Supreme Court of India
BRIJ LAL & ORS.versusCOMMISSIONER OF INCOME TAX ACT, 1961
- Citation
- 2010 INSC 714
- Decided
- 21 October 2010
- Disposal
- Disposed off
- Bench
- S H KAPADIA
Holding
Sections 234A, 234B and 234C apply to Settlement Commission proceedings, interest under section 234B is payable only up to the admission order under section 2450(1), and the Commission cannot reopen its concluded orders by invoking section 154.
Summary
The appellants filed settlement applications under Chapter XIX‑A of the Income Tax Act and disputed the levy of interest under sections 234A, 234B and 234C for default in advance tax. The Supreme Court was asked (i) whether these interest provisions apply to Settlement Commission proceedings, (ii) what the terminal point for such interest is – the order under s.2450(1) or the final settlement order under s.2450(4), and (iii) whether the Commission can reopen its concluded orders by invoking s.154 to levy interest. The Court held that sections 234A, 234B and 234C do apply to the Settlement Commission to the extent indicated, but the liability for interest under s.234B ends on the date of the admission order s.2450(1) and not on the final settlement order s.2450(4). It further held that the Settlement Commission cannot reopen its orders under s.154, as its orders are final and conclusive under s.2451 except in cases of fraud or misrepresentation. Consequently, the reference was answered and the appeals were disposed of.
Issues considered
- Whether sections 234A, 234B and 234C of the Income Tax Act are applicable to the proceedings of the Settlement Commission under Chapter XIX‑A.
- Where the interest under section 234B is payable, what is the terminal point for its levy – the order under section 2450(1) or the final settlement order under section 2450(4).
- Whether the Settlement Commission can reopen its concluded proceedings by invoking section 154 of the Act to levy interest under sections 234A, 234B and 234C.
Legislation cited
- Income Tax Act, 1961s. 154, s. 234A, s. 234B, s. 234C, s. 245-0(1), s. 2450(1), s. 2450(2C), s. 245-0(4), s. 2450(4), s. 2450(6A), s. 2451, s. 245C, s. 245D, s. 245E, s. 245F
Subjects
Interest on defaultAdvance taxSettlement CommissionIncome Tax ActSection 234BSection 2450Section 154Tax settlementFinality of ordersJurisdiction
Judgment
[2010) 11 S.C.R. 1167
BRIJ LAL & ORS. A
v.
COMMI~ SIONER OF INCOME TAX, JALANDHAR
(Civil Appeal No. 516-527 OF 2004)
OCTOBER 21, 2010
B
[S.H. KAPADIA, CJI, B. SUDERSHAN REDDY, K.S.
PANICKER RADHAKRISHNAN, SURINDER SINGH
NIJJAR AND SWATANTER KUMAR, JJ.]
INCOME TAX ACT, 1961: c
CHAPTER X1X-A - Sections 245-C, 245-0 (1) and 245-
0(4) rlw s. 234-B - Settlement Commission - Settlement of
cases - Interest for default in payment of advance tax -
Applicability of s. 234-B - Held: Sections 234-A, 234-B and
0
234-C are applicable to the proceedings of the Settlement
Commission under Chapter XIX-A - Sections 234-B, 245-
0(2C) and s.245-0(6A) operate in different fields - Section
234-B comes into operation when there is default in payment
of advance tax whereas liability to pay interest u/s 245-0(2C)
arises when the additional amount of income tax is not paid E
· within time specified u/s 245-0(2A) - Section 245-0 (6A), on
the other hand, imposes liability to pay interest only when the
tax payable in pursuance of an order of Settlement
Commission uls 245-0(4) is not made within the specified
time.. · F
s. 234-B - Terminal point for levy of interest in settlement
of cases under Chapter XIX-A - Held: Would be up to the date
of the Order u/s 245-0(1) and not up to the date of the Order
of Settlement u/s 245-0(4). G
ss. 154, 234-B, 245~0(4) and 245-1 - Rectification of
mistake - Levy of interest'- Order of settlement uls 2450(4)
to be conclusive - Held: In view of s. 245-1, the Settlement
Commission cannot re-open its concluded proceedings by
1167 H
1168 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 11 S.C.R.
~ invoking s. 154 so as to levy interest uls 234-8 - Section 154
is not applicable to Chapter XIX proceedings.
Pursuant to the referral orders dated 14.12.2004 and
21.1.2005, the instant appeals were referred to the
8 Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court. The questions
for consideration before the Court were: (i) whether s.
2348 of the Income Tax Act, 1961 would apply to
proceedings of the Settlement Commission under
Chapter XIX-A of the said Act? If yes; (ii) what would be
C the terminal point for levy of such interest - whether such
interest should be computed up to the date of the Order
u/s 245-D (1) or up to the date of the Order of the
Commission u/s 245-D (4)? and (iii) whether the
Settlement Commission could reopen its concluded
proceedings by invoking s. 154 of the said Act so as to
D levy interest u/s 234-8, though it was not so done in the
original proceedings?
Answering the reference and disposing of the
appeals, the Court
E
HELD: 1.1 Sections 234-A, 234-B and 234-C of the
Income Tax Act 1961 are applicable to the proceedings
of the Settlement Commission under Chapter XIX-A of the
Act to the extent indicated in the judgment. (para 16]
F [1220-D-E]
1.2 Levy of interest is incidental to the liability and
computation of advance tax. Liability and computation of
advance tax is done under section C of Chapter XVII. On
the other hand, interest for defaults in paymenLof
G advance tax falls u/s 234-8, apart from ss.234-A and 234-
C, in section F of Chapter XVII. It is significant to note that
s.234-A(4) refers to the increase or reduction of interest
subsequent to the Order of the Commission u/s 245-0(4)
increasing or reducing the amount of tax payable and so
H also s.234-8(4). [para 9] (1207-A-C]
BRIJ LAL & ORS. v. COMMISSIONER OF INCOME 1169
TAX, JALANDHAR
1.3 Chapter XIX-A deals with Settlement of Cases. A
The word "case" is defined u/s 245-A (b). It is an
exhaustive definition, which makes it clear that an
application for Settlement shall lie only when any
proceedings for assessment or re-assessment or an
appeal or revision in connection with such assessment s
or re-assessment is pending before the Income Tax
Authority. [para 10] [1207-H; 1208-A-B]
1.4 An application for settlement made u/s 245-C(1)
will not be maintainable without full and true disclosure
of the income by the applicant, the manner in which such C
undisclosed income was derived and that the applicant
had furnished his return of income and that the additional
tax payable on such income exceeds the specified
amount. This was the position prior to Finance Act of
2007. However, s.245-C(1A) inter a/ia provides that D
additional amount of income tax payable in respect of the
income disclosed shall be calculated in accordance with
the provisions of s.245-C(1B). [para 10] [1208-8-0]
1.5 Under sub-s. (1 B) of s.245-C, if the applicant has E
furnished his return in respect of his total income and no
assessment is made, the tax !>t"iall be calculated on the
aggregate of the total income returned and the income
disclosed in the application as if such aggregate was the
total income. The words "regular assessment" are not F
there ins. 245-C (18) (ii). However, u/s 245-C(1C)(b), it is
provided that the additional tax calculated u/s 245-C
(1 B)(ii) shall be reduced by the aggregate of the tax
deducted at source or tax paid in advance and the
amount of tax paid u/s 140-A. The resultant amount is the G
additional tax payable by the assessee. Thus, s.245-C
incorporates within it, the provisions of Chapters XVllB,
XVllC and s.140-A of the Act. [para 1O] [1208-0-F]
1.6 A careful analysis of the provisions of s. 245-0(1)
and 245-0(4) indicates two distinct stages - one, allowing H
1170 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2010] 11 S.C.R.
A the application to be proceeded with (or rejected), and the
other, of disposal of the application by appropriate orders
being passed by the Settlement Commission. In between
the two stages, there are provisions which require the
applicant to pay the additional income tax and interest.
B Under s.245-0(4) on compliance of ss. 245D(2A) and (2C)
and on examination of relevant records and reports, the
Settlement Commission may pass such orders as it
thinks fit on the matter covered by the application and
any other matter relating to the "case" referred to in the
C report of the Commissioner of Income Tax. Even u/s 245-
0 (7), it is provided that where the settlement becomes
void u/s 245-0(6) the proceedings with respect to the
matters covered by the settlement shall be deemed to
have revived from the stage at which the application was
allowed to be proceeded with by the Settlement
D Commission and the income tax authority may complete
the proceedings within the period mentioned therein.
Thus, s. 245-0(7) brings out the difference between s. 245-
0(1) stage and s. 245-0(4) stage. Under s.245-0 (6), it is
laid down that every order u/s 245-0 (4) shall provide for
E the Terms of Settlement including any demand by way of
tax, penalty or interest. [para 10) [1209-C-F]
1. 7 Under s. 245-F (1 ), in addition to the powers
conferred on the Settlement Commission under Chapter
F XIX-A, it shall also have all the powers which are vested
in the income tax authority under the Act. However, there
is a significant difference between "procedure for
assessment" under Chapter XIV and "procedure for
settlement" under Chapter XIX-A (s.245-D). Under s. 245-
G F(4), it is clarified that nothing in Chapter XIX-A shall affect
the operation of any other provision of the Act requiring
the applicant to pay tax on the basis of self-assessment
in relation to matters before the Settlement Commission.
The point to be noted is that several provisions of the Act
H like s. 140A; furnishing of the return of income by the
BRIJ LAL & ORS. v. COMMISSIONER OF INCOME 1171
TAX, JALANDHAR
applicant as indicated in the proviso (a) to s. 245-C(1 ); A
provisions of the Act governing liability and computation
to pay additional income tax as indicated by proviso (b)
to s. 245-C(1 ); aggregation of total income inter alia in
terms of ss. 143, 144 or 147 as indicated by s.245-
C(1 B)(iii); aggregation of total income as returned plus B
income disclosed in the application for settlement as
indicated in s. 245-C(1 B)(ii); the deductions in s. 245-
. C(1C); increase of interest u/s 215(3) pursuant to the
orders of the Settlement Commission and the levy of
interest u/s 234-A(4) and 234-8(4) all bring into Chapter c
XIX-A various provisions of the Act. Thus, while reading
the provisions of ss. 245-C and 245-D one has to keep in
mind various provisions of the Act and the concepts of
self-assessment, assessment, regular assessment and
computation of total income which have been engrafted
0
in Chapter XIX-A. [para 1OJ [1210-C-H; 1211-A-B]
1.8 Though Chapter XIX- A is a self-contained Code,
the procedure to be followed by the Settlement
Commission u/ss 245-C and 245-D in the matter of
computation of undisclosed income; in the matter of E
computation of additional income tax payable on such
income with interest thereol"; the filing of settlement
application indicating the amount of income returned in
the return of income and the additional income tax
payable on the undisclosed income to be aggregated as F
total income shows that Chapter XIX-A indicates
aggregation of incomes so as to constitute total income
which indicates that the special procedure under Chapter
XIX-A has inbuilt mechanism of computing total income
which is nothing but assessment (computation of total G
income). The word 'assessment' can be used to cover
the whole procedure to ascertain the liability and
machinery for enforcement. [para 8 and 11] (1211-C-E;
1205-H; 1206-A]
H _,, '
1172 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [201 O] 11 S.C.R.
A C.A. Abraham v. Income-Tax Officer, Kottayam and
Another 1961 ( 2 ) SCR 765=1961) 41 ITR 425 (SC); and
Modi Industries Limited, Modinagar and Others v.
