Holding

The charge, taken as a whole, implicitly included Section 149 IPC, so the conviction under Section 302 IPC is proper and the High Court’s alteration to Section 326 IPC is erroneous.

Summary

The accused were charged with offences under Sections 147, 148, 149 and 302 of the Indian Penal Code for stabbing the deceased to death. The Trial Court convicted them under Sections 148 and 302 IPC and imposed life imprisonment for murder. On appeal, the Andhra Pradesh High Court altered the conviction to Section 326 IPC, holding that no charge under Section 302 read with Section 149 was framed. The Supreme Court held that the charge, when read as a whole, implicitly incorporated Section 149 IPC, making the conviction under Section 302 IPC valid, and that the High Court’s alteration was erroneous. Consequently, the Trial Court’s judgment was restored and the High Court’s order set aside.

Issues considered

The conviction under Section 302 IPC read with Section 149 IPC is valid despite the charge sheet not expressly mentioning Section 149.
Whether, in the absence of an explicit charge under Section 149 IPC, a conviction under Section 326 IPC can be sustained.
Whether the omission of a specific provision in the charge amounts to prejudice warranting reversal of conviction.

Legislation cited

Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973s. 225, s. 232, s. 464, s. 535, s. 537
Indian Penal Code, 1860s. 148, s. 149, s. 302, s. 326

Subjects

murderSection 302 IPCSection 149 IPCunlawful assemblycharge framingprejudiceconvictioncriminal procedureappellate jurisdiction

Judgment

(2008] 10 S.C.R. 938

A DUMPALA CHANDRA REDDY
\I.
NIMAKAYALA BALIREDDY AND ORS.
(Crl.A.No. 309 of 2001)
JULY 14, 2008
8
[DR. ARIJIT PASAYAT,· P. SATHASIVAM AND DR.
MUKUNDAKAM SHARMA, JJ.]

Murder - Trial Court found accused persons guilty of
c committing offences punishable under s. 148 and 302 /PC and
sentenced them accordingly - High Court altered the convic-
tion and sentence to under S. 326 /PC as charge has not been
framed against them under Section 302 r/w 149 /PC - Cor-
rectness of - Held: Incorrect - High Court erred in reading the
D finding of Trial Court - Object and formation of unlawful as-
sembly by accused persons with the object of committing
murder of the deceased with the weapon, they were armed with
clearly specified in the charges - Thus charge in relation to
offence punishable under s. 149 /PC not only implicit but also
E patent in the charges - Hence, Judgment of Trial Court re-
stored - Conviction in absence of charge.
According to the prosecution, on the fateful day, re-
spondents, accused persons stabbed the deceased with
draggers in the market place in the presence of PW.1 caus-
F ing multiple injuries. PW1 ran away from the scene of of-
fence and when he came back, he found the deceased
dead. PW1 lodged an FIR in the Police Station. The po-
lice arrested the accused persons and after investigating
the matter, submitted charge sheet against accused per-
G sons for committing the offences punishable under sec-
tions 147, 148, 149 and 302 r/w S.149 IPC. Trial Court ex-
"
amined the eye witnesses and found their evidence cred-
ible, cogent and reliable and on the basis of evidence, held
accused persons guilty of committing offences punish-
H 938
DUMPALA CHANDRA REDDY v. NIMAKAYALA 939
BALIREDDY & ORS.

able under Sections 148 and 302 IPC and sentenced them A
accordingly. On appeal, the High Court held that in the
absence of charge under S.302 r/w s.149 IPC, accused
persons could not have been convicted for the offence
punishable under S.302 IPC. Accordingly, it altered the
conviction to offence punishable under S.326 IPC and s
sentenced to 5 years rigorous imprisonment. Hence, the
present appeals.
Appellants contended that if the accused persons
could not have been convicted under Section 302 r/w
Section 149 IPC, they could not have also been convicted C
for offence punishable under Section 326 IPC simplicitor;
that the charges framed against accused persons clearly
related to the offence punishable under Section 149,
though there was no specific mention of the provision
and that no prejudice has been caused to the accused D
because of the non mention of the provision; and that
the essence of Section 149 IPC was clearly spelt .out while
framing charge.

