Holding

Compensation for compulsory acquisition of agricultural land before 1 March 1970 is exempt from capital‑gain tax and does not constitute gross total or distributable income, so Section 104 cannot be invoked and the officer cannot overrule the directors' commercial judgment.

Summary

Delhi Farming and Construction (P) Ltd., an investment company, received compensation for compulsory acquisition of agricultural land in 1962. The directors transferred the entire amount to a capital reserve and did not declare any dividend for the assessment years 1974-75, 1975-76 and 1976-77, citing accumulated losses and the small profit of the current years. The Income‑Tax Officer, invoking Section 104 of the Income Tax Act, 1961, levied a super‑tax on the undistributed income, arguing that the company had failed to distribute the statutory percentage of dividend. The company appealed, contending that the compensation was exempt capital gain under Section 45 read with Section 47(viii) and therefore not part of gross total or distributable income, and that the officer could not overrule the directors' commercial judgment. The Supreme Court held that the compensation was wholly exempt from capital‑gain tax, did not form part of gross total income, and that the officer could not deem the directors' decision unreasonable; consequently, Section 104 could not be invoked. The Court set aside the High Court judgment and upheld the Tribunal's order, allowing the appeals.

Issues considered

Whether compensation received for compulsory acquisition of agricultural land before 1 March 1970 is exempt from tax under Section 45 read with Section 47(viii) of the Income Tax Act, 1961.
Whether such exempt compensation forms part of 'gross total income' or 'distributable income' for the purpose of invoking Section 104 (super‑tax on undistributed income).
Whether the Income‑Tax Officer can assess the reasonableness of the Board of Directors' decision not to declare dividend under Section 104(2).

Legislation cited

Income Tax Act, 1961s. 104, s. 109(1), s. 2(24)(vi), s. 45, s. 47(viii)

Subjects

Income TaxSection 104Super‑taxUndistributed incomeCapital gains exemptionAgricultural land acquisitionBusiness judgment ruleDividend distributionInvestment company

Judgment

DELHI FARMING AND CONSTRUCTION (P) LTD. A
v.
COMMISSIONER OF INCOME TAX, DELHI

MARCH 26, 2003

[RUMA PAL AND B.N. SRIKRISHNA, JJ.] B

Income Tax Act, 1961:

Sections 2(24)(vi) and (45), 45, 47(viii), 104 and 109(1)-levy of Super
Tax on undistributed income of investment company-Capital gain to assessee- C
company prior to 1.3.1970 by compulsory acquisition of agricultural land-
Decision by Directors of the assessee-company not to use the money for
payment of dividend due to past losses and meagreness of the profit for the
current years-income tax officer holding the company liable to additional
income tax-Propriety of levy-Held : The Capital gain could not have been D
subjected to tax as it was wholly exempted from 'capital gains' and was not
part of the 'gross income' or 'distrib11table income' for the purpose of Section
104-Whether capital gains are commercial or business profits on which
dividends could be distributed would depend on the facts and circumstances
of each case based upon commercial decision of Directors of the company-
Deci:;ion of the Directors was not unreasonable and hence the income tax E
officer was not justified in sitting in appeal over the business decision of the
Directors of the Company.

Section 104-Jurisdiction of income tax officer-Scope of-Held, income
lax officer can only consider whether the Board of Directors acted reasonably-
Cannot arrive at conclusion that payment of dividend or larger dividend than F
that declared would be unreasonable in view of losses incurred or due to
smallness of the profits in the current years since it is business consideration.

Appellant-assessee, an investment company got compensation prior
to 1.3.1970, by reason of compulsory acquisition of agricultural land. The G
Directors of the company decided not to fritter away the money of
compensation by payment of dividend due to past losses and the smallness
of the profit for the current year and they transferred the amount to
capital reserve. Assessee was subjected to levy of income tax under Section
104 of Income Tax Act, 1961 for the assessment years 1974-75, 1975-76
35 H
36 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2003) 3 S.C.R.

