Holding

Section 3 of the Cantonments (Extension of Rent Control Laws) Act, 1957, as amended, validly empowers the Central Government to extend the provisions of the Uttar Pradesh Urban Buildings Act, 1972 to cantonments in Uttar Pradesh, including its subsequent amendments, making the 1973 and 1982 notifications lawful.

Summary

The Supreme Court examined whether the Uttar Pradesh Urban Buildings (Regulation of Letting, Rent and Eviction) Act, 1972 (Act 13) applies to cantonment areas in Uttar Pradesh and whether the Central Government’s notifications of 1 Sept 1973 and 17 Feb 1982, issued under the Cantonments (Extension of Rent Control Laws) Act, 1957 (Act 46), were valid. The Court traced the legislative history, noting that earlier state rent‑control statutes were repealed for cantonments by the Uttar Pradesh Cantonments (Control of Rent and Eviction) Repeal Act, 1971, and that section 3 of Act 46, as amended by Act 22 1972, authorises the Central Government to extend state rent‑control laws to cantonments, including future amendments. The Court held that the power under section 3 is not exhausted by the first notification and that the subsequent notifications are intra‑vires. Consequently, the Act 13 provisions, as amended, are applicable to cantonments, and the tenant’s challenge fails. The appeals were dismissed.

Issues considered

Whether the Uttar Pradesh Urban Buildings (Regulation of Letting, Rent and Eviction) Act, 1972 applies to cantonment areas in Uttar Pradesh.
Whether the Central Government’s power under section 3 of the Cantonments (Extension of Rent Control Laws) Act, 1957 was exhausted by the 3 April 1972 notification.
Whether the notifications of 1 Sept 1973 and 17 Feb 1982 extending Act 13 to cantonments were ultra vires.
Whether section 3 of Act 46 of 1957 suffers from the vice of excessive delegation of legislative power.

Legislation cited

Subjects

cantonmentrent controldelegation of legislative powerexcessive delegationnotificationUttar Pradesh Urban Buildings Actextension of state lawconstitutional lawArticle 136civil appealspecial leave petition

Judgment

BRIJ SUNDER IeAPOOR ETC. ETC.
A
v.
IST ADDITIONAL DISTRICT JUDGE & ORS.

OCTOBER 27, 1988

B [SABYASACHI MUKHARJI ANDS. RANGANATHAN, JJ.]

Uttar Pradesh Urban Buildings (Regulation of Letting, Rent and
Eviction) Act (Act 10 of 1972)-Provisions of Act whether applicable to
cantonments situated in the State of Uttar Pradesh-Effect of Notifica-
tion dated September 1, 1973 and February 17, 1982-Legislation by
incorporation-Wh(lt -is-Cantonments (Extension of Rent Control
c Laws) Act 46 of 1957-Section 3-Effect of notification dated April 3,
1972 extending provisions of Uttar Pradesh Temporary Control of Rent
and Eviction Act 3 of 1957 to cantonment areas in Uttar Pradesh.

In this group of cases a common question of law that- falls for
D determination by the Court is whether the provisions of the Uttar
Pradesh Urban Buildings (Regulation of Letting, Rent and Eviction)
Act, Act No. 13 of 1972 are applicable to cantonments situated in the
State of U.P. The High Court has answered this question in the affirma-
tive. Hence these appeals by tenants. The main judgment under appeal
is in the case of Brij, Sunder Kapoor v. Additional District Judge &
E Ors., [1980], All India Rent Cases 319. Brief facts of that case are
therefore stated below showing how the said question arose. It may be
mentioned that the Allahabad High Court reiterated the same view
later in the case of Lekh Raj v. 4th Addi. Distt. Judge, Meerut, AIR
1982 All 265.

F Jhansi is a cantonment in Uttar Pradesh. Brij Sunder Kapoor, the
appellant is a tenant of Premises No. 103, Sadar Bazar, Jhansi of which
Respondent No. 3 Bhagwan Das Gupta is the landlord. In 1975, the
landlord filed an application before the prescribed authority under Sec-
tion 21 of the Act praying that he required the premises for his personal i~
occupation and that the same be released to him. The appellant-tenant
G contested the application. The application was dismissed by the pre-
scribed authority but, on appeal by the landlord, it was allowed by the
Additional District Judge. The tenant thereupon filed a writ petition
which was dismissed by a Single Judge of the High Court of Allahabad.
The appellant-tenant has therefore filed this appeal.

Iii In order to judge the legality of the point urged regarding
558
B.S. KAPOOR v. ADDL. DISTT. JUDGE 559

applicability of the Act to cantonment area in U.P., the Couri first
referred to the history of tenancy legislation in the State of U.P. where A
the Rent .;lnd Eviction Control Legislation was initiated by the United
Provinces (Temporary) Control of Rent and Eviction Ordinance pro-
mulgated on l.10.1946, followed by U.P. Act III of 1947 ·which was
made retrospective w.e.f. l.10.1946. Both the Act and the Ordinance
applied to cantonment area. By a later Act U.P. (Amendment) Act 44 of B
1948, cantonment areas were excluded from the purview of Act III of
1947 perhaps in view of Cantonments (House Accommodation) Act,
1923. Consequent upon the receipt of various representations demand-
ing the applicability of Act III of 1947 to cantonment area, the State
promulgated Ordinance 5 of 1949, which, however, was allowed to
lapse. In the meantime the Allahabad High Court in Smt. Ahmedi
Begum v. Distt. Magistrate, [1961] ALJ 669 ruled that the State Legisla- c
ture was in·-competent to regulate accommodation lying in cantonments
since that was a subject in which Parliament alone was competent to
legislate. This view was later approved by this Court in Jnder Bhushan
Bose"· Rama Sundari Devi, [1970] l SCR 443. Thereupon, Parliament
enacted theU.P. Cantonments (Control of Rent and Eviction Act 1952) D
(Act IO of 1952). In 1957 Parliament enacted the cantonments (Exten-
sion of Rent Control Laws) Act, 1957 Act 22 of 1972 gave it · retrospec-
tive operation from 26.1.1950 which provided for extension to •~nton
ments of State law relating to control of rent and regulation of house
accommodation. As a consequence of this, Act lll of 1947 became
applicable to the cantonment area, even though Act JO of 1952 was in E
force. In order to avoid any complication U.P. Cantonments (Control of
Rent and Eviction) Repeal Act J971 was enacted. A notification under
Section 3 of Act 46 of 1957 extending Act III of 1947 to cantonments in
U.P. was issued in 3.4.1972; but soori thereafter Act lll of 1947 was
repealed by U.P. Act 13 of 1972 which came into operation on JS. 7 .1972
which necessitated the issuance of another notification under Section 3 F
of Act 46 of 1957 extending the provisions of Act 13 of J972. Accord-
ingly, a notification dated J.9.1973 was issued. It was in view of this
notification that Respondent No. 3 filed his application under Section 21
of the Act, which has given rise to these proceedings.

Counsel for the appellants raised three principal contentions viz: G
I
(l) Whether Act 46 of 1957 applied at all to the State of U.P. in
view of Act JO of 1952 which contained special provisions applicable to
cantonments in the State of U. P.

,' (ii) Did riot the power of the Central Government under Section 3 k
560 SUPRllMll COURT R!lPORTS [1988] Supp. 3 S.C.R.

of Act 46 of 1957 get exhausted when the notlncatlon dated.3rd April,
A 1972 wos Issued, by which provisions of Act Ill of .1947 were extended
to cantonments In U.P. If yes, was not the second notification dated
J.9.1973 Illegal and non-est on that account? •

(Ill) Does not Section 3 of Act 46 of 1957 suffer from the vice of
B excessive delegation of legislative powers and Is It not consequently void.
end Inoperative'?

Dismissing the appeals, this Court,

HELD: Once It Is the avowed policy of Parliament that canton-
ment areas in a State should be subjected to the same tenancy legislation
c as the other areas therein, It follows that the decision involves also that
future amendments in such State legislation should become effective in
cantonment area as well. In some rare cases where Parliament feels that
such subsequent amendments need not apply to cantonment areas or
should apply with more than the limited restrictions and modifications
D permitted by s. 3, it is open to Parliament to legislate indep~ndently for
such cantonment areas. But the decision that In the main, such State
legislation should apply is unexceptionable and cannot be said to constitute I
an abdication of Its legislative function by Parliament. [585G-H; 586A] '
Amended section 3 of Act XL VI of 1957, on a proper construc·
E tiol1 1 validly empowers the Central Government, by notification, to
. extend the provisions of Act 13 of 1972 to the cantonments in the
State of Uttar Pradesh, not only in the form in which it stood on
the date of the said notification but also along with its subsequent
amendments. [589D·El

F Act 10 of 1952 was a detailed statute, which was applicable to
cantonments in the State ofU.P. [566C] I
Parliamentary legislation Act 68 of 1971 terminates the applica-
bility of Act 10of1952 in Uttar Pradesh cantonments.[567B]

G It enacts that Act 10 of 1952 shall stand repealed in its application
to the State of U.P. on and from the date on which Act III of 1947 was
extended to the cantonment areas in the State by a notification under
section 3 of Act XLVI of 1957. [567EJ
i-
A notification was Issued on 3.4.1972 under section 3 of Act XLVI
H of 1957, extending the provisions of Act III of 1947, with certain moditi·
' ..
))o

!l.S, KAPOOR v. ADDL. DISif, JUDO!> 561

cation set out therein, to cantonments In the State of Uttar Pradesh. On A
and from 3rd April, 1972, therefore, Act 10 of 1952 ceased to apply to
cantonments In the State of Uttar Pradesh. [S66E·Fl

In view of this, there was, at least on and after that date, no
obstacle In the way of Act III of 1947 being operative In the cantonments
of the State of U.P. as well. [566FI B

The provisions of Act 68 of 1971 have rendered Act 10 of 1952
Inoperative as and from 3.4.1972 leaving the provisions of Act lll of
1947 In the field only until It was replaced by Act 13 of 1972. {567C]

Notification dated 1.9.1973 extended to the cantonment areas only C
the provisions of Act XIII of 1972 as they stood In that date. It was only
17. 2.1982 that a further notification was Issued superseding the notlfi·
cation dated 1.9.1973 by which the provisions of Act XIII of 1972 as in
force In the State of Uttar Pradesh were also extended to the canton-
ment areas. The purpose of this notification obviously was that, since
there had been amendments to Act XIII of 1972 In 1974 and .again In D
1976, it was necessary and desirable that the amended provisions
shou(d also be extende.d to the cantonment areas. [573D·El

Gurcharan Singh & Ors. v. V.K. Kaushal, [1980] 4, SCC 244.

