BISHNA@ BHISWADEB MAHATO AND ORS.versusSTATE OF WEST BENGAL

A                 BISHNA@ BHISWADEB MAHA TO AND ORS.
                                          v.
                            STA TE OF WEST BENGAL

                                OCTOBER 28, 2005

B                    [S.B. SINHA AND R.V. RA VEENDRAN, JJ.]


           Penal Code, 1860-Seclions 3.:/, 109, 1.:/8, 302, 30.:/ Part-I, 324, 325
    and 326-Murder and assault during altercation over property dispute-
C   Complainants retreating but chased by accused variously armed-Injury
    also caused to one accused based on which plea of selfdefence taken-Trial
    court acquitting ail accused from charge of all offences, except one under
    Section· 148 !PC, on grounds thal there was no explanation for tnjury on the
    accused, absence of evidence of overt act by one who was accused of exhorting
    others, and that responsibility for death of deceased and injuries to others
D   was not fixed on any particular accused-High Court finding evidence of
    eye-witnesses, especially injured ones, to be believable, upheld conviction/
    sentence of all accused under Section 148 !PC, and further convicted/
    sentenced them variously under Sections 34, 109, 302, 304 Part-I, 324, 325
    and 326-Justification of-Held: Prosecution witnesses were believable and
    creditworthy-Some witnesses were independent and disinterested-Absence
E   of explanation about injury on accused was irrelevant as one of the
    prosecution witnesses had stated in FIR that some of them might have assaulted
    accused to save life-Non-acceptance of same in cross-examination found to
    be an attempt to escape admission ofguilt in a counter case filed by accused-
    Accused were aggressors and their plea of self defence of person was not
F   acceptable as both the courts below had concurrently held them guilty under
    Section 148 I PC, as also because they were armed fully, and assaulted
    complainant party after chasing them-Plea of self defence of property not
    acceptable as possession of impugned land was found to be with
    complainants-Act of accused causing injuries to deceased and others found
    to be in furtherance of a common intention-Judgment of High Court modified
G   in changing conviclion of two accused fi-0111 offences under Sections 302134
    and 3021109 to 304 Part 1 read with Section 34-Evidence Act,· 1872-
    Section 6.

          Evidence Act, 1872-Section 145-lt is attracted when a specific ,

H                                        892
             BISHNA@BHISWADEB MAHATO v. STATE OF WEST BENGAL                893

contradiction is required to be taken, but in certain cases omissions are also     A
considered to be contradictions.

      Criminal law-First Information Report-It need not be encyclopedia
of events-It is not necessary that all relevant and irrelevant facts should be
stated therein in detail.
                                                                                   B
       Appellants-accused bought one part of a piece ofland. The other part of
that land from same seller was bought by complainants, who were prosecution
witnesses also. As complainant chlimed that they were also in possession of
the part sold to appellants and were cultivating same as bargadar of original
owner thereot; there was enmity between the two groups. One day, complainant~
found that some persons were cutting paddy from the said land in the presence      C
of appellants who were variously armed. As they objected to same, there was
an altercation. There was exhortation by all accused to 'Maro Saladigoka'
(assault the salas). Complainant party retreated to some extent, but were
chased down. NM, PW-25 was hit on leg and back with spear by M, accused
no. 3 and H, accused no.7, was hit on head with lathi by B, accused no.2, and      D
when he fell down, he was hit by accused no. 6 with sword causing injury on
his head. Other accused also assaulted him with lathi. P, elder brother of NM,
when he tried to save to him, was assaulted on leg with spear by M, and with
lathi by B. On exhortation of K, accused no 4, N, accused no. 1, and M to
finish otTP, R, accused no 9, took a spear from II and hit Pon his neck. Another
person, SM, PW-1, when he tried to save NM, he was assaulted by L, accused         E
no. 7. C, PW-14, brother of P was hit on the head with arrow by B. On
exhortation of K to finish him off, N assaulted SM and C with lathi on their
head. P died because of the injuries. However, M was also injured during the
altercation, SM while going back home met LM, PW-16 and RM, PW-19 and
others, informed them about the incident, and returned back to the spot with       p
them. SM and C later lodged FIR about the incident.

      Upon completion of investigation, charge sheet was filed against appellant
for commission of various offences. Defence of the accused was that they were
the owners of the impugned land, and as one of them was attacked and
sustained injuries, they exercised the right.to private defence.                   G
       Trial court acquitted the appellant's from commission of all offences
except one under Section 148 IPC inter alia holding that: (i) the eye-witnesses
cannot be relied upon as injury of M had not been explained by prosecution:
(ii) there was no evidence on any overt act by K (iii) prosecution failed to fix
the responsibility for the death of P and injuries to NM, C and SM on any          H
    894                    SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2005) SUPP. 4 S.C.R.

A   particular accused. Consequently, all the accused were sentenced to undergo
    rigorous imprisonment for 3 years under Section 148 IPC.

