Holding

The Supreme Court held that the earlier judgment on entitlement to the Gaddi is final and binding, invoking Section 11 CPC and Order II Rule 2, thereby rendering the fresh suit for possession barred by res judicata.

Summary

The Dadu Dayalu Mahasabha, a registered public trust, and Mahant Ram Niwas were involved in a long series of suits concerning the entitlement and management of a religious Gaddi. The Supreme Court, in the first round of litigation, held that the respondent was not entitled to the Gaddi and granted him liberty to file a separate suit for possession. The respondent later filed such a suit, which the trial court dismissed on the ground of res judicata, a decision later reversed by the first appellate court and the High Court. The Supreme Court examined whether the principles of res judicata and Order II Rule 2 of the CPC applied, concluding that the issues of entitlement to the Gaddi had been finally decided and therefore barred the fresh suit. Consequently, the Court restored the judgment of the first appellate court, allowed the appellant's appeal, and dismissed the contempt petition.

Issues considered

The applicability of Section 11 of the CPC (res judicata) to the fresh suit for possession
Whether Order II Rule 2 of the CPC bars the second suit when the relief could have been claimed in the first suit
The effect of a Supreme Court observation versus the binding ratio of its decision
The relevance of issue estoppel in the context of the earlier judgment

Legislation cited

Code of Civil Procedure, 1908s. Order 2 Rule 2, s. Order II Rule 2, s. Section 11, s. Section 12
Rajasthan Public Trust Act, 1959
Specific Relief Act, 1963s. Section 5

Subjects

res judicataissue estoppelOrder II Rule 2Civil Procedurereligious trustGaddi entitlementpossession suitSupreme Court

Judgment

[2008] 8 S.C.R. 237
-..-Ir
DADU DAYALU MAHASABHA, JAIPUR (TRUST) A
v.
MAHANT RAM NIWAS AND ANOTHER
(Civil Appeal No.3495 Of 2008)
MAY 12, 2008

.. ..,.- [S.B. SINHA AND P.P. NAOLEKAR, JJ.]
B

Code of Civil Procedure, 1908; Order 2 Rule 2 and S. 11
"
Principles of res judicata - Applicability of - Issues in a
suit for entitlement of Gaddi of a religious trust dete_rmined c
finally by Supreme court in first round of litigation - Respon-
dent No.1 filed suit claiming possession of certain property in
terms of directions of Supreme Court - Cause of action in
subsequent suit whether same as in the earlier suit - Prin-
4.
ciples of res judicata - Applicability of - Held: Respondent's D
suit for possession was premised on legal entitlemenf - Ap-
pellants and respondents both claimed their right over the
Gaddi of the trust in question in first round of litigation - Su-
preme Court finally decided the case holding that respondent
No. 1 was not in possession of the suit property and he was E
given liberty to file suit for possession - Observation made by
Supreme Court is not binding, what would be binding is the
ratio of the decision - Thus, finding arrived at by Supreme
/'
Court, attained finality - Hence, issues so determined in the
+ first suit become binding on the parties - Once the issue of F
entitlement to Gaddi as raised by respondent No. 1 and a plea
contra thereto as raised by appellants, determined, the same
would operate as res judicata - Hence s. 11 of CPC attracted.
Principles/Doctrines:
G
.... Principles of estoppel, waiver & res judicata ~ Applica-
bility of.
Words & Phrases:

237 H
238 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2008] 8 S.C.R.
)..... .
A !Cause of action' - Meaning of
Appellant is a registered Public Trust. One 'S' was
allegedly holding the Gaddi of the said trust. In the first
round of litigation, first respondent filed a suit claiming
himself to be the Pota Chela of the holder of the Gaddi.
B Another person filed a suit for grant of permanent injunc-
tion. Appellant-Trust claimed its entitlement to the man- 1'- <
agement of the trust under the Will purported to have been
executed by 'S'. Trial judge dismissed the suit. Appeal pre-
ferred thereagainst by respondent No.1 was dismissed
c by the first appellate court. A second appeal preferred
thereagainst by respondent No.1 was allowed by the Di-
vision Bench of the High Court. Appeal preferred
thereaginst by the appellant was allowed by a Division
Bench of this court restoring the judgment & decree of
D the first appellate court giving liberty to respondent No.1
to file a suit for possession, if so advised. Respondent
No.1 then filed a fresh suit claiming possession of certain
properties. The suit was dismissed by the trial judge as
barred by the principles of res judicata as cause of action
E in the present suit and the earlier suit was same. Appeal
preferred thereagainst by respondents was allowed by
the first appellate court holding that neither the principles
of res judicata nor Order II Rule 2 of CPC were applicable,
in view of the judgment of this court in first round of litiga-
tion. Appeal preferred thereagainst by the appellant was
.....
F
allowed by the High Court holding that once it is ordered
by the Supreme Court that the judgment will not come in
the way for suit for possession, the suit for possession
could not be dismissed on the basis of previous judg-
ment in a suit for injunction. Hence, the present appeals
G
and also the Contempt Petition.
Appellant-Trust contended that where the suit is
barred under the principles of res judicata or Order II Rule
2 of the Code of Civil Procedure, effect thereof cannot be
H taken away by a mere observation of this Court; that in
DADU DAYALU MAHASABHA, JAIPUR (TRUST) v. 239
MAHANT RAM NIWAS AND ANOTHER
--+
any event the principle of issue estoppal shall apply; and A
that in any event the suit should have been held to be
barred by limitation.
Respondents submitted that the scope of the earlier
suits being confined to the question of possession as on
the date of institution thereof, the subsequent suit claim- B
• -1-- ing title over the Gaddi as also recovery of possession
was not barred under the principles of res judicata or Or-
der II Rule 2 of the Code of Civil Procedure; that the entire
issue between the parties as regards their legal rights hav-
ing been left open, the principle of res judicata could not c
have any application whatsoever particularly in view of
the fact the issues were totally different; since no issue
with regard to res judicata had been framed by the trial
court, any finding thereon was wholly unwarranted.
D
Allowing the appeal and dismissing the Contempt Pe-
tition, the Court
HELD: 1.1 A suit is filed on a cause of action. What
would constitute a cause of action is now well settled. It
would mean a bundle of facts which would be necessary E
to be proved by the plaintiff so as to enable him to obtain a
decree. In the instant case, first Respondent's suit for pos-
session was premised on a legal entitlement. Appellant also
,,. claimed its right over the Gaddi in question. The trial court
+- framed several issues. Its discussion centred round the F
respective pleas of the parties which had fully been gone
into. The suit was dismissed. The first appellate court not
only went into the question of possession of the first re-
spondent over the Gaddi, as on the date of institution of ·
the suit, but the other questions. [Para 16] [248-E-G] G
- 1.2 Rightly or wrongly a decision was arrived at that
the first respondent was held to be not entitled to hold
the Gaddi and management of the same. A legal right of
the appellant with regard thereto was found favour with
the first appellate court. The matter was finally decided H
240 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2008] 8 S.C.R.