Commissioner of Income Tax, Delhi and Another 1995 (3)
Supp. SCR 642= 216 ITR 759 - referred to.
B
1.9 Under the Act, tax is payable on the total income
as computed in accordance with the provisions of the
Act. Thus, s. 143(3) provision is sought to be incorporated
in s.245-C. When Parliament uses the words "as if such
aggregate would constitute total income", it presupposes
C that under the special procedure the aggregation of the
returned income plus income disclosed would result in
computation of total income which is the basis for the
levy of tax on the undisclosed income which is nothing
but "assessment'', which takes place at s. 245-0(1) stage.
D However, in that computation, one finds that provisions
dealing with a regular assessment, self-assessment and
levy and computation of interest for default in payment
of advance tax, etc. are engrafted. [ss.245-C (18), 245-C
(1 C), 245-0(6), 245-F(3) in addition to ss. 215(3), 234-A(4)
E and 234-8(4)] [para 11) [1211-F-H; 1212-A-C]
1.10 In the case of Damani Brothers*, a 3- Judge
Bench of this Court, while analyzing the scheme of
Chapter XIX-A, has rightly held that s. 234-8, s. 245-D(2C)
F and s.245-0(SA) operate in different fields. Section 234-B
comes into operation when there is default in payment
of advance tax whereas liability to pay interest u/s 245-
0(2C) arises when the additional amount of income tax
is not paid within time specified u/s 245-0(2A). Section
G 245-0 (SA), on the other hand, imposes liability to pay
interest only when the tax payable in pursuance of an
order of Settlement Commission u/s 245-0(4) is not made
within the specified time. [para 10) [1209-F-H; 1210-A-B]
*C.I. T. v. Damani Brothers 2002(5) Supp. SCR 424=259
H ITR 475 - upheld.
BRIJ LAL & ORS. v. COMMISSIONER OF INCOME 1173
TAX, JALANDHAR
2.1 The terminal point for the levy of interest u/s 234- A
8 would be up to the date of the order u/s 245-0(1) and
not up to the date of the Order of Settlement u/s 245-0(4).
[para 16] [1220-E-F]
2.2 The proviso to s. 245-C(1 ), ss.245-C(18), 245- 8
C(1C), 245-0(4) and 245F(3) bring in the concepts of
returned income, self-assessment, aggregation of income
returned and income disclosed as if it is total income; levy
of interest u/s 215(3) read with s. 245-0(4); increase of
interest u/ss 234-A(4) and 234-8 (4) read with s. 245-0(4) C
as also ss. 140A(1A) and (18) read with ss. 234-A and 234-
8. [para 12] [1212-0-F]
2.3 Section 245-C (1) is voluntary disclosure by the
assessee of his undisclosed income. Under s. 245-C (1 ),
the assessee has to mention in his settlement application D
the additional amount of tax payable by him on such
undisclosed income. Under proviso (a), the application for
settlement shall not be entertained till the assessee has
furnished the return of income which he was required to
file under the Act to the extent of his income. Under E
proviso (b), the assessee has to declare the additional
amount of tax payable. Thus, the two provisos to s. 245-
C (1) show that Chapter XIX-A, which prescribes a special
procedure for assessment by settlement, contemplates a
pre-assessment collection of tax. With the filing of the F
settlement application and after such application is
allowed to be proceeded with u/s 245-0(1), intimation u/s
143(1), regular assessment u/ss 143(3)/144 and re-
assessment u/s 147 lose their existence, as u/ss 245-C(1A)
and (18) it is only the income disclosed in the return of G
income before the A.O. alone which survives for
consideration by the Settlement Commission for settling
the amount of income which is not disclosed in the return.
Under s. 245-C (18)(ii), if the applicant has furnished a
return in respect of the total income, whether or not H
1174 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 11 S.C.R.
A assessment is made in pursuance of the return, the
additional amount of income tax payable in respect of the
total income disclosed shall be on the aggregate of the
total income returned and the income disclosed in his
application for settlement as if such aggregate was his
B total income. This is pre-assessment collection of tax.
Such pre- assessment is based on the estimation of the
current income and tax thereon by the applicant himself.
[para 12] [1213-C-H; 1214-A-8]
2.4 When the Settlement Commission accepts the
C Voluntary Disclosure by the application for settlement, s.
234-8 (2) steps in. It is significant that the assessee is
liable to pay advance tax, he commits default in payment
to the extent of the undisclosed income but he offers to
pay additional income tax then interest has to be
D calculated in accordance with ss. 207, 208 and 234-8(2)
up to the date on which such tax is paid. This is not the
interest which assessee has to pay after assessment u/s
245-D (4). Under ss. 245-C (18) and (1C) the additional
amount of income tax payable on the undisclosed income
E shall be on the total income as calculated under s. 245-
C(18). On computation of total income u/ss 245-C (18)
and (1 C), interest follows such computation. It is important
to note that interest follows computation of total income.
Once such computation takes place u/s 245-C(18) then
F s. 234-8(2) applies. The said sub-section deals with the
situation where before determination of total income u/s
143(1) or 143(3) tax is paid u/s 140A or otherwise interest
shall be calculated in accordance with s. 234-8(1) up to
the date on which tax is so paid. In that sense an
G application u/s 245-C (1) is a return. Section 245-C (1)
deals with computation of "total income". Thus, ss. 234-
A, 234-8 and 234-C are applicable upto the stage of s.245-
0(1) order passed by the Settlement Commission, i.e.
admission of the case. [para 12 and 14) [1214-8-F; 1215-
H F; 1217-F-G]
BRIJ LAL & ORS. v. COMMISSIONER OF INCOME 1175
TAX, JALANDHAR
2.5 Besides, Chapter XIX-A refers to procedure of A
settlement (s. 245-D (1)). Section 245-D (1) provides for
expeditious recovery of tax by way of pre-assessment
collection. Interest on default in payment of advance tax
comes u/ss 234-A, 234-B, 234-C, which fall in Chapter
XVII which deals with collection and recovery of tax. It B
is important to note that interest follows computation of
additional pay~ent of income tax u/ss 245-C (1 B) and
(1 C). This is how ss. 234-A, 234-B and 234-C get engrafted
into Chapter XIX-A at the stage of s. 245-D (1 ). Till the
Settlement Commission decides to admit the case u/s c
245-D (1 ), the proceedings under the normal provisions
remain open. But, once the Commission admits the case
after being satisfied that the disclosure is full and true
· then the proceedings commence with the Settlement
Commission. In the meantime, applicant has to pay the
0
additional amount of tax with interest without which the
application for settlement would not be maintainable.
Thus, interest u/s 234-B would be payable up to the stage
of s. 245-D (1 ). This view is supported by the amendment
made by Finance Act of 2007 w.e.f. 1.6.2007. in which
interest is required to be paid for maintainability of the E
· Application for Settlement. [para 12] [1214-F-H; 1215-A-
C]
2.6 Parliament has not extended the provisions and
the liability to pay interest beyond the date of application F
for settlement. This is the position even after, Finance Act
of 2007. Once this position is taken, s. 140-Ais attracted.
When an assessee has paid interest u/ss. 234-A, 234-B
and 234-C in self-assessment u/s. 140-A, which is similar
to the scheme of s.245-C (1 ), and once the Settlement G
Commission admits the application for settlement, one
finds that even u/s 140-A(1B) interest payable u/s. 234-B
has to be computed on an amount equal to the assessed
tax as defined in the Explanation to mean tax on the total
income as declared in the return. Under sub-s. (1 B) of H
1176 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010) 11 S.C.R.
A s.140-A interest payable u/s. 234-B can also be computed
on an amount by which the advance tax paid falls short
of the assessed tax as defined in the Explanation thereto.
Thus, there is no provision under Chapter XIX-A or even
u/s.140A (dealing with self-assessment) to charge
B interest beyond the date of application for settlement
after the same is admitted by the Commission u/s.245-
0(1 ). [para 14] [1215-F-H; 1216-A-C]
2.7 Moreover, under the Act, there is a difference
between assessment in law [regular assessment or
C assessment u/s 143(1)] and assessment by settlement
under Chapter XIX-A. The order u/s.245-0(4) is not an
order of regular assessment. It is neither an order u/s.
143(1) or 143(3) or 144. The making of the order of.
assessment is an integral part of the process of
D assessment. [ss. 139 to 158) No such steps are required
to be followed in the case of proceedings under Chapter
XIX-A. The said Chapter contemplates the taxability
determined with respect to undisclosed income only by
the process of settlement/ arbitration. Thus, the nature
E of the orders u/ss. 143(1 ), 143(3) and 144 is different from
the orders of the Settlement Commission u/s 245-0(4).
[para 14) (1216-C-G]
2.8 Further, the jurisdiction of the A.O. is not fettered
F merely because the applicant has filed the Settlement
Application. The Act does not contemplate stay of the
proceedings during that period, i.e., when the Settlement
Commission is deciding whether to proceed or reject the
settlement application. The jurisdiction of the Settlement
G Commission to proceed commences only after an order
is passed under section 2450(1 ). After making an
application for settlement the applicant is not allowed to
withdraw it [s. 245C(3)]. Once the case stands admitted,
the Settlement Commission shall have exclusive
H jurisdiction to exercise the powers of the Income Tax
Authority. The order of Settlement Commission u/s
BRIJ LAL & ORS. v. COMMISSIONER OF INCOME 1177
TAX, JALANDHAR
2450(4) shall be final and conclusive u/s 2451 subject to A
two qualifications under which it can be recalled, viz.,
fraud and misrepresentation but even here it is important
to note that u/s 2450(7) where the settlement becomes
void on account of fraud and misrepresentation the
proceedings with respect to the matters covered by the B
settlement shall be deemed to have been revived from
the stage at which the application was allowed to be
proceeded with by the Settlement Commission. This
further supports the view that there are two distinct
stages under Chapter XIX-A and that the Legislature has c
not contemplated the levy of interest between order u/s
2450(1) stage and s.2450(4) stage. Thus, interest u/s
2348 will be chargeable till the order of the Settlement
Commission u/s 2450(1), i.e., admission of the case. (para
14) (1217-A-G] . D
Commissioner of Income Tax v. Anjum M.H. Ghaswala
and others 2001 (4) Supp. SCR 303=252 ITR 1 - referred
to.
2.9 Lastly, the expression "interest" in s. 245-(6A) E
fastens the liability to pay interest only when the tax
payable in pursuance of an order u/s 245-0(4) is not paid
within the specified time and which levy is different from
liability to pay interest u/s 234-8 or u/s 245-D(2C). [para
14] (1217-F-G] F
C.I. T. v. Damani Brothers 2002(5) Supp. SCR 424=259
ITR 475 - referred to.
3.1 The Settlement Commission cannot re-open its
concluded proceedings by invoking s. 154 of the Act so G
as to levy interest u/s 234-8, particularly, in view of s. 245-
1. Invocation of s.154 (held to be inapplicable to Chapter
XIX-A proceedings) cannot be justified. Descriptively, it
can be stated that assessment in law is different from
assessment by way of settlement. A reading of s.245-D H
1178 · SUPREME COURT REPORTS [201 OJ 11 S.C.R.
A (6) with s. 245-1 makes it clear that every order of
settlement passed u/s 245-0 (4) shall be final and
conclusive as to the matte.rs contained therein and that
the same shall not be re-opened except in the case of
fraud and misrepresentation. [para 10, 15 and 16] [1219-
B D; 1220-F; 1210-8-C]
3.2 Proceedings before Settlement Commission are
similar to arbitration proceedings. It contemplates
assessment by settlement and not by way of regular
C assessment or assessment u/s 143(1) or u/s 143(3) or u/
s 144 of the Act. In that sense, it is a Code by itself. It does
not begin with the filing of the return but by filing the
application for settlement. Under the Act, procedure for
assessment falls in Chapter XIV (in which s. 154 falls)
which is different from procedure for settlement in
D Chapter XIX-A in which ss. 245-C and 245-0 fall.