- '
Allowing the appeals, the Court
E
HELD: 1.1. The High Court, lost sight of the fact that
/-fl
if its view is accepted in the absence of charge under
I Section 149, conviction in terms of Section 326 could not
have been done. [Para 9] [949-A]
Willie (William) Slaney Vs. State of Madhya Pradesh F
1955 (2) SCR 1140; Ramkishan and Ors. Vs. State of
Rajasthan 1997 (7) SCC 518, B.N. Srikantiah and Ors. Vs.
The State of Mysore 1959 SCR 496 Dal/;Jir Singh Vs. State of
U.P. 2004 (5) sec 334 - referred to.
G
1.2. The High Court appears to have misconstrued
the decision of this Court in Rewa Ram Vs. Teja and Ors.
In that case, the High Court held that the accused per-
sons could be held guilty only under Section 326 IPC, par-
ticularly, when it was stated in the charge that their com- H
,._
940 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2008] 10 S.C.R.

A mon object was to assault the deceased and commit riot-
ing with deadly weapons. The position is entirely differ-
ent in the instant case. In fact, while framing charge and
combined reading of charge No.1 and charge No.3 makes
it clear, that the Court specified that the accused persons
B were members of unlawful assembly and in prosecution
of the common object of such assembly, Le, in order to
commit murder of the deceased, committed the offence and
at that time they were armed with daggers etc. to bring in
the application of Section 148 IPC. In Charge No.3, there is
a specific reference to the transactions, as mentioned in
c the first charge, and the object to commit murder by hack-
ing on the body of the deceased with daggers and caus-
ing his intentional death and thereby committing offence
punishable under Section 302 IPC. Therefore, the charge
in relation to offence punishable under Section 149 IPC is
D not only implicit but also patent in the charges. Apart from •
the question of prejudice, this aspect has also been lost
sight of by the High Court. [Para 10 and 11] [949 8-F]
Rewa Ram Vs. Teja and Ors. AIR 1998 SC 2883 - re-
ferred to. ~
E
2. The judgment of the Trial Court stands restored and
that of the High Court stands set aside. [Para 12] [949 F-G]
CRIMINALAPPELLATE JURIDICTION : Criminal Appeal
--
--.....::'
y

No. 309 of 2001 -\_-
F
From the final Judgment and Order dated 5. 7.2000 of the
High Court of Judicature, Andhra Pradesh at Hyderabad in
Criminal Appeal No. 69 of 1999
WITH
G
Crl. Appeal No. 310 of 2001
--~
R. Sundervardan, P.S. Narasimha, Shekhar G. Devasa, L.
Roshmani, VG. Pragasam, D. Bharathi Reddy, Ramlal Roy, R.N.
Keshwani, Sumeera Raheja and Debji Borokakti for the Ap-
H pearing parties.
~
DUMPALA CHANDRA REDDY v. NIMAl:(AYALA 941
BALIREDDY & ORS. [DR. ARIJIT PASAYAT, J.]

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by A
Dr. ARIJIT PASAYAT, J. 1. Heard learned counsel for the
parties.
2. These two appeals, one by the complainant Dumpala
Chandra Reddy and other by the State of A.P. question the cor- 8
rectness of judgment of a Division Bench of the Andhra Pradesh
High Court, which, while holding that the respondents were re-
sponsible for causing the death of one Gangireddigari
Kondareddy (hereinafter referred to as the 'deceased') con-
victed them in terms of Section 326 of the Indian Penal Code, c
1860 (in short 'the IPC') instead of Section 302 IPC as was
done by the Trial Court.
3. The respondents, along with one Nimmakayala Lakshmi
Reddy (A-8) s/o Obul Reddy faced trial for alleged commission
of offences punishable under Sections 148, 302 IPC and in re- D
spect of the deceased A-8, Section 114 IPC. The Trial Court
found the accused persons guilty of offences punishable under
Section 148 IPC and also under Section 302 IPC. For the
former offence, they were directed to undergo sentence of two
years while for the latter offence, life imprisonment was imposed. E
4. Substance of the accusations, which led to the trial, is
as follows.
All the accused are residents of Gopalapuram village. The
deceased was a resident of Khajipalli village. PWs 1 and 3 are F
also the residents of Khajipalli village. PWs 1 and 2 are the
brother-in-laws of the deceased and PW3 is the brother of the
deceased.
Originally, all the accused were residents of Khajipalli vil-
lage. Due to factions with the deceased's family, the deceased G

