No. 270 of 2012.

                                  WITH

C Civil Appeal Nos. 7888-7889, 7890-7891, 7892-7893, 7894-
  7895, 7896-7897, 7898-7899, 7900-7901, 7902-7903, 7904-
  7905, 7906-7907, 7908-7909, 7910-7911, 7912-7913, 7914-
  7915, 7916-7917, 7918-7919, 7920-7921, 7922-7923, 7924-
  7925, 7927-7928 and 7930-7931 of 2014.

D       Ajit Kumar Sinha, Rajesh Manchanda, Rajat Manchanda,
    Pramanand Gaur for the Appellant.

        Jayant Bhushan, Ajay Bhargava, Vanita Bhargava and
    Karun Mehta (For Khaitan & Co.) for the Respondents.
E         The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

          FAKKIR MOHAMED IBRAHIM KALIFULLA,                J. 1,
    Leave granted

F      2. Leave granted.In these appeals the challenge is to the
  common order passed by the High Court of Delhi dated
  16.12.2013 in CM. Nos.11355 of 2012 and 11354 of 2012 in
  RFA No.268 of 2012 etc. There were as many as 22 Regular
  First Appeals numbered as RFA No.268 of 2012 to RFA
G No.288 of 2012 and RFA No.319 of 2012 in which the above
  miscellaneous petitions were filed. In each of these appeals,
  there were two miscellaneous petitions, one for condoning the
  delay of 9 days in filing the first appeals and another for
  condoning the delay of 1727 days in refiling those appeals.

H
   H. DOHIL CONSTRUCTIONS CO. (P) LTD. v. NAHAR     431
EXPORTS LTD. [FAKKIR MOHAMED IBRAHIM KALIFULLA, J.]
     3. By the impugned order, the High Court by stating that              A
for the reasons stated in the applications and subject to
payment of cost of Rs.50,000/- to the counsel appearing for the
Respondents in those applications within one week, the delay
of 9 days in filing the appeals and 1727 days in refiling the
appeals was condoned and the applications were disposed off.               B

    4. Simultaneously, the Regular First Appeals were
admitted for hearing. It was also noted therein that since there
were connected 22 Regular First Appeals already preferred by
the Respondents in those miscellaneous petitions which were                C
admitted for hearing and since the questions involved were
common in both sets of appeals, the High Court directed the
appeals in which delay was condoned to be tagged along with
those appeals numbered as RFA No.219 of 2008 and 21 other
appeals for hearing on 29.04.2014.
                                                                           D
       5. Aggrieved by such condonation of delay in filing and
refiling the appeals, the Appellant(s) have come forward with
these appeals before this Court. Before us, Mr. Sinha learned
Senior Counsel for the Appellant(s) contended that the High
Court seriously erred in condoning the long delay of 1727 days             E
in refiling the appeals apart from condoning the delay of 9 days
in filing the appeals, without initially satisfying itself a~ to whether
there was any cause, much less sufficient cause for condoning
such a long delay. Learned Senior Counsel would contend that
the judgment impugned was dated 30.05.2007 and the appeals                 F
were filed on 06.09.2007 on which date there was a delay of 9
days, that these appeals were presented by the Respondents
without payment of any Court fee, that when the appeal papers
were returned for complying with various defects, in the year
2008, the Respondents filed the scrutiny charges on                        G
 11.04.2008, as per receipt No. 73 dated 11.04.2008. That while
on the one hand no reason, much less sufficient cause was
shown for the enormous delay of 1727 days in the matter of
refiling of the appeal papers, according to him when the
appeals were presented. without payment of Court fee and
                                                                           H
   432      SUPREME COURT REPORTS                  [2014] 8 S.C.R..