A and 1976-77 for its failure to distribute the required statutory percentage
of dividend during the concerned previous years ending on 31.3.1973,
31.3.1974 and 31.3.1975 respectively. Income Tax Officer held that there
was sufficient money in the hands of the appellant which could and ought
to have been declared as dividend and thus held the Company liable to
B additional income tax for the years 1974-75 and 1975-76. The order was
upeheld by Appellate Commissioner in appeal. In further appeal Income
Tax Appellate Tribunal held that provisions of Section 104 of the Act could
not be invoked in both the assessmen1: years and gave full relief to the
appellant-Company. On reference with respect to the three assessment
years, High Court decided in favour of Revenue.
c In appeal to this Court appellant contended that the sale proceeds
of agricultural land are totally exempt from the charge of tax under
Section 45 of the Act by reason of Section 47(viii), hence, the capital gains
accruing as a result of the compensation paid could never have formed
part of the "total income" of the appellant-assessee; that capital gains are
D not commercial or business profits, nor are they income in the true sense
of the term, although by legislative fiction they have been included within
the scope of 'income' and made subject to tax; and that the income-tax
officer cannot sit in appeal over the business decision taken by the Board
of Directors of the appellant company.

E Allowing the appeals, the Court

HELD: I The entire amount of capital gains which accrued as a
result of acquisition (and hence compulsory transfer) of the agricultural
land could not have been subjected to tax under Section 104 of the Income
F Tax Act, 1961 as it was wholly exempted from capital gains and not part
of the 'gross income' or the 'distributable income' for the purpose of
Section 104 of the Act. Even assuming that compulsory acquisition of land
is transfer of a capital asset within the meaning of Section 45 of the Act,
Section 47(viii) specifically exempts any transfer of agricultural land in
India effected before the !st day of March, 1970 from the scope of Section
G 45 of the Act. Thus, the compensat1ion which became payable to the
appellant as a result of the acquisition of its agricultural land in 1962, was
totally exempt from Section 45. Consequently, it did not amount to
'income' within the meaning of Section 2(24)(vi) as there was no 'capital
gain' within the meaning of Section 45 . It was also not to be included while
H computing the total income of the appellant as defined in Section 2(45) of
DELI-II FARMING AND CONSTRUCTION IP) LTD. v. Cl.T 37
the Act. Thus, the amount of compensation received by the appellant could A
not have formed part of the "gross total income" within the meaning of
clause (iv) of Section I 09 of the Act. Consequently, there was no question
of its becoming part of "distributable Income" as defined in Section 109(1).
[43-B, E[

Cardamom Marketting company (TRA V), ltd v. Commissioner of B
Income Tax, (1986) 158 ITR 621 and Commissioner of Income Tax v. South
India CorporaOon ltd, (1990) 183 ITR 361 (Ker.), referred to.

2. There cannot be a hard and fast rule that capital gains ought or
ought not to be treated as commercial or business profits on which C
dividends could be distributed. It would ultimately depend on the facts
and circumstances of each case based upon which the Board of Directors
take a commercial decision as to whether dividend should be distributed
thereupon or not. [45-E[

C/Tv. Gannon Dunkerley and Co. ltd, (1971) 79 ITR 637; C/Tv. N. D
Guin and Co. (P) ltd, I (1979) ll6 ITR 475 and Factors (P) ltd v.
Commissioner of Income Tax, Madras, (1975) 98 ITR 105, referred to.

3. I. The jurisdiction of the Income-tax Officer under Section 104 of
the Act is hedged in by two prerequisite satisfactions on his part. First,
that profits and gains are distributed at less than the statutory percentage E
. of distributable income; second, that having regard to the losses incurred
by the company in earlier years, or due to the smallness of the profits made
in the previous year, the payment of dividend or a larger dividend than
that declared would be unreasonable. The second satisfaction brings in
business considerations. [45-G, H; 46-A[
F
Commissioner of Income-Tax (Central) Calcutta v. Asiatic Textiles ltd,
(1971) 82 ITR 816; CIT v. Bipinchandra Magan/al & Co., (1961) 41 ITR
290 and CIT v. Gangadhar Bane1jee and Co .. (1965) 57 ITR 176, referred
to.