The delegation of a power to extend even future laws of another E
State will not be bad so long as they are laws which are already in
force in the said areas and so long as, In the process and under the
guise of alteration and modification, an alteration of the essential
character of the law or a change of it in essential particulars Is not
pe1·mitted. [582H; 583A]
F
Mahindra & Mahindra v. Union, [1979] 2 SCR 1038; Lachmi
Narain v. Union, [1976] 2 SCR 785; Delhi Laws Act case, [1951] SCR
747; Raj Narain Singh's case [1955] I SCR 74; B. Shama Rao v. Union
Territory of Pondicherry, [1967] 2 SCR 650; Gwalior Rayon's Case
[1974f 2 SCR 879; Sita Ram Bishambher Dayal v. State of U.P., [1972]
2 SCR 141; Smt. Bajya v. Smt. Gopikabai & Another, [1978] 3, SCR G
561; Jai Singh Jairam Tyagi etc. v. Mamanchand Ratilal Aggarwal &
Ors., [1980] 3 SCR 224 and S.P. Jain v. Krishna Menon G1tpta & Ors:,
[!987] l sec 191, referred to.

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal Nos.
2606/80, 6944/83, 3779/88 and 3780(88. H

-- ''I
l
562 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1988] Supp. 3 S.C.R.

From the Judgments and Orders dated 23.1.80, 26.4.83, 22.11.82
A
and i.8. 1984 of the Allahabad High Court in C.M. Writ No. 549/1979
C.M.W.P. No. 6942;81, C.M.W.P. No. 8383 of 1989 and C.M.W.P.
No. 11203/ 1980 respectively.

S.N. Kacker, B.D. Aggarwal, R.K. Jain, Dalip Tandon, Rajiv
B Dutta, K.K. Patel, K.K. Mohan, P.K. Jain, R.K. Khanna and Pankaj
Kalra for the Appellants.

Manoj Swamp, Ms. Lalita Kohli, Anil Kumar Gupta, S.K.
Mehta, S.M. Sarin, Dhruv Mehta, Aman Vachher and R. Jagannath
Goulay for the Respondents.
c The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

RANGANATHAN, J. The civil appeals as well as the special
leave petitions raise a common question as to whether the provisions
of the Uttar Pradesh Urban Buildings (Regulation of Letting, Rent
D and Eviction) Act, Act no. 13 of 1972, (hereinafter referred to as 'the
Act ) are applicable to cantonments situated in the State of Uttar
Pradesh. Since the two civil appeals are already pending on the issue,
we grant special leave in the special leave petitions as well and proceed
to dispose of all the four matters by this common judgment. The main
judgment of the High Court under consideration is that in the case of
E Brij Sunder Kapoor v. Additional District Judge & Ors., (reported in
1980 All India Rent Cases 3 i9) which answered the question in the
affirmative. The Allahabad High Court has reiterated the same view in
its later decision in Lekh Raj v. 4th Addi. Dt. Judge, Meerut, AIR 1982
All. 265, which, we are told, is also under appeal to this Court.

F · It is sufficient to set out certain brief facts in the matter of Brij
Suf)der Kapoor, (C.A. 2606 of 1980) in order to appreciate the ques-
tion of law that arises for consideration. Jhansi is a cantonment in
Uttar Pradesh. Brij Sunder Kapoor is a tenant of premises No. 103,
Sadar Bazar, Jhansi of which respondent no. 3 Bhagwan Das Gupta is
the landlord. In 1975, the landlord Bhagwan Das Gupta filed an appli-
G cation before the prescribed authority under section 21 of the Act
I
praying that he needed the above premises for his personal occupation
and that the same may be released to him. The tenant contested the
application. The application was dismissed by the prescribed authority
but allowed, on appeal, by the Additional District Judge. The tenant
prefehed a writ petition which has been dismissed by a learned single
H Jud!le of the Allahabad High Court aiitl hehce the present appeal. We
B.S. KAPOOR v. ADDL. DISTI. JUDGE IRANGANATHAN, J.) 563

are not concerned with the factual aspects of the controversy between
A
the parties. The short point urged by learned counsel before us, which
is common to all these appeals and which was also argued unsucess-
full y before the High Court, was that the Act did not apply to canton-
ments in Uttar Pradesh and that, therefore, the order of release made
by the appellate authority under section 21 of the said Act was a
nullity. B

In order to appreciate the point urged by the learned counsel for
the appellants, it is necessm-y to set out at some length the history of
tenancy legislation in the State of Uttar Pradesh. In this State, rent and
eviction control legislation was initiated by the United Provinces
(Temporary) Control of Rent&. Eviction Ordinance promulgated on
i. i0.1946. This Ordinance was followed by U.P. Act.III of 1947 which c
was made retrospective with effectfrom 1. 10. 1946. Both the Act and
the Ordinance applied to cantonment areas as well as other parts of the
State. Subsequently, the above Act was amended by U.P. (Amend-
ment) Act 44 of 1948. By this Act, cantonment areas were excluded
from the purview of Act III of 1947. This amendment was introduced D
perhaps as it was felt that the cantonment areas were to·be governed
by the Cantonments (House Accdmmodation) Act, 1923 and that the
simultaneous application of Act III of 1947 to cantonment areas may
create.problems ...

It appears that, subsequently, a number of representations were E
made by residents of cantonments for extending the provisions of Act
III of 1947 to cantonment areas as well. Perhaps because of such
representations, U .P. Ordinalll'e 5 of 1949 was promulgated on 26th
September, 1949. But this ordinance was allowed to lapse. In the
meantime the Allahabad High Court in Smt. Ahmedi Begam v. District
Magistrate, Agra, [1951] A.CJ. 669 took the view that the State Legis- F
lature was incompetent to regulate accommodation lying in canton-
ments since that was a subject on which Parliament alone was com-
petent to legislate, a view which was subsequently been approved by
this court in Indu Bhushan Bose v. Rama Sundri Devi, [1978] 1 S.C.R.
443. Thereupon, Parliament enacted the U.P. Cantonments (Control
of Rent and Eviction) Act, 1952 (Act 10 of 1952). Though this was an G
Act of Parliament, its operation was confined to cantonments in Uttar
Pradesh.

In 1957, Parliament enacted the Cantonments (Extension of.
Rent Control Laws) Act, 1957 (Act XLVI of 1957). Act 22 of 1972
gave it retrospective effect from 26.1.1950. It provided for the exten- H
564 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1988] Supp. 3 S.C.R.

sion, to cantonments in each State, of laws relating to the control of
A
rent and regulation of house ccommodation prevalent in the particular
State in respect of areas .other than cantonments. The Statement of
Objects and Reasons of this Act specifically states that the Act became
necessary because the power to make laws with respect to rent control
and house accommodation in cantonment areas is exclusively vested in
B Parliament. Section 3 of this Act originally read thus:

.-"The Central Government may by notification in the offi·
cial. gazette, extend to any cantonment with such restric·
, lions and modifications as it thinks fit, any enactment relat·
ing to the control of rent and regulation of house accommo-
dation which' is in force on the date of notification in the
c State in which the cantonment is situated."

The words ··on the date of the notification'.' in the section were omit·
ted by section 3 of Central Act 22 of 197- with full retrospective effect.

D The. promulgation of this Act created a somewhat anomalous
position so far as the State of U.P. was concerned. As we have already
mentioned, Act 10 of 1952 was already in force in the cantonment ·
areas of the State and the issue of a notification by the Central
Government purporting to apply Act III of 1947 also to the canton-
ments in U.P. would create complications. If Act III of 1947 had to be
E extended to cantonment areas in U.P. in place of Act 10 of 1952, it was
necessary that the provisions of Act 10 of 1952 should be repealed by a
parliamentar}' enactment. This was done by enacting the U.P. Canton·
m'ents (Control of Rent and Eviction) (Repeal) Act, 1971 (Act 68 of
1971). The object.of passing the Act, as given in its long title, was to
provide for the repeal of U.P. Act 10 of 1952. Section 2 of this Act
J' reads as under:· ·

"On and from the date on which the United Provinces
(Temporary) Control of Rent and Eviction Act, 1947 is
extended by notification under section 3 of the Canton-
ments (Extension of Rent Control Laws) Act, 1957 to the
G cantonments in the State of Uttar Pradesh, the Uttar
Pradesh Cantonments (Control of Rent and Eviction) Act,
1952, Act 10 of 1952 shall stand repealed."

·--. . It was only' on April'3, 197l that a ;,otification was issued by the
Central Government under section. 3 of Act XLVI of 1957 extending •
!'{ the provisions of U.P. Act III of 1947 to the cantonments in the State
B.S. KAPOOR v, ADDL. DIS'IT. JtJDOll IRANClANATHAN, J,) 565
of Uttar Pradesh. But soon after the above notification was Issued, A
U ,p, Act Ill of 1947 itself was repealed and replaced by U.P. Act 13 of
11172, which came into force on 15th July, 1972. Thi~ neceHltated· tho
issue of another notificotlon under section 3 of Act XLVI of 1957
extending the provisions of Act 13 of 1972 to tho cantonments In Uttnr
Pradesh. This noliflcatlon dated 1.9. 1973, and gaietted on 29.9. 1973,
reads as follows: B

"In exercise of tho powers conferred by section 3 of the
Cantonments (Extension of Rent Control Law1) Act, 1957,
(Act 46 of 1957), and in suponcsslon of the notification of
the Government of India in the Ministry of Defence,
No. S.R.O. 8, dated 3rd April, 1972, the Central Govern· C
mcnt hereby extends to all the cantonments In the State of
Uttnr Pradesh the U.P. Urban BulldlnAS (Rcaulntion of
Letting, Ront and Eviction) Act, 1972 (U.P. Act XIII of
1972 as In force on the dato of this notification, in the State
of Uttar Pradesh with the following modifications, namely,
" D

It was in view of the above notification that rcapondent No. 3
filed his application under section 21 of the said Act, which has given
rise to the present proceedings.