          State as well as appellants preferred appeals to High Court against the
    judgment of Trial Court. The High Court, while allowing State's appeal and
    dismissing appellant's appeal, held that there was no reason to disbelieve the
B   evidence of the eye-witnesses and in particular the injured witnesses. It found
    that there was no dispute that LM and RM came immediately after the
    occurrence. There was sufficient evidence to support incitement given by K.
    In addition to upholding conviction and sentencing all the accused under
    Section 148 IPC, the High Court convicted K under Section 302 read with
C   Section 109 IPC; M, B and R under section 302 read with Section 34 IPC;
    and sentenced the four of them to undergo rigorous imprisonment for life.
    M, H, Rand P were convicted under Section 326 read with Section 34 of the
    IPC and were sentenced to undergo rigorous Imprisonment for five years. B
    was convicted under Section 324 read with Section 34 of the IPC and was
    sentenced to undergo rigorous imprisonment for two years. L was convicted
D   for commission of an offence under Section 325 IPC and was sentenced to
    undergo rigorous imprisonment for three years. P was convicted of an offence
    under Section 324 and was sentenced to undergo rigorous imprisonment for
    two years. In regard to M and C, the decision of the Trial Court was not
    disturbed. Hence the present appeal.

E         Appellants contended that the evidence of eye-witnesses including
    injured witnesses could not be believed as (i) their description of the incident
    was graphic and (ii) that they retreated towards east while the incident took
    place towards south of the plot in dispute.

          Disposing of the appeal, the Court
F
          HELD: 1. Considered as a whole, the evidence of the prosecution
    witnesses is found to be clear and cogent. They are consistent and creditworthy.
    Some of the witnesses are independent and disinterested. There may be certain
    omissions on their part but if considered as a whole and in particular with
G   the medico-legal evidence, there is no reason to disbelieve the same. (911-D(

         Arjun and Ors. v. State of Rajasthan, AIR (1994) SC 2057 and
    Navganbhai Sombhai and Ors. v. State of Gujarat, (1994) SC 1187, referred
    to.

H         2.1. The presence of the accused with deadly weapons at the place of
             BISHNA@BHISWADEB MAHA TO 1•. STATE OF WEST BENGAL             895

occurrence and the fact that they had been harvesting the paddy grown by the      A
complainant being not in dispute, there is absolutely no reason as to why the
account of the prosecution witnesses should be discarded particularly when
sufficient material have been brought on record to show that despite the fact
they retreated to some extent, they were chased and the accused caused death
to P and injuries to others which would lead to only one conclusion that the
said act was in furtherance of their common intention. (911-8)                    B
       2.2. When an incident takes place in a village in the morning and that
too at the harvesting time, presence of the villagers and in particular those
who claim right, title, ownership as well as possession of the land in question
is not unnatural. An occurrence took place on the previous day. The witnesses     C
did not say that they had run away from their land to some other place. They
merely said that they retreated to some extent and thereafter they were chased.
The assault on the deceased as also other prosecution witnesses took place
almost at the same place. The investigating officer found the dead body of P
as also NM in an unconscious condition near about the same place.
                                                             [910-G, H; 911-A)    D
      3.1. Evidence of PW-I, PW-14, PW-18, PW-25 and also other
independent witnesses points out the overt acts played by each one of the
accused is also not in dispute. Nothing has been brought to show that the
presence of the eye-witnesses who were independent witnesses are wholly
unreliable. [909-A[                                                               E
      3.2. Besides the eye-witness, two more witnesses, PWs 16 and 19 were
examined by the prosecution. They came to the place of occurrence
immediately after the incident had taken place and found the dead body of P
and injured Nin an unconscious state. PW-16 found the mother of P and N F
weeping as also C and S present there. He heard about the entire incident
from C including the role played by each of the appellants and others. PW-19
also corroborated the testimonies of the prosecution. He heard about the
incident from SM. The evidence of these two witnesses corroborate the
evidence of the prosecution witnesses as also the allegations made in the FIR.
Their evidence is admissible in terms of Section 6 of the Indian Evidence Act. G
The evidence of other independent witnesses who are inimically disposed of
towards the accused is sufficient to concur with the findings of fact arrived at
by the High Court. [909-8, C, D]

      4.1. The High Court noticed that the evidence of PW-3 and PW-25 had
not been put to test of cross-examination, in that behalf. It found that PW-3     H
    896                    SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2005] SUPP. 4 S.C.R.

A   has not been subjected to any cross-examination at all in regard to his
    statement that R took a spear from H and with it hit the deceased. (910-E)

          4.2. Section 145 of the Indian Evidence Act is attracted when a specific
    contradiction is required to be taken, but in certain cases omissions are also
    considered to be contradictions. (910-CJ
B         Shri Gopal and Anr. v. Subhash and Ors., JT (2004) 2 SC 158, Sekar
    alias Raja Sekharan v. State Represented by Inspector of Police, TN., (2002)
    8 SCC 354 and State of Maharashtra v. Bharat Chaganlal Raghani and Ors.,
    (2001) 9 SCC l, relied on.