A without appropriate application for condoning the delay of 9
  days, which was mandatory as stipulated under Order XU Rule
  3A of the Code of Civil Procedure, the Appellant(s) cannot be
  heard to say that the appeals were filed in time. The learned
  Senior Counsel by referring to the Appellate Side Rules of the
B Delhi High Court, in particular, the amended Rule 5(3), wherein
  it is stipulated that once the appeal papers are returned for
  complying with any defects and such papers are not refiled
  within the time granted by the Registry, the maximum of which
  is only 30 days, such delay in the matter of refiling would result
C in treating the filing of the appeals on any subsequent date as
  fr'~sh filing, in which event the delay involved would be 1825
  days in filing the appeals themselves. The learned Senior
  Counsel also contended that though it was contended on
  behalf of the Respondents that the counsel who initially filed the
  appeals committed default in not filing the appeals in time, as
0
  well as, in not representing the papers after it was returned and
  failed to furnish the requisite details as to when and what date.
  such default occurred and by whom it was committed and that
  such stand taken was not supported by any affidavit of the
  advocate, the High Court ought not to have condoned such an
E enormous delay of nearly 5 years in such a· casual way,
  especially in the absence of an affidavit of the concerned
  advocate himself.

       6. As against the above submissions, Mr. Jayant Bhushan,
F learned Senior Counsel appearing for the Respondents
  submitted that by condoning the delay of only 9 days in filing
  the appeals and the condonation of delay of 1727 days in refiling
  the appeals, no prejudice was caused to the Appellant(s) as
  against the very same judgment passed in the suit, the
G Appellant(s) themselves having preferred the first appeals which
  were already admitted and the appeals of the Respondents
  herein were also admitted and tagged along with those first
  appeals preferred by the Appellant(s). The learned Senior
  Counsel contended that Section 149 CPC empowers the Court
H to condone payment of any deftcit in the Court fee, either in
   H. DOH.IL CONSTRUCTIONS CO. (P) LTD. v. NAHAR    433
EXPORTS LTD. [FAKKIR MOHAMED IBRAHIM KALIFULLA, J.]

whole or in part and, therefore, no fault can be found with the     A
High Court in having condoned the delay though, the entire
Court fee was paid by the Respondents much later and not at
the time of first filing. The learned Senior Cai.inset also
contended that this Court has made a distinction as between
delay in filing the appeals and refiling and, therefore, when the   B
reasons adduced by the Respondents were convincing and the
High Court was satisfied with the reasons while condoning the
delay in filing the appeals as well as their refiling and having
imposed a heavy cost of Rs.50,000/- while condoning the said
delay, whatever prejudice caused to the Appellant(s) was duly       c
offset and in these circumstances no interference is called for.
As far as Order XLI Rule 3A CPC was concerned, according
to the learned Senior Counsel the said provision h_as also been
interpreted by this Court to the effect that the same cannot be
construed as a mandatory one but only directory and that the        0
filing of the application for condoning the delay in filing the
appeals on any subsequent date to the initial fifing would date
back to the date of such initial filing.

     7. The learned Senior Counsel for the Appellant(s) relied
upon the decisions of this Court in B. Madhuri Goud vs. B.          E
Damodar Reddy reported in (2012) 12 SCC 693, Maniben
Devraj Shah vs. Municipal Corporation of Brihan Mumbai
reported in (2012) 5 SCC 157, Esha Bhattacharjee vs ..
Managing Committee of Raghunathpur Nafar Academy and
others reported in (2013) 12 sec 649. In support of his             F
submissions the learned Senior Counsel for the Respondents
relied upon the decisions in State of M.P. and another vs.
Pradeep Kumar and another reported in (2000) 7 SCC 372,
N. Balakrishnan vs. M. Krishnamurthy reported in (1998) 7
SCC 123, B. Madhuri Goud (supra) and Mahant Bikram Dass             G
G,hela vs. Financial Commissioner, Revenue, Punjab,
Chandigarh and others reported in (1977) 4 sec 69.

     8. At the very outset, we wish to note the submission of
learned Senior Counsel for the Appellant(s) as regards the one      H
    434     SUPREME COURT REPORTS                  [2014] 8 S.C.R.