Three questions were posed by Shri S.N. Kacker whoI opened E'
arguments for the appellants (but unfortunately could not ~mplete
them due to his unexpected demise) and Shri Agarwal who :followed
him. These were:

(i) Does Act XLVI of 1957 apply to the State of U.P. at all in
view of the fact that Act 10 of 1952, which was a detailed and F
elaborate enactment, contained special provisions applicable to
cantonments in-this State?

(ii) Did not the power of the Central Government under section
3 of Act XLVI of 1957 get exhausted when the notification dated
3rd April, 1972 was issued, by which the provisions of Act III of G
1947 were extended to cantonments in U.P.? If yes, was not the
second notification dated 1.9.1973 purporting to extend the pro-
visions of Act 13 of 1972 to cantonments in U.P. illegal and
non·est?

(iii) Does not section 3 of Act XLVI of 1957 suffer from the vice H
566 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1988] Supp. 3 S.C.R.

of excessive delegation of legislative powers and is it not conse-
A
quently vmd and inoperative?

Apart from these principal questions, it was pointed out by Shri
Tandon (appearing for the petitioner in SLP No. 6944 of 1983) that, in
his case, the landlord was trying to resort to provisions of Act 13 of
B 1972 as amended by Act 28 of 1976. It was submitted that, while Act 13
of 1972 as in force on I. 9. 73 was extended to U .P. cantonments by the
notification dated 1.9.1973, there was no further notification applying
the provisions of the Acts amending the same to the cantonments till
17.2.1982. It was therefore contended that in any event the amended
provisions would not be applicable to the cantonment areas of U .P.
c So far as the first contention is concerned, we do not think there
is any substance in it. It is true that Act 10 of 1952 was a detailed
statute, which was applicable to cantonments in the State of U.P. It is
also true that this enactment which was a Central enactment could not
be rendered inoperative by the mere issue of a notification under
D section 3 of Act XLVI of 1957 and that i~ could be repealed or made
inoperative only by an Act of Parliament. But in this case there is a
parliamentary legislation which terminates the applicability of Act 10
of 1952 in Uttar Pradesh Cantonments. This is Act 68 of 1971. Section
2 of this Act has already been reproduced. It enacts that Act JO of 1952
shall stand repealed in its application to the State of U .P. on and from
E the date on which Act III of 1947 was extended to the cantonment areas
in the State by a notification under section 3 of Act XLVI of 1957. As
we have already mentioned, a notification was issued on 3.4.1972
under section 3 of Act XLVI of 1957, extending the provisions of Act
III of 1947, with certain modifications set out therein, to cantonments
in the State of Uttar Pradesh. On and from 3rd April, 1972, therefore,
F Act 10 of 1952 ceased to apply to cantonments in the State of Uttar
Pradesh. In view of this, there was, at least on and after that date, no
obstacle in the way of Act III of 1947 being operative in the canto-
ments of the State of U.P. as well. Perhaps realising this, a contention
was put forward that Act XLVI of 1957, promulgated at a time when
Act 10 of 1952 was in force in U.P., should be construed as an enact-
G ment applicable to all States in India other than the State of Uttar
Pradesh. It is not possible to accept this contention for two reasons. ln
the first place the languag~ of the Act does not justify any such restric- '
tion. Secondly, since the Act has been given retrospective effect from
26.1.1950, it should be deemed to have been in force from that date.
On that date Act 10 of 1952 was not in force in the State of U .P. and so
H the terms of Act 46 of 1957 would be applicable to contonments in all
'
B.S. KAPOOR v. ADDL. DISTI. JUDGE {RANGANATHAN, l.] 567

States including U .P. This takes away the entire basis of the argument. A
Again, there might have been some difficulty 1f, by a notification
under section 3 of this Act, the Central Government had sought to ap-
ply Act III of 1947 to cantonments in the State of Uttar Pradesh,
without there being a repeal of Act 10 of 1952. But this possible
repugnancy between two legislations operating in the State of Uttar
B
Pradesh (one by virtue of the notification under section 3 of Act 46 of
1957 and the other by virtue of the provisions of Act 10 of 1952) has
been obviated by the provisions of Act 68 of 1971. These provisions
have rendered Act 10 of 1Y52 inoperative as and from 3.4.1972 leaving
the provisions of Act III of 1947 in the field only until it was replaced
by Act 13 of 1972.
c
One more, somewhat different, argument which seems to have
been addressed before the High Court on the basis of Act 68 of 1971 is
that, on the issue of the notification dated 3.4.1972, the provisions of
Act III of 1947, subject to the modifications mentioned in the notifica-
tion, stood bodily lifted and incorporated in Act 68 of 1971 and that
the repeal thereafter, of Act III of 1947 did not have any bearing in D
respect of cantonments in the State of Uttar Pradesh. In other words,
the argument is that Act III of 1947 continues to be in operation in the
cantonment areas even now. The appellants obviously have in mind
the principles of referential legislation by incorporation outlined in
Mahindra & Mahindra v. Union, [1974) 2 SCR 1038.and other cases.
We agree, liowever, with the High Court thats. 2 of Act 68 of 1971 is E
not an instance of legislation by incorporation. The only purpose of
that Act was to repeal Act 10 of 1952. The power to extend Act III of
1947 to cantonment areas was already there in Act XLVI of 1957. But
there was a hurdle in the issue of a notification under s. 3 of that Act in
that Act 10 of 1952 was already in force in such areas. Act 68 of 1971
merely removed this obstacle and enacted that Act 10 of 1952 would F
stand repealed on the date of issue of the notification under s. 3. Once
such a notification was issued, Act 68 of 1971 had served its purpose
out and had no further impact. It did not have the further effect of
incorporating within itself the provisions of the extended law. If that
had been the intention, s. 2 of Act 68 of 1971, as pointed out by the G
High Court, would have read something like this:

, "On and from the date of commencement of this Act, the
provisions of U.P. Act III of 1947 shall be applicable to be
cantonments in the State of Uttar Pradesh and Act 10 of
1952 shall stand repealed."
H
S68 SUPRBMB COURT MPORTS l1988l Supp. 3 S.C.R.
A lt will bo noticed that the above nrsumcnt also overlooks the
cffllct of later notifications under s. 3 which have superseded tho effect·
of tho one dated 3.4. 1972. To got over this difficulty, it is nrgued thnt
e. 3 empowers the Government to Issue n notifieethm thereunder only
once ond that, once the notification doted 3.4. 1972 was issued, the
power got exhausted. The further mititlcntions doted 1.9. 1973 and
B 17.2. 1982 nro, it is snld, null and void. The orgumcnt ls based on a
short pnssngc in Laahml Narain v, Union, I1976) 2 SCR 785. This cnsc
hns 11 relevance oo the third contention nlso to which we shall advert
Inter. So far as tho aspect prosontly under discussion Is concerned, Its
relevance arises In this way. In that case, s. 2 of the Part C States
(Lnws) Act, 1950 empowered tho Central Oovornmont to extend, by
C notification in the official ga~ettc, to any Part C State or part of it, any
enactment In a Part A State. The Central Government, in exercise of
this power, issued a notification in 195 I, extending the provisions of
the Bcn11al Finance (Soles Tnx) Act, l94 I to the then Port C Stntc of
Del.hi with certain modificntlons set out Ins. 6.·In 1957, the Central
Government issued another notification, agnin in purported exercise
D or the powers conferred bys. 2, by which an additional modification of
s. 6 of the Bengal Act was introduced in the 1951 notification as a
result of which certairi exemptions avnilablc to the petitioner were
withdrnwn at shorter notice than was permissible under the modifica·
tions notified in 1951. The notification of 1957 was held to be invalid
and ineffective on serveral grounds, one of which was thus stated at
E page 801: ·

"The power given by s. 2 exhausts itself on extension of the
enactment; it cannot be exercised repeatedly or sub·
sequently to such extension. It can be exercised only once
simultaneously with the extension of the enactment. This is
F one dimension of the statutory limits which circumscribe
the power."

This was elaborated further by the learned Judge, Sarkaria, J. at
p. 802, contrasting a clause of the kind under consideration with a
"Removal of Difficulty Clause" which permits removal of difficulties
G felt in the operation of an Act from time to time. The learned Judge
observed:

"Firstly, the power has not been exercised contemporan·
eously with the extension or for the purposes of the exten-
sion of the Bengal Act to Delhi. The power given bys. 2 of
H the Laws Act had exhausted itself when the Bengal Act was
B.S. KAPOOR v. ADDL. DIS1T JUDGE (RANG ANATHAN, J .J 569

extended, with some alterations, to Delhi by Notificati6n
A
dated 28.4.1951. The impugned notification has been
issued on 7 .12.1957, more than six and a half years after the
extension.

There is nothing in the opinion of this Court rendered in
Re: Delhi Laws Act (supra) to support Mr. B. Sen's conten- B
tion that the power given bys. 2 could be validly exercised
within one year after the extension. What appears in the
opinion of Fazal Ali J. at page 850, is merely a quotation
from the report of the Committee on Minister's Powers
which considered the propriety of the legislative practice of
inserting a "Removal of Difficulty Clause" in Acts of
British Parliament, empowering the executive to modify
c
the Act itself so far as necessary for origining it into opera-
tion. This device was adversely commented upon. While
some critics conceded that this device is "partly a drafts-
man's insurance policy, in case he has overlooked some-
thing" (e.g. Sir Thomas Carr, page 44 of his book "con- D
cerning English Administrative Law"), others frowned
upon it, and nicknamed it as "Henry VIII Clause" after the
British Monarch who was a notorious personification of
absolute despotism. It was in this perspective that the Com-
mittee on Minister's Powers examined this practice and
recommended: E

" ..... first, that the adoption of such a clause ought
on each occasion when it is, on the initiative of the Minister
in charge of the Bill, proposed to Parliament to be justified
by him upto the essential. It can only be essential for the
limited purpose of bringing an Act into operation and it F
should accordingly be in most precise language restricted to
those purely machinery arrangements vitally requisite for
that purpose; and the clause should always contain a
maximum time-limit of one year after which the power
should lapse."
G
It may be seen that the time-limit of one year within which
the power under a Henry VIII Clause should be exercis-
able, was only a recommendation, and is not an inherent
attribute of such power. In one sense, the power of
extension-cum-modification given under s. 2 of the Laws
Act and the power of modification and adaptation confer- H
570 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1988) Supp. 3 S.C.R.

red under a usual 'Henry VIII Clause' are kindred powers
A
of fractional legislation, delegated by the legislature within
narrow circumscribed limits. But there is one significant
difference between the two. While the power under s. 2 can
be exercised only once when the Act is extended, that
under a 'Henry VIII Clause' can be invoked, if there is
B nothing to the contrary in the clause-more than once, on
the arising of a difficulty when the Act is operative. That is
to say, the power under such a clause can be exercised
whenever a difficulty arises in the working of the Act after
its enforcement, subject of course to the time-limit, if any,
for its exercise specified in the statute.
c Thus, anything said in Re: Delhi Laws Act, (supra), in
regard to the time-limit for the exercise of power under a
'Henry VIII Clause', does not.hold good in the case of the
power given by s. 2 of the Laws Act. Faz! Ali J., did not say
anything indicating that the power in question can be exer-
D cised within one year of the extension. On the contrary, the
learned Judge expressed in unequivocai terms, at page 849:

'Once the Act became operative any defect in its provision
cannot be removed until amending legislation is pas.sect'."