Provision for levy of interest for default in payment of
advance tax u/s 234-8 falls in Chapter XVII [Section F]
which deals with collection and recovery of tax which is
incidental to the liability to pay advance tax u/s 207
E (which is also in Chapter XVII) and to the computation of
total income in the manner indicated. under Chapter XIX-
A vide ss. 245-C(18) and 245-C(1 C) read with the provisos
to s. 245-C(1) on the additional income tax payable on the
undisclosed income. Further, if one examines the
F provisions of ss. 245-C(18) and 245-C(1 C), one finds that
various situations are taken into account while
computing the additional amount of tax payable, viz., if
the applicant has not filed his return, if he has filed but
orders of assessment are not passed or if the
G proceedings are pending for re-assessment u/s 147
(again in Chapter XIV) or by way of appeal or revision in
connection with such re-assessment and the applicant
has not furnished his return of total income in which case
tax has to be calculated on the aggregate of total income
H as assessed in the earlier proceedings for assessment
- BRIJ LAL & ORS. v. COMMISSIONER OF INCOME 1179
TAX, JALANDHAR
u/s 143 or u/s. 144 or u/s 147 [s. 245-C(1B)]. The point to A
be noted is that in computation of additional income tax
payable by the assessee, there is no mention of s. 154.
On the contrary, u/s 245-1 the order of the Settlement
Commission is made final and conclusive on matters
mentioned in the application for settlement except in the B
two cases of fraud and misrepresentation in which case
the matter could be re-opened by way of review or recall.
[para 15] [1218-B-H; 1219-A-B]
3.3 Like ITAT, the Settlement Commission is a quasi-
judicial body. Under s. 254(2), the ITAT is given the power C
to rectify, but no such power is given to the Settlement
Commission. Thus, the Settlement Commission cannot
reopen its concluded proceedings by invoking s. 154 of
the Act. [para 15] [1219-B-C]
D
3.4 Lastly, one must keep in mind the difference
between review/recall of the order and rectification u/s
154. The Schedule of Chapter XIX-A does not contemplate
invocation of s. 154 otherwise there would be no finality
to the assessment by settlement which is different from E
assessment under Chapter XIV where there is an appeal,
revision, etc. Settlement of liability and not determination
of liability is the object of Chapter XIX-A. Even otherwise,
invocation of s. 154 on facts of this batch of cases is not
justified. [para 15] [1219-C-E]
F
Commissioner of Income Tax v. Anjum M.H. Ghaswala
and others 200'! (4) Supp. SCR 303= 252 ITR 1; and CIT v.
Hindustan Bulk Carrier 2002 (5) Suppl. SCR 387 =(2003) ·
259 ITR 449 - referred to.
G
Case Law Reference:
1995(3) Supp. SCR 642 referred to para 7
1961 (2) SCR 765 referred to para 7
2002 (5) Suppl. SCR 387 referred to para 7 H
1180 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [201 OJ 11 S.C.R.
A 2002(5) Supp. SCR 424 upheld para 10
2001 (4) Supp. SCR 303 referred to para 14
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 516-
527 of 2004.
B
From the Judgment & Order dated 07.03.2003 of the
Income Tax Settlement Commission (IT & WT), Kolkata in
Settlement Applications Nos. 1/J/297/89-IT, 1/J/295/89-IT, 1/
J/294/89-IT, 1/J/299/89-IT, 1/J/296/89-IT, 1/J298/89-IT, 1/J/302/
C 90-IT, 1/J/307/90-IT, 1/J/305/90-IT, 1/J/305/90-IT, 1/J/304/90-
IT, 1/J/301/90-IT.
With
· C.A. Nos. 280-286 of 2005, 8324-8328 of 2004, 603, 990,
D 925, 924 of 2005, Writ Petition (CO Nos. 556, 555 of 2004,
C.A. Nos. 2247-2250, 923, 995, 994 of 2005, Writ Petition (C)
Nos. 63, 61, .62, 60 of 2005, C.A. Nos. 2246, 3231-3232 of
2005, 3091, 3087, 3092, 4599-4601, 528-531 of 2004, Writ
Petition (C) Nos. 325, 324, 326 of 2004, C.A. Nos. 992 of
E 2007, 9174 of 2010, 532 of 2004, 604 of 2005.
Gopal Subramanium, SG, C.S. Aggarwal, Parus F. Kaka,
R.P. Bhat, O.S. Bajpai, Rajiv K. Garg, Vivek Verma, Ashish
Garg, Vineet Garg, A.D.N. Rao, Preetesh Kapur, G.S. Pikale,
F E.C. Agarwala, Mahesh Agarwal, Rishi Agrawala, Amit Kumar
Sharma, Rohma Hameed, Rajiv Tyagi, Vijay Verma, Chanchal
Biswal, Asha Gopalan Nair, Balaji Subramanium, Aman
Ahluwalia, B.V. Balaram Das,Subramonium Prasad, Ajay
Majithia, Manish Kanth, Rajesh Kumar, Dr. Kailash Chand,
Chirag M. Shroff, Dattatray Vyas, Ajay Vohra, Kavita Jha, Amit
G Sachdeva, Prem Malhotra, Rachna Gupta, C.S. Jain, Y. Raja
Gopala Rao, Krishna, V.N. Jha, V.N. Raghupathy, Ajay Jain,
Rajiv Tyagi, R.K. Raghavan, Chanchal Biswal, Manjit Singh,
Kamal Mohan Gupta, Santosh Aggarwal, Bhargava V. Desai,
Rahul Gupta, Nikhil Sharma, Vivek Verma, Pallavi Mohan,
H Pa_nkaj Jain, Abhay Jain, Rakesh Jain, Manish Kr. Choudhary,
BRIJ LAL & ORS. v. COMMISSIONER OF INCOME 1181
TAX, JALANDHAR [S.H. KAPADIA, CJI.]
Namita Chaudhary, S. K. Verma, Mohit Chaudhary, Ashok A
Kulkarni, Puja Sharma, A. Das, Rituraj Chaudhary fof the
appearing parties.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
B
S.H. KAPADIA, CJI. 1. Leave granted.
2. Vide referral orders dated 14.12.2004 and 20.1.2005
the following questions have been referred to the Constitution
Bench of this Court:
c
(i) Whether sections 234A, 2348 and 234C of
the Income Tax Act, 1961 (for short "the Act")
are at all applicable to proceedings of the
Settlement Commission under Chapter XIX-
A of the Act? D
(ii) Whether the Settlement Commission can
reopen its concluded proceedings by having
recourse to section 154 of the Act so as to
levy interest under sections 234A, 2348 and
234C of the Act, though it was not so done E
in the original proceedings?
(iii) Whether in the absence of period of
limitation prescribed for making the order of
the Settlement, the relevant date for F
determining the quantum of interest could be
the date of the said order?
3. For the sake of convenience, after hearing learned
counsel on both sides, we reframe the above questions.
G
(I) Whether section 2348 applies to
proceedings of the Settlement Commission
under Chapter XIX-A of the said Act?
(II} If answer to the above question is in the H
1182 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [201 OJ 11 S.C.R.
A affirmative, what is the terminal point for levy
of such interest - Whether such interest
should be computed up to the date of the
Order under section 2450(1) or up to the
date of the Order of the Commission under
B section 2450(4)?
(Ill) Whether the Settlement Commission could
reopen its concluded proceedings by
invoking section 154 of the said Act so as
to levy interest under section 2348, though
c it was not so done in the original
proceedings?
Relevant provisions of the Income Tax Act, 1961:
o 4. In order to answer the reframed questions, quoted
above, it would be necessary for us to cite the relevant
provisions of the Act and the Income Tax Rules, as they stood
at the material time, which are as under:
Definitions
E
1
2(40) "regular assessment" means the assessment
made under sub-section (3) of section 143 or section 144;
2(45) "total income" means the total amount of income
referred to in section 5, computed in the manner laid down
F
in this Act;
Chapter XIV - Procedure for Assessment
Self-assessment
G
140A. (1) Where any tax is payable on the basis of any
return required to be furnished under section 139 or
section 142 or as the case may be, section 148, after
taking into account the amount of tax, if any, already paid
under any provision of this Act, the assessee shall be
H
BRIJ LAL & ORS. v. COMMISSIONER 0E_ INCOME 1183
TAX, JALANDHAR [S.H. KAPADIA, CJI.]
liable to pay such tax together with interest payable under A
any provision of this Act for any delay in furnishing the return
or any default or delay in payment of advance tax, before
furnishing the return and the return shall be accompanied
by proof of payment of such tax and interest.
B
Explanation.-Where the amount paid by the assessee
under this sub-section falls short of the aggregate of the
tax and interest as aforesaid, the amount so paid shall first
be adjusted towards the interest payable as aforesaid and
the balance, if any, shall be adjusted towards the tax C
payable.
(2) After a regular assessment under section 143 or
section 144 has been made, any amount paid under sub-
section (1) shall be deemed to have been paid towards
such regular assessment. D
Assessment
143. (1)(a) Where a return has been made under section
139, or in response to a notice under sub-section (1) of E
section 142, -
(i) if any tax or interest is found due on the basis of
such return, after adjustment of any tax deducted at source,
any advance tax paid and any amount paid otherwise by
way of tax or interest, then, without prejudice to the F
provisions of sub-section (2), an intimation shall be sent
to the assessee specifying the sum so payable, and such
intimation shall be deemed to be a notice of demand
issued under section 156 and all the provisions of this Act
. shall apply accordingly; G
*** *** ***
Provided also that an intimation for any tax or interest due
under this clause shall not be sent after the expiry of two
years from the end of the assessment year in which the H
1184 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [201 O] 11 S.C.R.
A income was first assessable.
(b) Where as a result of an order made under sub-section
(3) of this section or section 144 or section 147 or section
154 or section 155 or section 250 or section 254 or section
B 260 or section 262 or section 263 or section 264, or any
order of settlement made under sub-section (4) of section
2450 relating to any earlier assessment year and passed
subsequent to the filing of the return referred to in clause
(a), there is any variation in the carry forward loss,
deduction, allowance or relief claimed in the return, and as
c a result of which, -
(i) if any tax or interest is found due, an intimation shall be
sent to the assessee specifying the sum so payable, and
such intimation shall be deemed to be a notice of demand
D issued under section 156 and all the provisions of this Act
shall apply accordingly, and
(ii) if any refund is due, it shall be granted to the assessee:
Provided that an intimation for any tax or interest due under
E this clause shall not be sent after the expiry of four years
from the end of the financial year in which any such order
was passed.
(4) Where a regular assessment under sub-section (3) of
F this section or section 144 is made,-
(a) any tax or interest paid by the assessee under
sub-section (1) shall be deemed to have been paid
towards such regular assessment ;
G Rectification of mistake.
154. (1) With a view to rectifying any mistake apparent from
the record an income-tax authority referred to in section
116 may,-
H
BRIJ LAL & ORS. v. COMMISSIONER OF INCOME 1185
TAX, JALANDHAR [S.H. KAPADIA, CJI.]
(a) amend any order passed by it under the A
provisions of this Act ;
(b) amend any intimation sent by it under sub-section
(1) of section 143. or enhance or reduce the amount of
refund granted by it under that sub-section.