3.2. The words "having regard to" used in the Section 104 of the Act G
do not restrict the consideration only to two matters indicated in the
Section as it is impossible to arrive at a conclusion as to reasonableness
by considering only the two matters mentioned isolated from other
relevant factors. It is neither possible nor advisable to lay down any
decisive tests for the guidance of the Income-tax Officer. The satisfaction H
38 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2003) 3 S.C.R.
A depends upon the facts of each case. The only guidance is his capacity to
put himself in the position of a prudent businessman or the director of a
company and his sympathetic and objective approach to the difficult
problem that arises in each case. 146-G, H; 47-AI

3.3. Taken against the background of the accumulated losses of the
B company over several financial years, together with the loss of the only
asset of the company, there was nothing unreasonable in the decision of
the Board of Directors not to distribute dividends from the compensation
awarded but to capitalize it in a reserve account. The second statutorily
required satisfaction could not have been arrived at by the Income-tax
C Officer so as to exercise jurisdiction under Section I 04 of the Act.
147-B, Cl

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Civil Appeal Nos. 7525-7527
of 2001.

D From the Judgment and Order dated 25.5.200 I of the Delhi High Court
in l.T.R. Nos. 301and302of1981.

Ranjit Kumar and Ms. Anu Mohla,, for the Appellant.

T.L.V. Iyer, P.S. Narasimha and P. Sridhar. for the Respondent.
E The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

SRIKRISHNA, J. The assessee is a company registered under the
provisions of the Companies Act and c:arrying on business in agricultural
activities and dairy farming. The assessee was subjected to levy of income-
F tax under section I 04 of the Income Tax Act, 1961 ('the Act') for the
assessment years 1974-75, 1975-76 and 1976-77. for its failure to distribute
the required statutory percentage of dividend during the concerned previous
years ending on 31st March 1973. 31st March 1974 and 31st March 1975,
respectively.

G The figures of total income-tax assessed and the distributable surplus as
computed by the Income-tax Officer for the assessment years 1974-75 and
1975-76, are as under:

Assessment year 1974-75 1975-76

H1 Total income assessed Rs. 3,22,580 Rs. 72.130
( "'
DELHI FARMING AND.CONSTRUCTION (P) LTD. v. C.I.T. (SRIKRISHNA, J.] 39

2 Less taxes payable thereon Rs. 2,20, 160 Rs. 49,228 A

3 Distributable surplus Rs. 1,02,420 Rs.22,902

4 Dividends that ought to Rs. 92,223 Rs. 20,612
have been declared by
the company, i.e. 90% B
5 Dividend declared by Nil Nil
the assessee company

~ t 6 Debit balance in profit Rs. 91,472 Rs.20,508
and loss account c
7 Capital reserve shown in Rs.7,45,109 Rs.7,45,109
the balance-sheet

The petitioner's business of agricultural activities had resulted in losses
year after year and the accumulated losses at the commencement of the year
D
1974-75 was Rs. 3,93,610 and for the year 1975-76 the loss was Rs. 91,472.

During the year 1962 certain agricultural land belonging to the appellant
company was compulsorily acquired. There was a long drawn litigation with
regard to the compensation payable to the appellant. The appellant was awarded
E
a sum of Rs. 7,64, 787 as compensation towards the acquired land on which
an amount of Rs. 2,94,844 became payable as interest. This amount of interest
·'
was paid on different dates during February 1973. Since the compensation
was payable immediately upon acquisition of the land, the appellant-assessee
took the view· that the interest earned on the compensation had to be
apportioned over the years 1962 to 1972. A sum of Rs. 20,357 .91 only was F
credited as interest for the period ending 3 1st March, 1973 and the balance
was credited towards the earlier periods. The compensation amount of Rs.
__,__ 7,45,109.72, being capital gain on the land compulsorily acquired by the
Govemment, was transferred to capital reserve and shown as such in the
balance sheet.
G
The Directors of the appellant company took the view that there was
no possibility of distributing dividend in the concerned three accounting
years on account of the past losses including the loss of the only asset of the
company i.e. agricultural land. It was, therefore, thought prudent to capitalize
..._ the compensation amount in a capital reserve account and not fritter it away
H
40. SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2003] 3 S.C.R.