E Basing himself on this passage, learned counsel contended·that,
once the notification dated 3rd April, 197i was issued, the power
under s. 3 had got exhausted, and the section could not have been
invoked by the Central Government once again to issue the notifica-
tion of Isl September, 1973 extending Act 13 of 1972 to the canton-
ments of U .P.
F
It will be at once clear that there is a basic difference between the
situation in Lachmi Narain (supra) and that in the present case. In
both cases, the power conferred is to extend the provisions of another
Act with modifications considered necessary. Iq Lachmi Narain this
had been done by the 1951 notification. The Bengal Finance (Sales
G Tax) Act, had been extended to Delhi with certain modifications. The
object of the 1957 notification was not to extend a Part A legislation to
Delhi; it was to modify the_terms of an extension notified earlier. This
was held to be impermissive in as much as all that the section permitted
was an extension of the laws of a part A State to Delhi, which, ex facie,
h!!cl already been done in 1951. Here the nature of the legis\ation in
H q\!estim1 is to!i!!lY i!ifferent. As we §\!all exp]ain later, the whole
B.S. KAPOOR v. ADDL. DISTI. JUDGE [RANGANATHAN, J.] 571

purpose of Act XLVI of 1947 was to ensure that the cantonment areas
in a State have the same rent laws as the other areas thereof. Th'u~ A
when Act III of 1947 ceased to be in force in the rest of the State, no
purpose would be served by its continuing in force in the cantonment
areas alone. So also when the provisions of the law in force in the State
got amended, there should be a power to extend the amended law in
the cantonment. This was, obviously, the reason why Act 22 of 1972 B
amended S. 3 of Act XL VI of 1957 to omit the words "on the date of
the uotifi.cation" retrospectively. The provisions of s. 3 of the Act
XLVI of 1957 should, in the circumstances be construed so as to
achieve this purpose and as enabling the Central Government to issue
!lOtifications from time to time and not as exhausted by a single invoca-
tion as in the case of the statute considered in the Delhi Laws Act case,
(supra). S. 3 could, therefore, be invoked from time to time as occa-
sion arise and the notifications dated 1.9.1973 and 17.2.1982 are valid
and intra vires. In such a situation, we think, the limitation suggested
in the above decision will not operate. On the other hand, the provi-
sions of s. 14 ands. 21 of the General Clauses Act will apply and it will
be open to the Government to extend another legislation or further D
legislations to cantonments in place of the-one that had been repealed.

The above conclusion can also be supported on the ratio of deci-
sion in Gurcharan Singh and Others v. V.K. Kaushal, [1980] 4 S.C.C.
244, also a case concerned with notifications under s. 3 of Act XLVI of
1957. In exercise of this power the Central Government issued on E
' 21.11. 1969 a notification extending the East Punjab Rent Restriction
Act, 1949, to cantonments in the State of Punjab & Haryana. Subse-
quently, after the amendment of s. 3 of Act XLVI of 1957 by Act 22 of
1972, another notification was issued, on 24. 1.1974, superseding the
earlier notification and extending the East Punjab .\ct afresh to
cantonments in the State of Punjab & Haryana with a modification of F
s. 1(3) of the said Act with retrospective effect from 26. 1. 1950.
Upholding the validity of this notification and ri;pelling an argument
similar to the one now advanced before us, (he Court observed:

"Two points are raised on behalf of the appellants agamst
that conclusion. The first is that the power under section 3 G
of the Cantonments (Extension of Rent Control Laws)
Act, 1957 having been exercised once, that is to say, by the
notification dated November 21, 1969, the power of exten-
sion stood exhausted and could not be availed of again, and
therefore the Notification dated Janµary 24, 1974 was with,
Ant «~tutory sanction and inyaljd. We ar~ f1lf~rr11\i to H
572 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1988] Supp. 3 S.C.R.

Lachmi Narain v. Union of India, [1976] 2 SCR 785. That
A
was a case where this Court held that a notificat:on under
Section 2 Part C State> (Laws) Act, 1950 having been
issued in 1951 by the Central Government.extending the
Bengal Finance (Sales Tax) Act, 1941 to the State of Delhi,
the power given by section 2 exhausted itself on the exten-
B sion of the enactment and could not be exercised again to
enable the issue of a fresh notification modifying the terms
in which the Bengal Act was extended. The case is clearly
distinguishable. The power under which the notification
dated January 24, 1974 has been issued is a separate and
distinct power from that under which the notification dated
November 21, 1969 was made. The power now exercised
c passed into the Cantonments (Extension of Rent Control
Laws) Act, 1957 when it was amended in 1972. In its nature
and quality it is not identifiable with the power vested
under the unamended Act. A power conferred by statute is
distinguished by the character and content of its essential
D components. If one or more material components charac-
terising the power cannot be identified with the material
components of another, they are two different and distinct
powers. Although broadly the power envisaged in section 3
of the amended Cantonments (Extension of Rent Control
Laws) Act, 1957 is a power of extension even as it was
E under the unamended Act, there is a vital qualitative dif-
ference between the two. The power under the unamended
Act was a limited power. It could operate prospectively
only. There was no choice in the matter. After amendment,
the Act provided for a power which could be exercised
retrospectively. The power extended to giving retrospec-
F tive effect to an enactment in force in the State in the form
in which that enactment was in force on the date on which
the extension was made. It was a power whose reach and
cover extended far beyond what the power under the
unamended Act could achieve.

G We are of the view that in issuing the notification dated
January 24, 1974 and thereby extending the East Punjab
Urban Rent Restriction Act to the Ambala Cantonment
retrospectively with effect from January 26, 1950, the Cent-
ral Government exercised a power not available to it when
it issued the notification dated November 21, 1969. The
H contention that the issue of the notification of January 24,
B.S. KAPOOR v. ADDL. DJSIT. JUDGE (RANGANATHAN, J.} 573

1974 amounted to a further exercise of power conferred by A
section 3 of the Cantonments (Extension of Rent Control
Laws) Act, 1957, under which the earlier notification was
issued is without force and must be rejected.
(underlining ours)
B
This principle will also apply in the present case for, while the notifica-
tion dated 3.4.1972 was issued in exercise of the power under the
unamended s. 3, the one dated 1.9.1973 was issued in exercise of the
new power available after the amendment of Act 22 of 1972 which
came into force on 2nd June, 1972, though there is a distinction bet-
ween the two cases in that the latter notification, unlike the second
notification in the other case, did not purport to give any retrospective c
effect to the extended legislation.

It should be mentioned here that notification dated 1.9.1973
extended to the cantonment areas only the provisions of Act XIII of
1972 as they stood on that date. It was only on 17 .2.1982 that a further
notification was issued superseding the notification dated 1.9.1973 by D
which the provisions of Act XIII of 1972 as in force in the State of
Uttar Pradesh were also extended to .the cantonment areas. The
purpose of this notification obviously was that, since there had been
amendments to Act XIII of 1972 in 1974 and again in 1976, it was
necessary and desirable that the amended provisions should also be
extended to the cantonment areas. The question raised above on E
behalf of the appellants regarding the validity of the notification dated
1.9.1973, has to be considered also in the context of this notification
dated 17.12.1982. For the reasons discussed above, we are of the
opinion that the Central Government acted within its powers in issuing
the subsequent notification dated 17.2.1982 as well. This also is not a
case like the one in Lachmi Narain v. Union, [1976] 2 SCR 785, where F
the purpose of the second notification was to modify without any pro-
vocation the contents of the first notification issued for the purposes of
extensidn. Here the subsequent notification became necessary because
subsequently the enactments had amended the _provisions of the Act,
which had been extended previously. Moreover, as the original Act 13 G
of 1972 has already been extended, the real purpose of this notification
was to extend the provisions of Act lY of 1974 and Act 28 of 1976 also
to those areas. In our view, the provisions of sections 14 and 21 of the.
General Clauses Act, 1897. clearly apply for this reason as well as for
the reason given in Gurcharan Singh's case. The validity of the notifi-
cation dated 17 .2.1982 is, therefore, upheld.
H
574 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1988] Supp. 3 S.C.R.

Silit S)K·. Mehta •also contended that, even If 'the notification of
l.9.1973 is left out of account, the notification of 3.4.1972 was itself
sufficient to achieve the present purpose. He submitted that, since Act
13 of 1972 repealed and re-enacted the provisions of Act Ill of 1947, all
references in Act 28 of 1971 as well as in the notification dated
3.4.1972 to Act III of 1947 and its provisions should be construed as
references to Act 13 of 1972 and its corresponding provisions as
amended from time to time. He relied on S. 8 of the General Clauses
Act. In the view we have taken above, we consider it unnecessary to
deal with this contention or express any opinion thereon.