A based on the amended Rule 5 (3) of the High Court Appellate
  Side Rules. The said submission was countered by learned
  Senior Counsel for the Respondents contending that such a
  Rule cannot run counter to the period of limitation prescribed
  under a substantive statute. According to the learned Senior
B Counsel for the Respondents when a substantive legislation
  prescribes the period of limitation and if any proceeding was
  initiated based on such a provision contained in the Act, the
  Rules of the High Court relied upon by the Appellant(s) cannot
  set at naught the benefit contained under a substantive provision
c under an enactment. By way of an analogy, the learned Senior
  Counsel pointed out that under the provisions of the Arbitration
  Act, for filing any objection under Section 34 as against an
  award, a period of limitation is prescribed and if t~e objection
  is filed within the said period of limitation under the provisions
  of the Arbitration Act, by relying upon the amended Rule 5(3)
0
  of the High Court Rules, the period of limitation prescribed
  under the Arbitration Act cannot be varied on the ground that\
  the refiling was belated as per the Rule and thereby the original
  filing under Section 34 should be construed as belated in point
E of time which would create incongruities and, therefore, the
  reliance placed on the amended Rule 5(3) cannot be accepted.
  The learned Senior Counsel who appeared for the Appellant(s)
  fairly submitted that the Appellant(s) is not pressing the said
  submission and would be rest contended with the submissions
  on other grounds. In the light of the said categoric stand made
F by the Appellant(s), we do not wish to go into the said issue in
  the present proceedings and leave it open for consideration in
  any other appropriate case.

        9. It was also contended on behalf of the Appellant(s) that
G the claim of the Respondents that the appeals were filed with
  a delay of only 9 days cannot be accepted, in as much as the
  appeal papers were filed without any payment of Court fees
  and, therefore, it cannot be considered as proper filing at all. It
  was contended that the Court fees was paid only at the time of
H refiling in 2012 and, therefore, the delay in filing the appeals
   H. DOHIL CONSTRUCTIONS CO. (P) LTD. v. NAHAR     435
EXPORTS LTD. [FAKKIR MOHAMED IBRAHIM KALIFULLA, J.]
themselves should be calculated as 1825 days. As far as the          A
said submission is concerned, we find force in the contention
of learned Senior Counsel for the Respondents in having                  /
placed reliance upon Section 149 CPC. The said section
empowers the court to accept the payment of Court fee at a
later point of time if the appeal papers had been filed within       B
the due date. Therefore, in the case on hand, when the appeals
were presented with a delay of 9 days without payment of
proper Court fee and when the required Court fee was duly paid
at the time of refiling, it should be construed that such payment
of Court fee was deemed to have been paid on the date on             c
which the appeals were originally presented by virtue of the
implication of Section 149, CPC. Therefore, we do not find any
substance in the said contention made on behalf of the
App,ellant(s).

     10. It was then contended by learned Senior Counsel for         D
the Appellant(s) that under _Order XU Rule 3A, it is stipulated
that when an appeal is presented after the period of limitation,
it should be accompanied by an application supported by an
affidavit setting forth the facts on which the Appellant(s) relied
to satisfy the Court that there was sufficient cause for not         E
preferring-the appeals within the period prescribed. The
contention of theAppellant(s) was that since at the time of filing
of the appeals after 9 days delay, no application for
condonation of delay of the said 9 days was filed along with
the supporting affidavit simultaneously and that such application    F
was filed only in the year 2012, the appeals cannot be stated
to have been filed in accordci.nce with the said provision. It was
further contended that since the applications for condoning the
delay were filed only in the year 2012, the appeals can only be
construed as having been filed in the year 2012 in which event,      G
the delay in filing the appeals cannot be taken as 9 days but
1825 days.

