Supreme Court of India
CHEROTTE SUGATHAN (DIED THROUGH LR'S) & ORS.versusCHEROTTE BHARATHI & ORS.
- Citation
- 2008 INSC 207
- Decided
- 15 February 2008
- Disposal
- Dismissed
- Bench
- S B SINHA
Holding
The Hindu Succession Act, 1956 overrides Section 2 of the Hindu Widows Remarriage Act, 1856, so a widow retains her inheritance rights even after remarriage.
Summary
The deceased Sri Pervakutty executed a will in 1975 bequeathing his property to his sons, while providing a monthly allowance and residence right to his wife. After Pervakutty's death, his son Sukumaran died in 1976 and the widow remarried in 1979. The widow filed a partition suit in 1985 claiming one‑third of the property inherited from her husband and obtained a decree in her favour. The sons appealed, contending that under Section 2 of the Hindu Widows Remarriage Act, 1856 the widow's right to inherit ceased upon remarriage. The Supreme Court examined whether the 1856 Act or the Hindu Succession Act, 1956 (especially s.14(1) and the overriding provision of s.4) governed the widow's right. It held that the 1956 Act overrides the 1856 Act, granting the widow an absolute share irrespective of remarriage, and therefore dismissed the appeal, remanding the case to determine the validity of the 1975 will.
Issues considered
- Does Section 2 of the Hindu Widows Remarriage Act, 1856 extinguish a widow's inheritance rights upon her remarriage?
- Do the provisions of the Hindu Succession Act, 1956, particularly s.14(1) and the overriding effect under s.4, prevail over the 1856 Act in this context?
- Is the widow's right to inherit from her deceased husband absolute and unaffected by her remarriage?
- Does the validity of the 1975 will affect the widow's claim to partition?
Legislation cited
- Hindu Succession Act, 1956s. 14(1), s. 24, s. 4, s. 8
Subjects
Hindu Succession ActHindu Widows Remarriage Actwidow's inheritance rightsremarriageoverriding effectpartition suitwill validity
Judgment
"!>
[2008] 2 S.C.R. 984
+ t
...
~/
A CHEROTTE SUGATHAN (DIED THROUGH LR'S) & ORS.
II.
CHEROTTE BHARATHI & ORS.
(Civil Appeal No. 1323 of 2008)
FEBRUARY 15,2008
B
[S.8. SINHA AND V.S. SIRPURKAR, JJ.]
f.·
Hindu VV'idow's Remarriage Act, 1856 - s. 2 - Hindu
~'
Succession Act, 1956 - s. 14 - Right of widow in deceased
c husband's property - Death of husband in 1976 - After his
death, his widow remarried - Suit for partition by widow
claiming share in property belonging to, father of husband -
Held: She is entitled to decree as on death of her husband,
his share vested in her absolutely .in terms of s. 14(1) of
1956 Act - s. 2 of 1856 Act would not prevail over the
D
provisions of 1956 Act having regard to ss.4 and 24. ,.. .. '
One 'SP' executed a Will on 11.10.1975 bequeathing
his properties in favour his sons and provisions for
monthly allowance to his wife and also right of residence
E in the house on 20.10.1975. On 2.8.1976, one son 'P' died.
His widow-first respondent remarried. She filed a suif on
31.12.1985 for partition claiming 113rd share in the suit
property, which was decreed.
Aggrieved sons of 'SP' filed appeal. The daughters
F of 'SP' also preferred separate appeals on the ground that '( '
the purported Will was not valid. High Court allowed the
appeals filed by daughters and remanded the matter to
trial Court to decide validity of the Will.
In appeal to this Court, appellant contended ttiat by
G
virtue of s.2 of Hindu Widow's Remarriage Act, 1856, the
widow of 'S' ceased to have right in the properties
inherited by her from her husband.
'(
-
Dismissing the appeal, the Court
H 984
+-
CHEROTTE SUGATHAN (DIED THROUGH LR'S) & 985
ORS. v. CHEROTTE BHARATHI & ORS .