          5.1. About incitement by K, five witnesses, namely, PW-18, PW-13, PW-
C 14, PW-18 and PW-25 categorically stated the role played by K where after
    only R took a spear from H and assaulted Pat his neck. 1913-BJ

           5.2. The First Information Report need not be encyclopedia of the events.
    It is not necessary that all relevant and irrelevant facts in details should be
D   stated therein. In the First Information Report, it has been specifically stated
    that KM was standing behind armed with a gun and when they objected, all
    the accused persons attacked the prosecution witnesses saying 'Maro
    Saladigokay' (assault the salas). The prosecution witnesses in their
    statements before the court had categorically stated that KM also exhorted
    more than once. It may be true that he had no axe to grind. He was not claiming
E   ownership of the plot in question; but there are materials on record to show
    that the complainant party and the accused belong to two rival political groups.
    Thus, KM might have a political score to settle, as otherwise it is difficult to
    accept that although those claiming the ownership of the land in question
    would go there with lathis, he would be present at the spot with a gun.
                                                                      (913-F, G, HJ
F
          6. PW-1, PW-14, PW-18 and PW-25 categorically stated that all the
    accused persons shouted "marosaldiga". The depositions of the said witnesses
    clearly establish that the accused persons armed with deadly weapons went to
    the plot of the complainant party with a common intention to harvest the paddy
G   and when asked not to do so they were attacked and when they retreated to
    some extent, accused chased and caused injuries to the deceased and other
    witnesses. This clearly establishes that the said act was in furtherance of a
    common intention. 1913-B, CJ

          7. Contention of appellant that serious injuries on the accused M have
H   not been explained, is not acceptable. PW-I in FIR has stated that some of
              BISHNA@BHISWADEB MAHATO v. STATE OF WEST BENGAL                 897

·them may have assaulted the accused with lath is in order to save life. The         A
 witness indisputably in their cross-examination did not accept the said fact
 presumably because they were accused in the counter-case presumably on
 the premise that if they admitted the same, they would have accepted their
 guilt. It is now well settled, that it is not imperative to prove the injuries on
 the person of the accused irrespective of the facts and circumstances of the
 case including the admitted facts. Normally such plea is entertained when           B
 the right of self defence is accepted by the court. (914-C, D, El

     Bankey Lal and Ors. v. The State of U.P., AIR (1971) SC 2233 and Amar
Malla and Ors. v. State of Tripura, (2002) 7 SCC 91, referred to.

     Lakshmi Singh and Ors. v. State of Bihar, (19761 4 SCC 394, Dasrath C
Singh v. State of U. P., (20041 7 SCC 408, Shriram v. State of MP., [20041 9
SCC 292 and Mohar Rai v. State ofBihar, AIR (1968) SC 1281, distinguished.

      8.1. The prosecution evidence clearly establishes that land was in
 possession of J, who was bargadar of seller, and father of P, CM and NM.            D
                                                                      [913-EI

      8.2. There is concurrent finding of both the courts below that the accused
were guilty of commission of an offence under Section 148 IPC. The fact that
they were aggressors and initiated the attack on the deceased and other
witnesses on the land in question and thereafter at the bed of tank, thus stands     E
established. (917-BI

      8.3. Once it is established that the complainant party was in possession
of the land in question as also cultivated the same and grew paddy thereupon
the question of the appellant's exercising right of private defence as regards
property does not arise. Such a right could only be claimed by the complainant.      F
So far as the purported right of private defence of a person is concerned, it
has been proved beyond any shadow of doubt that the accused were the
aggressors. They came to the land in question to harvest paddy through hired
labourers. They were armed fully when they were asked not to harvest paddy,
they chased and assaulted the prosecution witnesses. In this situation, the          G
appellants were not entitled to cla1m right of private defence. (923-D, E]

     8.4. As the appellants herein and other accused persons were
aggressors, no right of private defence could be claimed by them particularly
when it has been proved beyond any reasonable doubt that the prosecution
witnesses were first chased and then assaulted. (913-D)                              H
    898                    SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2005] SUPP. 4 S.C.R.

A         8.5. It may be true that the right of private defence need not specifically
    be taken and in the event the court on the basis of the materials on record is
    in a position to come to such a conclusion, despite some other plea had been
    raised that such a case is made out, may act thereupon. (912-CI

          Subramani and Ors. v. State ofT.N., 1200217 SCC 210, Dharminder v.
B State of H.P., (20021 7 SCC 488, Takhaji Hiraji v. Thakore Kubersing
    Chamansing, (2001] 6 SCC 145, laxman Singh v. Poonam Singh and Ors.,
    (2004110 SCC 94 and Chacko alias Aniyan Kunju and Ors. v. State of Kera/a,
    (2004] 12 sec 269, referred to.

          Vajrapu Sambayya Naidu and Ors. v. Stale of A.P. and Ors., [2004110
c sec 152, distinguished.
          9.1. It is difficult to reconcile sentence passed by High Court If common
    intention of an offence under Section 149 or 34 IPC was to be invoked, the
    same should have been invoked against those who shared common object/
D   intention. The High Court has also not assigned any reason as to why M, 8
    and RM have been found guilty under Section 302/34 IPC and not under
    Section 302/149 IPC. [930-AI

          Raghunath v. State of Haryana and Anr.. [200311 SCC 398, Mirazi and
    Anr. v. State of UP., [19591 Supp. I SCR 940, Masaltiv. State ofU.P., [19641
E   8 SCR 133, Baladin v. State of Uttar Pradesh, AIR (1956) SC 181, Bhajan
    Singh and Ors. v. State of Uttar Pradesh, 1197414 SCC 568, Shri Gopal and
    Anr. v. Subhash and Ors., JT (2004) 2 SC 158 and Ram Taha! and Ors. v. State
    of UP., (197211SCC136, referred to.