     11. Though in the first blush, the said submission appears
to be plausible, that very submission was repelled by this Court     H
    436       SUPREME COURT REPORTS                  (2014) 8 S.C.R.,


A   in Pradeep Kumar (supra). While considering that very
    submission, this Court has held as under in paragraphs 10 and
    11:

          "10. What is the consequence if such an appeal is not
          accompanied by an application mentioned in sub-rule (1)
B
          of Rule 3-A? It must be noted that the Code indicates in
          the immediately preceding Rule that the consequence of
          not complying with the requirements in Rule 1 would include
          rejection of the memorandum of appeal. Even so, another
          option is given to the court by the said Rule and that is to
c         return the memorandum of appeal to the Appellant for
          amending it within a specified time or then and there. It is
          to be noted that there is no such rule prescribing for
          rejection of memorandum of appeal in a case where the
          appeal is not accompanied by an application for condoning
D         the delay. If the memorandum of appeal is filed in such
          appeal without an accompanying application to condone
          delay the consequence cannot be fatal. The court can
          regard in such a case that there was no valid presentation
          of the appeal. In turn, it means that if the Appellant
E         subsequently files an application to condone the delay
          before the appeal is rejected the same should be taken
          up along with the already filed memorandum of appeal.
          Only then the court can treat the appeal as lawfully
          presented. There is nothing wrong if the court returns the
F         memorandum of appeal (which was not accompanied by
          an application explaining the delay) as defective. Such
          defect can be cured by the party concerned and present
          the appeal without further delay.

          11. No doubt sub-rule (1) of Rule 3-A has used the word
G
          "shall". It was contended that employment of the word "shall"
          would clearly indicate that the requirement is peremptory
          in tone. But such peremptoriness does not foreclose a
          chance for the Appellant to rectify the mistake, either on
          his own or being pointed out by the court. The word "shall"
H
      H. OOHIL CONSTRUCTIONS CO. (P) LTD. v. NAHAR     437
   EXPORTS LTD. [FAKKIR MOHAMED IBRAHIM KALIFULLA, J.]

       in the context need be interpreted as an obligation cast            A
       on the Appellant. Why should a more restrictive
       interpretation be placed on the sub-rule? The Rule cannot
       be interpreted very harshly and make the non-compliance
       punitive to an Appellant. It can happen that due to some
       mistake or lapse an Appellant may omit to file the                  B
       application (explaining the delay) along with the appeal."

       12. Having regard to the said pronouncement of this Court
  with which we fully concur, the said submission also stands
  rejected.
                                                                           c
         13. It was then contended on behalf the Appellant(s) that
   the period of delay in filing the appeals, as well as a long delay
   of 1727 days in the refiling was not properly explained by the
   Appellant(s). It was pointed out to us that in the applications filed
   in suppoq of condoning the delay in filing the appeals, as well         D
   as, in refiling the appeal papers there was virtually no
   explanation at all covering the period of delay. When we
   examined the said submission by making reference to the
   relevant applications filed on behalf of the Respondents in the
   applications filed for condoning delay of 9 days in filing the          E
   appeals, the stand of the Respondents was that after the
   judgment and decree dated 30.5.2007 the appeals were filed
   vide Diary Entry No.118619 on or about 06.09.2007, which was
   delayed by 9 days. The Respondents claimed that delay in
   filing the appeals came to its knowledge only when it received          F
   the objections in the paperbook refiled on 20.03.2012 and that
   immediately after it came to its knowledge the lower court files
   and records which were entrusted with the previous counsel
   which were found to have been dumped in a record room in
   Gurgaon were traced by contacting the said counsel and in that          G
   process the delay of 9 days in filing the appeals came to be
   ascertained. It was, therefore, contended that the said delay of
   9 days in filing the appeals was unintentional and inadvertent
,_ and was not in the control of the Appellant(s). Except for the
    above averments stated in the applications dated 28.05.2012,
                                                                           H
    438     SUPREME COURT REPORTS                    [2014] 8 S.C.R.


A   no other details were found in the said applications. The said
    applications were resisted by the Respondents.