...... ......__
>-- ' HELD:1.1 S.14(1) of Hindu Succession Act stipulates A
that any property possessed by a female Hindu, whether
acquired before or after the commencement of the Act, will
be held by her as a full owner thereof. [Para11] [989-E]
1.2 Upon the death of 'S', his share vested in the first
respondent absolutely. Such absolute vesting of property B
_. -~ in her could not be subjected to divestment, save and
except by reason of a statute. [Para 12] [989-G; 990-A]
2. In this case, succession had not opened when the
1956 Act came into force. S.2 of the Hindu Widow's c
Remarriage Act, 1856 speaks about a limited right but
when succession opened on 2.8.1976, first respondent
became an absolute owner of the property by· reason of
inheritance from her husband in terms of sub-section(1)
of s.14 of the 1956 Act. S.4 of the 1956 Act has an overriding
D
'-.t
effect. The provisions of 1956 Act, thus, shall prevail over
I '"" the text of any Hindu Law or the provisions of 1856 Act.
S.2 of the 1856 Act would not prevail over the provisions
of the 1956 Act having regard to ss.4 and 24 thereof.
[Para 13] [990-A, B, C]
E
3. The Act of 1956 in terms of s.8 permits the widow
of a Hindu male to inherit simultaneously with the son,
daughter and other heirs specified in Class I of the
Schedule. As a matter of fact she takes her share
absolutely and not the widow's estate only in terms of F
"~ s.14. Remarriage of a widow stands legalized by reason
of the incorporation of the Act of 1956 but on her
remarriage she forfeits the right to obtain any benefit from
out of her deceased husband's estate and s.2 of the Act
of 1856 is very specific that the estate in that event would G
pass on to the next heir of her deceased husband as if
--- )'
- she were dead. Incidentally, the Act of 1856 does not stand
abrogated or repealed by the Succession Act of 1956 and
it is only by Act 24 of 1983 that the Act stands repealed.
[Para 15] [991-B, C, D, E]
H
-+
986 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2008] 2 S.C.R.
.
A Kasturi Devi v. Deputy Director of Consolidation AIR 1976 ·~
SC 2595 and Velamuri Venkata Sivaprasad (Dead) by LRs.
v. Kothuri Venkateswar/u(Dead) by LRs & Ors. (2000) 2 SCC
139 - relied on.
Chando Mehtain & Ors. v. Khublal Mahto &Ors. AIR 1983
B Patna 33 and Thankam v. Rajan AIR 1999 Kerala 62 -
affirmed.
~·
CIVILAPPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 1323 t
of 2008.
c From the Judgment and Order dated 07.07.2003 of the
High Court of Kerala at Ernakulam in AS No. 645 of 1992 (N).
K. Rajeev for the Appellants.
A. Raghunath for the Respondents.
D
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
)..-
S.S. SINHA, J. 1. Leave granted. ""r-
2. Whether Section 2 of the Hindu Widows Re-Marriage
Act, 1856 would apply to the facts of the present case is the
E
question in this appeal.
3. The fact involved herein is as under :
The properties in dispute belonged to one Sri Pervakutty.
He had three sons and two daughters, namely, Sugathan,
F Surendran, Sukumaran@ Soman, Soumini and Karhiayani. He
allegedly executed a will on 11.10.1975 bequeathing the said
properties in favour of his sons. In the said Will, provisions were
allegedly made for payment of monthly allowance to the wife of
Sri Pervakutty, defendant No.3 (since deceased) as also right
G of residence in the house situated therein. Sri Pervakutty died
on 20.10.1975. Sukumaran died on 2.8.1976.
I
4. First respondent is his widow. First respondent
remarried one Elambilakkat Sudharkaran. Sudhakaran died on
•
H 12.9.1979.
+ CHEROTTE SUGATHAN (DIED THROUGH LR'S) & 987
ORS. v. CHEROTTE BHARATHI & ORS. [S.S. SINHA, J.]
.r She filed a suit on 31.12 .1985 for partition claiming 1/3rd A
share in the suit property. Appellant herein, inter alia, contended
that she, in terms of Section 2 of the Hindu Widows Re-marriage
Act, 1856, having ceased to have any right in the properties
inherited by her from her husband Sukumaran, the suit was not
maintainable. B
Respondent Nos. 2 and 3, the daughter of Sri Pervakutty,
~
inter alia, raised a contention that the purported Will dated
11.10.1975 was not a valid one.
