Holding

The purchase of pineapple fruit for making canned pineapple slices does not fall within Section 5‑A(1)(a) and is therefore not taxable.

Summary

Pio Food Packers purchased fresh pineapple fruit and processed it into canned pineapple slices, jam, squash and juice. The issue was whether the purchase of pineapple fruit for making canned pineapple slices fell within Section 5‑A(1)(a) of the Kerala General Sales Tax Act, 1963, which taxes goods consumed in the manufacture of other goods. The Supreme Court held that the processed slices retain the essential identity of the original fruit; they are merely a different presentation and not a distinct commercial commodity. The Court applied the test that a commodity is only deemed consumed in manufacture when the processed article is regarded in trade as a new, distinct article, citing several Indian and foreign precedents. Consequently, the purchase of pineapple fruit for canned slices is not taxable under the provision, and the appeal was dismissed.

Issues considered

Whether the purchase of pineapple fruit for the purpose of producing canned pineapple slices constitutes consumption of the fruit in the manufacture of another commodity within the meaning of Section 5‑A(1)(a) of the Kerala General Sales Tax Act, 1963.

Legislation cited

Kerala General Sales Tax Act, 1963s. 5-A(1)(a)

Subjects

sales taxpurchase taxmanufactureconsumptionprocessed goodsSection 5‑AKeralapineapplecanned fruittaxabilitydistinct identity

Judgment

1271

DEPUTY COMMISSIONER, SALES TAX (LAW) BOARD OF A,
REVENUE (TAXES) ERNAKULAM
v.
PIO FOOD PACKERS
May 9, 1980
[P. N. BHAGWATI, V· D. TuLZAPURKAR AND R. S. PATHAK, JJ.]

Kera/a General Sales Tax Act, Section 5-A(l)(a) "conmmes such goods in
the malrufacture of other goods for sale or otherwise", meaning of-ExigibiliJy
to tax of pineapple ffuit. when processed into slices for the purpose of being
IO!d in sealed cans.
·-..; Tho respondent assessee, Pio Food Packers carries on the business of manu-
. facturing and selling canned fruit besides other products. The Pineapple pur-
chased by the assessee is washed and then the inedible portion, tbe end crown,
skin· and inner core are removed, thereafter the fruit is, sliced and the slices
are filled in cans, sugar is added as a preservative, the cans are sealed under
temperature and then put in boiling water for sterilisation.

In its return for the year 1973-74 under the Kerala General Sales Tax Act,
1963 the assessee claimed that a turnover of Rs. 3,84,138-89 representing the
purchase of pineapple fruit was not covered by Section 5-A(l)(b) of the Act.
It was asserted that the pineapple was converted into pineapple slices, pineapple
jam, pineapple squash and pineapple juice. The assessee maintained that by
the conversion ·Of pineapple fruit into its products no new commodity was
created and it was erroneous to say that there was a consumption of pineapple E
K fruit "in the manufacture of" these goods. The Sales Tax Officer did not
accept the contention and completed the assessment on the finding that a manu-
facturing process was involved and that, therefore, the case fell within s. 5-A
(t):(a). In revision before tbe Sales Ta:ii Appellate Tribunal, the assessee
c0nceded that pineapple jam and pineapple squash would · be covered by
s. 5-A(l)(a), and in regard to pineapple juice the Tribunal found that s. S-l(a)
was attracted. The only question which remained was whether the prepara- F
lion of pineapple slices fall within s. 5-A(l) (a). On that question two mem-
' bers of the Tribunal. found in favour of the assessee, and the third member
fDund. in favour of the Revenue. The Revenue then applied in revision to
the High Court and the High Court, has by its judgment dated 24th January,
1978, .maintained the order of the Tribunal.

Dismissing the appeal, by special leave, the court
HEID : 1. Wiien pineapple fruit is processed into pineapple slices for. the
purpose of being sold in sealed cans, there is no .<:onsumption of the original
pineapple fruit for the purpose of manufacture within the meaning of Section
5A(l)(a) of the Kerala General Sales Tax Act, 1963 [1277 E-FJ

2. Section 5-A(l)(a) of the Kerala General· Sales Tax Act envisages the
consumption of a commodity in the manufacture of another commodity. ·The
goods purchased should be consumed, the consumption should be in the pro-
ceos !>f !llllluf&cture, and the result must be the manufacture of other goods.

- : ,;..
1272 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1980] 3 S.C.R.