~-

A by this court. The order of this Court is in four parts, i.e.
the High Court could not have reversed the finding of the
first appellate court; that the plaintiff was not in posses-
sion of the suit property on the date of the filing of the
suit; that in view of the said finding a decree for injunc-
B tlon for which the suit was filed could not have been
granted; that the judgment and decree of the first appel-
late court shall be restored after setting aside the judg- -+ •
ment and decree of the High Court; and that the said judg-
ment would not come in the way of the plaintiff/respon-
c dent in filing a suit for possession, if he so is so advised.
rPara 17,18] [248-H; 249-A-E]
2.1 The judgment of a court, it is trite, should not be
interpreted as a statute. The meaning of the words used
in a judgment must be found out on the backdrop of the
D fact of each case. The Court while passing a judgment
cannot take away ttie right of the successful party indi-
rectly which it cannot do directly. An observation made
by a superior court is not binding. What would be bind-
Ing is the ratio of the decision. Such a decision must be
E arrived at upon entering into the merit of the issues in-
volved in the case. [Para 19] [249-EF]
2.2 The judgment and order of the first appellate court
was restored by this Court in its earlier order, the finding
arrived at by it attained finality. The issues determined therein ...
F would be, thus, binding on the parties. [Para 20] [249-G-H]

3.1 Section 11, CPC not only recognizes the general
principle of res judicata, it bars the jurisdiction of the court
in terms of Section 12 thereof. Explanation V of Section
11 of the Code extends the principle of res judicata stat-
G
ing that the reliefs which could have been or ought to have
prayed for even if it was not prayed for would operate as
res judicata. Section 12 thereof bars filing of such suit at
the instance of a person who is found to be otherwise
bound by the decision in the earlier round of litigation and
H
DADU DAYALU MAHASABHA, JAIPUR (TRUST) v. 241
___._ MAHANT RAM NIWAS AND ANOTHER

in a case where the principle of res judicata shall apply. A
[Para 21] [250-A-C]
3.2 This court is not unmindful of the principles of
estoppel, waiver and res judicata, are procedural ih na-
tu re and, thus, the same will have no application in a case
where judgment has been rendered wholly without juris- B
. --;-- diction or issues involve only pure questions of law. Even
in such cases, the principle of issue estoppel will have
no role to play. However, once it is held that the issues
which arise in the subsequent suit were directly and sub-
stantial in issue in the earlier suit, indisputably Section 11 c
of the Code would apply. [Para 22] [250-C-E]
3.3 The provisions of Order II Rule 2 bars the juris-
diction of the Court in entertaining a second suit where
the plaintiff could have but failed to claim the entire relief
D
in the first one. [Para 23] [250-E-F]
4.1 In the instant case, the issue in the earlier suit
was the claim of entitlement to Gaddi by the first respon-
dent and a plea contra thereto raised by the appellant.
Once the issu::J of entitlement stood determined, the same E
would operate as res judicata. [Para 28] [254-F]
Shiv Kumar Sharma vs. Santosh Kumari (2007) 8 SCC
,,. 600 and Sheodan Singh vs. Daryao Kunwar : [1966] 4 SCR
300 - referred to .
• Robert Watson & Co. vs. The Collector (1869) 13 MIA 1
F

and Fateh Singh and others vs. Jagannath Baksh Singh and
another, AIR 1925 PC 55 - referred to.
4.2 Even in a case of title, Explanation IV to Section
11 would apply. In terms of Section 5 of the Specific Relief G
Act, 1963 a suit for possession must be filed having re-
gard to the provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure. If
the statute provides for the applicability of the Code of
Civil Procedure, there cannot be any doubt whatsoever
that all the relevant provisions thereof shall apply. Hence, H
242 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2008) 8 S.C.R.

