Supreme Court of India
COMMISSIONER OF INCOME TAX, CALCUTTAversusPRAHALADRAI AGARWALA
- Citation
- 1989 INSC 143
- Decided
- 26 April 1989
- Disposal
- Dismissed
- Bench
- R S PATHAK
Holding
The wife’s share of profit is not includable in the husband’s total income because there is no proximate connection between the gifts and the income, and the partnership admission was based on an agreement, not solely on the gifted capital.
Summary
The assessee, a partner in a firm, gifted Rs.51,000 to his wife who then contributed the amount as capital to a newly formed partnership and became a partner. The Income Tax Officer included the wife’s share of the partnership profit in the assessee’s total income under section 64(1)(iii) of the Income Tax Act, 1961, arguing that the income arose indirectly from the gifts. The revenue appealed, but the Appellate Commissioner and the Tribunal held that the income was includable because the wife could not have become a partner without the capital provided by the husband. The Calcutta High Court disagreed, finding that the partnership admission was based on an agreement among the partners and that the connection between the gifts and the income was too remote. The Supreme Court affirmed the High Court, holding that a proximate connection between the transferred assets and the income is essential and that mere capital contribution does not automatically bring the spouse’s income within section 64(1)(iii). Consequently, the wife’s share of profit was not includable in the husband’s total income and the revenue’s appeal was dismissed.
Issues considered
- Whether the share of profit earned by the assessee's wife from a partnership, where the capital contribution was made from gifts received from the assessee, is includable in the assessee's total income under section 64(1)(iii) of the Income Tax Act, 1961.
Legislation cited
- Income Tax Act, 1961s. 27(i), s. 64(1)(iii)
Subjects
Income TaxSection 64(1)(iii)GiftPartnershipProximate connectionSpouse income inclusionTax assessment
Judgment
COMMISSIONER OF INCOME TAX, CALCUTTA
A
v.
PRAHALADRAIAGARWALA
APRIL 26, 1989
[R.S. PATflAK, CJ AND M.H. KANIA, JJ.] B
r ).. Income Tax Act, 1961: Section 64(J)(iii)-Wife partner in firm
" alongwith husband-Capital contributed by wife out of amount gifted
by the husband-Share of profit of assessee's wife-Whether includible
• in total income of the husband-There must be proximate connection
between the accrual of income and as~ets transferred.
c
The respondent-assessee was one of the partners in a lirm in
which the live other partners were his wife, mother, grand-father,
brother, and a stranger. His wife had contributed Rs.Sl,000 as capital
in the lirm, which amount came out of two gifts made to her by the
assessee. In the course of assessment proceedings for the assessment D
year 1962-63 in respect of the assessee, the Income Tax Officer included
the prolits of the assessee's wife from the firm, under s. 64(1)(ili) of the
Income Tax Act, 1961. The_, assessee's appeal was dismissed by the
Appellate Assistant Commissfoner who observed that the wife would
not have become a partner of the lirm unless he had contributed capital
which was provided by the husband. The Appellate Tribunal, while E
dismissing the second appeal of the assessee, found that the admission of
• the assessee's wife as a partner in the lirm was solely on acrount of her
contribution of capital to the lirm. It was conceded by the assessee
before the Tribunal that the interest received by the assessee's wife on
her capital contribution to the lirm was includible in the total income of
the assessee. F
The High Court, while answering the question referred to it in
favour of the assessee, took the view that the income arose from the
share of prolits only because the other partners agreed to take the ·
assessee's wife as partner and she was allowed to contribute to the
partnership lirm, and that the admission of the assessee's wife to the G
partnership was not in consequence of the gift.
Dismissing the Revenue's ·appeal, it was
HELD: (l) The income may arise directly or Indirectly, but for
application of the provisions of section 64(l)(iii)_of the Income Tax Act, H
737
738 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1989] 2 S.C.R.
1961 there must be a proximate connection between the accrual of the •~4l'i_
A .income and the assets transferred by the assessee. [74ID] ~
Commissioner of Income-tax, West Bengal III v. Prem Bhai
Parekh, [1970] 77 ITR 27 followed.
B (2) The mere contribntion of the capital by the wife into the firm
would not automatically have entitled her to partnership in the firm. \
The partnership was based on agreement, and it is the event of agree- -(
ment between the partners that brought the assessee's wife into the firm ·
as partner: l742EJ
Commissioner of Income-tax, Bangalore v. J.H. Got/a, [1985]
c 156 ITR 323; Commissioner of Income-tax, Assam, Tripura and
Manipur v. Jwalaprasad Agarwala, [1967] 66 ITR 154; V.D.
Dhanwatey v. Commissioner of Income-tax, Madhya Pradesh, Nagpur
and Bhandara, [1968] 68 ITR 365; Smt. Mohini Thapar v. Commis-
sioner of Income-tax (Central), Calcutta, [1972] 83 ITR 208; Patti Vee-
D rayya Sresty v. Commissioner of Income-tax, A.P., [1972) 85 ITR 194
distinguished.