There are several criteria for determining whether a commo<lity is consumed
in the manufacture of another.. The generally prevalent test is whether the
article produced is regarded in the trade, by those who deal in it, as distinct
in identity from the commodity involved in its manufacture. Co1LI1monly,
manufacture is the end result of one or more processes through which the
original commodity is madf', to pass. The nature and extent of processing may
vary from one case to another, and indeed there may be several stages of pro-
cessing and perhaps a different kind of processing at each stage. With each
process suffered, the original commcxlity experience a c:h.an.ge. But it is only
when the change, or a series of changes, take the commodity to the point where
commercially it coo no longer be. regarded as the original comm°9ity but instead
is recognised 1l8 a new and distinct article that a manufacture can bei said .to take
place. Where there is no essential difference in identity between the original
commcxlity and the processed article, it is not possible to say that one· commo-
·C dity bM been consumed in the manufacture of another. Although it has. under-
gone a degree of processing, it must be regarded as still retaining its orfginal
identity. [1274 F-H, 1275 A-BJ
In the present oase, there is no essential difference between pineapple fruit
and the canned pineapple slices. The dealer and the consumer regard both
as pineapple. The only difference is that the sliced pineapple is a presentation
of fruit in a more convenient form 'and by reason of being canned it :is cap-
.D able of storage withont spoiling. The additional sweetness in the canned pine-
apple arises from the sugar added as a preservative. The pineapple slices
continue to possess the same identity as· the original pineapple fruit.
[1275 G-H, 1276-A]

Tunghabhadr.a Industr:ies Ltd., Kurnool v. Commercial Tax Offecer, J~urnool,
[1960J 10 S.T.C. 827 (SC); Commissioner of Sales Tax, U.P., Lucknow v.
.E Harbilas Ral & Sons, [1968J 21 S.T.C. 17 (SC); followed.

East Texas Motor Freight Lines v. Frozen Food Express, 100 L.ed. 917;
Anheuser-Busch Brelving Association v. United States, 52 L. ed. 336~338; quoted
with approval.

Anwarkhan Mahboob Co. v. The State of Bombay and Ors., [1960J 11 STC
698, A Hajee Abdul Shukoor and Co. v. The State of Madras, [1964J 15 STO
719; The State of Madras v. Swasthik Tobacco Factory, [1966J 17 STC 316 and
Ganesh Trading Co. Karna/ v. State of Haryana and Anr., [1973J 32 STC 623; J.
held inapplicable. '
3. The fact that the pineapple slices have a higher price in the market than I ·'
the original fruit does not imply that the slices constitute a diffd'ent commer-
/ cial commodity. The higher price, is occasioned only because of the labour
·.G put into making the fruit more readily consumable and because of the can em-
ployed to contain it. It is not as if the higher price is claimed because it a
different commercial commodity. [1277 A-BJ

4. The faot that the pineapple slices appeal to a different sector of the
trade and that when a customer asks for a can of pineapple slices he has in
mind something very different from fresh pineapple fruit does not give to the
.H canned pineapple slices a sep<>rate identity either. The distinction in the mind
of the consumer arises nOt from any difference in tho essential identity of the
two, but is derived from the mere fOim in which the fruit is desired. (1277 II-CJ
I I

SALES TAX BOARD v. PIO FOOD PACKEfS (Pathak, /.) 1273

$. Claiise (l)(a) of Section 5-A of the Kerala General Sales Tax Act, A
•peaj<s of goods consumed in the manufacture of other goods for sale or goods
consum~ in the manufacture of other goods for purposes other than ,sale.
' [1277 C-D]
,J CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal No. 2398 of
1978.
Appeal by Special, Leave from the Judgment and Order dated B
24-1-1978 of the Kerala High Court at Emalrulam in T.R.C. No. 2
of 1976.
M. M. Abdul Khader, V. J. Francis and M.A. Firoz for the
; Appellant.
"'.1.-:- S. T. Desai, P. A. Francis and Mrs. S. Gopalakri~hnan for the c
_, J' Respondent.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
PATHAK, J. This appeal by special leave is directed against
the judgment of th~ Kerala High Court holding that the turnover
of pineapple fruit purchased for preparing pineapple slices for sale D
in sealed cans is not covered by s. 5-A(l)(a) of the Kenila Gene-
ral Sales Tax Act, 1963.
The respondent, Messrs. Pio Food Packers ("the assessee"),
carries on the business of manufacturing and selling canned fruit
besides other products. In its return for the year 1973-74 under Ii.
the Kerala General Sales Tax Act, 1963 the assessee claimed that a
turnover of Rs. 3,64,138-89 representing the purchase of pineapple
fruit was not covered by s. 5-A(l)(a) of the Act. It was asserted
that the pineapple was converted into pineapple slices, pineapple
jam; pineapple squash and pineapple juice. Section 5-A(l) {a) of
the Act provides : F
"5-A Levy of purchase tax-
{ I) Every dealer who, in the course of his business, pur-
chases from a registered dealer or from any other
person any goods the sale or purchase of which is
liable to tax under this Act, in circumstances in G
f which no tax is payable under section 5, and
,either-
(a) consumes such goods in the manufacture of
,other goods for sale or otherwise; or
. ..
' ~
H
shall, whatever be the quantum of the turn-
over relating to such purcllase for a year, pay tax
22-610SCI/80

, ...
Jl
1274 SUPREME CO~T REPORTS (1980] 3 S.C.R.