A the impugned judgment cannot be sustained. The same
is set aside. This court does not find any specific ground
to initiate contempt proceedings against the respondent
at this stage. [Para 33,34,35 and 36] [259-8-F]
State of UP vs. Nawab Hussain, (1977) 2 SCC 806;
8 Home Plantations Ltd. vs. Talaku Land Board, Peermada and
another (1999) 5 SCC 590; Arnold vs. National Westiminster -;. •
Bank Pie. (1991) 2 AC 93 = (1991) 3 All ER 41, HL;
Annaimuthu Thevar (Dead) by Lrs. vs. V Alagammal and oth-
ers (2005) 6 SCC 202 and Sulochana Amma vs. Narayanan
C Nair 1994 (2) SCC 14 - referred to.
Shamsu Suhara Beevi vs. G. Alex and another (2004) 8
SCC 569) and Hardesh Ores (P) Ltd. vs. Hede and Company
2007 (5) sec 614 - relied on.
D CIVILAPPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 3495
of 2008
From the final Judgment and Order dated 8.5.2007 of the
High Court of Punjab & Haryana at Chandigarh in R.~'.A. NO.
4070 of 2005
E
Rajiv Dhawan, Sushi! Kr. Jain, Puneet Jain, Archana Tivari,
H.D. Thanvi (for PraObhja Jain} for the Appellant.

Rajiv Datta, Somvir Singh Deswal, Shree Pal Singh and
B.K. Satija for the Respondents.
F
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
S.8. SINHA, J. 1. Leave granted.
2. Applicability of the principles of Res Judicata and Or-
G der 11 Rule 2 of the Code of Civil Procedure having regard to an
observation made by this Court, is involved in this appeal, which
arises out of a judgment and order dated 8th May, 2007 passed
by a learned Single Judge of the Punjab and Haryana High Court
in Regular Second Appeal No. 4070 of 2005.
H 3. Appellant herein is a Public Trust registered under the
DADU DAYALU MAHASABHA, JAIPUR (TRUST) v. 243
._..L MAHANT RAM NIWAS AND ANOTHER [S.S. SINHA, J.]

provisions of the Rajasthan Public Trust Act 1959 and governed A
by the provisions thereof. Acquisition of a Gaddi and the man-
agement thereof was the subject matter of a suit.
Mahant Mani Ram Swami, admittedly was the holder of
the said Gaddi.
B
.... First respondent claimed himself to be the 'Pota Chela' of
the said Mahant Mani Ram Swami.

4. Disputes and differences between the parties having
arisen as regards succession and management of the Gaddi,
first respondent filed a suit in the Court of Senior Sub Judge, c
Rohtak . It was registered as Suit No. 295/2 of 1964. Another
suit was filed by Mahant Mani Ram Sadhu Dadu Panthi which
was marked as Suit No. 46 of 1967. The said suits were filed
for grant of permanent injunction.
D
5. Appellant has claimed its entitlement to the manage-
ment of the said Gaddi under a Wiil purported to have been
executed by Mahant Mani Ram Swami. The main controversy
between the parties, therefore, was which party was entitled to
manage the Gaddi at Kalanaur of the said Trust The matters
E
relating to management of another Gaddi situated at another
place, i.e., Makhora, however, is not in dispute.
6. The learned trial judge, having regard to the pleadings
,..,
of the parties inter alia, framed the following issues :-
+
"1. Whether the plaintiff is the Chela of Lahar Dass F
and Pota Chela of Mahant Mani Ram?
2. Whether the plaintiff is entitled to succeed to
Mahant Nitya Nand according to the custom
and law as application to the succession of Nitya G
Nand as Mahant and owner of property?
3. Whether Nitya Nand made a valid will in favour
of defendant No.1? If so, to what effect?
4. Whether the suit lies in the present form?"
H
244 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2008) 8 S.C.R.
..._.
A An additional issue was framed, after the defendant Nos.
3 & 4 were impleaded as parties in the suit, which reads :-

"5-A. Whether defendant No.3 or defendant No.4 was the
Chela of the late Mahant Mani Ram and is now the present
Mahant of the institution?
B
7. The principal issues were decided against the first re-
spondent. The suit was dismissed holdings that he was not en- ••
titled to hold or manage the Gaddi in question.