Now to turn to the principal contention in the case: the conten-
tion is that Act XLVI of 1957 does not itself enact any provisions in
C respect of house accommodation in the cantonment areas of U .P.
Section 3 of Act XLVI of 1957 purports only to empower the Central
. Government to legislate for such areas. It is true that the Central
Government is not given carte blanche to do whatever it likes in this
respect and that its power of notification is restricted to merely extend-
D in·g to cantonment areas the provisions of the corresponding laws in
force in the other areas of the State of Uttar Pradesh. But this itself
amounts to excessive delegation of legislative power for three reasons:

(a) <Dn the date of the enactment of Act 46 of 1957, Parlia-
ment could not predicate what type of provisions will be in
E operation in the other areas of the States on some future date (s)
.on which the Central Government may issue notifications under
s. 3 in respect of various States. S. 3 thus authorises the introduc-
tion, on a Government notification, of a law to the provisions of
which Parliament has had no occasion to apply its mind at all;
....
F (b) There is a further vitiating element in that the Central
Government under section 3 is empowered to direct not merely
that the provisions of a State enactment, which may· be in force in
the State on the date of the such notification, should apply to the
cantonment areas in the State as well. The amendment to section
3 by Act 22 of 1972 goes one step further to make it cleanhat the
'G Central Government can make a general notification thit any
State enactment in force in the State would apply to cantonments
as well. This means that, on a mere notification by the Central
Government, not merely the provisions of an enactment which
are in force on the date of the notification but also all future
enactments on this topic that may come into force from time to
'H time in the State would automatically apply to cantonment areas
B.S. KAPOOR v. ADDL. DISIT. JUDGE IRANGANATHAN, J.] 575

as well. Thus, even the notifying authority may ii.ot have had
A
occasion to apply its mind at all to the provisions of the law that
are to be made applicable to the cantonments. Thus, for
instance, tbe amendments in 1976 to Act 13 of 1972 can be
•·i sought to be made applicable (hough, on the date of issue of the
notification under sectiop 3, the Central Government could not
at all have anticipated that there would be such an amendment; B
and

(c) The Central Government has been empowered to
apply such laws, with such restrictions and modifications, as it
thinks fit. Such an unrestricted power may well result in the
notification modifying the State law in material respects and
enacting a law of its own for cantonment areas, which is not
c
permissible. Learned Counsel submitted that there is not even a
broad indication in the principal statute viz. Act XLVI of 1957 as
to the nature of the provisions of the enactment which it would
like to be applied to cantonments. A mandate to the Govern-
ment for a blind application, at its choice, of an enactment, D
existing or future, to cantonment areas within a State merely
because such an enactment happens to be operative in respect of
other areas in the State, it is said, amounts to a complete abdica-
tion of legislative power by Parliament which is not permissible
under our Constitution.
E
We may at once deal with limb (c) of the above contention, a
direct answer to which is furnished by the decision in Lachmi Narain's
case, l 1976] 2 SCR 785 already discussed. Referring to the judgment in
the Delhi Laws Act case, [1951] SCR 747 and Rajnarain Singh's case,
[1955] 1SCR291 on the scope of expressions such as "subject to such
restrictions and modifications as it thinks fit", Sarkaria, J. observed: F

"Bearing in mind the principles and the scope and meaning
of the expression 'restrictions and modifications' explained
in Delhi Laws Act, let us now have a close look at s. 2. It
will be clear that the primary power bestowed by the sec-
tion on the Central Government, is one of extension, that G
is, bringing into operation and effect, in a Union Territory,
an enactment already in force in a State. The discretion
conferred by the section to make 'restrictions and modifica-
tions' in the enactment sought to be extended, is not a
separate and independent power. It is an integral consti-
tuent of the powers of extension. It cannot be exercised H
576 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1988] Supp. 3 S.C.R.

apart from the power of extension. This is indubitably clear
A
from the preposition 'with' which immediately precedes the
phrase 'such restrictions and modifications' and conjoins it
to the principal clause of the section which gives the power
of extension. According to the Shorter Oxford Dictionary,
one meaning of the word 'with' {which accords here with
B the context), is 'part of the same whole'.

The power given by s. 2 exhausts itself on extension of the
enactment; it 'cannot be exercised repeatedly or sub-
sequently to such extension. It can be exercised only once,
simultaneously with the extension of the enactment. This is
one dimension of the statutory limits which circumscribe
c the power. The second is that the power cannot be used for
a purpose other than that of extension. In the exercise of
this power, only such 'restrictions and modifications' can
be validly engrafted in the enactment sought to be
extended, which are necessary to bring it into operation
D and effect in the Union Territory. 'Modifications' which
are not necessary for, or ancillary and subservient to the
purpose of extension, are not permissible. And, only such
'modifications' can be legitimately necessary for such
purpose as are required to adjust, adapt and make the
enactment suitable to the peculiar local conditions of the
E Union Territory for carrying in into operation and effect.
In the context of the section, the words 'restrictions and
modifications' do not cover such alterations as involve a
change in any essential feature, of the enactment or the
legislative policy built into it. This is the third dimension of
the limits that circumscribe the power.
F
It is true that the words 'such restrictions and modifications as it
thinks fit', if construed literally and in isolation, appear to
give unfettered power of amending ·and modifying the
enactment sought to be extended. Such a wide construction
must be eschewed lest the very validity of the section
G becomes vulnerable on account of the vice of excessive
delegation. Moreover, such a construction would be
repugnant to the context and the content of the section,
read as a whole, and the staiutory limits and conditions
attaching to the exercise of the power. We must, therefore,
confine the scope of the words 'restrictions and modifica-
H tions' to alterations of such a character which keep the
-'!\'

S.S. KAPOOR v. Ao'~L. DJSTI. JUDGE IRANGANATiiAN, J.} 577

inbuilt policy, essen~e and substance .of the enaetmerit .A
sought to be extended, in:tac1~··and ·introduce only such
peripheral or insubstantial changes which are appropriate
and necessary to adapt and adjust it to the local conditions
of the Union Territory."

These observations make it clear that, though apparently wide in B
scope, the power ofthe Central Government for the extension of laws
is a very limited one and cannot change the basic essential struct\lre or
the material provisions of the law sought to be extended to cantonment
areas.

The principal decision on which counsel for the appeliants placed '°'
reliance in support onhe other limbs of his contention-is the dedsion ~
of this court in 'B. Shama Rao v. The Union Territory of Pondicherry,
[1967] 2 S.C.R. 650. Iii that case the legislative assembly for the Union
Territory of Pondicherry passed the Pondicherry General Sales Tax
Act ( 10 of 1965) which was published on June 30, 1965. Section 1(2) of
the Act provided that it would come into force on such date as the I}
Pondicheiry Government may by notification appoint. Section 2(1) of
the Act provided that the Madras General Sales Tax Act, 1959, as in
force in the State of Madras immediately before the commencement of
.the Pondicherry Act, shall be extended to Pondicherry subject to cer-
tain modifications. The Pondicherry Government issued a notification
under section 1(2) on 1st March, 1966, appointing April 1, 1966 as the E
date of commencement of the Act. It so happened that, between 30th
of June 1965 when the Pondichetry Act was published and the lst Aprii
1966, which was the notified date for its commencement, the Madras
legislature had substantially amended the Madras Act. It was the
Madras Act, as amended upto tst Aprii 1966, which was brought into
force in Pondicherry. When the Act came ilito force the petitioner was Ji
called upon to register himself as a dealer u11der the Act. He filed a
writ petition challenging the validity of the Act. After the petition was
filed, the Pondicherry legislature passed an amendment Act whereby
section 1(2) of the principal Act was amended to read that the princi-
pal Act shall come into force on the Ist April, 1966 and also contained
a validating provision in respect of all proceedings taken in between. G
The majority of the Constitution Bench, which heard the mailer, held
(Shah and Bhargava, JJ. dissenting) that the Act of 1965 was void and
still born and could not be revived even by the amendment Act passed
in 1966. The dissenting judges did not express any view on the conten-
tion that the principal Act was bad for excessive delegation of powers
when it was enacted and pubi1shed, as they were of the view tllat the . H

_,,;!
578 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1988] Supp. ..3 S.C.R.

A subsequent amendment Act passed by the Pondicherry Legislature
had the effect of bringing into force fo Pondicherry a valid Act under
which the proceedings sought to be taken. against the petitioner were
fully justified. We are here concerned with the majority view on the
question of abdication of legislative functions. After referring to cer-
tain earlier decisions of the court and in particular the decision in the
B case of Delhi LawsAct, [1951] S.C.R. 747, Shela!; J., speaking for the
Court observed as follows:

"The question then is whether in extending the Madras Act
in the manner and to the extent it did under sec. 2(1) of the
principal Act the Pondicherry legislature abdicated its
legislative power in favour of the Madras legislature. It is
c manifest that the Assembly refused to perform its legisla-
tive function entrusted under the Act constituting it. It may
be that a mere refusal may not amount to abdication if the
legislature instead of going through the full formality of
legislation applies its mind to an existing statute enacted by
D another legislature for another jurisdiction, adopts such an
Act and enacts to extend it. to the territory under its i'!risd-
iction. In doing so, it may. perhaps be said that it has laid
dowri a policy to extend such an Act and directs the execu-
tive to apply and implement such an Act. llut when it not
only adopts such a11 Act but also provides that the Act
E applicable to its territory shall be the Act ame.nded in \

future by the other legislature, there is nothing for it to
predicate what the amended Act would be: Such a case
would be clearly one of non-application of mind and one of
refusal to discharge the function entrusted to it by the
Instrument constituting it. It is difficult to see how such a
1p case is not one of abdication or effacement in favour of
another legislature at least in regard to that particular
matter.

But Mr. Setalvad contenae~ thaf the validity of such
legislation has been accepted ·in Delhi Laws Act's case
G [ 1951] S.C.R. 747 and particularly in the matter of heading
' No. 4 as summarised by Bose, J. in Raj Narayan Singh's
case [1955] 1 S.C.R. 290. In respect of that heading the
majority conclusion no doubt was that authorisation in
favour of the executive to adopt laws passed by another
legislature or legislatures including future laws would not
H be .invalid. So far as that co.nclusion goes Mr. Setalvad is
B.S. KAPOOR v. ADDL. DISTI. JUDGE [RAN GAN ATHAN, J .] 579

right. But as already stated, in arriving at that conclusion A
each learned Judge adopted a different reasoning. Whereas
Patanjali Sastri and Das JJ. accepted the contention that
the plenary legislative power includes power of delegation
and held that since such a power means that the legislature
can make laws in the manner it liked if it delegates that
power short of an abdication there can be no objection. On B
the other hand, Faz! Ali J. upheld the laws on the ground
that they contained a complete and precise policy and the
legislation being thus conditional the question of excessive
delegation did not arise. Mukherjea J. held that abdication
need not be total but can be partial and even in respect of a
particular matter and if so the impugned legislation would C
be bad. Bose J.. expressed in frank language his displeasure
at such legislation but accepted lts yalidity on the ground of
practice recognised ever since Burah's case 5 LA. 178 and ·
thought that that practice was accepted by the Consti-
tution-makers and incorporated in the concept of legisla-
tive function. There was thus no unanimity as regards the D
principles upon which those laws were upheld.