       14. In the applications filed for condoning the delay of 1727;
  days in refiling, it was stated that after the judgment was
  pronounced by the trial Court on 30.05.2007, the counsel was
8
  instructed to file an appeal, that the appeal was drafted and was
  sent to the Respondents for signature by the counsel, which was
  sent back to the counsel for filing and tliat the counsel informed
  about the filing of the af)peals on or about 06.09.2007 vide
  Diary No.118619. According to the Respondents, it was made
C to believe that the appeals filed ori its behalf were tagged along
  with the RFA No.234 of 2008, filed by the Appellant(s) as
  against that part of the judgment which went against them.

          15. The other contentions were that there was a change
D   of counsel towards the end of 2011 and that on 25.02.2012 all
    files were sent to the newly appointed counsel along with the
    papers relating to appeals of the Appellant(s) in RFA No.234
    of 2008 and thereafter, the newly appointed counsel asked for
    the lower court files and on 29.02.2012 the pertinent files were
E   sent to the newly appointed counsel. Only thereafter, the
    Respondents came to know that the appeal papers were taken
    back after objections vide Diary No.118619. It was claimed that
    the Respondents were under the bona fide impression that its
    previous counsel filed the appeals in time and its appeals were
F   also tagged along with the appeals of the Respondents. It was
    also claimed that when the Respondents took up the matter
    with its previous counsel about the issue of delay in the refiling,
    no satisfactory reply was received, that the records handed
    over to the Respondents by its previous counsel was
G   incomplete and that it took sometime for it to collect the
    incomplete records and that is how the delay of 1727 days
    occurred in the matter of refiling which was unintentional and
    inadvertent. Based on the above averments, it was prayed that
    delay of 1727 days in refiling the appeals should be condoned.

H         16. The above applications were resisted by the
   H. DOHIL CONSTRUCTIONS CO. (P) LTD. v. NAHAR      439
EXPORTS LTD. [FAKKIR MOHAMED IBRAHIM KALIFULl.A, J.]

Appellant(s) by filing a detailed reply on 16.11.2013 pointing A
out that the applications .filed in support of applications in
condoning the delay of 9 days in filing, as well as 1727 days in
refiling did not explain the enormous delay, that the claim of the
Respondents that they were not aware of the return of the files
for complying with the defects till 2012 was an incorrect B
statement, that such an enormous delay in the refiling as well
as delay of 9 days in filing was not supported by an affidavit of
the concerned advocate, that the Appellant(s) when they filed
their appeals as against that part of the judgment by which
damages of Rs.3,00,000/- was directed to be paid to the           c
Respondents was complied with by depositing the amount into
Court while filing the appeals, that since nothing was heard from
the Respondents as regards the non-grant of specific
performance by the trial Court for nearly five years, the
Appellant(s) had made lot of improvements in their property
                                                                   0
and, therefore, the condonation of delay in filing the appeals
as well as refiling as had been ordered by the High Court would
cause very serious prejudice to the Appellant(s). It was,
therefore, contended that the order of the High Court was liable.
to be interfered with.
                                                                   E
      17. Learned Senior Counsel appearing for the Appellant(s)
also pointed out that while condoning such an enormous delay
in refiling as well as delay of 9 days in filing the appeals, the
High Court has not even stated that it was satisfied with the
reasons adduced in support of the applications, apart from the F
fact that no reasons were stated for condoning the delay except
imposing a cost of Rs.50,000/-. The learned Senior Counsel,
therefore, contended that the approach of the Respondents in
having moved the Court while filing the applications for
condoning the delay in filing as well as refiling was a very casual G
approach and there was no bona fide in their action and,
therefore, the order of the High Court called for interference.

   18. On the other hand Mr. Jayant Bhushan, learned Senior
Counsel for the Respondents contended that the High Court
                                                                   H
    440      SUPREME COURT REPORTS                   [2014] 8 S.C.R.