An appeal preferred thereagainst, being Civil Appeal No.
c 89/13 of 1973, was dismissed by the Additional District Judge,
Rohtak by his orders dated 2nd January, 1973, holding :-

"Nevertheless, there is sufficient evidence to show that
Nitaya Nanci and Mahant Lahar Dass were the Chelas of
D
Mahant Mani Ram and this appellant is the Chela of Lahar ._
Dass. Mahant Mani Ram used to be the Dohli Dar of
certain agricultural lands and after 11is death the mutation
entry Ex. P.13/6 was sanctioned by the revenue authorities
on 16. 7 .1958. Lahar Dass had a predeceased Mahant
Mani Ram."
E
It was furthermore held :-

"Therefore, my finding also is that the appellant has failed
in improving that he was appointed as the Mahant of Gaddi

F
by the Bhaik in accordance with the prevailing custom
and practice. Even the writing in the Bahi showing
.
"'

payments of certain moneys to the members of the at by
the Bhaik by the appellant has been withheld."
It was furthermore held :-
G "In that connection it is found that the appellant is the Chela
of Lahar Dass and that Lahar Dass and Mahan! Nitaya ....
Nanci were Gurbhai (Chelas of the said Mani Ram). But,
that does not come to the aid of the appellant for the
reason that he has failed to prove that he was appointed
H as the mahant by the Bhaik in accordasnce with the
DADU DAYALU MAHASABHA, JAIPUR (TRUST) v. 245
....Al MAHANT RAM NIWAS AND ANOTHER [S.B. SINHA, J.]

prevailing custom. A

In the connection of issue No.3 it is found that although
Mahant Nitaya Nanci did execute this will, which has been
attested by two witnesses in a sound disposing mind he
was not competent to execute such a will because his
interest in the properties was limited by the period of tenure B
I .... -
of the office of Mahant of the Gaddi."

However, the finding of the trial court on issue No.4 was
reversed.

8. A second appeal was preferred thereagainst before the c
High Court which was registered as Regular Second Appeal
No.800 of 1973. The High Court allowed the purported register
of the 'Bhaik' to be produced as additional evidence. It entered
into the merit of the matter and held as under ·
..... D
"The oral evidence produced by the plaintiff to prove this
fact in the Trial Court, was discussed oy the lower Appellate
Court as well, but as observed earlier, the lower Appellate
Court did not believe those witnesses because all of them
had stated that such a writing was made in the register
E
when the plaintiff was appointed as Mahan! and that writing
was attested by some of the members of the Bhaik, yet
the same was not produced in the Trial Court. Thus their
~ testimony was never disbelieved as such. Because of the
;. non-production of the writing Exhibit PW 14/A the finding
was given against the plaintiff by the two Courts below. F
Since this Court allowed the additional evidence to be
produced in this Court and the said writing has been duly
proved, the findings of the Courts below under issue No.1
are liable to be set aside."
G
-( 9. The matter came up before this Court by way of Civil
Appeal No. 299of1987 (arising out of SLP ©No. 7600of1983)
and by a judgment and order dated 2"" February, 1987 a Divi-
sion Bench of this Court allowed the said appeal stating :-
"Special leave granted. The appeal is heard. H
246 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2008] 8 S.C.R.
..._
A Since the High Court has not and could not have in the
circumstances of the case reversed the finding of the trial
court and the First Appellate Court that the plaintiff was
not in possession of the suit property on the date of the
filing of suit, it could not have reversed the decree passed
by the First Appellate Court and made a decree for
B
injunction for which suit has been brought. We, therefore,
set aside the judgment and decree of the High Court and
-~ .
restore the judgment and decree of the First Appellate
Court. This judgment will not come in the way of the plaintiff/
c respondent filing a suit for possession, if he is so advised."
10. Relying on or on the basis of the said observation made
by this Court, the second round of litigation began.
11. In the fresh suit, the first respondent also impleaded
'Gaddi Dadu Dawara Kalanur' through himself as the second A
D
plaintiff. Appellants were arrayed as defendants. In the said suit
a decree for possession of the properties mentioned in para-
graph 5 of the plaint (consisting of 15 items of properties) was
prayed for.
E 12. The learned trial judge by his judgment and order dated
11th February, 2003 opined that the said suit was barred by the
principles of res judiciata, the issues arising therein being di-
rectly and substantially in issue between the parties in the pre-
vious suit as well. It dealt with in details as to how the causes of ...
~
F actions in both the suits were the same.
Respondents preferred an appeal thereagainst. The first
appellate court, however, by its judgment and order dated 27th
November, 2005 reversed the judgment and decree of the trial
court holding that neither the principles of Res Judicta nor Or-
G der II Rule 2 of the Code of Civil Procedure were applicable in
)P
view of the observations made by this Court in the aforemen-
tioned order of this Court dated 2"d February, 1987.
13. An appeal was preferred thereagainst by the appel-
!ants.
H
DADU DAYALU MAHASABHA, JAIPUR (TRUST) v. 247
.._ MAHANT RAM NIWAS AND ANOTHER [S.B. SINHA, J.]