B
(1A) Where any matter has been considered and decided
in any proceeding by way of appeal or revision relating to
an order referred to in sub-section (1 ), the authority
passing such order may, notwithstanding· anything
contained in any law for the time being in force, amend the C
order under that sub-section in relation to any matter other
than the matter which has been so considered and
decided.
(2) Subject to the other provisions of this section, the 0
authority concerned-
(a) may make an amendment under sub-section (1)
of its own motion, and
(b) shall make such amendment for rectifying any E
such mistake which has been brought to its notice by the
assessee, and where the authority concerned is the Deputy
Commissioner (Appeals), or the Commissioner (Appeals)
by the Assessing Officer also.
F
(3) An amendment, which has the effect of enhancing an
assessment or reducing a refund or otherwise increasing
the liability of the assessee, shall not be made under this
section unless the authority concerned has given notice to
the assessee of its intention so to do and has allowed the
assessee a reasonable opportunity of being heard. G
Chapter XVII - Collection and Recovery of Tax
Liability for payment of advance tax.
H
1186 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010) 11 S.C.R.
A 207. Tax shall be payable in advance during any financial
year, in accordance with the provisions of sections 208 to
219 (both inclusive), in respect of the total income of the
assessee which would be chargeable to tax for the
assessment year immediately following the financial year,
B such income being hereafter in this Chapter referred to as
"current income".
Computation of advance tax.
209. (1) The amount of advance tax payable by an
c assessee in the financial year shall, subject to the
provisions of sub-sections (2) and (3), be computed as
follows, namely:-
(a) where the calculation is made by the assessee for the
D purposes of payment of advance tax under sub-section (1)
or sub-section (2) or sub-section (5) or sub-section (6) of
section 210, he shall first estimate his current income and
income-tax thereon shall be calculated at the rates in force
in the financial year;
E Payment of advance tax by the assessee of his own
accord or in pursuance of order of Assessing Officer.
210. (1) Every person who is liable to pay advance tax
under section 208 (whether or not he has been previously
F assessed by way of regular assessment) shall, of his own
accord, pay, on or before each of the due dates specified
'in section 211, the appropriate percentage, specified in
that section, of the advance tax on his current income,
calculated in the manner laid down in section 209.
G (2) A person who pays any instalment or instalments of
advance tax under sub-section (1 ), may increase or
reduce the amount of advance tax payable in the remaining
instalment or instalments to accord with his estimate of his
current income and the advance tax payable thereon, and
H
BRIJ LAL & ORS. v. COMMISSIONER OF INCOME 1187
TAX, JALANDHAR [S.H. KAPADIA, CJI.]
make payment of the said amount in the remaining A
instalment or instalments accordingly.
Interest payable by assessee.
215. (1) Where, in any financial year, an assessee has
8
paid advance tax under section 209A or section 212 on
the basis of his own estimate (including revised estimate),
and the advance tax so paid is less than seventy-five per
cent of the assessed tax, simple interest at the rate of
fifteen per cent per annum from the 1st day of April next
following the said financial year up to the date of the regular C
assessment shall be payable by the assessee upon the
amount by which the advance tax so paid falls short of the
assessed tax:
Provided that in the case of an assessee, being a o
company,. the provisions of this sub-section shall have
effect as if for the words "seventy-five per cent', the words
"eighty-three and one-third per cent" had been substituted.
(2) Where before the date of completion of a regular
assessment, tax is paid by the assessee under section E
140A or otherwise,-
(i) interest shall be calculated in accordance with the
foregoing provision up to the date on which the tax is so
paid; and F
(ii) thereafter, interest shall be calculated at the rate
aforesaid on the amount by which the tax as so paid (in
so far as it relates to income subject to advance tax) falls
short of the assessed tax.
G
(3) Where as a result of an order under section 147 or
section 154 or section 155 or section 250 or section 254
or section 260 or section 262 or section 263 or section
264 or an order of the Settlement Commission under sub-
section (4) of section 2450, the amount on which interest H
1188 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 11 S.C.R.
A was payable under sub-section (1) has been increased or
reduced, as the case may be, the interest shall be
increased or reduced accordingly, and-
(i) in a case where the interest is increased, the Assessing
B Officer shall serve on the assessee, a notice of demand
in the prescribed form specifying the sum payable, and
such notice of demand shall be deemed to be a notice
under section 156 and the provisions of this Act shall apply
accordingly;
c (ii) in a case where the interest is reduced, the excess
interest paid, if any, shall be refunded.]
(4) In such cases and under such circumstances as may
be prescribed, the Assessing Officer may reduce or waive
D the interest payable by the assessee under this section.
(5) In this section and sections 217 and 273, "assessed
tax" means the tax determined on the basis of the regular
assessment (reduced by the amount of tax deductible in
accordance with the provisions of sections 192 to 194,
E section 194A, section 194C, section 1940, section 195
and section 196A so far as such tax relates to income
subject to advance tax and so far as it is not due to
variations in the rates of tax made by the Finance Act
enacted for the year for which the regular assessment is
F made.
(6) Where, in relation to an assessment year, an
assessment is made for the first time under section 147,
the assessment so made shall be regarded as a regular
G assessment for the purposes of this section and sections
216, 217 and 273.
Interest for defaults in furnishing return of income.
234A. (1) V\[here the return of income for any assessment
H year under sub-section (1) or sub-section (4) of section
BRIJ LAL & ORS. v. COMMISSIONER OF INCOME 1189
TAX, JALANDHAR [S.H. KAPADIA, CJI.]
139, or in response to a notice under sub-section (1) of A
section 142, is furnished after the due date, or is not
furnished, the assessee shall be liable to pay simple
interest at the rate of two per cent for every month or part
of a month comprised in the period commencing on the
date immediately following the due date, and,- B
(a) where the return is furnished after the due date,
ending on the date of furnishing of the return; or
(b) where no return has been furnished, ending on
the date of completion of the assessment under section C
144,
on the amount of the tax on the total income as determined
under sub-section ( 1) of section 143 or on regular
assessment as reduced by the advance tax, if any, paid, o
and any tax deducted or collected at source;
Explanation 1.-ln this section, "due date" means the date
specified in sub-section (1) of section 139 as applicable
in the case of the assessee.
E
Explanation 2.-ln this sub-section, "tax on the total income
as determined under sub-section (1) of section 143" shall
not include the additional income-tax, if any, payable under
section 143.
I F
Explanation 3.-Where, in relation to an assessment year,
an assessment is made for the first time under section
147, the assessment so made shall be regarded as a
regular assessment for the purposes of this section.
Explanation 4. - In this sub-section, "tax on the total G
income as determined under sub-section (1) of section
143 or on regular ass~ssment" shall, for the purposes of
computing the interest .payable under section 140A, be
deemed to be tax on total income as declared in the
return. H
1190 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 11 S.C.R.
A (2) The interest payable under sub-section (1) shall be
reduced by the interest, if any, paid under section 140A
towards the interest chargeable under this section.
*** *** ***
B
(4) Where as a result of an order under section 154 or
section 155 or section 250 or section 254 or section 260
or section 262 or section 263 or section 264 or an order
of the Settlement Commission under sub-section (4) of
section 2450, the amount of tax on which interest was
c payable under sub-section (1) or sub-section (3) of this
section has been increased or reduced, as the case may
be, the interest shall be increased or reduced accordingly,
and-
D (i) in a case where the interest is increased, the
Assessing Officer shall serve on the assessee a notice of
demand in the prescribed form specifying the sum payable,
and such notice of demand shall be deemed to be a notice
under section 156 and the provisions of this Act shall apply
E accordingly;
(ii) in a case where the interest is reduced, the
excess interest paid, if any, shall be refunded.
(5) The provisions of this section shall apply in respect of
F assessments for the assessment year commencing on the
1st day of April, 1989 and subsequent assessment years.
Interest for defaults in payment of advance tax.
2348. (1) Subject to the other provisions of this section,
G where, in any financial year, an assessee who is liable to
pay advance tax under section 208 has failed to pay such
tax or, where the advance tax paid by such assessee
under the provisions of section 210 is less than ninety per
H
BRIJ LAL & ORS. v. COMMISSIONER OF INCOME 1191
TAX, JALANDHAR [S.H. KAPADIA, CJI.]
cent of the assessed tax, the assessee shall be liable to A
pay simple interest at the rate of two per cent for every
month or part of a month comprised in the period from the
1st day of April next following such financial year to the date
of determination of total income under sub-section (1) of
section 143 and where a regular assessment is made, to B
the date of such regular assessment, on an amount equal
to the assessed tax or, as the case may be, on the amount
by which the advance tax paid as aforesaid falls short of
the assessed tax.
c
Explanation 1.-ln this section, "assessed tax" means
(a) for the purposes of computing the interest payable
under section 140A the tax on the total income as declared
in the return referred to in that section;
D
(b) in any other case, the tax on the total income
determined under sub-section (1) of section 143 or on
regular assessment, as reduced by the amount of tax
deducted or collected at source in accordance with the
provisions of Chapter XVII on any income which is subject E
to such deduction or collection and which is taken into
account in computing such total income.
Explanation 2.-Where, in relation to an assessment year,
an assessment is made for the first time under section
147, the assessment so made shall be regarded as a F
regular assessment for the purposes of this section.
Explanation 3.-ln Explanation 1 and in sub-section (3) "tax
on the total income determined under sub-section (1) of
section 143" shall not include the additional income-tax, if G
any, payable under section 143.
(2) Where, before the date of determination of total income
under sub-section (1) of section 143 or completion of a
regular assessment, tax is paid by the assessee· under
section 140A or otherwise,- H
1192 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [201 OJ 11 S.C.R.
A (i) interest shall be calculated in accordance with the
foregoing provisions of this section up to the date on which
the tax is so paid, and reduced by the interest, if any, paid
under section 140A towards the interest chargeable under
this section;
B
(ii) thereafter, interest shall be calculated at the rate
aforesaid on the amount by which the tax so paid together
with the advance tax paid falls short of the assessed tax.
(3) Where, as a result of an order of reassessment or
c recomputation under section 147, the amount on which
interest was payable under sub-section (1) is increased,
the assessee shall be liable to pay simple interest at the
rate of two per cent for every month or part of a month
comprised in the period commencing on the day following
D the date of determination of total income under sub-section
(1) of section 143 and where a regular assessment is
made as is referred to in sub-section (1) following the date
of such regular assessment and ending on the date of the
reassessment or recomputation under section 147, on the
E amount by which the tax on the total income determined
on the basis of the reassessment or recomputation
exceeds the tax on the total income determined under sub-
section ( 1) of section 143 or on the basis of the regular
assessment aforesaid.
F
(4) Where, as a result of an order under section 154 or
section 155 or section 250 or section 254 or section 260
or section 262 or section 263 or section 264 or an order
of the Settlement Commission under sub-section (4) of
section 2450, the amount on which interest was payable
G under sub-section ( 1) or sub-section (3) has been
increased or reduced, as the case may be, the interest
shall be increased or reduced accordingly, and-
(i) in a case where the interest is increased, the
H Assessing Officer shall serve on the assessee a notice of
BRIJ LAL & ORS. v. COMMISSIONER OF INCOME 1193
TAX, JALANDHAR [S.H. KAPADIA, CJI.]
demand in the prescribed form specifying the sum payable A
and such notice of demand shall be deemed to be a notice
under section 156 and the provisions of this Act shall apply
accordingly;
(ii) in a case where the interest is reduced, the 8
excess interest paid, if any, shall be refunded.