' . left the village and migrated to Gopalapuram village. About 18
years ago, A-S's brother's son by name Pattabhi Reddy mar-
ried one Dumpala Munemma, resident of Khajipalli village.
Munemma is related to the family of the deceased. A-2 and A-
4 are brothers of Pattabhi Reddy. Pattabhi Reddy deserted his H
942 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2008] 10 S.C.R.

A wife Munemma, resident of Khajipalli village. Due to that, there
were differences between the accused and the deceased and
also there were criminal cases filed against each other.
Accused persons were residents of Khajipalli village. Af-
ter filing of the criminal cases, the accused left Khajipalli and
B settled down at Gopalapuram. About 8 years prior to the mur-
der of the deceased, A-2, A-4 and Pattabhi Reddy had stabbed
PW3 and the deceased in a lane by the side of Sangh am Lodge
at Cuddapah. One year thereafter Nimmakayala Gangireddy
was murdered in Khajipalli village in the fields. In that regard, a
c criminal case was filed against the deceased family and that
-
criminal case ended in acquittal. After that incident, the
deceased's family alongwith his brothers settled down at
Hyderabad and was running a motor rewinding workshop.
On the date of the incident i.e. on 25.12.1995, the de-
D
ceased went to his village from Hyderabad in the morning hours.
After sometime the deceased took PW-1 and went to Patha
Cuddapah to fix up the marriage date of his younger brother.
The deceased and PW-1 took Lingamappfi bus at the village at
about 8.30 AM. and reached Cuddapah at 9.30 AM. PW-1
E and the deceased went to see one Raja Reddy, who happened
to be the proprietor of Sang ham Medical Stores, and they found
that Raja Reddy was not available in the medical shop and then ·~
t"
they went to Venkateswara Cloth Stores. By that time,
Venkateswara Reddy, a resident of Balisingapalli, was also ,._,
F present in the cloth shop. The deceased telephoned Raja Reddy.
After sometime Raja came to the cloth shop and they were talk-
ing to each other at the shop. After sometime, the deceased,
PW1, Venkata Subba Reddy and Raja Reddy went to Manasa
Hotel situated in Madras road. At about 2.30 P.M. the deceased
G along with others went to the house of Rama Subba Reddy to
.,,,
fix up the marriage date of the brother of the deceased. The
marriage date was fixed as 31.01.1996. Then all of them went
.j
to Venkateswara Cloth shop and again from there, they went to
the medical shop of Raja Reddy and stayed there for some-
H time. Thereafter the deceased, PW-1 and Venkata Subba
DUMPALA CHANDRA REDDY v. NIMAKAYALA 943
BALIREDDY & ORS. [DR. ARIJIT PASAYAT, J.]