          9.2. Although in this case right of private self defence was not.
F   exercisable, having regard to the peculiar facts and circumstances of the case,
    the possibility of the Appellants committing the crime without any intention
    to cause death cannot be ruled out. [930-81

           9.3. Keeping in view the peculiar facts and circumstances of this case,
    Appellant Nos. I and 2 should be convicted for an offence under Section 304
G   Part l read with Section 34 IPC instead of 302/34 and 3021109. They are
    directed to undergo a sentence of rigorous imprisonment for seven years.
    The conviction and sentence of Appellant Nos. 3, 4, 5 and 6 by the High Court
    is not dMurbed. The judgment of conviction and sentence of the Appellants
    under Section 148 is upheld. [930-C, DJ
H
        BISHNA@BHISWADEB MAHA TO v. STATE OF WEST BENGAL (SINHA. J]     899

     CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No. 1430- A
1431 of2003.

     From the Judgment and Order dated 10.10.2002 of the Calcutta High
Court in Crl.A. Nos. 202 and G.A. No. 29 of 1989.

     Jaideep Gupta, Anand, Vishal Arun, Debmalya Banerjee, D. Bharat Kumar B
and Abhijit Sengupta for the Appellants.

     Tara Chandra Sharma and Ms. Neelam Sharma for the Respondent.

      The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
                                                                              c
       S.B. SINHA, J. Bhadsa is a small village situate at a distance of 12 kms.
from the district headquarters known as Purulia in the State of West Bengal.
On 1.12.1982, Prankrishna, deceased and Chepulal (PW-14) heard some sounds
coming from the side of their Shivatara land situate in the said village. They
informed their brother Nepal Mahato (PW-25) about the same. They also
informed Haradhan Mahato (PW-2) and who in tum informed Subhas Mahato D
(PW-13). When the three brothers were proceeding towards their land, Sambhu
Mahato (PW- I) met them on the road. When they reached near the land in
question, being Plot No. 550, they found some persons were engaged in
cutting of paddy therefrom. Nilkantha, Bhiswa alias Bishna, Manmatha alias
Mathan, Kalipada, Bulu, Pata!, Lalbas, Haralal, Ramanath, Majhi, Chinbas alias E
<'rinibas (Accused Nos. I to 11 respectively) were standing on the ail (Ridge
,in the agricultural land). The accused persons were variously armed. They

were asked not to cut paddy but did not pay any heed thereto. Altercations
started. All of a sudden, Bulu (Appellant No. 3) threw an arrow which struck
Nepal Mahato (PW-25). They also exhorted shouting "Marsaladiga". The
complainant party retreated to some extent. They were chased near the bed F
of tank called 'upper bundh'. Nepal Mahato (PW-25) was surrounded by the
accused. He was hit on his left leg with tabla by Mathan whereas Haralal hit
him with a tabla on his back. Bhiswa (Appellant No. I) assaulted on his head
with a lathi. He fell down on the ground whereupon Pata! struck him with a
sword causing injury on his hand. Ramanath and Nilkantha assaulted him G
with lathi. Prankrishna, deceased rushed to save his younger brother whereupon
he was assaulted by Mathan on his right leg with tabla and Bhiswa with lathi.
Sambhu Mahato protested to such assault on the deceased whereupon Lalbas
assaulted him with a lathi. Kalipada (Appellant No. 2) and Nilkantha and
Bhiswa (Appellant No. I) exhorted that he should be finished whereupon
Ramanath took a tabla from Haralal and struck the deceased at his neck. The H
    900                    SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2005] SUPP. 4 S.C.R.

A deceased succumbed to his injuries. Further, Bulu threw arrow which struck
    Chepulal at his head and Kalipada gave order to finish him whereupon
                                                                                      -
    Nilkantha assaulted Sambhu (PW-I) and Chepulal (PW-14) with lathies in
    their hand.

          Sambhu Mahato (PW-I) came to the district town of Purulia to hire a
B vehicle for shifting the injured persons to Purulia Sadar Hospital. In the
  meantime, the officer-incharge (PW-28) of the Police Station, Purulia received
  a telephonic message that some incident had taken place in the village. He
  entered the said information in the diary being G.D. Entry No. I 7. He thereafter
  reached the village round about at I 1.40 a.m. and noticed the dead body of
C Prankrishna, deceased lying at eastern extremity of the said tank. J.L. Pahari,
  a sub-inspector of police who accompanied the officer-incharge held the
  inquest on the dead body. Nepal Mahato (PW-25), who was lying unconscious,
  was brought to Purulia Hospital in the hired vehicle. He was accompanied by
  Chepulal Mahato. Nepal Mahato was admitted in the said hospital. Sambhu
  Mahato and Chepulal thereafter went to the police station and lodged a first
D information report.
          Upon completion of the investigation, 11 persons named in the first
    information report were chargesheeted for commission of various offences.