(5) The provisions of this section shall apply in respect of
assessments for the assessment year commencing on the
1st day of April, 1989 and subsequent assessment years.
c
Interest for deferment of advance tax.
234C. (1) Where in any financial year,-
(a) the company which is liable to pay advance tax
under section 208 has failed to pay such tax or- D
(i) the advance tax paid by the company on its
current income on or before the 15th day of June is less
than fifteen per cent of the tax due on the returned income
or the amount of such advance tax paid on or before the E
15th day of September is· 1ess than forty-five per cent of
the tax due on the returned income or the amount of such
advance tax paid on or before the 15th day of December
is less than seventy-five per cent of the tax due on the
returned income, then, the company shall be liable to pay F
simple interest at the rate of one and one-half per cent per
month for a period of three months on the amount of the
shortfall from fifteen per cent or forty-five per cent or
seventy-five per cent, as the case may be, of the tax due
on the returned income;
G
(ii) the advance tax paid by the company on its
current income on or before the 15th day of March is less
than the tax due on the returned income, then, the company
shall be liable to pay simple interest at the rate of one and
one-half p~r cent on the amount of the shortfall from the H
1194 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 11 S.C.R.
A tax due on the returned income:
Explanation.-ln this section, "tax due on the returned
income" means the tax chargeable on the total income
declared in the return of income furnished by the assessee
B for the assessment year commencing on the 1st day of
April immediately following the financial year in which the
advance tax is paid or payable, as reduced by the amount
of tax deductible or collectible at source in accordance
with the provisions of Chapter XVII on any income which
is subject to such deduction or collection and which is
c taken into account in computing such total income;
(2) The provisions of this section shall apply in respect of
assessments for the assessment year commencing on the
1st day of April, 1989 and subsequent assessment years.
D
Chapter XIX-A - Settlement of Cases
Definitions
245A. In this Chapter, unless the context otherwise
E requires,-
(b) "case" means any pr°'ceeding under this Act for
the assessment or re-assessmert{ of any person in respect
of any year or years , or by way of appeal or revision in
connection with such assessment or re-assessment, which
F
may be pending before an Income Tax Authority on the
date on which an application under sub-section (1) of
section 245C is made:
Provided that where any appeal or application for
G revision has been preferred after the expiry of the period
specified for the filing of such appeal or application for
revision under this Act and which has not been admitted,
such appeal or revision shall not be deemed to be a
proceeding pending within the meaning of this clause;
H
BRIJ LAL & ORS. v. COMMISSIONER OF INCOME 1195
TAX, JALANOHAR [S.H. KAPADIA, CJI.]
Application for settlement of cases. A
245C. (1) An assessee may, at any stage of a case
relating to him, make an application in such form and in
such manner as may be prescribed, and containing a full
and true disclosure of his income which has not been
disclosed before the Assessing Officer, the manner in B
which such income has been derived, the additional
amount of income-tax payable on such income and such
other particulars as may be prescribed, to the Settlement
Commission to have the case settled and any such
application shall be disposed of in the manner hereinafter c
provided:
Provided that no such application shall be made unless,-
(a) the assessee has furnished the return of income which
he is or was required to furnish under any of the provisions 0
of this Act; and
(b) the additional amount of income tax payable on the
income disclosed in the application exceeds one hundred
thousand rupees.
E
(1 A) For the purposes of sub-section (1) of this section and
sub-section (2A) to (20) of Section 2450, the additional
amount of income-tax payable in respect of the income
disclosed in an application made under sub-section (1) of
this section shall be the amount calculated in accordance F
with the provisions of sub-sections (18) to (10).
(1 B) Where the income disclosed in the application relates
to only one previous year,-
(i) if the applicant has not furnished a return in respect
G
of the total income of that year (whether or not an
assessment has been made in respect of the total income
of that year), then, except in a case covered by clause (iii),
tax shall be calculated on the income disclosed in the
application as if such income were the total income;
H
1196 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [201 OJ 11 S.C.R.
A (ii) if the applicant has furnished a return in respect
of the total income of that year (whether or not an
assessment has been made in pursuance of such return),
tax shall be calculated on the aggregate of the total income
returned and the income disclosed in the application as if
B such aggregate were the total income;
•:;c;. (iii) if the proceeding pending before the income-tax
~ authority is in the nature of a proceeding for reassessment
of the applicant under s·ection 147 or by way of appeal or
revision in connection with such reassessment, and the
C applicant has not furnished a return in respect of the total
income of that year in the course of such proceeding for
reassessment, tax shall be calculated on the aggregate of
the total income as assessed in the earlier proceeding for
assessment under section 143 or section 144 or section
D 147 and the income disclosed in the application as if such
aggregate were the total income.
FORM NO. 348
[See rules 44C arid 44CA]
E Form of application for settlement of case under section
245C(1) of the Income-tax Act, 1961
IN THE SETTLEMENT COMMISSION ..................... .
F Settlement application No .............................. 19....... -
19 ......... .
1. Full name and address of the applicant
G
2. Permanent Account Number ....................... .
3. Status [See Note 4] ....................... .
4. The Commissioner having jurisdiction over the
H
BRIJ LAL & ORS. v. COMMISSIONER OF INCOME 1197
TAX, JALANDHAR [S.H. KAPADIA. CJI.]
applicant. ...................... . A
5. Assessment year(s) in connection with which the
application for settlement is made
6. Date of filing the return of income for assessment
8
year(s) referred to in column 5 ....................... .
7. Proceedings to which application for
settlement relates. the date from which the
proceedings are pending and the income-tax
authority before whom the proceedings are c
pending [See Note 6] .................... .
8. Where any appeal or application for revision
has been preferred after the expiry of the
period specified for the filing of such appeal
or application for revision, as the case may D
be, whether such appeal or revision has been
admitted ........................ .
9. Date of seizure, if any, under section 132 of
the Income-tax Act ....................... .
10. Particulars of the issues to be settled, nature E
and circumstances of the case and
complexities of the investigation involved
[See Note 7] ....................... .
11. Full and true disclosure of income which has F
not been disclosed before the Assessing
Officer, the manner in which such income has
been derived and the additional amount of
income-tax payable on such income [See
Notes 9 and 1OJ ....................... .
G
Signed
(Applicant) H
1198 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 11 S.C.R.
A Verification
I, ................................ , son/daughter/wife of
...... : ........................... do hereby solemnly declare that to
the best of my knowledge and belief, what is stated above and
B in the Annexure [including the statement(s) and documents
accompanying such Annexure] is correct and complete. I further
declare that I am making this application in my capacity as
................. (designation) and that I am competent to make
this application and to verify it.
c
Verified today the day of
...... ········· ..... 19
Place········'·····
D
Signed
E
(Applicant)
Procedure on receipt of an application under section
245C.
F
2450. (1) On receipt of an application under section 245C,
the Settlement Commission shall call for a report from the
Commissioner and on the basis of the materials contained
in such report and having regard to the nature and
G circumstances of the case or the complexity of the
investigation involved therein, the Settlement Commission
may, by order, allow the application to be proceeded with
or reject the application:
H
BRIJ LAL & ORS. v. COMMISSIONER OF INCOME 1199
TAX, JALANDHAR [S.H. KAPADIA, CJI.]
Provided that an application shall not be rejected under this A
sub-section unless an opportunity has been given to the
applicant of being heard:
Provided further that the Commissioner shall furnish the
report within a period of forty-five days of the receipt of B
communication from the Settlement Commission in case
of all applications made under Section 245C on or after
the 1st day of July, 1995 and if the Commissioner fails to
furnish the report within the said period, the Settlement
Commission may make the order without such report.
c
(2B) If the Settlement Commission is satisfied, on an
application made in this behalf by the assessee, that he
is unable for good and sufficient reasons to pay the ·
additional amount of income tax referred to in sub-section
(2A) within the time specified in that sub-section, it may D
extend the time for payment of the amount which remains
unpaid or allow payment thereof by instalments if the
assessee furnish~ adequate security for the payment
thereof.
E
(2C) Where the additional amount of income-tax is not paid
within the time specified under sub-section (2A), then,
whether or not the Settlement Commission has extended
the time for payment of the amount which remains unpaid
or has allowed payment thereof by instalments under sub-
section (2B), the assessee shall be liable to pay simple F
interest at fifteen per cent per annum on the amount
remaining unpaid from the date of expiry of the period of
thirty-five days referred to in sub-section (2A).
(4) After examination of the records and the report of the G
Commissioner, received under sub-section (1), and the
report, if any, of the Commissioner received under sub-
section (3), and after giving an opportunity to the applicant
and to the Commissioner to be heard, either in person or
through a representative duly authorised in this behalf, and H
1200 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 11 S.C.R.
A after examining such further evidence as may be placed
before it or obtained by it, the Settlement Commission
may, in accordance with the provisions of this Act, pass
such order as it thinks fit on the matters covered by the
application and any other matter relating to the case not
B covered by the application, but referred to in the report of
the Commissioner under sub-section (1) or sub-section (3).
(6) Every order passed under sub-section (4) shall provide
for the terms of settlement including any demand by way
of tax, penalty or interest, the manner in which any sum due
c under the settlement shall be paid and all other matters to
make the settlement effective and shall also provide that
the settlement shall be void if it is subsequently found by
the Settlement Commission that it has been obtained by
fraud or misrepresentation of facts.
D
(6A) Where any tax payable in pursuance of an order under
sub-section (4) is not paid by the assessee within thirty-
five days of the receipt of a copy of the order by him, then,
whether or not the Settlement Commission has extended
E the time for payment of such tax or has alloWed payment
thereof by instalments, the assessee shall be liable to pay
simple interest at fifteen per cent per annum on the amount
remaining unpaid from the date of expiry of the period of
thirty-five days aforesaid.
F (7) Where a settlement becomes void as provided under
sub-section (6), the proceedings with respect to the
matters covered by the settlement shall be deemed to
have been revived from the stage at which the application
was allowed to be proceeded with by the Settlement
G Commission and the income-tax authority concerned, may,
notwithstanding anything contained in any other provision
of this Act, complete such proceedings at any time before
the expiry of two years from the end .of the financial year
in which the settlement became void.
H
BRIJ LAL & ORS. v. COMMISSIONER OF INCOME 1201
TAX, JALANOHAR [S.H. KAPADIA, CJI.]
Power of Settlement Commission to reopen A
completed proceedings.
245E. If the Settlement Commission is of the opinion (the
reasons for such opinion to be recorded by it in writing)
that, for the proper disposal of the case pending before it,
it is necessary or expedient to reopen any proceeding B
connected with the case but which has been completed
under this Act by any income-tax authority before the
application under section 245C was made, it may, with the
concurrence of the applicant, reopen such proceeding and
pass such order thereon as it thinks fit, as if the case in C
relation to which the application for settlement had been
made by the applicant under that section covered such
proceeding also :
Powers and procedure of Settlement Commission.
0
245F. (1) In addition to the powers conferred on the
Settlement Commission under this Chapter, it shall have
all the powers which are vested in an income-tax authority
under this Act.
(2) Where an application made under section 245C has E
been allowed to be proceeded with under section 2450,
the Settlement Commission shall, until an order is passed
under sub-section (4) of section 2450, have, subject to the
provisions of sub-section (3) of that section, exclusive
jurisdiction to exercise the powers and perform the F
functions of an income-tax authority under this Act in
relation to the case :
(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-section (2)
and in the absence of any express direction to the contrary
by the Settlement Commission, nothing contained in this G
section shall affect the operation of any other provision of
this Act requiring the applicant to pay tax on the basis of
self-assessment in relation to the matters before the
Settlement Commission.