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISpICTION: Civil Appeal No. 575
(NT) of 1975.
E From the Judgment and Order dated the 24.4.1973 of the
Calcutta High Court in Income Tax Reference No. 202 of 1969.
B. Ahuja and Ms. A. Subhashini for the Appellant.
K._P. Bhatnagar, S.P. Mittal and B.P. Maheshwari for the R.es-
F pondent.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
)
· PATHAK, CJ. This appeal by special leave is directed against
the judgment of the High Court at Calcutta answering the following
G question in favour of the assessee and against the Revenue:
"Whether, on the facts and in the circumstances of the
case, the share of profit of the assessee's wife was includ-
able in the total income of the assessee under section
64(1)(iii) of the Income Tax Act, 1961?"
H
C.l.T. v. PRAHALADRAI [PATHAK, CJ [ 739
The assessee was assessed in the status of an individual for the
A
assessement year 1962-63 corresponding to the previous year 26
March, 1961 to 13 April, 1962. At the material time the assessee was a
partner in a firm, Messrs Ramesh and Co., with a share of eight annas
therein. The balance was shared. by three other partners, the assessee's
father, Kunjilal Agarwala, the assessee'S broth~r, Hariram Agarwala
and a stranger, Jagdish Prasad. On 10 November; 1960 and on 28 B
November, 1960 the assessee made two gifts of Rs.21,000 and
Rs.30,000 respectively to his wife, Kaushalya Devi, from his account
in the firin. On 28 November, 1960 he made another gift of Rs.11,000
to his mother Chili Bai from that account. It may be observed that
Chili Bai received another gift of Rs.20,000 from her husband, Kunji-
lal, effected by similarly drawing from hi.s account with the firm.
c
The assessee's wife, Kaushalya Devi, as well as his mother Chili
Bai became partners with three other persons in a newly constituted
firm, Messrs Kunjilal Hariram & Co. The three other partners were
the assessee's grand father, Mdharilal Agarwala, the assessee's
brother, Hariram Agarwala and the stranger, Jagdish Prasad Gupta. D
The Partnership Deed dated 10 November, 1960 provided that the
business was to commence from 12 November, 1960. The preamble to
the deed stated:
"Whereas the partner of the Fifth Part who has extensive
experience and outstanding talent of organisation in Jagree E
and Grains Trade but little finance requested the partners
of the First four Parts to enter into co-partnership with him
on contributing the necessary finance to carry on business
in Jagree and·Grains and also act as Commission Agents in
Jagree Grains and allied commodities to which request
they acceded."
Clause 4 of the Partnership Deed stipulated:
"That the partners of the First Four Parts shall initially
contribute Rs.25,000 each to be put in within six months
from the commencement of the partnership. The said con- G
tributions augmented by further deposits and profits or
depleted by withdrawals and losses shall carry interest at
. the rate of 6% per annum. The amount if any, standing to
the credit of the partner of the Fifth Part shall carry interest
at the same rate."
H
740 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1989] 2 S.C.R.
A On 12 November, 1960 Kaushalya Devi contributed Rs.21,000 as
capital, which came out of the gift made by the assessee on 10
November, 1960. She also contributed Rs.30,000 as capital, which
amount came out of the gift made on 28 November, 1960.
In the course of assessment proceedings for tbe assessment year
B 1962-63 in respect of the assessee the Income Tax Officer included the ',;
profits of the assessee's wife from the firm, Messrs. Kunjilal Hariram ~
& Co., under s. 64(1)(iii) of the Income Tax Act, 1961.
An appeal by the assessee was dismissed by the Appellate
Assistant Commissioner of Income Tax, who observed that the wife
would not have become a partner of the firm unless she had con-
e tributed capital, and as the capital was provided by the husband the -{
inclusion of the wife's share of income in the assessment of the asses-
see was justified.
In second appeal, it was conceded by the assessee before the
D Income Tax Appellate Tribunal that the interest received by the asses-
see's wife on her capital contribution to the firm was includible in the
total income of the assessee, but it was contended that the balance of
the share of profit was not so ineluctable as the assessee's, wife had )
become a partner in the firm in her own .right, and it was immaterial
that the capital invested by her had been provided as a gift by the
E assessee. The Appellate Tribunal found that the admission of the
assessee 's. wife as partner in the firm was solely on account of her
contribution of capital to the firm, that the assets in the form of cash
were transferred directly by the assessee to his wife otherwise than for
adequate consideration, and that the income must be said to have
arisen indirectly from the assets transferred. The second appeal was
F dismissed. At the instance of the assessee the question of law set forth
earlier was referred to the High Court at Calcutta for its opinion.