A by distribution of dividend.
For the financial year ending 30.6.1973 the Income-tax Officer assessed
the income as Rs. 3,22.580 and for the financial year ending 30th June, 1974
the total income was assessed at Rs.72,130. Since the appellant had not
declared ariy dividend during the aforesaid accounting years, the Income-tax
B Officer issued notices to the appellant under sect:on I 04 of the Act for the
assessment years 1974-75 and 1975-76. The appellant contended that, because
of the past accumulated losses and the smallness of the profit for the current
year payment of any dividend would have been unreasonable, and, therefore,
it had decided not to fritter away the money available in its hand as
C compensation. The Income-tax Officer, however, disagreed and took the view
that there was sufficient money in the hands of the appellant which could and
ought to have been declared as dividend. He was also of view that the appellant
was an investment company and there was substantial capital available as
reflected in the capital reserve of Rs. 7,45,109. He also held that such a huge
capital reserve was not required by the company for the purpose of any
D business requirement. Consequently, the Income-tax Officer held that the
appellant was liable to additional income-tax of 50% of the profit available,
which was fixed at Rs.51,210 for the year 1974-75 and Rs. 11,451 for the
year 1975-76.

The appeals tiled by the appellant before the Appellate Commissioner
E of the Income Tax were rejected by upholding the orders of the Income-tax
Officer. Further appeals to the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal resulted in full
relief to the appellant as the Tribunal agreed with the contentions of the
appellant and held that the provisions of section 104 of the Act could not be
invoked by the Income-tax Officer in both the assessment years i.e. 1974-75
F and 1975-76. At the instanci: of Revenue a reference was made under section
256(1) of the Inc:ome Tax Act, 1961 to the High Court of the following
questions of law :

"I. Whether on the facts, and in the circumstances of the case, the
Tribunal was right in law in holding that the capital gains of Rs
G 7,45,109 could not be considered for purposes of computing the
distributable income of the assessee-company for the purposes
of section 1N of the Income Tax Act, 1961, and
(2) If the answer to the first question is in the negative, whether the
Tribuna.i was right in canct:lling the orders passed by the Income-
H Tax Officer, u/s I 04 of the Act for the two assessment years
DELHI FARMING AND CONSTRUCTION (P) LTD. v. C.l.T. [SRIKRISHNA, J.] 41

--
~>
1974-75 and 1975-76 ?"

By a common judgment dated 25.5.2001 the High Court answered
both the questions against the assessee and in favour of the Revenue and also
A

disposed of another reference pertaining to assessment year 1976-77, by
taking the same view.
B
Hence, these three appeals.

'- Section I 04 of the Act at the material time read as under:

"S. I 04. Super-tax on undistributed income of certain companies:-

(I) Subject to the provisions of sub-section (2) and of Sections 105, c
~ 106 and 107, where the Income-tax Officer is satisfied that in
respect of any previous year the profits and gains distributed as
dividends by any company within the twelve months immediately
following the expiry of that previous year are less than the
--< statutory percentage of the distributable income of the company D
of that previous year, the Income-tax Officer shall make an order
in writing that the company shall, apart from the sum determined
as payable by it on the basis of the assessment under Section 143
. or Section 144, be liable to pay super-tax at the rate of-

(a) fifty per cent, in the case of an investment company. E
(b) thirty-seven per cent, in the case of a trading company, and

(c) twenty-five per cent, in the case of any other company.

(2) The Income-tax Officer shall not make an order under sub-section
(I), if he is satisfied- F
(i) that, having regard to the losses incurred by the company in
earlier years, or to the smallness of the profits made in the previous

-- year, the payment of a dividend or a larger dividend than that
declared within the period of twelve months referred to in sub-
section (I), would be unreasonable; or G
(ii) that the payment of a dividend or a larger .dividend than that
declared within the period of twelve months referred to in sub-
section ( 1) would not have resulted in a benefit to the revenue;
or
' H
,./

42 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2003] 3 S.C.R.