The High Court by reason of the impugned judgment has A
allowed the said appeal holding :-
"Admittedly, the previous suit was suit for injunction. In the
said suit finding was returned by the trial Court that the
. plaintiff has failed to prove the ownership and possession
and, thus, the suit for injunction was dismissed. Such finding 8
' . ~ was affirmed in appeal as well. This Court in second
appeal reversed the findings recorded by the learned first
Appellate Court after admitting additional evidence and
held that the plaintiff is in possession of the suit property.
In the said circumstance, above said order of Hon'ble C
Supreme Court was passed whereby judgment and
decree passed by the High Court was set aside and liberty
was given to the plaintiff to file a suit for possession.
A perusal of order passed by the Hon'ble Supreme Court D
shows that the finding that plaintiff was not in possession
in a suit for injunction recorded by this Court was set aside
and, therefore, it was clarified that the judgment of the
Court will not come in the way of the plaintiff to file a suit
for possession. Meaning thereby in a suit for possession,
the plaintiff could establish his title. The order of Hon'bte E
Supreme Court has to be read in its entirety. Once it is
ordered that the judgment will not come in the way for suit
for possession, the suit for possession could not be
dismissed on the basis of previous judgment in a suit for
injunction." F
14. Dr. Rajiv Dhawan, learned Senior Counsel appearing
on behalf of the appellant in support of the appeal submitted :-
1) Where the suit is barred under the principles of
res judicata or Order II Rule 2 of the Code of G
Civil Procedure, effect thereof cannot be taken
away by a mere observation of this Court.
2) In any event the principle of issue estoppal shall
apply.
H
248 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2008] 8 S.C.R.
.....
A 3) In any event the suit should have been held to
be barred by limitation.

15. Mr. Rajiv Datta, learned Senior Counsel, appearing
on behalf of the respondents, on the other hand, urge:-

B 1) The scope of the earlier suits being confined to
the question of possession as on the date of
institution thereof, the subsequent suit claiming
~ .
title over the Gaddi as also recovery of
possession was not barred under the principles
c of Res Judicata or Order II Rule 2 of the Code
of Civil Procedure.

2) The entire issue between the parties as regards
their legal rights having been left open, the
principle of res judicata could not have any
D application whatsoever particularly in view of
the fact the issues were totally different.

3) Since no issue with regard to res judicata had
been framed by the learned trial court, any
finding thereon was wholly unwarranted.
E,
16. A suit is filed on a cause of action. What would consti-
rute a cause of action is now well settled. It would mean a bundle
cf facts which would be necessary to be proved by the plaintiff ...
so a~ to enable him to obtain a decree. First Respondent's suit ~
F r-or possession was premised on a legal entitlement. Appellant
r;erein also claimed its right over the Gaddi in question. The
nal court framed several issues. Its discussion centred round
·he respective pleas of the parties which had fully been gone
;nto.
G The suit was dismissed The first appellate court not only
went into the question of possession of the first respondent over
the Gaddi, as on the date of institution of the suit, but the other
• •
questions.

17. Rightly or wrongly a decision was arrived at that the
H
DADU DAYALU MAHASABHA, JAIPUR (TRUST) v. 249
. :i MAHANT RAM NIWAS AND ANOTHER [S.B. SINHA, J.]

first respondent was held to be not entitled to hold the Gaddi A
and management of the same. A legal right of the appellant with
regard thereto was found favour with the first appellate court.
On the aforementioned backdrop the implication of the obser-
vations of this Court must be noticed and considered.
-"·
- ~
18. The order of this Court is in four parts, i.e. - B

i) The High Court could not have reversed the
finding of the first appellate court that the plaintiff
was not in possession of the suit property on
the date of the filing of the suit. c
ii) In view of the said finding a decree for injunction
for which the suit was filed could not have been
granted.
~ iii) The judgment and decree of the first appellate
D
court shall be restored after setting aside the
judgment and decree of the High Court.
iv) The said judgment would not come in the way
of the plaintiff/respondent in filing a suit for
possession, if he so is so advised. E
19. The judgment of a court, it is trite, should not be inter-
preted as a statute. The meaning of the words used in a judg-
~. ment must be found out on the backdrop of the fact of each
case. The Court while passing a judgment cannot take away
the right of the successful party indirectly which it cannot do di- F
rectly. An observation made by a superior court is not binding.
What would be binding is the ratio of the decision. Such a deci-
sion must be arrived at upon entering into the merit of the is-

- sues involved in the case.
20. If the judgment and order of the first appellate court
dated 2nd January, 1973 was restored by this Court in its order
G

dated 2nd February, 1987, the finding arrived at by it attained
finality. The issues determined therein would be, thus, binding
on the parties.
H
250 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2008] 8 S.C.R.

A 21. Section 11 of the Cod~ not only recognizes the gen-
eral principle of res judicata, it bars the jurisdiction of the court
in terms of Section 12 thereof.
Explanation V of Section 11 of the Code extends the prin-
ciple of res judicata stating that the reliefs which could have
B been or ought to have prayed for even if it was not prayed for
........
1-- -
would operate as res judicata. Section 12 thereof bars filing of
such suit at the instance of a person who is found to be other-
wise bound by the decision in the earlier round of litigation and
in a case where the principle of res judicata shall apply.
c
22. We, however, are not unmindful of the principles of es-
toppel, waiver and res judicata, are procedural in nature and,
thus, the same will have no application in a case where judg- ,..
ment has been rendered wholly without jurisdiction or issues . '
..L
invol.ve only pure questions of law. Even in such cases, the prin-
0
ciple of issue estoppel will have no role to play.
However, once it is· held that the issues which arise in the
subsequent suit were directly and substantial in issue in the
earlier suit, indisputably Section 11 of the Code would apply.
E 23. Similarly the provisions of Order II Rule 2 bars the ju-
risdiction of the Court in entertaining a second suit where the