All of them however appeal" to agree on one principle, viz.,
that where there is abdication or effacement the legislature
concerned in truth and in fact acts contrary to the Instru-
ment which costituted it and the statute in question would E
be void and still-born.

In the present case it is clear that the Pondicherry
legislature not only adopted the Madras Act as it stood at
the date when it passed the Principal Act but also enacted
that if the Madras legislature were to amend its Act prior to F
the date when the Pondicherry government would is•ue its
notification it would be the amended Act which would
apply. The legislature at that stage could not anticipate that
the Madras Act would not be amended nor could it predi-
cate what amendment or amendments would be carried out
or whether they would be of e sweeping character or G
·whether they would be suitable in Pondicherry. In point of
fact the Madras Act was amended and by reason of section
2( 1) read with section 1(2) of the Principal Act it was the
amended Act which was brought into operation in
Pondicherry. The result was that the Pondicherry legisla-
ture accepted the amended Act though it was not and could ff.
580 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1988) Supp. 3 S.C.R.

not be aware what the provisions of the amended Act
A
would be. There was in these circumstances a iota! surren-
. der in the matter of sales tax legislation by the Pondicherry
Assembly in favour of the Madras legislature and for that
reason we must agree with Mr. Desai that the Act was void
or as is often said 'still-born'.
B
It was however argued that the Act cannot be said to
be still-born as it contained certain provisions' independent
of the Madras Act, viz., the section which provides for the
Appellate Tribunal and the said Schedule. But the core of a
taxing statute is in the charging section and the provisions
levying such a tax and defining persons who are liable to
c pay such tax. If that core disappears the remaining provi-
sions have no efficacy. In our view, Act lO of 1965 was for
the reasons aforesaid void and still-born."

. It may appear that there is a great similarity between the facts in
D Shama .Rao (supra) and in the cases before us. In each of them, the
provisions of the enactment of one legislature enact that the provisions
of an enactment of another legislature should apply within the terri-
tory subject to its jurisdiction, on the issue of a Government notifica-
tion and the first legislature does not know the details of the provisions
of the enactment of the second legislature that willbecome applicable
E in consequence of the Government notification. We are not, however, ,
able to accept· the contention that the ratio of Shama Rao's case will ;
govern the situation in the present case· also. We say this for two
reasons.

In the first place, the principles regarding delegation of legisla-
F tive powers have been discussed in several decisions of this Court, the
leading decision l/eing the one in the case of Delhi Laws Act, [1951(
SCR 747. In the last mentioned authority separate judgments were
delivered by the various learned .judges of this Court and, instead of
referring- to each of them individually, the ·best course would be to
adopt the summary of Vivan Bose J. at page 298 in Raj Narain Sing h's
G case, !1955) 1 SCR 290. That case concerned a Bihar Act which permit-
tei:ll the extens10n.· of the provisions of another eXJsting Bihar Act to
certain areas hy notification. The. validity of this statutory provision
!Was .upheld but th~· notification- issued waS. held to be ultra Vires the
p1;9vision, In tlie :ourse.ofthe discussion, the le.arned Judge said:

'The Court (in the Delhi Laws Act case) bad before it the
B.S. KAPOOR v. ADDL. DISTI. JUDGE [RANGANATHAN, Jd 581

following problems. In each case, the Central Legislature
A
·ha:d empowered an executive authority under.its legislative
control to apply, at its discretion, laws to an area which was
~lso under the legislative sway of the Centre. The varia-
tions occur in the type of Jaws which the executive autho-
rity was authorised to select and in the modifications which
it was empowered to make in them. The variations were as B
follows:

·(1) Where the executive authority was permitted, at its
discretion, to apply without modification (save incidental
changes such as name and place), the whole of any Central
Act already in existence in any part of, India under the
legislative sway of the Centre to the new area:.
c
This was upheld by a majority of six to one.

(2) Where the executive authority was allowed to select
and.apply a Provincial Act in similar circumstances: D

This was also upheld, but this time by a majority of fiv<c to
two.

(3) where the executive authority was permitted to sel~ct
future Central laws and apply them in a similar way: E

This was upheld by five to two.

(4) Where the au,thorisation was to select future Provincial
laws and apply them as above.
F
This was also uphe,ld by five to two.

(5) Where theauthorisation was to repeal Jaws already in
force in the area and either substitute nothing in their places
or substitute -other Jaws, -Central .or Provincial, with or
without modification. G

This was held to be ultra vires by a majority of four to
three.

(6) Where the authorisation was to apply existing Jaws,
either Central or Provincial, with alterations and modifica-. H
tions; and
582 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1988] Supp. 3 S.C.R.

(7) Where the authorisation was to apply future laws under
A
the same conditions:

The views of the various members of the Bench were not as
clear cut as in the first five cases, so it will be necessary to
analyse what each Judge said."
B
As to categories (6) and (7) mentioned above, Bose J., after referring
to the opinion of each of the other learned Judges in the Deihi Laws
Act case (supra), concluded with a reference to his own observations in
the earlier decision:

"Bose J. contented himself at page 1121 by saying that the
C'
delegat'ion cannot extend to the "altering in essential
particulars of laws which are already in force in the area in
question." But he added at page 1124-

"My answers are, however, subject to this qualifica-
D tion. The power to 'restrict and modify' does not import
the power to make essential changes. It is confined to alt-
erations of a minor character such as are necessary to make
an Act intended for one area applicable to another and to
bring it into harmony with laws already in being in the
State, or to delete portions which are meant solely for
E another area. To alter the essential character of an Act or
to change it in material particulars is to legislate, and that,
namely the power to legislate, all authorities are agreed,
cannot be delegated by a Legislature which is not
unfettered." ·

F In our opinion, the majority view was that an executive
authority can be authorised to modify either existing or
future laws but not in any essential feature. Exactly what
constitutes an essential feature cannot be enunciated in
general terms, and there was some divergence of view
about this in the former case, but this much is clear from
G the opinions set out above: it cannot include a change of
policy."

In other words, the delegation of a power to extend even future laws of
another State will not be bad so long as they are laws which are already
in force in the said area and so long as, in the process and under the
H guise of alteration and modification, an alteration of the essential
B.S. KAPOOR v. ADDI.. DJSTI' JUDGE [RANGANATHAN, J.) 583

charactet of 'the law or a change of it in essential particulars is not · A
permitted. This interpretation of the Delhi Laws Act case (supra) was
placed before the Bench which decided Shama Rao but, without dis-
senting from this approach, the learned Judges did not choose to apply
it perhaps as they felt that the Pondicherry legislature, in the case
before them, had completely abdicated its functions to the Madras
Legislature. There was also, it should be remembered, a substantial B
difference between the Madras Act to which the Pondicherry legisla-
ture had applied its mind and the Madras Act which actually became
. applicable bv a deferment of the date of commencement. Such a vast
change, within a short time, co~ld not at all have been in the contem-
plation of the Pondicherry legislature and this is perhaps what heavily
weighed with the Judges. This decision has been distinguished in the
Gwalior Rayon's case, [1974] 2 SCR 879 by Khanna J. and Mathew J. c
who delivered separate but concurring judgments. Khanna J.
observed:

"It would appear from the above that the reason which
prevailed with the majority in striking down the Pondi- D
cherry Act was the total surrender in the matter of sales tax
legislation by the Pondicherry Legislature in favour of the
Madras Legislature. No such surrender is involved in the
present case because of the Parliament having adopted in
one particular respect the rate of local sales tax for the
purpose of central sales tax. Indeed, as mentioned earlier, E
the adoption of the local sales tax is in pursuance of a
legislative policy induced by the desire to prevent evasion
of the payment of central sales tax by discouraging inter-
State sales to unregistered dealers. No such policy could be
discerned in the Pondicherry Act which was struck down by
this Court. F

Another distinction, though not very material, is that in the
Pondicherry case the provisions of the Madras Act along
with the Sl!bsequent amendments were made applicable to
an area which was within the Union Territory of Pondi-
cherry and not in Madras State. As against that, in the G
present case we find that the Parliament has adopted the
rate of local sales tax for certain purposes of the Central
Sales Tax Act only for the territory of the State for which
the Legislature of that State had prescribed the rate of sales
tax. The central sales tax in respect of the territory of a
State is ultimately_ assigned to that State under article 269 . H
~84 SUPREM.E CO,\JR,J REPORTS, [1988] Supp. 3 S.C.R.

of the Constitution and is imposed for the benefit of that
A
State. We would, therefore, hold that the appellants can-
not derive much assistance from the above mentioned deci-
sion of this Court.