          It is also not in dispute that one of the accused, namely, Mathan also
E sustained injuries on his person. The defence of the Appellants and other
    accused was that they were the owner of the plot No. 550 of the said village
    wherein as one of them was attacked and sustained injuries, they exercised
    the right of private defence.

          The learned Trial Judge acquitted the Appellants and others for
F commission of all offences except one under Section 148 of the !PC inter alia
    holding that : (i) the eye-witnesses cannot be relied upon as injury of Mathan
    (Accused No.3) had not been explained by the prosecution; (ii) and there was
    no evidence of any overt act by Kalipada; and (iii) the prosecution had failed
    to fix the responsibility for the death of Prankrishna and injuries to Nepal,
G   Chepulal, Siju and Sambhu, on any particular accused. Consequently the Trial
    Court sentenced all the accused to undergo rigorous imprisonment for 3 years
    under Section I48 IPC.

         The appeals were preferred thereagainst both by the State of West
    Bengal as also by all the accused (except Ramanath, who it is stated has
H   absconded). The High Court in its impugned judgment, on the other hand,
        BISHNA@BH!SWADEB MAHA TO v STATE OF WEST BENGAL [SINHA, J .]   90]

held that there is no reason to disbelieve the evidence of the eye-witnesses A
and in particular the injured witnesses. Lalbehari Mahato (PW-16) and Ramduial
Mahato (PW-19) came immediately after the occurrence and as such their
presence at the scene of the occu1rence cannot be disputed. Incitement by
Kalipada was found to be existing and there was sufficient evidence in
support thereof.
                                                                               B
      The High Court allowed the State's appeal. In addition to upholding the
conviction and sentencing of all the accused under Section 148 !PC, the High
Court convicted the Appellant Kalipada under Section 302 read with Section
I 09; Mathan, Bhiswa and Ramanath under Section 302 read with Section 34;
and sentenced the four of them to undergo rigorous imprisonment for life. C
Mathan, Haralal, Ramanath and Pata! were convicted under Section 326 read
with Section 34 of the !PC and were sentenced to undergo rigorous
imprisonment for five years. Bulu was convicted under Section 324 read with
Section 34 and was sentenced to undergo rigorous imprisonment for two
years. Lalbas was convicted for commission of an offence under Section 325
of the !PC and was sentenced to undergo rigorous imprisonment for three D
years. Pata! was convicted of an offence under Section 324 and was sentenced
to undergo rigorous imprisonment for two years. The appeal preferred by the
Accused from the judgment and conviction under Section 148 of the IPC was
dismissed. In retard to Mahji and Chinibas, the decision of the Trial Court was
not disturbed.
                                                                               E
      The accused Nilkantha passed away during the pendency of the appeal
before the High Court. After the judgment of the High Court, Mathan has also
died. Ramanath did not prefer any appeal against the judgment of the trial
Court or the High Court, nor did Mahji and Chinibas.
                                                                               F
       Bishna, Kalipada, Bulu, Pata!, Lalbas and Haralal (Accused Nos. 2, 4,
5, 6, 7 & 8) who have been convicted by the High Court are before us.

       Before adverting to the rival contentions, we may notice the admitted
facts, which are:

      Plot No. 550 is situate in the village Bhadsa measuring 1.05 acres. It G
belonged to Kartick Chodhury. Indisputably, 0.65 acres of the said land had
been purchased by the complainants party and they were in possession
thereof. In respect of balance 0.40 acres, the accused persons laid a claim that
they had been cultivating the same as bargadar of the original owner. The said
0.40 acres of land was purchased by Neelakanta, Manmath and Bhiswa under H
    902                    SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2005] SUPP. 4 S.C.R.

A a sale deed executed by Kartick Chodhury.
           It is also not in dispute that proceedings under Section 145 of the Code
    of Criminal Procedure (for short "the Code") was initiated before an Executive
    Magistrate at the instance of the complainants and he had passed an order
    that they were to continue in possession of the land in question. On a criminal
B   revision having been filed by one of the Appellants, the said order was set
    aside and the matter was remitted for a fresh finding in accordance with law.

        The finding of fact arrived at by the courts below is that there was no
  demarcation between the land purchased by the complainants and the land
  purchased by the Appellants, which the complainants were claiming to have
C been in their possession. The complainants cultivated the said land and grew
  paddy thereupon.

           Enmity between the two groups about the possession of the said land
    is also not in dispute. A concurrent finding of fact has been arrived that the
D   allegations made against the Appellants under Section 148 of the IPC for
    forming an unlawful assembly has been established.

          Despite the same, Mr. Jaideep Gupta, learned senior counsel appearing
    on behalf of the Appellants would submit that the said finding should not
    be sustained by us as the place of occurrence had not been established by
E   the prosecution, as according to the Appellants the incident had taken place
    in their own land, namely, plot No. 674 and 669.

          Mr. Gupta would urge that the prosecution furthermore had not been
    able to prove that Joyram, father of Prankrishna, Chepulal Mahato and Nepal
    Mahato, was a bargadar in relation to the 40 decimals of land and cultivated
F   the same. Joyram has also not been examined as a witness.