5. By a judgment and order dated 31.3.1992, the said suit c
for partition was decreed declaring 1/3rd share in the suit
properties in favour of the first respondent. It was opined that
since the testator bequeathed the tenancy right as contained in
item No.2 of the schedule, the same was available for partition.
Appellants preferred an appeal thereagainst. Respondent D
... .... Nos.2 and 3 (defendants No. 4 and 5) also preferred separate
appeals.
6. By reason of the impugned judgment, the High Court
allowed the appeals preferred by the respondent Nos. 2 and 3
holding: E
"In this case, the plaintiff has claimed succession on the
basis of Will. If that be so, the lower court was correct in
holding that Section 23 of the Hindu Succession Act is not
.. ~
applicable to defendants 1 and 2. But if the succession is
not on the basis of Will, then defendants 1 and 2 will be
F
entitled to the benefit of Section 23 of the Hindu Succession
Act."
In regard to the applicability of the 1856 Act, it was held :
G
.. ">-
"So far this case is concerned, according to us, Section
24 of the Hindu Succession Act applies and the plaintiff is
__. entitled to succeed."
--.
It was directed:
H
-4-
\
988 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2008] 2 S.C.R.
'
A "In the above view of the matter, the appeals are disposed ~,
of as follows : >
The case is remanded to the lower court to frame issue
regarding the validity of the Will and to give an opportunity
to the parties to adduce evidence regarding the same
B and decide the issue whether the Will is valid or not. The
other findings in the judgment are upheld except the finding
;...
regarding the building house in Item No.1 of A schedule.
If the court below takes the view that the Will is not valid, '
then the contention of defendants 1 and 2 regarding
c residence in the building house should be considered
again."
7. Mr. K. Rajeev, learned counsel appearing on behalf of
the appellant, in support of the appeals, would submit that
D keeping in view the provisions of Section 2 of the 1856 Act,
Respondent No.1 could not have been held to have any right in
the properties inherited by her from her husband as she
remarried on 12.2.1979.
r .,
~
)
8. Mr. Raghunath, learned counsel appearing on behalf of
E the respondent, however, would support the judgment.
9. Hindu Widows Remarriage Act was enacted to remove
all legal obstacles to the marriage of Hindu widows.
Section 1 of the said Act encompasses within its fold the
F said legal policy. Section 2 reads as under :
{ ~
"2. Rights of widow in deceased husbands property
to cease on her re-marriage.- All rights and interests
which any widow may have in her deceased husbands
property by way of maintenance, or by inheritance to her ~
G husband to his lineal successors, or by virtue of any will or
testamentary disposition conferring upon her, without
-< •'
express permission to re-marry, only a limited interest in
such property, with no power of alienating the same, shall_
upon her re-marriage cease and determine as if she had r-
H then died; and the next heirs of her deceased husband, or ;-
.. -+-
CHEROTTE SUGATHAN (DIED THROUGH LR'S) & 989
_J ORS. v. CHEROTTE BHARATHI & ORS. [S.B. SINHA, J.]
I
.r other persons entitled to the property on her death, shall A
thereupon succeed to the same. o
10. Applicability of the said provision must be tested having
regard. to the provisions contained in Hindu Succession Act,
1956. Section 4 of the Act provides for the overriding effect of
the Act stating : B
~
'!4. Overriding effect of Act.-(1) Save as otherwise
expressly provided, in this Act,-
(a) any text, rule or interpretation of Hindu Law or any
custom or usage as part of that law in force c
<
· immediately before the commencement of this Act,
' shall cease to have effect with respect to any matter
for which provision is made in this Act;
(b) any other law· in force immediately before the
D
... ... commencement of this Act shall cease to apply to
Hindus in so far as it is inconsistent with any of the
provisions contained in this Act."
~
J 11. The Act brought about a sea change in Shastric Hindu
'• Law. Hindu widows were brought on equal footing in the matter E
----1 of inheritance and succession along with the male heirs. Section
I
14(1) stipulates that any property possessed by a female Hindu,
whether acquired before or after the commencement of the Act,
. ~
will be held by her as a full owner thereof. Section 24, as it then
stood, reads as un~er :
"24. Certain widows remarrying may not inherjt as
F
widows. -Any heir who is related to an intestate as the
widow of a pre-deceased son, the widow of a .pre-
---;1
deceased soh of a pre-deceased son or the widow of a
i. brother shall not be entitled to succeed to the property of G
~
)- the intestate as such widow, if on the date the succession
opens, she has remarried."