H
1202 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 11 S.C.R.
A (4) For the removal of doubt, it is hereby declared that, in
the absence of any express direction by the Settlement
Commission to the contrary, nothing in this Chapter shall
affect the operation of the provisions of this Act in so far
as they relate to any matters other than those before the
B Settlement Commission.
Order of settlement to be conclusive.
245-1. Every order of settlement passed under sub-section
(4) of section 2450 shall be conclusive as to the matters
stated therein and no matter covered by such order shall,
c save as otherwise provided in this Chapter, be reopened
in any proceeding under this Act or under any other law
for the time being in force.
5. At this stage, it may be noted that section 245C stood
D substituted by Finance Act, 2007, w.e.f. 1.6.2007. Prior to its
substitution, the proviso to section 245C(1 ), as substituted by
the Finance Act, 1987, w.e.f. 1.6.1987 and later on amended
by Finance Act, 1995, w.e.f. 1.7.1995, read as under:
"Provided that no such application shall be made unless,-
E
(a) the assessee has furnished the return of income which
he is or was required to furnish under any of the provisions
of this Act; and
(b) the additional amount of income tax payable on the
F income disclosed in the application exceeds one hundred
thousand rupees."
6. Section 245C(1) read with the proviso thereto, as
substituted by Finance Act, 2007 w.e.f. 1.6.2007, reads as
under:
G
245C. (1) An assessee may, at any stage of a case
relating to him, make an application in such form and in
such manner as may be prescribed, and containing a full
and true disclosure of his income which has not been
H disclosed before the Assessing Officer, the manner in
BRIJ LAL & ORS. v. COMMISSIONER OF INCOME 1203
TAX, JALANDHAR [S.H. KAPADIA, CJI.]
which such income has been derived, the additional A
amount of income-tax payable on such income and such
other particulars as may be prescribed, to the Settlement
Commission to have the case settled and any such
application shall be disposed of in the manner hereinafter
provided: 8
Provided that no such application shall be made unless,-
(i) the additional amount of income tax payable on
the income disclosed in the application exceeds three lakh
rupees; and C
(ii) such tax and the interest thereon, which
would have been paid under the provisions
of this Act had the income disclosed in the
application been declared in the return of o
income before the Assessing Officer on the
date of application, has been paid on or
before the date of making the application and
the proof of such payment is attached with
the application.
E
Analysis of the Act
7. Liability to pay advance tax arises under section 207.
The said section is based on the principle "pay as you earn".
It requires tax to be paid during the financial year. It has to be F
1n respect of the total income of the assessee which would be
chargeable to tax under the Act. The said total income is not
as understood in section 2(45) but it is equated to "current
income" for the purposes of Chapter XVII. After the Amending
Act of 1987, advance tax is to be paid on the current income G
which would be chargeable to tax for the assessment year
immediately following the financial year. Section 210 casts the
responsibility of payment of advance tax on the assessee
without requiring the assessee to submit his estimate of
advance tax payable. Provision for payment of advance tax is H
. ' ' •• •
1204 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 11 S.C.R.
A mode of quick collection of tax. Thus, section 207 defines
liability to pay advance tax in respect of incomes referred to
in section 208. However, advance tax paid is adjustable
towards the tax due. Advance tax is collected even before the
income tax becomes due and payable. By its very nature,
B advance tax is pre-assessment collection of taxes either by
deduction of tax at source or by payment of advance tax which
has to be adjusted towards income tax levied on the total
income. The above two methods of realization even before
any assessment is authorized by section 4(2)i are incorporated
c in Chapter XVII which deals with "collection and recovery". In
fact, section 190( 1) clarifies that this method of payment of tax
will not prejudice the charge of tax under section 4(1) nor will
it modify the liability of the assessee to pay income tax pursuant
to an assessment order. [See Modi Industries Limited,
0 Modinagar and Others v. Commissioner of Income Tax, Delhi
and Another, 216 ITR 759 at 780] At one point of time, section
209(1)(a)(iii) (relating to computation of advance tax) provided
that the income tax calculated on the total income with reference
to which the demand for advance tax was made should be
E reduced by the amount of income tax deductible in accordance
with sections 192 to 194, 194A and 195 on any income
included in the total income. The levy of interest under section
215 is part of the process of assessment. If the income tax
liability on the first day of the assessment year is larger than
the amount of advance tax standing to the credit of the
F assessee then interest will have to be paid under section 215
on 75% of the deficit amount of tax from the first day of the'
assessment year to the date of computation of total income
vide assessment order. Interest under section 215 is
chargeable from the first day of April next following the financial
G year wherein the advance tax was paid up to the date of regular
assessment, if no tax has been paid under section 140A or
otherwise. However, section 215(2) provides that where
advance tax paid is less than 75% of the "assessed tax", but
the assessee has paid tax under section 140A or otherwise
H before the date of completion of regular assessment then the
BRIJ LAL & ORS. v. COMMISSIONER OF INCOME 1205
TAX, JALANDHAR [S.H. KAPADIA, CJI.]
;nterest shall be limited to the interest on the shortfall between A
the "assessed tax" and the advance tax paid for the period
from the first April next following the financial year up to date
of payment under section 140A plus interest on the shortfall
between "assessed tax" and "total tax paid" for the period
from the day following the date of such payment under section B
140A up to the date of regular assessment. Coming to section
140A, as a result of the amendment of section 140A(1) by
Direct Tax Laws Amendment Act, 1987 w.e.f. 1.4.1989 and
vide Finance Act of 1999, the assessee is required to calculate
the tax payable on the basis of the return to be furnished under c
section 139 or under section 142 or under section 148 after
taking into account the amount of tax paid under the Act; to
calculate also interest payable under section 234A or under
section 234B/234C for any default or delay in payment of
advance tax; to pay such tax with interest before the assessee 0
furnishes his return. The Explanation to section 140A(1) inter
alia provides that where the amount paid by the assessee
under section 140A(1) falls short of the aggregate of the tax
and interest thereon the amount so paid is first adjusted
towards interest payable and the balance, if any, is adjusted E
towards the tax payable. Thus, amount(s) paid under section
140A is deemed to have been paid towards regular
assessment.
8. The liability to pay income tax is founded on sections
4 and 5 which are the charging sections. Sections 143, 144 F
and 147 are machinery sections to determine the amount of
tax payable. Thus, whereas section 143(3) signifies
computation of income, section 147 signifies computation of
escaped income. As held in the case of C.A. Abraham v.
Income-Tax Officer, Kottayam and Another [(1961) 41 ITR G
425 (SC)], the expression "assessment" in a given provision
must be determined on an examination of the relevant
provisions in question and the fact that it is used in the narrower
sense elsewhere will not mean that it is so used in the provision
under examination. The word can be used to cover the whole H
1206 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 11 S.C.R.
A procedure to ascertain the liability and the machinery for
enforcement. Prior to 1.6.1999, section 143(1A)(a) inter alia
provided that where the total income as a result of any
adjustments made exceeded the total income declared in the
return by any amount then it was open to the A.O. to increase
B the amount of tax payable under section 143(1) by additional
income tax calculated at the specified rate. In brief, section
143(1A) provided for the levy of additional income tax of an
amount equal to 20% of the tax payable on the amount of
difference between the total income determined under section
c 143(1) and total income declared in the return. Where the
additional income tax was increased, the A.O. had to serve a
notice under section 156. Even under section 143(18), as it
stood before 1.6.1999, where an assessee furnished a revised
return under section 139( 5) after service of intimation, the
0 assessee was liable to pay additional income tax in relation
to adjustments made under section 143(1)(a) read with the
proviso.
9. Now, Chapter XVII deals with "collection and recovery".
It covers Tax Deduction at Source and Advance Payment of
E taxes (see section 190). Section C deals with advance payment
of taxes. Section 207 refers to liability to pay advance tax
whereas section 209 deals with computation of advance tax.
Section 215 refers to interest payable by the assessee. Section
210(1) inter alia provides that every person who is liable to
F pay interest under Section 208, shall of his own accord pay,
on each of the due dates specified in section 211, the
appropriate percentage of advance tax on his current income
calculated in the manner under section 209. Under section
209(1)(a), the amount of advance tax payable by the assessee
G in any financial year is as follows:
(a) where calculation is made by the assessee for the
purposes of payment of advance tax under section 209(1), he
shall first estimate his current income and the tax shall be
H computed at the rates in force in the financial year. Thus, liability
BRIJ LAL & ORS. v. COMMISSIONER OF INCOME 1207
TAX, JALANDHAR [S.H. KAPADIA, CJI.]
and computation of advance tax is done under section C of A
Chapter XVII. On the other hand, interest for defaults in payment
of advance tax falls under section 2348, apart from sections
234A and 234C, in section F of Chapter XVII. Thus, levy of
interest is incidental to the liability and computation of advance
tax. It is interesting to note that section 234A(4) in turn refers B
to the increase or reduction of interest subsequent to the Order
of the Commission under section 2450(4) increasing or
reducing the amount of tax payable and so also section
2348(4). Under section 2348, where in any financial year an
assessee who is liable to pay advance tax under section 208 c
fails to pay such tax or where the advance tax paid under
section 210 is less than 90% of the assessed tax the assessee
shall pay interest from the first day of April next following such
financial year to the date of determination of total income under
section 143(1) or to the date of regular assessment on the 0
amount equal to the assessed tax which has been defined in
Explanation 1 to mean tax on the total income as determined
under section 143(1) as reduced by the amount of tax deducted
at source in accordance with Chapter XVII on income which is
subject to deduction and which is taken into account in
computing total income. By Explanation 3, it is clarified that for E
default of short payment interest will be charged on the
difference between "assessed tax" (as defined) and the
advance tax paid by the assessee and that for the above
purpose "additional income tax" if any payable under section
143 is not to be taken into account. However, section 2348(2) F
covers a situation where, before the date of determination of
total income under section 143(1) or completion of regular
assessment, tax is paid by the assessee under section 140A
or otherwise, interest shall be calculated under section 2348(1)
up to the date on which tax was so paid and reduced by the G
interest, if any, paid under section 140A towards interest
chargeable under section 2348.
10. Coming to Chapter XIX-A which deals with Settlement
of Cases, it may be stated that the word "case" is defined H
1208 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010) 11 S.C.R.
A under section 245A(b). It is an exha.ustive definition. The
definition makes it clear that an application for Settlement shall
lie only when any proceedings for assessment or re-
assessment is pending or an appeal or revision in connection
with such assessment or re-assessment is pending before the
B Income Tax Authority. Under section 245C(1 ), such application
for settlement will not be maintainable without full and true
disclosure of the income by the applicant, the manner in which\
such undisclosed income was derived and that the applicant
had furnished his return of income and that the additional tax
c payable on such income exceeds the specified amount. This
was the position prior to Finance Act of 2007. However, section
245C(1A) inter alia provides that additional amount of income
tax payable in respect of the income disclosed shall be
calculated in accordance with the provisions of section
0 245C(18). Under sub-section (1 B) if the applicant has furnished
his return in respect of his total income and no assessment is
made, the tax shall be calculated on the aggregate of the total
income returned and the income disclosed in the application
as if such aggregate was the total income. The words "regular
assessment" are not there in section 245C(1 B)(ii). However,
E under section 245C(1C)(b), it is provided that the additional
tax calculated under section 245C(1 B)(ii) shall be reduced by
the aggregate of the tax deducted at source or tax paid in
advance and the amount of tax paid under section 140A. The
resultant amount is the additional tax payable by the assessee.