F
plaintiff could have but failed to claim the entire relief in the first
one. We need no go into the legal philosophy underlying the
said principle as we are concerned with the applicability thereof.
24. We must also.bear in mind the distinction b~tween the
decision of a court of law and a court of equity.
• Im

We may notice that even as far back as in 1869 in Robert
Watson & Co. v,s. The Collector: (1869) 13 MIA 1 it was held :-
G
"A decision of the iate Sudder Court of the 31 51 of May,
1853, is a precedent in point, and the marginal note
appended to the case fully shows that a failure to adduce
evidence is not a default to proceed within the meaning of
Act No. XX.IX of 1841, which refers only to steps in
H
DADU DAYAL,U MAHASABHA, JAIPUR (TRUST) v. 251
' ...... MAHANT RAM NIWAS-ANDANOTHER [S.B. SINHA, J.]

procedure necessary to enable a cause to be prepared A
for hearing on its merits; the dismissal of a suit for want of
evidence ought not to be on default, but on the merits.
This, then, was clearly the sate of the law in 1857, when
the Judge of Rajshahe dismissed the suit for want of
evidence , and we cannot allow any words of the Judge to B
> .... override the law, and give to parties indulgencies which
the law of procedure does not sanction." "It cannot for a
moment be argued that, as the law stood in 1857, a Plaintiff
was at liberty to claim a non-suit if, after the issues were
recorded, be neglected to supply evidence in support of c
his case, and we are of opinion that the law and practice
of the Courts there was to act upon the maxim 'De non
aparentibus et non existentibus eadum est ratio' (a); and
if evidence was wanting, to dismiss the claim for want of
-~· proof. Such order is in reality a decision on the merits, just
D
as much ~s if Plaintiff had produced evidence which the
Court considered inadequate as proof, and dismissed it
upon that ground."
25. The Privy Council In Fateh Singh and others vs.
Jagannath · Baksh Singh and another : AIR 1925 PC !;i5 ob- E
served:-
" When the plaintiffs brought their first suit, they had to
show their title to impeach the widow's gift. For this
purpose they had to show either that they were some at
least of the nearest reversionary heirs, or that the only F
nearer reversionary heir had colluded with the widow. In
their plaint they did not rely on collusion, which they only
introduced in their replication. Taking, however, that view
of the pleadings which -is most favourable to them and
treating them as relying equally on both grounds of claim, G
it is now clear that they can only make out a claim to be
some of the next feversioners on the footing of the family
custom, and that the allegation of that custom therefore
was· an allegation which " migh·t and ought to have been
made" within the meaning of Explanation 4. H
254 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2008] 8 S.C.R.

A Or, to put it in another way. One of the alternative cases on
which they were basing their title to sue was their nearness
of kin, and to prove their nearness of kin it was essential
to aver the family custom. They claimed as next heirs, and
their claim was dismissed. They cannot fight it over again.
B But, as the Judges in the Court of the Judicial
Commissioner have observed, some complication was
introduced by the language of the Judge who tried the first
case and by his expressing himself as if he had power to
give leave to bring a fresh suit. It was contended on behalf
c of the plaintiffs that in so expressing himself he was
purporting to exercise the powers given to the Court by
Order 23, which allows the Court in certain cases to grant
the plaintiff permission to withdraw from a suit with liberty
to issue a fresh suit, in which case the bar against a fresh
D suit which is otherwise imposed on a plaintiff who abandons
his first suit is removed."

It was furthermore observed:-

" ... There was no application for leave to withdraw the suit;
E nor was it withdrawn : it was dismissed and the power of
the learned Judge ceased upon this dismissal. It may have
been unfortunate for the plaintiffs that the learned Judge
thought that he had a power which he did not possess, but
happily, as the Judges on the appeal observed, it is
F improbable that there was substance in the claim which
they have been prevented from further prosecuting."
26. The above observation of Privy Council came up for con-
sideration before this Court in Shiv Kumar Sharma vs. Santosh
Kumari: (2007) 8 SCC 600, when this Court observed :-
G
"21. If the respondent intended to claim damages and/or
mesne profit, in view of Order 2 Rule 2 of the Code itself,
he could have done so, but he chose not to do so. For one
reason or the other, he, therefore, had full knowledge about
his right. Having omitted to make any claim for damages,
H
DADU DAYALU MAHASABHA, JAIPUR (TRUST) v. 253
MAHANT RAM NIWAS AND ANOTHER [S.B. SINHA, J.]
~ +
in our opinion, the plaintiff cannot be permitted to get the A
same indirectly.
22. Law in this behalf is absolutely clear. What cannot be
done directly cannot be done indirectly."
27. The question which was posed by the Privy Council B
, ~
was:-

"Be that, however, as it may, the first question is, whether
the High Court was right in holding that, notwithstanding
the reservation contained in the decree dismissing the
suit of 1856, the question was to be treated as res c
judicata."

The Court noticed that at that point there was no authority
which sanctioned the exercise by the Country Courts of India of
.,.., that power which Courts of Equity in that Country occasionally
.
D
exercise, of dismissing a suit with liberty to the plaintiff to bring
a fresh suit for the same matter.
28. Having noticed the effect of a stray observation made
by a superior court viz-a-viz applicability of the principle of res
judicata we may also notice the applicability of the principle of E
issue estoppel.