A (iii) that at least seventy .. five per cent of the share capital of the
company is throughout the previous year beneficially held by an
institution or fund established in India for a charitable purpose
the income from dividend whereof is exempt under Section 11."

The statutory percent of dividend distributable, is prescribed at different
B rates ht the clause (iii) of Section I09 of the Act. The expression 'gross total
Income' is defined in clause (iv) of section 109 as "total income as computed
in accordance with provisions of the Act". Section 2(4S) of the Act defines
'total income' as the total amount of income referred to in Section S, computed
in the manner laid down in the Act. There is no doubt that capital gains
C falling within section 4s of the Act would be chargeable to income-tax under
the head "capital gains" and in the manner indicated in the fasciculus of 7
sections 4S to SSA.

The learned counsel for the appellant urged the following contentions
in support of the appeal :
D (a) That the sale proceeds of agricultural land are totally exempt from
the charge of tax under sc~ction 45 of the Act by reason of section
47(viii); hence, the capital gains accruing as a result of the
compensation paid cou Id never have formed part of the ~'total income"
of the appellant-assessee;
E (b) That capital gains are not commercial or business profits, nor are
they income in the true st!nse of the term, although by legislative
fiction they have been included within the scope of 'income' and
made subject to tax;

(c) In any event, the Income-tax Officer cannot act as a super director
F
and sit in appeal over the business decision taken by the Board of
Directors of the appellant company not to distribute dividend during
the relevant assessment years having regard to the past losses, the
meagerness of the profits made in the relevant years and the necessity
to stabilize the finances of the company.
G
For the Revenue, the learned counsel joins issue on all the three contentions
and supports the view taken by the High Court as fully justified on principle
and precedents.

Dealing with the first contention urged by learned senior advocate for
H the appellant, it appears to us that both the Revenue authorities and the High
DELHI FARMING AND CONSTRUCTION (P) LTD. v. Cl.T. [SRIKRISHNA, J.] 43
,...._. Court have missed the thrust of the argument. The capital gains arose prior A
to Ist day of March, 1970, and, they arose not because of any transfer
voluntarily made by the appellant-company, but by reason of the compulsory
acquisition of agricultural land belonging to the assessee. Even assuming that
compulsory acquisition of land is a transfer of a capital asset within the
meaning of section 45 of the Act, section 47 (viii) specifically exempts any
transfer of agricultural land in India effected before the 1" day of March, B
1970 from the scope of section 45 of the Act. Thus, the compensation which
became payable to the appellant as a result of the acquisition of its agricultural
land in 1962, was totally exempt from section 45. Consequently, it did not
amount to 'income' within the scope of section 2(24)(vi) as there was no

- 'capital gain' within the meaning of section 45. It was also not to be included
while computing the total income of the appellant as defined in section 2(45)
of the Act. Thus, the amount of compensation received by the appellant
could not have formed part of the "gross total income" within the meaning
c

of clause (iv) of Section 109 of the Act. Consequently, there was no question
of its becoming part of "distributable income" as defined in section 109(1).
We are hence, of the view that the appellant must succeed on its first contention D
that the entire amount of capital gains which accrued as a result of acquisition
(and hence compulsory transfer) of the agricultural land could not have been
subjected to tax under section I 04 of the Act as it was wholly exempted from
capital gains and not part of the 'gross income' or the distributable income
for the purpose of section 104 of the Act. E
The High Court rejected the contention of the appellant-assessee by
emphasising that the capital gain was part of assessable income 9f the assessee,
following the view taken by other High Courts as in Cardamom Marketing

- company (TRA V), ltd. v. Commissioner of Income Tax, (1986) 158 ITR 621
and Commissioner of Income Tax v. South India Corporation ltd., (1990)
183 ITR 361 (Ker). The High Court was persuaded to hold that if such losses
as are referred to in clause (d) are deductible from the gross total income,
there is no scope for entertaining a doubt that capital gains form part of the
F

gross total income of the company within the meaning of section 109 of the
Act.
G
We are afraid that the p(}int has been entirely missed. Jn neither judgment
of the Kerala High Court relied upon was there advertence as to what would
happen if the capital asset transferred was agricultural land. Jn Cardamom
; case (supra) the only argument urged was that capital gains were not ·part of
the business profits, and therefore, could not be taken into account in reckoning H
44 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2003] 3 S.C.R.