The High Court has taken the view that the share of profits arose
to the assessee's wife primarily because the partnership made a profit
and although it had connection with the gift ii ilid not arise as a result
G of the gift, that the income arose from the share of profits only because
the other partners agreed to take the assessee's wife as partner and was
allowed to contribute to the partnership firm, that the admission of the
assessee's wife to the partnership was not in consequence of the gift,
and that, therefore, upon all those circumstances, the connection bet-
ween the income of the share of profits and the gifts by the assessee to
H his wife was too remote to be included within the provisions of s.
64( l)(iii) of the Income Tax Act.
C.l.T. v. PRAHALADRAI [PATHAK, CJ] 741
·-i S.64(1)(iii) of the Income Tax A~t, 1961, as it stood at the rele-
A
vant time, provides:
"64( 1) In computing the total income of any individual,
there shall be included all such income as arises directly or
indirectly-
B
(i) xx xx xx
(ii) xx xx xx
(iii) subject to the provisions of cl. (i) of s. 27, to the
spouse · of such individual from assets transferred C
directly or indirectly to the spouse by such individual
- .,>-- otherwise than for adequate consideration or in
connection with an agreement to live apart."
The income may arise directly or indirectly, but there must be a proxi- D
mate connection between the accrual of the income and the assets
transferred by the assessee. In Commissioner of Income-tax, West "
Bengal Ill v. Prem Bhai Parekh and Others, [1970] 77 ITR 27 this
.,,.l._ Court held that the income of minor sons, who had invested capital in
the firm out of moneys gifted to them by their father (the assessee)
could not be included in the assessment of the assessee. The Court E
observed:
"Before any income of a minor child can be brought within
the scope of section 16(3)(a) (iv), jt_must be established
that the said income arose directly or indirectly from assets
transferred directly or indirectly by his father. There is no F
disp11te that the assessee had transferred to each of his
minor sons, a sum of Rs.75,000. It may also be that the
amount contributed by those minors as their share in the
firm came from those amounts. But the question still
remains whether it can be said that the income with whiah
we are concerned in this case aris~s directly or indirectly G
from the assets transferred by the assessee to those minors.
The connection between the gifts mentioned earlier and
the income in question .is a remote one. The income of the
minors arose as a result of their admission to the benefits of
the partnership. It is true that t}ley were admitted to. the
H
742 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1989] 2 S.C.R.
benefits of the partnership because of the contribution j-.
A made by them. But there is no nexus between the transfer
of the assets and the income in question. It cannot be said
that income arose directly or i!lpirectly from the transfer of
the assets referred to earlier. Section 16(3) of the Act
created an artificial income. That section must receive
strict construction as observed by this court in Com- "\
missioner of Income-tax v. Keshavlal Lallubhai Patej-, ·
[1965] 55 !TR 637 (S.C.). In our judgment before ~
income can be held to come within the ambit of section
16(3), it must be proved to have arisen-directly or
indirectly-from a transfer ~f &ssets made by the assessee
in favour of his wife or minor children. The connection
c between the transfer of assets and the income must be -{
proximate. The income in question must arise as a result of ·
the transfer and not in some manner connected with it."
It seems to us that the observations of this Court in that case fully
.o cover the case before us. There is no doubt that the wife became a
partner because of the capital contributed by her in the firm, but, as
observed by the High Court, in the judgment under appeal, it was
upon agreement by the remaining partners that she became a member .
of the partnership. The mere contribution of the capital by the wife )._
into the firm would not automatically have entitled her to partnership
E in the firm. The partnership was based on agreement, and it is the
event of agreement between the partners that brought the assessee 's
wife into the firm as partner. Learned counsel for the Revenue relies
on Commissioner of Income-tax, Bangalore v. J.H. Got/a, [1985] 156
ITR 323; Commissioner of Income-tax, Assam Tripura and Manipur v.
Jwalaprasad Agarwala, [1967] 66 ITR 154; V.D. Dhanwatey v. Com~
F missioner of Income-tax, Madhya Pradesh, Nagpur and Bhandara, .
[1968] 68 ITR 365 and Smt. Mohini Thapar v. Commissioner o
Income-tax (Central), Calcutta, and Others, [1972] 83 ITR 208 but we
are not satisfied that those cases are of assistance to the Revenue.
Reliance was placed ori Potti Veerayya Sresty v. Commissioner of
Income-Tax, A.P., [1972] 85 ITR 194 where the Andhra Pradesh High
Court upheld the inclusion of the wife's income from cloth business ~
carried on by her, into which cloth business she had invested a portion :
of the assets transferred by the assessee. It is sufficient to observe that
the cloth business was her own business and, as the High Court
pointed out, there was no necessity to depend upon the agreement of
others. It is on that basis that the High Court distinguished Prem Bhai
H Parekh's case (supra).
C.l.T. '· PRAHALADRAI (PATHAK, CJ] 743
~ We are of the view that the High Court is right in answering. the
A
question referred to it in the negative, in favour of the assessee and
against the Revenue.
In the r~sult the appeal fails and is dismissed with costs.
Appeal dismissed. B
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