In Sheodan Singh vs. Daryao Kunwar: [1966] 4 SCR 300,
~
this Court laid down the ingredients of Section 11 of the Code
~ of Civil Procedure stating :-
F
"9. A plain reading of Section 11 shows that to constitute
a matter res judicata, the following conditions must be
satisfied, namely-
(i) The matter directly and substantially in issue in
the subsequent suit or issue must be the same G
matter which was directly and substantially in
issue in the former suit;
(ii) The former suit must have been a suit between
the same parties or between parties under
H
254 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2008] 8 S.C.R.
~ '
A whom they or any of them claim;
(iii) The parties must have litigated under the same
title in the former suit;
(iv) The court which decided the former suit must
B be a court competent to try the subsequent suit
or the suit in which such issue is subsequently
raised; and
-;. .
(v) The matter directly and substantially in issue in
the subsequent suit must have been heard and
c finally decided by the court in the first suit.
Further Explanation 1 shows that it is not the
date on which the suit is filed that matters but
the date on which the suit is decided, so that
even if a suit was filed later, it will be a former
D suit if it has been decided earlier. In order ••
therefore that the decisior in the earlier two
appeals dismissed by the High Court operates
as res judicata it will have to be seen whether
all the five conditions mentioned above have
E been satisfied."
The question which is, thus, required to be posed is what
was in issue in the earlier suit.
The issue indisputably was the claim of entitlement to
~
F Gaddi by the first respondent and a plea contra thereto raised
by the appellants. Once the issue of entitlement stood deter-
mined, the same would operate as res judicata. We may notice
some precedents for appreciating the underlying principles
thereof. Section 11 of the Code, thus. in view of the issues in-
volved in the earlier suit, the provisions thereof shall apply.
G
,_.
29. In State of UP vs. Nawab Hussain : (1977) 2 SCC
806 this Court held :-
"3. The principle of estoppel per rem judicatam is a rule
of evidence. As has been stated in Marginson v. Blackbum
H
DADU DAYALU MAHASABHA, JAIPUR (TRUST) v. 255
MAHANT RAM NIWAS AND ANOTHER [$.8. SINHA, J.]
.~

Borough Councill, it may be said to be "the broader rule A
of evidence which prohibits the reassertion of a cause of
action". This doctrine is based on two theories: (1) the
finality and conclusiveness of judicial decisions for the
final termination of disputes in the general interest of the
community as a matter of public policy, and (i1) the interest 8
of the individual that he should be protected from
;.
.... multiplication of litigation. It therefore serves not only a
public but also a private p1:1rpose by obstructing the
reopening of matters which have once been adjudicated
upon. It is thus not permissible to obtain a second judgment c
for the same civil relief on the same cause of action, for
otherwise the spirit of contentiousness may give rise to
conflicting judgments of equal authority, lead to multiplicity
of actions and bring the administration of justice into
disrepute. It is the cause of action which gives rise to an
D
~ action, and that is why it is necessary for the courts to
recognise that a cause of action which results in a judgment
must lose its identity and vitality and merge in the judgment
when pronounced. It cannot therefore survive the judgment,
or give rise to another cause of action on the same facts.
This is what is known as the general principle of res E
judicata."
Noticing that the same set of facts may also give rise to
two causes of actions, it was held:-
~

>- "That, in turn, led the High Court to the conclusion that the F
principle of constructive res judicata could not be made
applicable to a writ petition, and that was why it took the
view that it was competent for the plaintiff in this case to
raise an additional plea in the suit even though it was
available to him in the writ petition which was filed by him G
earlier but was not taken. As is obvious, the High Court
went wrong in taking that view because the law in regard
to the applicability of the principle of constructive res
judicata having been clearly laid down in the decision in
Devi/al Modi case, it was not necessary to reiterate it in H
256 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2008] 8 S.C.R.