A the distributable income. This contention was rejected by the Kerala High ~
Court by pointing out that section 109(i), while defining "distributable
income", specifically takes in and includes the gross total income of the
company as reduced by, inter a/ia, losses under the head "capital gains"
relating to the capital assets, other than short term capital assets.

B On the second contention, as to whether capital gains, not being
commercial profits in the strict s,ense, could be treated as part of the gross
total income for the purpose of distribution of dividends, there is apparent
divergence of opinion amongst the High Courts.

In CIT v. Gannon Dunkerley and Co. ltd., (1971) 79 ITR 637 the
C Bombay Hi1~h Court was of the view that capital gains are made only
accidentally and occasionally and in making such gains an assessee cannot
be described as indulging in business activity and commerce. In inflationary
market and/or rising market old and worn out capital assets required to be
disposed of may on sale fetch better values and yet are required to be replaced
D by similar kinds of capital assets. Under normal circumstances, therefore, the
High Court found it difficult to accept the submission that according to the
commercial principles the amount received as capital gains are profits intended
to be distributed amongst the share-holders. In ordinary circumstances,
directors of business experience would never distribute amounts received by
E way of capital gains. These amounts would ordinarily be reserved for the
purpose of replacement of the assets sold so as to carry on the business of
the concerned company in normal manner. For the same reason, amount
earned as capital gain was considered to be notional profits. The availability
of these gains in the hands of a company did not render these gains commercial
profits.
F
The Calcutta High Court in CIT v. N. Guin and Co. (P) Ltd., ( 1979)
116 ITR 475, while deciding the case under section 23A of the Income Tax
Act, 1922, held :
-
"In our view. when a company disposes of any of its capital asset
G and realises a price high<:r than its cost price resulting in a surplus
then it will be for the directors to decide if such surplus would be
treated as part of the profit of the company and included in distributable
surplus. If the directors of the company decide to treat the capital
gains as part of the profits of the company and the amount is put back
in the profit and loss account, and thereafter if only a part of such
H gains is distributed as di~ id end, it would be open to the !TO to go
DELHI FARMING AND CONSTRUCTION (P) LTD. v. Cl T. [SRIKRISHNA, J.] 45
~ into the question whether a greater proportion of such gains should A
t have been distributed. This would be an exceptional case, But where
the entire surplus is channelled into reserves it is not for the ITO to
lay down that it should have been treated as profits."

Jn Factors (P) Ltd v. Commissioner of Income.Tax, Madras, (1975) 98
!TR I05, a case arising under section 23A of the Act of I 922, it was held by B
the Madras High Court that whether the capital gain in a particular case is to
be treated as profit available for distribution under section 23A or a capital
return would depend on the facts and circumstances of each case. In certain
cases capital gain would be in the nature of return of capital itself and in
those cases they would not be considered for the purpose of applicability of
section 23A. Barring such exceptional cases, it was held that the Revenue
c
would be justified in considering the amounts received by way of capital
gains as forming part of the profits of an assessee while exercising the powers
under section 23A of the 1922 Act.

In our view, there is really no conflict of opinion amongst the decisions D
of the High Courts. The consensus appears to be that there cannot bt> a hard
and fast rule that capital gains ought or ought not to be treated as commercial
or business profits on which dividends could be distributed. It would ultimately
depend on the facts and circumstances of each case based upon which the
Board of Directors take a commercial decision as to whether dividend should
be distributed thereupon or not. In any event, it appears to us that nothing E
turns on the second contention as far as the present appeals are concerned.