F Thus, section 245C incorporates within it the provisions of
Chapters XVllB, XVllC and section 140A of the Act. It may be
noted that section 245C(1 B)(iii), as it stood before 1.6.1987,
required income tax to be calculated on the aggregate of the
total income as assessed plus the income disclosed in the
G application as if such aggregate was the total income. But
after 1.6. 1987, the tax is required to be worked out on the
returned total income plus the income disclosed in the
application as if the aggregate is the total income. Under
section 2450(2A) the applicant is required to pay the additional
H amount of income tax payable on the income disclosed in the
BRIJ LAL & ORS. v. COMMISSIONER OF INCOME 1209
TAX, JALANOHAR [S.H. KAPADIA, CJI.]
application within 35 days of the receipt of the copy of the A
order passed by the Settlement Commission under section
2450(1) allowing such application to be proceeded with. Under
section 2450(2A) the applicant shall, within 35 days of the
receipt of the order under section 2450(1) allowing the
application to be proceeded with, pay the additional amount B
of income tax payable on the income disclosed. Under section
2450(4) on compliance of sections 2450(2A) and (2C) and
on examination of relevant records and reports, the Settlement
Commission may pass such orders as it thinks fit on the matters
covered by the application and any other matter relating to the c
"case" referred to in the report of the Commissioner of Income
Tax. If one carefully analyses the provisions of sections 2450(1)
and 2450(4), one finds two distinct stages - one allowing the
application to be proceeded with (or rejected) and the other of
disposal of the application by appropriate orders being passed
0
by the Settlement Commission. In between the two stages, we
have provisions which require the applicant to pay the additional
income tax and interest. Even under section 2450(7) it is
provided that where the settlement becomes void under section
2450(6) the proceedings with respect to the matters covered E
by the settlement shall be deemed to have revived from the
stage at which the application was allowed to be proceeded
with by the Settlement Commission and the income tax
authority may complete the proceedings within the period
mentioned therein. Thus, section 2450(7) brings out the
difference between section 2450(1) stage and section 2450(4) F
stage. Under section 2450(6), it is laid down that every order
under section 2450(4) shall provide for the Terms of Settlement
including any demand by way of tax, penalty or interest. In the
case of C./. T. v. Damani Brothers reported in 259 ITR 475, a
3-Judge Bench of this Court, while analyzing the scheme of G
Chapter XIX-A, has held that section 2348, section 2450(2C)
and section 2450(6A) operate in different fields. Section 2348
comes into operation when there is default in payment of
advance tax whereas liability to pay interest under section
245D(2C) arises when the additional amount of income tax is H
1210 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 11 S.C.R.
A not paid within time specified under section 245D(2A). Section
245D(6A), on the other hand, imposes liability to pay interest
only when the tax payable in pursuance of an order of Settlement
Commission under section 2450(4) is not made within the
specified time. Consequently, section 2348, section 245D(2C)
B and section 245D(6A) in Chapter XIX-A operate in different
fields. To this extent, we agree with the view expressed in
Oamani Brothers case (supra). Descriptively, it can be stated
that assessment in law is different from assessment by way of
settlement. If one reads section 2450(6) with section 2451, it
c becomes clear that every order of settlement passed under
section 2450(4) shall be final and conclusive as to the matters
contained therein and that the same shall not be re-opened
except in the case of fraud and misrepresentation. Under
section 245F(1 ), in addition to the powers conferred on the
Settlement Commission under Chapter XIX-A, it shall also have
0
all the powers which are vested in the income tax authority
under the Act. In this connection, however, we need to keep in
mind the difference between "procedure for assessment" under
Chapter XIV and "procedure for settlement" under Chapter
E XIX-A (see section 2450). Under section 245F(4), it is clarified
that nothing in Chapter XIX-A shall affect the operation of any
other provision of the Act requiring the applicant to pay tax on
the basis of self-assessment in relation to matters before the
Settlement Commission. The point to be noted on the basis of
the above analysis is that several provisions of the Act like
F section 140A; furnishing of the return of income by the applicant
as indicated in the proviso (a) to section 245C(1); provisions
of the Act governing liability and computation to pay additional
income tax as indicated by proviso (b) to section 245C(1);
aggregation of total income inter alia in terms of sections 143,
G 144 or 147 as indicated by section 245C(1 B)(iii); aggregation
of total income as returned plus income disclosed in the
application for settlement as indicated in section 245C(1 B)(ii);
the deductions in section 245C(1C); increase of interest under
section 215(3) pursuant to the orders of the Settlement
H Commission and the levy of interest under sections 234A(4)
BRIJ LAL & ORS. v. COMMISSIONER OF INCOME 1211
TAX, JALANDHAR [S.H. KAPADIA, CJI.]
and 2348(4) all bring into Chapter XIX-A various provisions of A
the Act. Thus, when we read the provisions of Sections 245C
and 2450 one has to keep in mind various above provisions
of the Act and the concepts of self-assessment, assessment,
regular assessment and computation of total income which
have been engrafted in Chapter XIX-A. B
(!)Whether Sections 234A, 2348 and 234C are applicable
to Chapter XIX-A proceedings?
11. Our detailed analys_is shows that though Chapter XIX-
A is a self-contained Code, the procedure to be followed by C
the Settlement Commission under sections 245C and 2450
in the matter of computation of undisclosed income; in the
matter of computation of additional income tax payable on
such income'with interest thereon; the filing of settlement
application indicating the amount of income returned in the D
return of income and the additional income tax payable on the
undisclosed income to be aggregated as total income shows
that Chapter XIX-A indicates aggregation of incomes so as to
constitute total income which indicates that the special
procedure under Chapter XIX-A has inbuilt mechanism of E
computing total income which is nothing but assessment
(computation of total income). To elaborate, under section
245C(1 B), if the applicant has furnished a return in respect of
his total income, tax shall be calculated on the aggregate of
total income returned and the income disclosed in the F
settlement application as if such aggregate were total income.
Under the Act, tax is payable on the total income as computed
in accordance with the provisions of the Act. Thus, section
143(3) provision is sought to be incorporated in section 245C.
When Parliament uses the words "as if such aggregate would G
constitute total income", it presupposes that under the special
procedure the aggregation of the returned income plus income
disclosed would result in computation of total income which is
the basis for the levy of tax on the undisclosed income which
is nothing but "assessment". Similarly, section 245C(1C) H
1212 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 11 S.C.R.
A provides for deductions from the total income computed in
terms of section 245C(18). Thus, the special procedure under
sections 245C and 2450 in Chapter XIX-A shows that a
special type of computation of total income is engrafted in the
said provisions which is nothing but assessment which takes
8 place at section 2450(1) stage. However, in that computation,
one finds that provisions dealing with a regular assessment,
self-assessment and levy and computation of interest for default
in payment of advance tax, etc. are engrafted. [See sections
245C(18), 245C(1C), 2450(6), 245F(3) in addition to sections
c 215(3), 234A(4) and 2348(4)]
(ll)Terminal point for the levy of interest - Whether interest
is payable under Chapter XIX-A up to the date of the order
under section 2450(1) or up to the date of the order under
section 2450(4)?
0
12: In our view the answer to the above question lies in
the provisions of the proviso to Sections 245C(1 ), 245C(18)
and 245C(1C), 2450(4) and 245F(3) which bring in the
concepts of returned income, self-assessment, aggregation of
E income returned and income disclosed as if it is total income;
levy of interest under section 215(3) read with section 2450(4);
increase of interest under sections 234A(4) and 2348(4) read
with section 2450(4) as also sections 140A(1A) and (18)
read with sections 234A and 2348. For example, section 140A
F deals with self-assessment which is different from regular
assessment. Under section 140A(1) where tax is payable on
the basis of any return furnished by the assessee [see proviso
(a) to section 245C(1 )], after taking into account tax paid, the
assessee shall be liable to pay such tax with interest payable .
G for default under section 2348 in payment of advance tax before
furnishing the return. This position is clarified by sections
140A(1A) and (18) under which inter alia interest payable for
default in payment of advance tax under section 234A shall be
computed on the amount of tax on the total income as declared
H in the return minus the advance tax paid. Similarly, it is clarified
8RIJ LAL & ORS. v. COMMISSIONER OF INCOME 1213
TAX, JALANDHAR [S.H. KAPADIA, CJI.]
vide sub-section (18) to section 140A that interest payable A
under section 2348 for default in payment of advance tax shall
be computed on an amount equal to the assessed tax [same
words are used in section 2348(1 )] or on the amount by which
the advance tax falls short of the assessed tax. However, what
is "assessed tax" for the purposes of section 140A is explained 8
by Explanation. It says that assessed tax will be tax on the
total income as declared in the return minus the amount of tax
deducted at source or collected at source in accordance with
the provisions of Chapter XVII (which covers sections 207,
209 and 215 of the Act). Now, section 245C(1) is voluntary c
disclosure by the assessee of his undisclosed income. Under
section 245C(1), the assessee has to mention in his settlement
application the additional amount of tax payable by him on
such undisclosed income. Under proviso (a), the application
for settlement shall not be entertained till the assessee has 0
furnished the return of income which he was required to file
under the Act to the extent of his income. Under proviso (b),
the assessee has to declare the additional amount of tax
payable. Thus, the two provisos to section 245C(1) show th~t
Chapter XIX-A, which prescribes a special procedure for E
assessment by settlement, contemplates a pre-assessment
collection of tax. With the filing of the settlement application
and after such application is allowed to be proceeded with
under section 2450(1), intimation under section 143(1), regular
assessment under sections 143(3)/144 and re-assessment
under section 147 lose their existence as under sections F
245C(1A) and (18) it is only the income disclosed in the return
of income before the A.O. alone which survives for
consideration by the Settlement Commission for settling the
amount of income which is not disclosed in the return. Under
section 245C(18)(ii), ifthe applicant has furnished a return in G
respect of the total income, whether or not assessment is
made in pursuance of the return, the additional amount of
income tax payable in respect of the total income disclosed
shall be on the aggregate of the total income returned and the
income disclosed in his application for settlement as if such · H
1214 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (201 OJ 11 S.C.R.
A aggregate was his total income. This is pre-assessment
collection of tax. Such pre-assessment is based on the
estimation of the current income and tax thereon by the
applicant himself. Now, when the Settlement Commission
accepts the Voluntary Disclosure vide the application fo~
B settlement, section 2348(2) steps in. It is important to
remember that the assessee is liable to pay advance tax, he
commits default in payment to the extent of the undisclosed
income but he offers to pay additional income tax then interest
has to be calculated in accordance with sections 207, 208
c and 234B(2) up to the date on which such tax is paid. This is
not the interest which assessee has to pay after assessment
under section 2450(4). Under sections 245C(1 B) and (1 C)
the additional amount of income tax payable on the undisclosed
income shall be on the total income as calculated under section
0 245C(1 B). On computation of total income under sections
245C(1 B) and (1 C), interest follows such computation. It is
important to note that interest follows computation of total
income. Once such computation takes place under section
245C(1 B) then section 234B(2) applies. The said sub-section
deals with the situation where before determination of total
E income under section 143(1) or 143(3) tax is paid under
section 140A or otherwise interest shall be calculated in
accordance with section 234B(1) up to the date on which tax
is so paid. In that sense an application under section 245C(1)
is a return. Section 245C(1) deals with computation of total
F income. There is one more way of looking at the Act. Chapter
XIX-A refers to procedure of settlement (see section 2450(1 )).