Mathew J. had this to say:

"We think that the principle of the ruling in Shama Rao v.
Pondicherry, (supra) must be confined to the facts of the
case. It is doubtful whether there is any general principle
which precludes either .Parliament or a State legislature
from adopting a law and the future amendments to the law
passed respectively by a State legislature or Parliament and
c incorporating them in its legislat.ion. At any rate, there can
be no such prohibition when the adoption is not of the
entire corpus of law on a subject but only of a provision and
its future amendments and that for a special reason or
purpose.''
D
._,·'
Secondly, we think that the facts of the present case are also
distinguishable from those in Shama Rao, (supra). Parliament was
faced with the problems of enacting laws relating to house accommo-
dation in cantonments in various States. Earlier an attempt had been
made to have a separate Act for U .P. Cantonments but it was then
J;l considered that it would be better to have a uniform policy of legisla-
tion in respect of all cantonments in India. These cantonments were
located in the heart of various cities in the different States and unlike
the position that prevailed in early years, had ceased to be a separate
and exclusive colony for army personnel. It was, therefore, but natural
for Parliament to decide, as a matter of policy, that there should be no
)" difference, in the matter of housing accommodation, between persons
residing in cantonment areas of a State and those residing in other
parts of the State and it is this policy that was given effect to by Act
XJC VI of 1957. Having decided upon this policy, it was open to Parlia-
ment to do one of two things: pass a separate enactment in respect of
the cantonment areas in each State or to merely extend the statutes
Q prevalent in other parts of the respective States by a single enactment.
. The second course was opted upon but there was one difficulty. The
e.nactments in force in the various States may need some modifications
or .changes before they could be fitted to the requirements of the
~antonments. We have already expla.ined that the expression 'restric-
tions and modifications' has a very limited connotation. If this is bome
!){: in' mind, it will be clear that the nature ofmodificatio11s or· restrictions
: -i,

B.S. KAPOOR v. ADDL. DISTI. JUDGE IRANGANATHAN, J.J 585

each statute would require can only be a matter, of detail of drafting, of A
not much significance or importance, once the general policy was ,
clear. It is only this matter of detail that has been delegated to the
Central Government to be attended to while passing appropriate
notifications in each case. As pointed out in Sita Ram Bishambher
Dayal v. State of U.P., [1972] 2 SCR 141 in the context of a tax
legislation: B

"In a Cabinet form of Government, the Executive is
expected to reflect the views of the Legislatures. In fact in
most matters it gives the lead to the Legislature. However
much one might deplore the "New Despotism" of the
Executive, the very complexity of the modern society and
the demand it makes on its Government have set in motion c
forces which have made it absolutely necessary for the Legis-
. latures to entrust more and more powers to the Executive.
Textbook doctrines evolved in the Nineteenth Century
have become out of date. Present position as regards dele-
gation of legislative power may not be ideal, but in the D
absence of any bett" alternative, there is no escape from
it. The Legislatures have neither the time, nor the required
detailed information nor even the mobility to deal in detail
with the innumerable problems arising time and again. In
certain matters they can only lay down the policy and
guidelines in as clear a manner as possible." E

For the same reasons the scope of delegation in a measure like this
should have a degree of flexibility to deal with minor variations and
details of statutory adoption having regard to the sitl!ation differing
from State to State. The legislature hardly has the time to enter into
this arena. We, therefore, think that there was no infirmity in the F
delegation of power contained ins. 3 of Act XLVI of 1957.

The further argument that, in any event, the 1976 amendments
of Act 13 of 1972 will not get attracted has to be rejected on the same
line of reasoning as has been indicated above. Once it is the avowed
policy of Parliament that cantonment areas in a State should be subject G
to the same tenancy legislation as the other areas therein, it follows
that the decision involves also that future amendments in such State
legislation should b.ecome effective in cantonment areas as well. In
some rare case where Parliament feels that such subsequent amend-
ments need not apply to cantonment areas or should apply with more
than the limited restrictions and modifications permitted by s. 3, it i§ H
586 SUPREME cduRT REPORTS [1988] Supp. 3 S.C.R.

A open to Parliament to legislate independently for such cantonment
rareas. But the decision that, in the main, such State legislation should
apply is unexceptionable and cannot be said to constitute an abdica-
tion of its legislative function by Parliament.

But here the difficulty arises not so much because of the
B language of section 3 of Act XLVI of 1957 as on account of the
language of the notification issued on 1st September, 1973. The word-
ing of this notification has been set out earli.er. It reads that, in
supersession of the earlier notification of 3rd April, 1972, the Central
Goverrunent extends to the cantonments in the State. of Uttar Pradesh
the "Uttar Pradesh Urban Buildings (Regulation of Letting, Rent and
Eviction) Act, 1972 (U.P. Act XIII of 1972) as in force on the date of
C this notifications, in the State of Uttar Pradesh with the following
modifications ... " It must be pointed out in this connection that ibis
notification was issued after Act XLVI of 1957 had been amended by
Act 22 of 1972 and a power had been conferred on the Central
Government to issue the notification without the restriction previously
D contained in section 3(1) that t~e statute proposed to be extended
should be as in force on the date of the notification. In other words
depsite the enlarged power conferred by amending Act 22 of 1972 the
notification is couched in the same way as the earlier notification of
3rd April, 1972 and purports to extend to the cantonments only the
provisions of Act 13 of 1972 as in force on the date of the notification,
E that is, as on 1.9.1973. The restricted language of the notification,
therefore, makes applicable to cantonments only the provisions of Act
13 of 1972 as they stood on 1.9.1973 and not its subsequent amend-
ments.

Act 13, of 1972, as initially enacted, required an application
F under section 21 to be made before the Prescribed Authority. "Pre-
scribed Authority" was defined by section 3(e) to mean:

"a Magistrate of the first class, having 3 years experience as
such, duly authorised by the District Magistrate to exer-
cise, perform and discharge all or any of the powers, func-
G lions and duties of the Prescribed Authority under this Act
"

Act 19 of 1974 amended this definition w.e.f. 20.7.1974to mean:

"an officer not less than three years experience as a Munsif
H Magistrate of the first class or as Executive Magistrate
B.S. KAPOOR v. ADDL. DISTI. JUDGE (RANGANATHAN, J.] 587

authorised as aforesaid by the· State Government .... "
A
Still later on 5.7.1976, Act 28 of 1976 substituted a new clause (e) for
previous one. Under the new clause, the definition read:

"Prescribed Authority means a Civil Judicial Officer or
Judicial Magistrate authorised by the District Judge to B
exercise, perform and discharge all or any of the powers,
functions and duties of the Prescribed Authority under this
Act .... "

As explained in the judgment of the District Judge in the case under
appeal, different types of officers were contemplated under the diffe-
rent definitions. Initially the Prescribed Authority had to be a Magis- c
trate of the first class under the old Code of Criminal Procedure and
had also to be a nominee of th? District Magistrate. This had to change
because first class Magistrate~ subordinate to the District Magistrate
had ceased to exist after 31.3.1974. Thereafter there were only Execu-
tive Magistrates subordinate to the District Magistrates and Judicial D
Magistrates of the first and second class under the District Judges.
Therefore, the amended section gave power to the State Government
to authorise Munsifs, Judicial Magistrates or Executive Magistrates to
discharge duties of a Prescribed Authority. This must have meant a
very heavy load on the State -Government and hence a third change
was effected w.e.f. 5.7.1976. Thereafter, a nominee and subordinate E
of the District Judge was to be the Prescribed Authority.

In Civil Appeal No. 6944 of 1983, to which we have made refe-
rence earlier, the landlord had made his application under section 21
of Act XIII of 1972 before the Prescribed Authority on 20.12.1975. It
was made before Shri Khem Karan, who had been appointed as the F
Prescribed Authority on 11.9.1975. However, when the definition was
amended by Act 28 of 1976, Shri S.C. Srivastava was appointed as the
Prescribed Authority and the application of the landlord was transfer-
red to him and he disposed it off by his order dated 27.9.1977. It may
be mentioned that both Shri Khem Karan an<l Shri Srivastava were
Munsifs. While Shri Khem Karan was a Prescribed Authority G
appointed by the State Government under section 3(e) as amended in
1974, Shri Srivastava was a Prescribed Authority authorised by the
District Judge after 5th of July, 1976.

In this state of facts the argument urged on behalf of the tenant
before the High Court, in addition to the principal argument that Act H
13 of 1972 was not at all applicable to cantonment areas, was that
588 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1988] Supp. 3 S.C.R.

A Sri Srivastava, appointed in pursuance of the amendment Act 28 of
1976, was not the Prescribed Authority authorised in accordance with
the provisions of the Act as they stood on Ist September, 1973, and
therefore had no jurisdiction to em~rtain the application made by the
landlord under section 21 of the Act. Though the dates and facts of
other cases were also similar, this point was taken only in this case at
B the earlier stages: This argume.nt was accepted by the learned District
Judge, who set aside the .order of the Prescribed Authority on
2.2.198L The High Court, in the writ petition filed by the tenant, did
not, however, accept this argument. The learned single Judge who
heard the writ petition was of the opinion that the District Judge was in
error and that the argument pur forward on behalf of the tenant was
not tenable. He observed:
c
"Section 3 of Act 22 of 1972 inter alia provided that section
3 Of the Principal Act, namely, Act 46 of 1957 shall be
renumbered as sub-section 1 thereof, and in sub-section 1
as so renumbered the words "on the date of the notifica-
D tion" shall be, and shall be deemed always to have been
omitted. The effect of the words "on the date of the notifi-
cation" being omitted from section 3 of Act 46 of 1957 in
the manner contemplated by section 3 of Act 22 of 1972
was that the aforesaid words would be deemed not to have
been in existence in section 3 of the Act 46 of 1957 from the
E very inception. As such section 3 of Act 46 of 1957 did not
confer on the Gentral Government the power to issue a
notification under that section to extend to any cantonment
an enactment relating to the control of rent and regulation
of house accommodation which was inforce "on the date of
the notification" in the State in. which the cantonment is
F situated. The use of the words "on the date of this notifica-
tion" after the words "as in force" and before the words
"in the State of Uttar Pradesh" in the notification datedist
September, 1973, were, therefore, beyond the power con-
ferred on the Central Government by section 3 of Act 46 of
1957 and will accordingly be deemed to be not in existence
G in the aforesaid notification and have to be ignored."

After referring co the decision of the Supreme Court in Bajya v.
Smt. Gopikabai and another, [1978] 3 S.C.R. 561, the learned Judge
observed:

H "Section 3 of Ac.t 46 of 1957 after its amendment by Act 22
B.S. KAPOOR v. ADDL. DISTI. JUDGE (RANGANATHAN, J.] 589

of 1972 as aforesaid oil the face of it comes in the latter
category referred to in the decision of Bajya (supra). Con- A
sequently, the definition of the term "Prescribed Autho-
rity" as it was subsequently amended by U.P. Act 28 of
1976 is applicable for finding out as to who is the Prescribed
Authority to entertain an application under section 21 of
the Act even in regard to those buildings which are situated B
within a cantonment area. The view taken to the contrary
by the District Judge in the impugned order suffers from a
manifest error of law and deserves to be quashed."

He, therefore, held that the application preferred by the landlord had
rightly been dealt with by Sri Srivastava and therefore remanded the
matter to the learned District Judge for disposing of the appeal filed c
before him by the tenant on its merits.