A   having exercised its discretion while condoning the delay by
    imposing a heavy cost of Rs.50,000/-, this Court should not
    interfere with such a discretion exercised by the High Court.
    Learned Senior Counsel also contended that the delay was
    only 9 days in filing the appeals and that the delay involved in
B   refiling should not be construed so very strictly and that since
    the Appellant(s) has filed its appeals as against the very same
    judgment of the tiial Court which is pending and the High Court
    having admitted the Respondents' appeals also and tagged it
    along with the Appellant(s)' appeals, by deciding the appeals
c   of both parties on merits, no prejudice is going to be caused
    to the Appellant(s).

           19. Having considered the respective submissions, on this
    question, we find ttlat the submissions made on behalf of the
    Appellant(s) are forceful. It is true that the delay in filing the
D   appeals was only 9 days and that the longer delay was only
    relating to the refiling of the appeal papers. But even if it is
    related to refiling of the appeals, the net result is that the
    appeals could be taken into records only when such a delay in
    refiling is copdoned. Therefore, if the refiling had been made
E   within the time granted by the Registry of the High Court, no
    fault can be found with anyone much less with the concerned
    party or whomsoever was entrusted with the filing of the papers
    into the Registry. But when an enormous delay of nearly five
    years occurred in the matter of refiling, it definitely calls for a
F   closer scrutiny as to what was the cause which prevented the
    concerned party from refiling the papers in time to enable the
    Registry to process the papers and ascertain whether the
    papers were in order for the purpose of numbering the appeals.

         20. In the case on hand, the delay in refiling was 1727 days.
G   As rightly pointed out by the learned Senior Counsel for the
    Appellant(s), the Respondents paid the scrutiny charges on
    11.04.2008 as disclosed in the Receipt No.73 issued by the
    High Court of that date. When the appeal papers were filed on
    06.09.2007 and the scrutiny charges were paid on 11.04.2008,
H
     H. DOHIL CONSTRUCTIONS CO. (P) LTD. v. NAHAR     441
  EXPORTS LTD. [FAKKIR MOHAMED IBRAHIM KALIFULLA, J.]

  it was quite apparent that the processing of papers of the            A
  appeals for its registration did commence in the month of April
  2008. Thereafter, if rectification of whatever defects were not
  carried out by the Respondents or its counsel between April
  2008 and May 2012, it is th.e bounden duty of the Respondents
  to have satisfactorily explained such a long delay in refiling.       B
  When we refer to the applications filed on behalf of the
  Appellant{s), we find that there was no convincing explanation
  as to how the Respondents were disabled from rectifying the
  defects pointed out by the Registry and refiling the appeal
  papers within time. The Respondents only.ettempted to throw           c
  the blame on the previous counsel to whom appeal papers were
  entrusted for· filing in September 2007. As pointed out by the
  learned Senior Counsel for the Appellant(s), there were no
  details as to whom it was entrusted and what were the steps
  taken to ensure that the appeals filed were duly registered for       0
  pursuing further remedy as against the said judgment of the trial
  Court. As a matter of fact the appeal papers w!'lre filed without
  payment ·of any Court fee. This only affirms the stand of the
: Appellant{s) that th.ere was no bona fide in the Respondents'
  claim and that they were seriously interested in challenging the      E
  judgment of the trial Court as against the non-grant of relief of
  specific performance. We also fail to see as to how the
  Respondent No.1 which is a limited company involved in the
  business of exports, which would certainly have its own legal
  department, can plead that after entrusting the papers to some
  counsel whose name was not disclosed even before this Court           F
  did not even bother to take any follow-up action to ensure that
  its appeals were duly registered in the High Court. In this context
  the maxim Vigi/antibus Non Dormientibus Jura Subveniunt
  (Law assists those who are vigilant and not those who sleep
  over their rights) aptly applies to the case on hand: The             G
  Respondents simply by throwing the blame on the previous
  counsel whose identity was not disclosed claimed that
  irrespective of the enormous delay of 1727 days in refiling the
  same should be condoned as a matter of course as there was
  only 9 days delay involved in filing the appeals.                     H
    442      SUPREME COURT REPORTS                  [2014] 8 S.C.R.