Reddy went to Mithen hotel for drinking tea. At that time, i.e. A
around 6.00 p.m., Venkata Subba Reddy left the hotel to go to
his village. All of them consumed tea. Thereafter, the deceased
and PW-1 were going to Machupalle bus stand through Ma-
dras road with a view to catch the bus going to their village at
about 6.30 p.m. B
With a view to take the cycle of Chinna Narsimha Reddy
who happened to be the proprietor of Ayyappa Electricals, situ-
ated on the northern side of Madras road, they went to the said
electrical shop. When the deceased and PW-1 were climbing.
the steps of the said electrical shop, A-8 who is no more insti- C
gated the other accused and all the accused surrounded the
deceased and took out daggers from their waists and stabbed
the deceased. Finally the deceased fell in front of Lepakshi
Emporium, on the road margin. When the deceased fell down,
all the accused persons again stabbed the deceased. A-5 D
raised cries saying that "catch hold of that fellow". PW-1 was
frightened and ran to the northern lane of the road. After some-
time, PW1 came to the scene of offence and saw the deceased
lying dead with bleeding injuries all over the body. Thereafter,
PW1 went to Cuddapah I Town Police Station for giving the re- E
port.
PW-6, the S.I. of Police, Cuddapah received an oral state-
ment of the incident from PW1 at about 7.20 p.m. He reduced
the oral statement into writing and took the signature of PW1 on
the statement. On the strength of the report given by PW1, PW6 F
registered the case as Cr. No.207 of 1995 against the accused
for offences punishable under Sections 147, 148 and 302 read
with Section 149 IPC. The copies of first information were sent
to all concerned. At about 9.30 p.m. PW-6 visited the scene of
offence and recorded the statements of PWs 1 to 3 and others. G
PW6 collected M0-1 dagger and M0-2 right leg shoe from the
scene of offence.
On 26.12.1995 PW? the Cl of Police, Cuddapah, held in-
quest over the dead body of the deceased in the presence of H
944 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2008] 10 S.C.R.

A PW-5 and others. Ex. P-3 is the inquest report.
. On 26.12.1995, PW-4, the Civil Assistant Surgeon, Dis- ...
trict Headquarter$ Hospital Cuddapah received a requisition
from the Station House Officer, I Town Police Station, Cuddapah
to conduct autopsy over the dead body of the deceased. He
B commenced the autopsy on the dead body of the deceased at
about 12.40 P.M. and opined that the deceased died because
of multiple injuries and the injuries to vital organs. According to
the observation, he issued post mortem certificate Ex.P-2.

c PW-7, the Cl of Police, Cuddapah, arrested the accused
at Padagalapalli bus stop on 04.01.1996 at 10.30 a.m. Thus,
on completion of investigation, he filed the charge sheet on
12.04.1996.
The defence of the accused was of total denial. It is ·also
0 suggested by the accused by way of defence that the incident •
did not take place in the manner suggested by the prosecution .
.In order to substantiate the accusation, the prosecution
examined PWs 1 to 7. They produced certain.documents and
they were marked as Exs. P-1 to P-18, whereas the accused
E examined OW-1 and 2 and they produced certain documents
and they were marked as Ex.01 and 02. . ??.......
P.Ws. 1 and 2 are stated to be eye-witnesses to the oc-
currence. As noted above, the evidence of the eye-witnesses
F was found to be credible, cogent and reliable and on that basis,
conviction was recorded. The respondents filed an appeal be-
fore the High Court. By the impugned judgment, the High Court
found that the respondents were responsible for the death of
the d_eceased but held that in the absence of charge under Sec-
tion 302 read with Section-149 IPC, they could not have been
G
convicted under Section 302 IPC, but held that each would be
liable for conviction for the offence punishable under Section ...
326 IPC. Sentence of five years RI ~nd a fine of Rs.1,000/-with
default stipulations was imposed.

H 5. Learned counsel for the appellant in each case submit-
DUMPALA CHANDRA REDDY v. NIMAKAYALA 945
BALIREDDY & ORS. [DR. ARIJIT PASAYAT, J.]

ted that the approach of the High Court is clearly erroneous. It A
is submitted that if the accused persons could not have been
convicted under Section 302 with the aid of Section 149 IPC,
they could not have also been convicted for offence punishable
under Section 326 IPC simplicitor. It is pointed out that the
~
charges framed clearly related to the offence punishable under B
Section 149, though there was no specific mention of the provi-
sion. It is also submitted that no prejudice has been caused to
the accused because of the non mention of the provision. In
fact, the essence of Section 149 IPC was clearly spelt out while
framing charge. c
6. Learned counsel for the accused-respondents sup-
ported the impugned judgment of the High Court and addition-
ally submitted that this is a case for acquittal and the evidence
of PWs. 1 and 2 should not have been acted upon.
D
7. This Court, in the oft repeated case of Willie (William)
Slaney Vs. State of Madhya Pradesh (1955 (2) SCR 1140)
had highlighted the aspect of prejudice. This decision has been
referred to in a large number of subsequent cases dealing with
the question of prejudice in the background of Section 464 of
the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (in short 'the Code'). In E
Ramkishan and Ors. Vs. State of Rajasthan (1997 (7) SCC
518), it was noted as follows:

"In view of the findings recorded by the learned Sessions
....,
Judge and the material on record, we are unable to ascribe F
to the finding that the appellants' intention was to cause
death of Bhura deceased. The finding betrays the
obs.ervation of the trial court as noticed above. The medical
evidence also does. not support the ultimate finding
recorded by the trial court and upheld by the High Court.
G
The offence in the established facts and circumstances of
...,..,...., the case in the case of the appellants would only fall under
Section 304 Part 11 IPC read with Section 149 IPC and not
under Section 302 IPC. Indeed no speGific charge
indicating the applicability of Section 149 IPC was framed,
H
946 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2008] 10 S.C.R.

A but all the ingredients of Section 149 IPC were clearly
indicated in the charge framed against the appellants and as
held by the Constitution Bench of this Court in Willie (William)
Slaney Vs. State of M.P. the omission to mention Section
149 IPC specifically in the charge is only an irregularity and
since no prejudice is shown to have been caused to the "<
.
'

B
appellants by that omission it cannot affect their conviction."

8. Similar view was also taken in B.N. Srikantiah and Ors.
Vs. The State of Mysore (1959 SCR 496) in the background of
Section 34, viz-a-viz Section 149, IPC. In Dalbir Singh Vs. State
c of UP (2004 (5) sec 334), it was noted as follows.
r
"15. In Willie (William) Slaney Vs. State of M.P. a
Constitution Bench examined the question of absence of
charge in considerable detail. The observations made in
paras 6 and 7, which are of general application, are being •
D
reproduced below:(AIR P 121 6) I-

"6. Before we proceed to set out our answer and examine
the provisions of the Code, we will pause to observe that the
Code is a Code of procedure and, like all procedural laws,
E is designed to further the ends of justice and not to frustrate
them by the introduction of endless technicalities. The object
of the Code is to ensure that an accused person gets a full
and fair trial along certain well established and well-understood
f'
lines that accord with our notions of natural justice.
F If he does, if he is tried by a competent court, if he is told
·- . '
I
and clearly understands the nature of the offence for which
he is being tried, if the case against him is fully and fairly ·-.--
explained to him and he is afforded a full and fair opportunity
of defending himself, then, provided there is 'substantial'
G compliance with the outward forms of the law, mere
mistakes in procedure, mere inconsequential errors and
~
omissions in the trial are regarded as venal by the Code
and the trial is not vitiated unless the accused can show
substantial prejudice. That, broadly speaking, is the basic
H principle on which the Code is based.
DUMPALA CHANDRA REDDY v. NIMAKAYALA 947
BALIREDDY & ORS. [DR. ARIJIT PASAYAT, J.]

7. Now, here, as in all procedural laws, certain things are A
regarded as vital. Disregard of a provision of that nature
is fatal to the trial and at once invalidates the conviction.
Others are not vital and whatever the irregularity they can
be cured; and in that event the conviction must stand unless
"\ ... the Court is satisfied that there was prejudice. Some of B
these matters are dealt with by the Code and wherever
that is the case full effect must be given to its provisions.
15.1 After analysing the provisions of Sections 225,
232, 535 and 537 of the Code of Criminal Procedure,
1898 which correspond to Sections 215, 464(2), 464 c
and 465 of the 1973 Code, the Court held as under
in para 44 of the Report: (AIR p.128)
"44.Now, as we have said, Sections 225, 232, 535
~
and 537(a) between them, cover every conceivable
D
type of error and irregularity referable to a charge
that can possibly arise, ranging from cases in which
-.; there is a conviction with no charge at all from start
( to finish down to cases in which there is a charge but
' with errors, irregularities and omissions in it. The
code is emphatic that 'whatever' the irregularity it is E
not to be regarded as fatal unless there is prejudice.
It is the substance that we must seek. Courts have to
administer justice and justice includes the punishment of
guilt just as much as the protection of innocence. Neither F
can be done if the shadow is mistaken for the substance
and the goal is lost in a labyrinth of unsubstantial
technicalities. Broad vision is required, a nice balancing
of the rights of the State and the protection of society in
general against protection from harassment to the
individual and the risks of unjust conviction. G

Every reasonable presumption must be made in favour of
an accused person; he must be given the benefit of every
reasonab!e doubt.
H
948 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2008] 10 S.C.R.