't The third contention urged by the appellant-assessee is equally
formidable. The High Court in the impugned judgment seems to have assumed
that the moment the Income-tax Officer is satisfied in respect of any previous
F
""'"' year that the profits and gains distributed as dividends by any company
within 12 months immediately following the expiry of that previous year are
less than the statutory percentage of the distributable income of the company
of that previous year, an order in terms of section 104 must necessarily be
passed. In our view, the jurisdiction of the Income-tax Officer under Section
I04 is hedged in by two prerequisite satisfaction on his part. First, that profits G
and gains are distributed at less than the statutory percentage of distributable
income; second, that having regard to the losses incurred by the company in
earlier.years, or due to the smallness of the profits made in the previous year,
~ the payment of dividenc;l or a larger dividend than that declared would be
'
unreasonable. The second satisfaction, in our view, brings in business
H
I
!
.......

46 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2003 I 3 s.c. R.

A considerations. As this Court observed in Com1111:~sioner of Income-Tax
(Central), Ca/cul/av. Asiatic Textiles Ltd. ( 1971) 82 ITR 816. while discussing
a case under section 23A of the 1922 Act, it is not open for the Income-tax
Officer to constitute himself as a 'super-director' in this regard.

In CIT v. Bipinchandra Magan/al & Co., ( 1961) 41 !TR 290 this Court
B pointed out that the legislature has deliberately used the expression "smallness
of profits" and not "smallness of the assessable income" and there is nothing
in the context which would require equation of the expression "profit" with
"assessable income". Smallness of the profit in section 23A has to be adjudged
in the light of commercial principles and not in the light of total receipts,
C actual or fictional. It was also pointed out that a company normally distributes
dividends out of its business profits and not out its assessable income. There
is no definable relation between the assessable income and the profits of a
busintss concern in a commercial sense.

In CIT v. Gangadhar Banerjee and Co. (1965) 57 !TR 176 this Court,
D while dealing with the corresponding provision under the 1922 Act, held :
"The Income-tax Officer, acting under this section is not assessing
any income to tax: that will be assessed in the hands of the shareholder.
He only does what the directors should have done. He puts himself
in the place of the din:ctors. Though the object of the section is to
E prevent evasion of tax, the provision must be worked not from the
standpoint of the tax collector but from that of a businessman. The
yardstick is that of a prudent businessman. The reasonableness or the
unreasonableness of the amount distributed as dividends is judged by
business considerations, such as the previous losses, the present profits.
the availability of surplus money and the reasonable requirements of
F the future and similar others. He must take an overall picture of the
financial position of the business''.

The words ·'having regard to" used in the section do not restrict the
consi\ieration only to two matters indicated in the section as it is impossible
G to arrive at a conclusion as to reasonableness by considering only the two
matters mentioned isolated from other relevant factors. It is neither possible
nor advisable to lay down any decisive tests for the guidance of the Income-
Tax Officer. The satisfaction depends upon the facts of each case. The only
guidance is his capacity to pu't himself in the position of a prudent businessman
or the director of a company and his sympathetic and objective approach to
H the difficult problem that arises in each case.
DELHI FARMING AND CONSTRUCTION (P) LTD. r. CIT [SRI KRISHNA, J.) 47
The question which the Income-tax Officer was to ask himself was: A
Whether the Board of Directors of the appellant company, in deciding to
transfer to capital reserve the entire amount of the awarded compensation and
not distributing dividends therefrom, had acted unreasonably or as unreasonable
businessman? Taken against the background of the accumulated losses of the
company over several financial years, together with the loss of the only asset B
of the company, we are of the view that there was nothing unrei\sonable in
the decision of the Board of Directors not to distribute dividends from the
compensation awarded but to capitalize it in a reserve account. In our
judgment, the second statutorily required satisfaction could not have been
arrived at by the Income-tax Officer so as to exercise jurisdiction under
Section I04 of the Act. The third contention also succeeds. C
In the result, we set aside the Judgment of the High Court and uphold
the order of the Income Tax Appellate Tribunal far the years 1974-75, 1975-
76 and I976-77 and answer the questions raised in favour of the assessee and
against the Revenue. There shall be no order as to costs.
D
K.K.T. Appeals allowed.