A       21. We express our total disinclination to countenance such
  a stand made on behalf of the Respondents. In this respect,
  the claim of the Appellant(s) that serious prejudice would be
  caused to the Appellant(s) merits acceptance. In the rejoinder
  filed by the Appellant(s) to the Respondents' counter, the
B Appellant(s) has explained as to how they had to spend a huge
  amount to upkeep the property by approaching the authorities
  of the Delhi Municipal Corporation, the enormous amount spent
  to the tune of Rs.28,00,000/- by way of house tax from the year
  2004 up to this date and various other improvements made in
c the property during the period wherein the delay in the matter
  of filing of the appeals and refiling was ·made by the
  Respondents. Therefore, the principle that the law of limitation
  is based on sound public policy and therefore in the absence
  of bona fide reasons the applications for condonation of delay
D should be strictly construed assumes significance. In this context
  a Division Bench pecision of the Madras High Court in Tamil
  Nadu Mercantile Bank, Ltd. (represented by its Chairman),
   Tuticorin vs. Appellate Authority under the Tamil Nadu Shops
  and Establishments Act, Madureyi and another reported in 1990
E (I) LLN 457 can be usefully referred to. Paragraphs 14 and 17
  are relevant for our purpose, which read as under:

          "14. We are unable to agree with the reasoning of the
          learned Judge that no litigant ordinarily stands to benefit
          by instituting a proceeding beyond time. It is common
F         knowledge that by delaying a matter, evidence relating to
          the matter in dispute may disappear and very often the
          concerned party may think that preserving the relevant
          records would be unnecessary in view of the fact that there
          was no further proceeding. If a litigant chooses to approach
G         the Court long after the time prescribed under the relevant
          provisions of the law, he cannot say that no prejudice
          would be caused to the other side by the delay being
          condoned. The other side would have in all probability
          destroyed the records thinking that the records would not
H         be relevant as there was no further proceeding in the
  H. DOHIL CONSTRUCTIONS CO. (P) LTD. v. NAHAR      443
EXPORTS LTD. [FAKKIR MOHAMED IBRAHIM KALIFULLA, J.]

    matter. Hence to view a matter of condonation of delay with        A
    a presupposition that no prejudice will be caused by the
    condonation of delay to the respondent in that application
    will be fallacious. In our view, each case has to be
    decided on the facts and circumstances of the case.
    Length of the delay is a relevant matter to be taken into          B
    account while considering whether the delay should be
    condoned or not. It is not open to any litigant to fix his own
    period of limitation for instituting proceedings for which law
    has prescribed periods of limitation.

    17. . ....... Once it is held that a party has lost his right to   C
    have the matter considered on merits because of his own
    inaction for a long time, it cannot be presumed to be non-
    deliberate delay, and in such circumstances of the case
    he cannot be heard to plead that substantial justice
    deserved to be preferred as against technical                      D
    considerations. We are of the view that the question of
    limitation is not merely a technical consideration. Rules of
    limitation are based on principles of sound public policy
    and principles of equity. Is a litigant liable to have a
    Damocles' sword hanging over his head indefinitely for a           E
    period to be determined at the whims and fancies of the
    opponent?"

      22. We may also usefully refer to the recent decision of
this Court in Esha Bhattacharjee (supra) where several                 F
principles were culled out to be kept in mind while dealing with
such applications for condonation of delay. Principle Nos.(iv),
(v), (viii), (ix) and (x) of paragraph 21 can be usefully referred
to which read as under:

    "(iv) No presumption can be attached to deliberate                 G
    causation of delay but, gross negligence on the part of the
    counsel or litigant is to be taken note of.