A on the taxable turnover relating to such purchase
for the year at the rates mentioned in section 5."

The assessee maintained that by the conversion of pineapple -{
fruit into its products no new commodity was created and it was
erroneous to say that there was a consumption of pineapple fruit r
B "in the manufacture of" those goods. The Sales Tax Offirer did
not accept the contention and completed the assessment on the '
finding that a manufacturing process was involved and that, there-
fore, the case fell within s. 5-A(l )(a). In revision before the
Sales Tax Appellate Tribunal, the assessee conceded that pineapple
jam and pine-apple squash would be covered by s. 5-A(l)(a), and
c in regard to pineapple juice the Tribunal found that s. 5-1 (a) was Y
attracted. The only question which remained was whether the
preparation of pineapple slices fell within s. 5-A(l) (a). On that
question two members of the Tribunal found in favour of the
assessee, and the third member found in favour of the Revenue.
'Ibe Revenue then applied in revision to the ·High Court and the
D High Court has, by its judgment dated 24th January, 1978, main-
tained the order of the Tribunal.

It appears that the pineapple purchased by the assessee is washed
· and then the inedible portion, the end crown, skin and inner core
E are removed, thereafter the fruit ii; sliced and the slices are filled
in cans, sugar is added as a preservative, the cans are sealed under
temperature and then put in boiling water for sterilisation. Is the
pineapple fruit consumed in the manufacture of pineapple slices ?

Section 5"A(l )(a) of the Kerala General Sales Tax Act envisag-
F es the consumption of a commodity in the manufacture of another
commodity. The goods purchased should be consumed, the oon- -
sumption should be in the process of manufacture, and the resnlt i
must be the manufacture of other goOds. There are several criteria .,
for determining whether a commodity is consumthl in the manufac-
ture of another. The generally prevalent test is whether the article I
G produced is regarded in the trade, by those who deal in it, as distinct
in identity from the commodity involved in its manufacture. Commonly,
manufacture is the end result of one or more processes through which
the original commodity is made to pass. The nature and extent of
processing may vary from one case to another, and lll:deed there may be
several stages of processing and perhaps a different kind of pro-
H
cessing at each stage. With each process suffered, the 1:»igina!
cOS11111odity experiences a change. But it is only when the change,
er a series of changes, take the_ commodity to the point wbeJe
· · . 'l

SALl.S TAX BOARD v. PIO FOOi> PACKERS (P11thak, !.) 12 7 5
,, A
commerciiilly it can no longer be regarded as the original commo-
dity but instead is recognised as a new and distjnct article that a
maa1$cture can be said to take place. Where there is no ·essential
differelJCll in identity between the original commodity and ' the pro-
cessed article it is not possible to say that one commodity has been
COllSUIIled in the manufacture of another. Although it has under-
B
gone a degree of processing, it must be regarded as still retaining
... . . i1S original identity.

A Jarge number of cases has been placed before us .by the parties,
and in each of them the same principle has been applied :
~ r1Joes the processing of the Original commodity bring into existence
.' j a commercially different and distinct article ? Some of the cases
c
· where it was held by this Court that a different commercial article
had come into existence include Anwarkhan Mehboob Co. v. The
State of Bombay and Others(') (where raw tobacco was manufac-
tured into bidi patti), A Hajee Abdul Shukoor and Co. v. The
State of Madras(') (raw hides and skins constituted a different com- D
modity from dressed hides and skins with different physical proper-
ties), The State of Madras v. Swasthik Tobacco Factory(') (raw
tobacco manufactured into chewing tobacco) and Ganesh Trading
Co. Kamal v. State of Haryana and Another,(') (paddy dehusked
into rice). On the other side, cases where this Caurt has held that
although the original commodity has undergone a degree of process-
)( ing it has not lost its original identity include Tungabhadra Indus-
tril!s Ltd., Kurnool v. Commercial Tax Officer, Kurnoo/( 5 ) (where
hydrogenated groundnut oil was regarded as groundnut oil) and
Commissioner of Sales Tax, U.P.; Lucknow v. Harbilas Rai and
sons( 6 ) (where bristles plucked from pigs, boiled, washed with soap
and other chemicals and sorted out in bundles according. to their F
, size and colour were regarded as remaining the same commercial
\commodity, pigs bristles).