          We do not find any reason to arrive at a different finding that Joyram
    and his sons were not in possession of the land in question as bargadar and
    had cultivated the same.

G         In relation to commission of the offences under Section 302 and Sections
    323 to 326 of the IPC, Mr. Gupta would urge:

        (i) The witnesses' account were unnatural insofar as their statements
  are almost photographic in nature which should not be accepted as admittedly
  they have run away from the place of occurrence being in a state of fear. The
H description of the incident given by the witnesses is also suspect as some
        BISHNA@BHISWADEBMAHATOv STA1:EOFWESTBENGAL[SINHA,J]              903

of the statements made by them had not been disclosed to the investigating A
officer as would appear from the evidence of the investigating officer.

      (ii) The prosecution having not explained the injuries of the accused
Mathan, adverse inference must be drawn against the prosecution in view of
the decision of this Court in Lakshmi Singh and Ors. v. State of Bihar, (1976]
4 SCC394.                                                                      B
      (iii) The evidence of the Gandhi Mahatani (PW-22) suffering from serious
infirmities cannot be relied upon.

     (iv) There is no sufficient evidence to show that Kalipada incited any
person to cause death of Prankrishna, deceased nor any evidence has been C
brought out to establish that any assault took place in furtherance of a
common intention.

      (v) The judgment of the High Court suffers from a serious infirmity
insofar as it held that"before proving the contradictions it was necessary for D
the defence to put the said statements to the prosecution witnesses while
cross-examining them particularly in view of the fact that a suggestion was
given that they had been deposing falsely. Section 145 of the Evidence Act,
in a situation of this nature, will have no application inasmuch as what was
sought to· be established by the defence was that the witnesses had made
statements in the course of the trial which had not been stated by them before E
the investigating officer and, thus, the defence did not want to bring on
records any contradictions made by the witnesses.

        (vi) The High Court further fell in error as it failed to take into
consideration that the prosecution witnesses approached the place of
occurrence from the eastern side whereas the accused were chasing them F
from the western side, and as such they were attacked, they must have run
away towards the east but yet the deceased was found near the upper bundh
which admittedly was situated in the northern side of the paddy field. Our
attention in this behalf has been drawn to the statements of Sambhu Mahato,
Ambuj, Subhas Mahato who stated that they had been running towards G
south.

      (vii) A further infirmity has been committed by the High Court in
arriving at its finding without considering the fact that the injuries on the
person of Mathan had not been explained despite statements made in the first
information report to the effect that one or two members of the complainants H
    904                    SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2005] SUPP. 4 S.C.R.

A side had lathi with them and might have assaulted some of the aggressors
    in order to save their lives, but the same could not have been relied upon
    inasmuch as at the trial all the witnesses denied thereabout.

          (viii) The seriousness of injury on the person of Mathan is evident from
    the statements of the investigating officer that he was lying unconscious so
B   much so arrangements were made to record his dying declaration and in fact
    a dying declaration was recorded by a Magistrate on the night of l.12.1982.
    A right of private defence, thus, could validly be exercised by the Appellants
    and others.

          (ix) So far as Kalipada is concerned, there is nothing on records to show
C that he inflicted any blow on Prankrishna, deceased. He was not involved in
    any land dispute between the parties and, thus, could not have derived any
    benefit therefrom. There was no allegation that he had been leading the
    group. He .did not make any exhortation. At the first instance and the
    exhortation "finish the salas" as. ascribed to him by the eye witnesses did not
D   find place in the first information report. In any event, no blow appears to
    have been struck on the deceased after Kalipada made the said exhortation.

          (x) At all events, even if the entire prosecution evidence is accepted,
    the conviction could have been only under Section 307 or 304 and not under
    Section 302.
E
          (xi) So far the Appellant, Bhiswa, is concerned, the prosecution has
    merely established that he inflicted a blow on Prankrishna on his leg which
    was not the cause of his death and as such that no common intention could
    have been formed at the spur of the moment by him and other accused as
    regard murder of Prankrishna.
F
           Mr. Tara Chandra Sharma, learned counsel appearing on behalf of the
    State, on the other hand, took us through the evidence of the witnesses and
    would contend that the reasonings given by the Trial Court in not relying
    upon the eye-witnesses are based up conjectures and surmises as well as on
G   misreading of evidence on record inasmuch as:

         (i) the prosecution witnesses are natural and truthful and they have
    given the true version of the occurrence;

          (ii) non-explanation of the injuries on the .accused (Mathan alias
H Manmath) by the prosecution by itself may not affect the prosecution case
         BISHNA@BHISWADEB MAHA TO r. STATE OF WEST BENGAL [SINHA, J]         905

in its entirety, particularly, when the evidence led by the prosecution is          A
absolutely clear and cogent;

       (iii) the prosecution case is consistent with the facts disclosed in the
first information report. During investigation, the weapons of assault were
seized, blood-stained earth from the place of occurrence was recovered and
the evidence of the doctors who held the autopsy as also those who examined         B
the injured eye-witnesses, namely, PW-I, PW-14, PW-18 and PW-25 fully
supported the prosecution case;