     (v) Lack of bona tides imputable to a party seeking
     condonation of delay is a significant and relevant fact.          H
    444       SUPREME COURT REPORTS                    [2014) 8 S.C.R.


A         (viii) There is a distinction between inordinate delay and
          a delay of short duration or few days, for to the former
          doctrine of prejudice is attracted whereas to the latter it .
          may not be attracted. That apart, the first one warrants strict
          approach whereas the second calls for a liberal
B         delineation.

          (ix) The conduct, behaviour and attitude of a party relating
          to its inaction or negligence are relevant factors to be taken .
          into consideration. It is so as the fundamental principle is
          that the courts are required to weigh the scale of balance
c         of justice in respect of both parties and the said principle
          cannot be given a total go by in the name of liberat
          approach.

          (x) If the explanation offered is concocted or the grounds
D         urged in the application are fanciful, the courts should be
          vigilant not to expose the other side unnecessarily to face
          such a litigation."

           23. When we apply those principles to the case on hand,
E   it has to be stated that the failure of the Respondents in not
    showing due diligence in filing of the appeals and the enormous
    time taken in the refiling can only be construed, in the absence
    of any valid explanation, as gross negligence and lacks in
    bonafides as displayed on the part of the Respondents. Further,
    when the Respondents have not come forward with proper
F   details as regards the date when the papers were returned for
    refiling, the non-furnishing of satisfactory reasons for not refiling
    of papers in time and the failure to pay the Court fee at the time
    of the filing of appeal papers on 06.09.2007, the reasons which
    prevented the Respondents from not paying the Court fee along
G   with the appeal papers and the failure to furnish the details as
    to who was their 'counsel who was previously entrusted with the
    filing of the appeals cumulatively considered, disclose that there
    was total lack of bonafides in its approach. It also requires to
    be stated that in the case on hand, not refiling the appeal
H   papers within the time prescribed and by allowing the delay to
   H. DOHIL CONSTRUCTIONS CO. (P) LTD. v. NAHAR      445
 EXPORTS LTD. [FAKKIR MOHAMED IBRAHIM KALIFULLA, J.]

 the extent of nearly 1727 days, definitely calls for a stringent A
 scrutiny and cannot be accepted as having been explained
'without proper reasons. As has been laid down by this Court,
 Courts are required to weigh the scale of balance of ~stice in
 respect of both parties and the same principle cannot be given
 a go-by under the guise of liberal approach even if it pertains B
 to refiling. The filing of an application for condoning the delay
 of 1727 days in the matter of refiling without disclosing reasons,
 much less satisfactory reasons only results .in the Respondents
 not deserving any indulgence by the Court in the matter of
 condonation of delay. The Respondents had filed the stiit for c
 specific performance and when the trial Court found that the
 claim for specific performance based 6n the agreement was
 correct but exercised its discretion not to grant th~ relief for
 specific performance but grant only a payment of damages and
 the Respondents were really keen to get the decree for specific D
 performance by filing the appeals, they ;should have shown
 -utmost diligence and come forward with justifiable reasons when .
 an enormous delay of five years was involved in getting its
 appeals registered:

      24·. We, therefore, find total lack of bona-fides in its      E
 approach and the impugned order of the High Court in having
·condoned the delay in filing as well as refiling, of 9 days and
 1727 days respectively, in a casual manner without giving any
 reason, much less acceptable reasons, cannot therefore be
 sus~ained. The appeals are allowed and the impugned order          F
 is set aside. Direction to admit the appeals of the Respondents
 in RFA Nos.268/2012, 269/2012, ?70/2012, 271~2012, 272/
 2012, 273/2012, 274/2012, 275/2012, 276/2012, 277/2012,
 278/2012, 279/2012, 280/2012, 281/2012, 282/2012, 283/
 2012, 284i2012, 285/2012, '286/2012, 287/2012, 288/2012            G
 and 319/2012 is also set aside and shall stand dismissed. No
 costs.

Rajendra Prasad                                  Appeals allowed.