A The same broad principles of justice and fair play must be
brought to bear when determining a matter of prejudice
as in adjudging guilt. But when all is said and done what
we are concerned to see is whether the accused had a
fair trial, whether he knew what he was being tried for,
'
_,<--
B whether the main facts sought to be established against "
him were explained to him fairly and clearly and whether
he was given a full and fair chance to defend himself.

If all these elements are there and no prejudice is shown.
the conviction must stand whatever the irregularities
c whether traceable to the charge or to a want of one."

16. This question was again. examined by a three Judge
Bench in Gurbachan Singh Vs. State of Punjab in which it
was held as under: (AIR p.626, para 7)
~
D "In judging a question of prejudice, as of guilt, courts
must act with a broad vision and look to the substance
and not to technicalities, ~nd their main concern
should be to see whether the accused had a fair trial,
whether he knew what he was being tried for, whether .•
E the main facts sought to be established against him
were explained to him fairly and clearly and whether
he was given a full and fair chance to defend himself."
17. There are a catena of decisions of this Court on the
same lines and it is not necessary to burden this judgment ~
~

F by making reference to each one of them. Therefore, in
view of Section 464 Cr.P.C., it is possible for the appellate
or revisional court to convict an accused for an offence for
which no charge was framed unless the Court is of the opinion
that a failure of justice would in fact occasion. In order to
G judge whether a failure of justice has been occasioned, it will
be relevant to examine whether the accused was aware of ,....
the basic ingredients of the offence for which he is being
convicted and whether main facts sought to be established
against him were explained to him clearly and whether he '1

H got a fair chance to defend himself."
r
'
DUMPALA CHANDRA REDDY v. NIMAKAYALA 949
BALIREDDY & ORS. [DR. ARIJIT PASAYAT, J.]

9. The High Court, as has been rightly pointed out by A
learned counsel for the appellant, lost sight of the fact that if its
view is accepted in the absence of charge under Section 149,
conviction in terms of Section 326 could not have been done.
... 10. The High Court appears to have misconstrued the de-
cision of this Court in Rewa Ram Vs. Teja and Ors. (AIR 1998 B
SC 2883). In that case, the High Court held that the accused
persons could be held guilty only under Section 326 IPC, par-
ticularly, when it was stated in the charge that their common
object was to assault the deceased and commit rioting with I

deadly weapons. The position is entirely different here. In fact, c
while framing charge and combined reading of charge No.1 and
charge No.3 makes it clear, that the Court specified that the ac-
cused persons were members of unlawful assembly and in pros-
ecution of the common object of such assembly, i.e, in order to
commit murder of the deceased, committed the offence and at D
that time they were armed with daggers etc. to bring in the appli-
cation of Section 148 IPC. In Charge No.3, there is a specific
reference to the transactions, as mentioned in the first charge,
and the object to commit murder by hacking on the body of the
deceased with daggers and causing his intentional death anq E
thereby committing offence punishable under Section 302 IPC.
Therefore, the charge in relation to offence punishable under
Section 149 IPC is not only implicit but also patent in the charges.

~-
11. Apart from the question of prejudice, this aspect has
also been lost sight of by the High Court. F
12. The inevitable result is that the appeals deserve to be
allowed, and we direct so. The judgment of the Trial Court stands
restored and that of the High Court stands set aside. The re-
spondents shall surrender to custody forthwith to suffer remain-
G
der of sentence, if any.
... Yo

S.K.S. Appeals allowed.