      (iv) the Trial Court wrongly excluded the evidence of Sambhu Mahato
(PW-I), Subhas Mahato (PW-13), Chepulal Mahato (PW-14), Siju Mahato
(PW-18) and Nepal Mahato (PW-25) in arriving at a finding that Kalipada did         C
not incite any person to cause the death of the deceased which is perverse
in nature. It was submitted that before the evidence of the prosecution as
regard improvements made by them from the statements made under Section
161 of the Code of Criminal Procedure can be challenged, it was incumbent
upon the defence to confront the prosecution witnesses therewith in view of         D
Section 145 read with sub-section (3) of Section 155 of the Evidence Act. As
Kalipada was carrying a gun whereas other accused persons were armed with
various deadly weapons, namely, lathi, tabla, bow, arrows and sword and as
such the judgment of the High Court be faulted.

       The basic fact of the matter is not in dispute. Presence of all the          E
prosecution witnesses except PW-22 is not seriously disputed. The only
criticism levelled against the eye-witnesses including injured witnesses is : (i)
that of graphic description of the incident has been given by them; and (ii)
that they retreated towards east and the incident took place towards south
of the plot in dispute.
                                                                                    F
       It is also not in dispute that as regards injury on the person of accused
Mathan, a counter-case was filed. Strangely enough, the defence had not
brought the said first information report on record. The said counter-case is
said to be pending trial. The prosecution in this case examined 32 prosecution
witnesses. PW-I, PW-14, PW-18 and PW-25 are injured eye-witnesses whereas           G
PW-2, PW-3, PW-13 are eye-witnesses. As the testimony of PW-22 is disputed
on the ground that she could not have been an eye-witness, it may not be
necessary to the consider the same.

     The death of Prankrishna and the injuries sustained by the prosecution
witnesses have indisputably been proved by Dr. D.L. Kar, who examined               H
    906                    SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2005] SUPP. 4 S.C.R.

A Chepulal Mahato (PW-14 ), Dr. S. Chatterjee, who conducted post mortem on
    the body of Prankrishna. Dr. Ajoy Kumar Pakrashi (PW-31) who was on
    emergency duty on that day examined Nepal Mahato (PW-25). He indisputably
    was admitted as an indoor patient in Purulia Sadar Hospital, under the
    supervision of Dr. Amal Kumar Ghosh, from LI 2. 1982 and was discharged
B   from the hospital on 24. 12. 1982. Dr. Amal Kumar Ghosh could not be examined
    as after he left the government service his whereabouts were not known. Dr.
    S. Chatterjee (PW-6) proved the handwritings of Dr. Pakrashi and Dr. Amal
    Kumar Ghosh from the records of the hospital.

       Sambhu Mahato (PW- I) gave a categorical statement inter alia to
C prove the prosecution case in the following terms:
            "The alleged/incident took place on 1.12.82 at about 8/8JO A.M. in
            Mouza Bhadsa within Purulia (M) P.S. I was present in the vegetable
            field near my house at Bhadsa. I heard a cry coming from the western
            side of our village. I came to village road. I met Nepal, Prankrishna and
D          Chepulal on the road. I heard from them that Nilkantha Mahato and
           some other persons were cutting paddy in their barga land. They
           requested me to protest against it. Accordingly, I accompanied them
           to their barga land mouza Bhadsa. I found many persons cutting
           paddy in the barga land of Joyram Mahato. I found there Nilkantiia
           Mahato, Mathan Mahato, Bhisma Mahato, Haralal Mahato, Ramanath
E          Mahato, Pata! Mahato, Srinibash Mahato. Lalbas Mahato, Kalipada
           Mahato, Bulu Mahato and Majhi, Sahis being armed with lathi, tabla,
           arrows etc. present near the barga land. Nilkantha, Bishma, Srinibash,
           Ramanath Majhi Sahis had lathi is in their hand. Haralal and Mathan
           had tabla. Pata! had sword. Bulu had bow and arrows, Kalipada
F          Mahato had gun. Some labourers were cutting paddy. I cannot say
           their names. We protested against such cutting of paddy. An
           altercation started. Then Bulu threw arrow. It struck Nepal. He was
           then standing on the barga land. The arrow struck the mouth of Nepal.
           Blood was coming out from the mouth of Nepal. Then all persons
           named above, shouted 'maro saladiga'. These persons then chased
G          us. We retreated to some extent. There is a tank namely 'uppar bundh'
           contiguous to the barga land. Nepal was gheraoed at the bed of the
           tank by these persons. Mathan then struck Nepal with a tabla causing
           injury at his leg. Nepal fell down on the ground. Pata! struck Nepal
           with a sword causing injury at his hand. Haralal struck Nepal with a
                                                                                        '
           tabla. Ramanath assaulted Nepal with a lathi. Prankrishna, the brother
H
       BISHNA@BHISWADEB MAHA TO v STATE OF WEST BENGAL [SINHA,J.]        907

       of Nepal, came to the rescue of Nepal. Prankrishna was assaulted by A
       Mathan with tabla at his leg. Bhishma assaulted Prankrishna with
       lathi. I protested against the assault on Prankrishna but Lal bas assaulted
       me with lathi on my head causing bleeding injury therein. Bulu threw
       arrow. It struck Chepulal at his head. Kalipada gave order to finish
       him. Nilkantha assaulted Chepulal with lathi on his head. Prankrishna
       died at the spot due to head injury. I returned home. On my way I met B
       Lalbehari, Nabin and others. I narrated the incident to them. Then, I
       again returned to the spot with Lalbehari, Nagen and others. I noticed
       injury on leg and neck of Prankrishna, who was found dead. Nepal
       was lying unconscious."