It is against the order of the learned single Judge that C.A.
No. 6944 of 1983 has been preferred. We are unable to support the line
of reasoning adopted by the learned Judge to uphold the order passed D
by Sri Srivastava. We have already expressed our opinion that
amended section 3 of Act XLVI of 1957, on a proper construction,
validly empowers the Central Government, by notification, to extend
the provisions of Act 13 of 1972 to the cantonments in the State of
Uttar Pradesh, not only in the form in which it stood on the date of the
said notification but also along with its subsequent amendments. But, E
for the Central Government to have such power is one thing and for
the Central Government to exercise such power is a totally different
thing. Despite the fact that Act 22 of 1972 with full retrospective effect
omitted the words "as on the date of the notification" from section 3 of
Act 46 of 1957, the terms of the actual notification on 1. 9. 1973
purported to extend only the provisions of Act 13 of 1972 as on the F
date of such notification. We are unable to agree with the learned
single Judge that this restricted notification was ultra vires or travelled
beyond the provisions of section 3 of Act XLVI of 1957. What hap-
pened was that the section in the statute conferred a larger power on
the Central Government but the Central Government utilised the said
power in a limitP.d manner. That was perfectly within the scope of the G
power delegated to it under section 3. We cannot uphold the view that
the words "as on the date of this notification" in the notification dated
1 Ist September, 1973 can be ignored or be deemed to have been omit-
ted merely because those words had been omitted from the section.
I
•
Nonetheless, we are of the opinion that the conclusion reached· H
590 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1988] Supp. 3 S.C.R.

A by the learned single Judge has to be upheld. For this, there are two
reasons. The first is the effect of section 3 of Act XLVI of 1957 as
amended by Act 22 of 1972. This Act amended s. 3 in more respects
than one. Apart from omitting the words "as on the date of the notifi-
cation" in section 3 and re-numbering section 3 as 3(1), it added to
section 3 certain other sub-sections so that after the amendment,
B section 3 read as follows:

3. Power to extend to cantonments laws relating to control
of rents and regulation of house accommodation-

(1) The Central Government may, by notification in the
Official Gazette, extend to any cantonment with such res-
c trictions and modifications as it thinks fit, any enactment
relating to the control of rent and regulation of house
accommodation which is in force in the State in which the
cantonment is situated.

D Provided that nothing· contained in any enactment so
extended shall apply to-

(a) any premises within the cantonment belonging to
the Government;

E (b) any tenancy ·or other like relationship created by
a grant from the Government in respect of premises within
the cantonment taken on lease or requisitioned by the
Government; or

(2) The extension of any enactment under sub-
F section (1) may be made from such earlier or future date as
the Central Government may think fit:

Provided that no such extension shall be made from a date
earlier than-

G (a) the commencement of such enactment, or

(b) the establishment of the cantonment, or

(c) the commencement of this Act,

H whichever is later;
B.S. KAPOORv. ADDL. DISTI. JUDGE [RANGANATHAN, J.) 591

(3) Where any enactment in force in any State relat- A
ing to the control of rent and regulation of house accommo-
dation is extended to a cantonment from a date earlier than .
the date on which such extension is made (hereafter refer-
red to as the "earlier date"), such enactment, as in force on
such earlier date, shall apply to such cantonment and,
where any such enactment has been amended at any time B
after the earlier date but before the commencement of the
Cantonments (Extension of Rent Control Laws) Amend-
ment Act, 1972, such enactment, as amended shall apply to
the cantonment on and from the date on which the enact-
ment by which such amendment was made came into force.

(4) Where, before the extension to a cantonment of C
any enactment relating to the control of rent and regulation
of house accommodation therein (hereafter referred to as
the "Rent Control Act"),

(i) any decree or order for the regulation of for evic- D
tion from, any house accommodation in that cantonment,
or

(ii) any order in the proceedings for the execution of
such decree or order, or
E
(iii) any order relating to the control of rent or other inci-
dent of such house accommodation,

was made by any court, tribunal or other authority in
accordance with any law for the control of rent and regula-
tion of house accommodation for the time being in force in F
the State in which •uch cantonment is situated; such decree
or order shall, on and from the date on which the Rent
Control Act is extended to that cantonment, be deemed to
have been made under the corresponding provisions of the
Rent Control Act, as extended to that cantonment, as if the
said Rent Control Act, as so extended, were in force in that G
cantonment, on the date on which such decree or order was
made.

It has been mentioned earlier that, on 17.2.1982, the Central Govern-
ment issued a further notification under section 3 of Act 46 of 1957 in
supersession of its earlier notification dated Ist September, 1973. By H
592 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1988] Supp. 3 S.C.R.

A this notification the Central Government extended to all cantonments
in the State of Uttar Pradesh provisions of Act 13 of 1972 as in force in
the State of Uttar Pradesh with certain modifications. Considering that
Act 13 of 1972 had already been extended, this really meant the exten-
sion of Act 19 of 1974 and Act 28 of 1976 to cantonment areas. If, in
the light of this fact, we read section 3( 4) of Act XLVI of 1957 it will be
B seen that the order of Sri Srivastava has to be upheld. The provisions
of Act 13 of 1972 as amended by Act 28 of 1976 have been extended to
the cantonments in the State of Uttar Pradesh only with effect from
17.2.1982. But notwithstanding this, the order passed by Sri Srivastava
on 27.9.1977 was passed by an authority in accordance with the law
which was, for the time being (i.e. as on 27.9.77), in force in the State
of Uttar Pradesh. Under section 3(4), it should, therefore, be deemed
c to have been made under the corresponding provision of the Rent
Control Act (as extended by that notification i.e. as amended in 1976)
as if the said amended Rent Control Act as so extended were in force
in that cantonment on the date on which such order was made. That
this will be the position is clear from the decision of this court in the
D case of Jai Singh Jairam Tyagi etc. v. Mamanchand Ratilal Agarwal
and Ors., [1980] 3 S.C.R. 224. It is not necessary to refer to the
decision in detail. It is sufficient to refer to the following passage from
the judgment:

"Shri V.M. Tarkunde, learned counsel for the appellant
E urged that sub-section 4 had to be read in the context of
sub,sections 2 and 3 and that it was to be applied only to
cases where a notification issued under sub-section 1 was
given retrospective effect under the provisions of sub-
section 2. We see no justification for confining the applica-
bility of sub-section 4 to cases where notifications are
F issued with retrospective effect under sub-section 2, sub-
section 4 in terms is not as cofined. It applies to all cases of
decrees or orders made before the extension of a State I'-
Legislation to a cantonment area irrespective of the ques-
tion whether such extension is retrospective or not. The
essential condition to be fulfilled is that the decree or order
G must have been made as if the State Legislation was already
in force, although, strictly speaking, it was not so in force.
In our view sub-section 4 is wide enough to save all decrees
and orders made by the wrong application of a State rent
control and house accommodation legislation to a canton-
ment area, though such State Legislation could not in law
H have been applied to c.antonment areas at the time of the
B.S. KAPOOR v. ADDL. DISTI. JUDGE [RANGANATHAN, J.) 593

passing of the decrees or order. We, therefore, hold that
A
the decree obtained by the respondents is saved by the
provisions of s. 3, sub-section 4 of the Cantonment (Exten-
sion of Rent Control Laws) Act of 1957, as amended by
Act 22 of 1972."

From the above decision it will be seen that sub-section 4 is indepen- B
dent of sub-sections 2 and 3 and has effect whether or not the exten-
sion of laws made to the cantonment is made retrospective. Even
though the extension of Act 22 of 1972 as amended by Act 28 of 1976 is
not retrospective and will be effective only from 5.7 .1976, the effect of
section 3(4) of Act XLVI of 1957 is that even orders passed prior to
such extension should be deemed to have been passed under the
extended amended Act. Judged by this test, the orde1 passed by
c
Sri Srivastava who was the Prescribed Authority after the amendment
of Act 28 of 1976 will be valid.

We should also like to refer in this connection to the judgment of
this Court in S.P. Jain v. Krishna Mohan Gupta and others, [1987] 1 D
S.C.C. 191. In that case the landlord moved an application under
section 24-C of Act 13 of 1972. Section 24-C formed part of Chapter
IV-A, which had been inserted in Act 13 of 1972 only by the amend-
ment Act 28 of 1976. The application of the landlord was allowed o·n
17.8.1981 by what was then called the "Delegated Authority". Revi-
sion application to the District Judge failed. Thereupon the tenant E
filed a writ petition befor~ the High Court and contended that since
Chapter IV-A of the Act had been made applicable to cantonment
areas only by the notification dated 17 .2.1982 that is, after the filing of
the application under section 24-C by the landlord-section 24-B and
24-C of the U.P. Rent Act were inapplicable. This contention was
rejected by a Bench of this Court (which included one of us). After F
pointing out that on the date on which the application was filed as well
as on the date on which the order was made, the cantonment area did
not come within the ambit of the Act in question and that it was only
by the date on which the revisional order was passed by the Additional
District Judge that the building in question came within the purview of
the Act by reason of the notification dated 17 .2. 1982, the court G
observed:

In view of the ratio of Jaisingh Jairam Tyagi v.
M amanchand Ratilal Agarwal, [1980] 3 SCC 162, it must be
held that the provisions of Chapter IV-A of the Act would
be applicable. The amending Act was passed for the ex- H
594 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1988] Supp. 3 S.C.R.

A press purpose of saving decrees which had already been
passed. Therefore action under section 24-Cof the Act in
this case was justified. The High Court did not decide this
point because it was of the opinion that the second point
which we shall note presently, the High Court was in favour
of the respondent. We are, however, of the opinion that
...
B
the first point urged on behalf of the respondent cannot be
accepted in view of the position in law as discussed
hereinbefore. It was submitted on behlaf of the respondent
that section 24-B gave substantive rights to the appellant
and section 24-C was the procedure for enforcing those
substantive rights. Therefore, these were not only pro-
c cedural rights. Therefore, there was no question of
retrospective operation to take away vested right. We are,
however, of the opinnion that it would be an exercise in
futility if the application is dismissed on this ground, it can
be filed again and in view of the subsequent legislation as ,
noted hereinbefore it was bound to succeed on this point.
D In exercise of our discretionary power under Article 136 of
the Constitution, it would not be proper to interfere in the
facts and circumstances of the case on this ground. In the
premises in view of the ratio of the decision of this Court in
Jaisingh case and reason mentioned hl:leinbefore this con-
tention urged on behalf of the respondent must be
E rejected."

In our opinion the ratio of this case squarely applies to the facts of the
case in CA. No. 6944 of 1983.

We are therefore unable to accept any of the contentions urged
F on behalf of the appellants. The appeals are, therefore, dismissed but
in the circumstances we make no order as to costs.

Y.Lal Appeals dismissed.