12. Upon the death of _Sukumaran, his share vested in the
first respondent absolutely. Such absolute vesting of property in
H
990 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2008] 2 S.C.R.
-+
I
A her could not be subjected to divestment, save and except by ~,
reason of a statute. '
13. Succession had not opened in this case when the 1956
Act came into force. Section 2 of the 1856 Act speaks about a
limited right but when succession opened on 2.8.1976, first
B respondent became an absolute owner of the property by re~son r
of inheritance from her husband in terms of sub-section (1) of ;..
,___
Section 14 of the 1956 Act.
)
j
Section 4 of the 1956 Act has an overriding effect. The I
c provisions of 1956 Act, thus, shall prevail over the text of any l
Hindu Law or the provisions of 1856 Act. Section 2 of the 1856
Act would not prevail over the provisions of the 1956 Act having }
regard to Section 4 and 24 thereof.
14. The question posed before us is no longer res integra.
D
In Chando Mehtain & Ors. v. Khublal Mehto & Ors. [AIR ~
>--
1983 Patna 33], the Patna High Court opined :
"The Hindu Widows Remarriage Act, 1856 has not been
repealed by the Hindu Succession Act, 1956 but Section
·-
!"'"
,_
E 4 of the latter Act has an overriding effect and in effect ~
abrogates the operation of the Hindu Widows Remarriage
Act, 1856. According to Section 4 of the Hindu Succession
r
Act all existing laws whether in the shape of enactments
or otherwise shall cease to apply to Hindus in so far as
F they are inconsistent with any of the provisions contained 1 ..
in this Act."
In Kasturi Devi v. Deputy Director of Consolidation [AIR
1976 SC 2595), this Court categorically held that a mother 1.--
cannot be divested of her interest in the deceased sons property
G either on the ground of unchastity or remarriage.
....
L
...,i
Kerala High Court, in Thankam v. Rajan [AIR 1999 Kerala I-
62], held that remarriage of the wife cannot be a ground for her :.-
,____
loosing right to succeed to her deceased husbands property.
H 15. Yet again this Court, in Velamuri Venkata Sivaprasad
CHEROTTE SUGATHAN (DIED THROUGH LR'S) & 991
ORS. v. CHEROTTE BHARATHI & ORS. [S.S. SINHA, J.]
(Dead) by LRs. v. Kothuri Venkateswarlu (Dead) by LRs & Ors. A
[(2QOO) 2 sec 139], held :
"52. Incidentally, Sectio_n 24 of the Succession Act of 1956
placed certain restrictions on certain specified widows in
the event of there being a remarriage; while it is true that
the section speaks of a pre-deceased son or son of a B
pre-deceased son but this in our view is a reflection of the
Shastric law on to the statute. The Act of 1956 in terms of
Section 8 permits the widow of a Hindu male to inherit
simultaneously with the son, daughter and other heirs
specified in Class I ·of the Schedule, As a matter of fact C
she takes her share absolutely and not the widows estate
only in terms of Section 14. Remarriage of a widow stands
legalised by reason of the incorporation of the Act of 1956
but on her remarriage she forfeits the tight to obtain any
benefit from out of her deceased husbands estate and D
Section 2 of the Act of 1856 as noticed above is very
specific that the estate in that event would pass on to the
next heir of her deceased husband as if she were dead.
Incidentally, the Act of 1856 does not stand abrogated or
repealed by the Succession Act of 1956 and it is only by E
Act 24 of 1983 that the Act stands repealed. As such the
Act of 1856 had its fullest application in the contextual
facts in 1956 when Section 14( 1) of the Hindu Succession
Act was relied upon by Defendant 1."
We respectfully agree with the said view. F
22. For the reasons aforementioned, we do not find any
infirmity in the judgment of the High Court. The appeal, therefore,
is dismissed without any order as to costs.
D.G. Appeal dismissed: G
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