As stated above, section 2450(1) provides for expeditious
recove1y of tax by way of pre-assessment collection. Interest
on default in payment of advance tax comes under sections
G 234A, 234B, 234C, which fall in Chapter XVII which deals with
collection and recovery of tax. It is important to note that interest
follows computation of additional payment of income tax under
sections 245C(1B) and (1C). This is how sections 234A, 234B
and 234C get engrafted into Chapter XIX-A at the stage of
H section 2450(1). As stated, till the Settlement Commission
BRIJ LAL & ORS. v. COMMISSIONER OF INCOME 1215
TAX, JALANOHAR [S.H. KAPADIA, CJI.]
decides to admit the case under section 2450( 1) the A
proceedings under the normal provisions remain open. But,
once the Commission admits the case after being satisfied
· that the disclosure is full and true then the proceedings
commence with the Settlement Commission. In the meantime,
applicant has to pay the additional amount of tax with interest B
without which the application for settlement would not be
maintainable. Thus, interest under section 2348 would be
payable up to the stage of section 2450(1). Our view is
supported by the amendment made by Finance Act of 2007
w.e.f. 1.6.2007 in which interest is required to be paid for c
maintainability of the Application for Settlement.
13. The question is - what happens in cases where 90%
of the assessed tax is paid but on the basis of the
Commission's order under section 2450(4) the advance tax
paid turns out to be less than 90% of the assessed tax as 0
defined in the Explanation to Section 2348( 1)?
14. As held hereinabove, under section 245C(1) read
with section 245C(1 B)(ii) and section 245C(1 C)(b), the
additional amount of income tax payable is to be calculated E
on the aggregate of total income returned and the income
disclosed in the settlement application as if such aggregate is
the total income. Thus, the scheme of the said sections is
based on computation of total income and in that sense we
have stated that such application for settlement is akin to a F
return of income. The said provision deals with "total income".
Thus, as stated above, sections 234A, B and C are applicable
/
up to the stage of section 2450(1) order passed by the
Settlement Commission. However, Parliament has not
extended the provisions and the liability to pay interest beyond G
the date of application for settlement. This is the position even
after Finance Act of 2007. Once this position is taken, section
140A is attracted. When an assessee has paid interest under
sections 234A, B and C in self-assessment under section
140A, which is similar to the scheme of section 245C(1), and H
' ( '
;, ' I
' ,
1216 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010) 11 S.C.R.
A once the Settlement Commission admits the application for
settlement, one finds that even under section 140A(18) interest
payable under section 2348 has to be computed on an amount
equal to the assessed tax as defined in the Explanation to
mean tax on the total income as declared in the return. Under
B sub-section ( 1B) to Section 140A interest payable under
section 2348 can also be computed on an amount by which
the advance tax paid falls short of the assessed tax as defined
in the Explanation thereto. Thus, there is no provision under
Chapter XIX-A or even under section 140A (dealing with self-
C assessment) to charge interest beyond the date of application
for settlement after the s"'me is admitted by the Commission
under Section 2450(1 ). Moreover, as stated above, under the
Act, there is a difference between assessment in law [regular
assessment or assessment under section 143(1 )] and
0 assessment by settlement under Chapter XIX-A. The order
under section 2450(4) is not an order of regular assessment.
It is neither an order under section 143(1) or 143(3) or 144.
Under sections 139 to 158, the process of assessment involves
the filing of the return under section 139 or under section 142;
E inquiry by the A.O. under sections 142 and 143 and making
of the order of assessment by the A.O. under section 143(3)
or under section 144 and issuing of notice of demand under
section, 156 on the basis of the assessment order. The making .
of the order of assessment is an integral part of the process
of assessment. No such steps are required to be followed in
F the case of proceedings under Chapter XIX-A. The said
Chapter contemplates the taxability determined with respect
to undisclosed income only by the process of settlemenU
arbitration. Thus, the .nature of the orders under sections 143(1 ),
143(3) and 144 is different from the orders of the Settlement
G Commission under section 2450(4). Even in Commissioner
of Income Tax v. Anjum M.H. Ghaswala and others [252 ITR
1] there is no finding by this Court that the order of Settlement
Commission under section 2450(4) is an order of assessment
under section 143(3) or under section 144. In Ghaswala's case
H the only question decided by this Court is that the interest
8RIJ LAL & ORS. v. COMMISSIONER OF INCOME 1217
TAX, JALANOHAR [S.H. KAPADIA, CJI.]
under section 2348 is mandatory in nature and that Settlement A
Commission, therefore, had no authority to waive it. Further,
as stated above, the jurisdiction of the A.O. is not fettered
merely because the applicant has filed the Settlement
Application. The Act does not contemplate stay of the
proceedings during that period, i.e., when the Settlement B
Commission is deciding whether to proceed or reject the
settlement application. The jurisdiction of the Settlement
Commission to proceed commences only after an order is
passed under section 2450(1). That, after making an
application for settlement the applicant is not allowed to c
withdraw it [see section 245C(3)]. Once the case stands
admitted, the Settlement Commission shall have exclusive
jurisdiction to exercise the powers of the Income Tax Authority.
The order of Settlement Commission under section 2450(4)
shall be final and conclusive under section 2451 subject to two 0
qualifications under which it can be recalled, viz., fraud and
misrepresentation but even here it-is important to note that
under section 2450(7) where the settlement becomes void on
account of fraud and misrepresentation the proceedings with
respect to the matters covered by the settlement shall be E
deemed to have been revived from the stage at which the
application was allowed to be proceeded with by the Settlement
Commission. This further suppor•3 our view that there are two
distinct stages under Chapter XIX-A and that the Legislature
has not contemplated the levy of interest between order under
section 2450(1) stage and section 2450(4) stage. Thus, F
interest under section 2348 will be chargeable till the order of
the Settlement Commission under section 2450(1 ), i.e.,
admission of the case. Lastly, the expression "interest" in
section 245(6A) fastens the liability to pay interest only when
the tax payable in pursuance of an order under section 2450(4) G
is not paid within the specified time and which levy is different
from liability to pay interest under section 2348 or under section
.
2450(2C). [See Damani Brothers (supra) at page 485]
Ill. Whether the Settlement Commission can re-open its H
1218 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 11 S.C.R.
A concluded proceedings by having recourse to Section
154 of the Act so as to levy interest under section 2348,
if it was not done in the original proceedings?
15. As stated, proceedings before Settlement Commission
B are similar to arbitration proceedings. It contemplates
assessment by settlement and not by way of regular
assessment or assessment under section 143(1) or under
section 143(3) or under section 144 of the Act. In that sense, it
is a Code by itself. It does not begin with the filing of the return
C but by filing the application for settlement. As stated above,
under the Act, procedure for assessment falls in Chapter XIV
(in which section 154 falls) which is different from procedure
for settlement in Chapter XIX-A in which sections 245C and
2450 fall. Provision for levy of interest for default in payment
of advance tax under section 2348 falls in Chapter XVII [Section
D F] which deals with collection and recovery of tax which as
stated above is incidental to the liability to pay advance tax
under section 207 (which is also in Chapter XVII) and to the
computation of total income in the manner indicated under
Chapter XIX-A vide sections 245C(1 B) and 245C(1 C) read
E with the provisos to section 245C(1) on the additional income
tax payable on the undisclosed income. Further, if one examines
the provisions of sections 245C(1 B) and 245C(1 C), one finds
that various situations are taken into account while computing
the additional amount of tax payable, viz., if the applicant has
F not filed his returns, if he has filed but orders of assessment
are not passed or if the proceedings are pending for re-
assessment under section 147 (again in Chapter XIV) or by way
of appeal or revision in connection with such re-assessment
and the applicant has not furnished his return of total income
G in which case tax has to be calculated on the aggregate of total
income as assessed in the earlier proceedings for assessment
under section 143 or under section 144 or under section 147
[see section 245C(1 B)]. The point to be noted is that in
computation of additional income tax payable by the assessee,
H there is no mention of section 154. On the contrary, under
BRIJ LAL & ORS. v. COMMISSIONER OF INCOME 1219
TAX, JALANDHAR [S.H. KAPADIA, CJI.]
section 2451 the order of the Settlement Commission is made A
final and conclusive on matters mentioned in the application for
settlement except in the two cases of fraud and
misrepresentation in which case the matter could be re-opened
by way of review or recall. Like ITAT, the Settlement
Commission is a quasi-judicial body. Under section 254(2), the B
ITAT is given the power to rectify but no such power is given to
the Settlement Commission. Thus, we hold that Settlement
Commission cannot reopen its concluded proceedings by
invoking section 154 of the Act. Lastly, one must keep in mind
the difference between review/ recall of the order and c
rectification under section 154. The Schedule of Chapter XIX-
A does not contemplate invocation of section 154 otherwise
there would be no finality to the assessment by settlement which
is different from assessment under Chapter XIV where there
is an appeal, revision, etc. Settlement of liability and not
0
determination of liability is the object of Chapter XIX-A. Even
otherwise, invocation of section 154 on facts of this batch or
cases is not justified. In this batch of cases, the situation which
prevailed when the\settlement Commission waived or reduced
interest chargeable under sections 234A and 234B was that a
debate was ori as to whether the Settlement Commission has E
the power to reduce or waive interest. It is only after Ghaswala's '
case tha.t the law got settled th'.'' the nature and the character
of the interest was compensatory and mandatory and that the
Commission had no such power. But even in Ghaswala, the
question as to whether such interest under section 234B should F
run up to the order under section 2450(1) or up to the date of
the order under section 2340(4) was not decided. In fact, that
was the reason for the Orders of Reference to the Constitution
Bench of this Court vide orders dated 14.12.2004 and
20.1.2005. There is one more reason for this Reference. In the G
case of CIT v. Hindustan Bulk Carrier [(2003) 259 ITR 449],
a 3-Judge Bench of this Court, by majority, held that where, upon I
the Order of the Settlement Commission under section
2450(4), there arises a deficit in the payment of advance tax
under section 208, the end point or the terminus of the period H
1220 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2010] 11 S.C.R.
A for which interest has to be paid under section 234B on the
deficit is the date on which the Settlement Commission passes
the order under section 2450(4). This decision was delivered
on 17.12.2002 after the judgment of this Court in Ghaswala
(supra). On the same day, the same Bench in the case of
B Damani Brothers (supra) held that interest charged under
section 234B becomes payable on the income disclosed in the
return and the income disclosed before the Settlement
Commission; that, such interest is chargeable till the
Commission acts in terms of section 2450(1) and that after the
c Settlement Commission allows the application for settlement
to be proceeded with there will be no further charge of interest
under section 234B. Thus, even on the question of terminus
there was lot of controversy a;:;cnn the circumstances, we are
of the -view that invocation of section 154 (held to be
inapplicable to Chapter XIX-A proceedings) cannot be justified.
0
Conclusions :
16. (1) Sections 234A, 234B and 234C are applicable to
the proceedings of the Settlement Commission under Chapter
E XIX-A of the Act to the extent indicated hereinabove.
(2)-Consequent upon conclusion (1 ), the terminal point for
the levy of interest under section 234B would be up to the date
of the order under section 2450(1) and not up to the date of
F the Order of Settlement under section 2450(4) .
. (3) The Settlement Commission cannot re-open its
concluded proceedings by invoking section 154 of the Act so
as to levy interest under section 234B, particularly, in view of ·
section 2451.
G
17. Accordingly, Reference to the Constitution Bench vide
orders dated 14.12.2004 and 20.1.2005 stands duly answered
and the matters are_ accordingly disposed of.
)
R.P. Reference answered and Appeals disposed of.
H
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