In the present case, there is no essential difference ~tween
pineapple fruit and the canned pineapple slices. The dealer and
the consumer regard both as pineapple. The only difference is that G
the sliced pineapple is .!I presentation of fruit in a more convenient
form and by reason of being canned it is capable of storage without
(!) (1960) II S. :r· C· 698.
(2) (1964) 15 S. T. C. 719·
(3) (1966) 17 S. T. C. 316.
(4) (1973) 32 S. T. C. 623, H
(S) (1960) 11 S. T. C. 827.
(6) (1968) 21 S. T. C. 17.

~.

'.Jft.i:-~~4..,',tt.,
.,_,,,,.;.;'~"
1276 SUPREME C(1t1RT REPORTS [1980) 3 S.C.R.

A spoiling. The additional sweetness in the canned pineapple arises
from the sugar added as a preservative. On a total impression, it
seems to us, the pineapple slices must be held to possess the same
identity as the original pineapple fruit.
While on the point, we may refer to East Texas Motor Freight
Lines v. Frozen Food Express,(!) where the U.S. Supreme Court T
held that dressed and frozen chicken was not a commercially distinct
article from the original chicken. It was pointed out :
"Killing, dressed and freezing a chicken is certainly a
change in the commodity. But it is no more drastic a change
than the chang6 which takes place in milk from pasturising,
homogenizing, adding vitamin concentrates, standardising and '""\ r
bottling." ".
It was also observed:
" .................. there is hardly less difference bet-
D ween cotton in the field and cotton at the gin or in the bale
01 between cottonseed in the field and cottons~ at the gin,
than between a chicken in the pen and one that is dressed.
The ginned and baled cotton and the cottonseed, as well as
the dressed chicken, have gone through a processing stage
But neither has been "manufactured" in the normal sense of
the word."
\ Referring to /ifntheusercBusch Brewing Association v. United
States( 2 ) the Court said:
"Manufacture implies a change but every change is not
manufacture and yet every change in an article is the result ·
F of treatment, labour and manipulation. But something more
is neci,ssary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . There must be transfor-
mation; a new and different article must emerge, having a l
distinctive name, character or use."
And further:
·G "At some point processing and manufacturing will merge.
But where the commodity retains a continuing substantial
identity through tJhe processingj stage we cannot say that it
has been "manufactured"." ~~

The comment applies fully in the case before us. Although a
ft degree of processing is involved in preparing pineapple slices from r
(!) 100 L. Ed. 917.
(2) 52 L. Ed. 336-338.

\
SALES TAX BOARD v, PIO FOOD PACKERS (Pathak,!.) 1277

the original fruit, the commodity continues .to possess its original
identity, notwitibstanding the removal of inedible portions, the slicing
.... and thereafter canning it on adding sugar to preserve it. It is conten-
ded fur the Revenue that pineapple slices have a higher price in the
• madet than the original fruit and that implies that the slices constitute
a different commercial commodjty. The higher price, it seems to us, is I
occasioned only because of the labour put into making the fruit more
.,."" readily consumable and because of the can employed .to contain it. It
. is notl as if the higher price is claimed because it is a different commer-
cial commodity. It is said that pineapple slices appeal to a different
sector of the trade and that when a customer asks for a can of pineapple
'Jsf"Ces he has in mind something very different from fresh pineapple
fruit Here again, the distinction in the mind of the consumer arises
not from any difference in the essential identity of the two, bnt is
derived from the mere form in which the fruit is desired.
Learned counsel for the Revenue contends that even if no ·manu-
facturing process is involved, the case still falls within .s. 5~ A( 1) (a) of
the Kerala General Sales Tax Act, because the statutory provision
speaks not only of goods consumed in the manufacture of other goods
for slile bnt also goods consumed otherwise. There is a fallacy in the
subuiission. The clause, truly read, speaks of goods consumed in the
m8nufacture of other goods for sale or goods consumed in the manu-
)( facture of other goods for purposes other than sale.
In the result, we hold that when pineapple fruit is processed into
pineapple slices for the purpose of being sold in sealed cans there is no
consumption of the original pineapple fruit for the purpose of manufac-
ture. The case does not fall within s. 5-A(l)(a) of the Kerala
General Sales Tax Act. The High Court is right in the view ta ken
-~~ F
\ The appeal fails and is dismissed with costs.

S.R. Appeal dismissed.

_)(