A Gu/abchand case as it did not arise for consideration ----·
there. The clarificatory observation of this Court in
Gulabchand case was thus misunderstood by the High
Court in observing that the matter had been "left open" by
this Court."
B 30. Yet again in Home Plantations Ltd. vs. Talaku Land
Board, Peermada and another : (1999) 5 SCC 590.
~
.
"An adjudication is conclusive and final not only as to the
actual matter determined but as to every other matter which
c the parties might and ought to have litigated and have had
it decided as incidental to or essentially connected with
the subject-matter of the litigation and every matter coming
within the legitimate purview of the original action both in
respect of the matter of claim or defence. The principle
underlying Explanation IV is that where the parties have
D
had an opportunity of controverting a matter that should .....
be taken to be the same thing as if the matter had been
actually controverted and decided. It is true that where a
matter has been constructively in issue it cannot be said
to have been actually heard and decided. It could only be
E deemed to have been heard and decided. The first reason,
therefore, has absolutely no force."
It was furthermore opined :-
"26. It is settled law that the principles of estoppel and res
F judicata are based on public policy and justice. Doctrine +
of res judicata is often treated as a branch of the law of
estoppel though these two doctrines differ in some
essential particulars. Rule of res judicata prevents the
parties to a judicial determination from litigating the same
G question over again even though the determination may
even be demonstratedly wrong. When the proceedings
have attained finality, parties are bound by the judgment
and are estopped from questioning it They cannot litigate
again on the same cause of action nor can they litigate
H any issue which was necessary for decision in the earlier
DADU DAYALU MAHASABHA, JAIPUR (TRUST) v. 257
MAHANT RAM NIWAS AND ANOTHER [S.S. SINHA, J.]
.~
litigation. These two aspects are "cause of action estoppel" A
and "issue estoppel". These two terms are of common
law origin. Again, once an issue has been finally
determined, parties cannot subsequently in the same suit
advance arguments or adduce further evidence directed
to showing that the issue was wrongly determined. Their 8
only remedy is to approach the higher forum if available.
;. 4- The determination of the issue between the parties gives
rise to, as noted above, an issue estoppel. It operates in
any subsequent proceedings in the same suit in which the
issue had been determined. It also operates in subsequent c
suits between the same parties in which the same issue
arises. Section 11 of the Code of Civil Procedure contains
provisions of res judicata but these are not exhaustive of
the general doctrine of res judicata. Legal principles of
estoppel and res judicata are equally applicable in
-~
D
proceedings before administrative authorities as they are
based on public policy and justice."
This Court opined that the Law of England as enunciated
by the House of Lords in Arnold vs. National Westiminster Bank
Pie. : (1991) 2 AC 93 =(1991) 3 All ER 41, HL to hold that the E
said principle will have no application in India stating:-
.. •
"30. Mr Salve's assertions based on the aforesaid
decision of the House of Lords may be valid to an extent
~
but then in view of the principles of law laid down by this
+ Court on the application of res judicata and estoppel and F
considering the provisions of Section 11 of the Code, we
do not think there is any scope to incorporate the exception
to the rule of issue estoppel as given in Arnold v. National
Westminster Bank Pie. 3
G
31. Law on res judicata and estoppel is well understood
in India and there are ample authoritative pronouncements
by various courts on these subjects. As noted above, the
plea of res judicata, though technical, is based on public
policy in order to put an end to litigation. It is, however,
H
258 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2008] 8 S.C.R.

A different if an issue which had been decided in an earlier _... '
litigation again arises for determination between the same
parties in a suit based on a fresh cause of action or where
there is continuous cause of action. The pa~ies then may
not be bound by the determination made earlier if in the
B meanwhile, law has changed or has been interpreted
differently by a higher forum. But that situation does not
exist here. Principles of constructive res judicata apply •
with full force. It is the subsequent stage of the same ~
proceedings. If we refer to Order XLVll of the Code
c (Explanation to Rule 1) review is not permissible on the
ground

"that the decision on a question of law on which
the judgment of the Court is based has been
reversed or modified by the subsequent
D decision of a superior court in any other case,
shall not be a ground for the review of such ~
judgment".

31. Principle of issue estoppel and constructive res judi-
cata had also been discussed at some length by this Court in
E Bhanu Kumar Jain (supra) to hold:-

"29. There is a distinction between "issue estoppel" and
"res judicata". (See Thoday v. Thoday)

30. Res judicata debars a court from exercising its ,
F jurisdiction to determine the lis if it has attained finality _.
between the parties whereas the doctrine issue estoppel
is invoked against the party. If such an issue is decided
against him, he would be estopped from raising the same
in the latter proceeding. The doctrine of res judicata creates
G a different kind of estoppel viz. estoppel by accord."
32. Yet again in Annaimuthu Thevar (Dead) by Lrs. vs. V. ~
Alagammal and others : (2005) 6 SCC 202 a Division Bench
of this Court held :-

H
DADU DAYALU MAHASABHA, JAIPUR (TRUST) v. 259
MAHANT RAM NIWAS AND ANOTHER [S.B. SINHA, J.)
.,. ,.,;._
"27. The next question that arises is whether the issue of A
ownership and title in the suit house was directly and
substantially in issue in the former suit or not. In the
subsequent suit undoubtedly the foundation of claim is
title acquired by the present appellant under registered
sale deed dated 28-2-1983 from Muthuswami." B
• + 33. Even in a case of title, Explanation IV to Section 11
would apply. (See also Su/ochana Amma vs. Narayanan Nair
: 1994 (2) sec 14).

34. Furthermore in terms of Section 5·of the Specific Re- c
lief Act, 1963 a suit for possession must be filed having regard
to the provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure. If the statute
provides for the applicability of the Code of Civil Procedure,
there cannot be any doubt whatsoever that all the relev.a_nt pro-
_,._ visions thereof shall apply. (See Shamsu Suhara Beevi vs. G.
D
Alex. and another . (2004) 8 SCC 569) & Hardesh Ores (P)
Ltd. vs. Hede and Company :2007 (5) SCC 614).
35. We have, therefore, no hesitation to hold that the im-
pugned judgment cannot be sustained. The same is set aside.
The appeal is allowed with costs. Counsel's fee assessed at E
Rs.25,000/- (Rupees Twenty Five Thousand only).

36. We, however, do not find any specific ground to ini-
tiate contempt proceedings against the respondent at this stage.
Contempt Petition is dismissed accordingly.
+ F
S.K.S. Appeal allowed and Contempt Petition dismissed.