      Chepulal Mahato (PW-14) was son of Joyram, who was a bargardar of C
plot No. 550. Joyram died during trial and as such he was not examined. He
had lodged a first information report as the accused persons had cut away
the paddy from their barga land on the previous day. He stated:

       "My father, Jairam died during the pendency of this case. He died due D
       to old age. Tangi is also known to us as tabla. Prankrishna was my
       elder brother. Prankrishna had been murdered. The incident took place
       on 15th Agrahayan. 5/6 years ago at about 8 a.m. On the day of
       incident, at morning I accompanied my brother, Nepal, to our paddy
       field in Sibotoor land in Mouza, Bhadsa to inspect as to what extent
       the paddy of that land had been cut by Nilkantha and others on the E
       previous day. It was then 6 am. We returned to our home from the
       field. I heard a hulla while I was in the house I saw from our kitchen
       garden that many persons were present in our Sibottor land which
       was cultivated by us as bargadar. These persons were cutting paddy.
       I informed the matter to Nepal and Prankrishna. I came out of the
       house with my brothers and met Digam, Ambuj, Dashrath, Haradhan. F
       My brothers asked these persons to go to our barga land as paddy
       was being cut there. While we are proceeding to the field we met
       Subhas. Subhas also accompanied us on our request. My uncle, Sibu
       also followed us. We ·reached our field. Nilkantha, Biswa and other
       were cutting paddy. We asked them not to do so. The paddy was G
       being cut by hired labourers while Nilkantha Biswa and others were
       on the ail on the land. We asked the labourers also not to cut paddy.
       An altercation started. Then Bulu Mahato threw arrow towards us
       which struck mouth of Nepal. Nepal was then on our land. Nilkantha
       and others then shouted "Mar Salake". We retreated, but Nilkantha
                                                                               H
    908                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2005] SUPP. 4 S.C.R.

A          and his companions threw arrows towards us. Nilkantha and others
           gheraoed us on the bank of Uppar Bundh. Mathan struck Nepal with
           tabla on his leg. Pata! struck Nepal with sword. Nepal fell down on
           the ground. Haralal struck Nepal with sword. Biswa assaulted Nepal
           with lathi and so also Nilkantha. Prankrishna left to rescue Nepal. But
           Mathan struck Prankrishna with tabla at his right leg. Biswa assaulted
B          Prankrishna with lathi on left leg. Kalipada was present. Prankrishna
           fell down on the ground. Kalipada gave order to finish. Ramanath took
           a table from Haralal and struck Prankrishna at his shoulder. I came to
           the rescue of my brothers, but Nilkantha assaulted me with lathi on
           my head. Bulu threw an arrow to me. It struck my hand. Sambhu also
c          protested against the assault. But, Lalbas assaulted Shambhu with an
           iron rod. Pata!, struck Siju with sword. We retreated to some extent
           due to this assault. After assault, the accused fled away."

         The evidences of other two injured witnesses Siju Mahatao (PW-18)
    and Nepal Mahatao (PW-25) are to the same effect.
D
          It is noteworthy that Nepal Mahato in his cross-examination described
    the history of the ownership of the land and/ or bargadarship of Joyram in
    the following tenns:

           "In May, 1980 we have purchased the remaining portion of plot no.
E          550 from Kartick Chowdhury. My father applied for barga recording
           on 12.5.80. My father applied for such recording in respect of plot
           nos. 669, 674 and entire of 550.

                                      *** *** ***
           These three plots are contiguous .... .In 1980 we three brothers and
F          father were in the same mess. Nagen Mahato, Paresh Sahis are aware
           of the fact that we grew paddy on these three plots in 1980.

                                      *** *** ***
           Not a fact that the incident did not take place on plot no. 550. Not
G          a fact that accused were cutting paddy on their purchased land on
           plot nos. 669 and 674 on the day of alleged incident. Not a fact that
           on the day of incident we forcibly resisted the accused as the accused
           cut paddy on our barga land on previous day. Not a fact that we went
           to the case land with prearranged plan."
H
        BISHNA@BHISWADEB MAHAT01·. STATEOFWESTBENGAL[SINHA,J.]           909

      The fact that evidence of other independent witnesses also points out A
the overt acts played by each one of the accused is also not in dispute.
Nothing has been brought to our notice to show that the presence of the eye-
witnesses who were independent witnesses are wholly unreliable. Two of the
injured witnesses were sons of Joyram.

      Besides the eye-witnesses, two more witnesses, namely, Lalbehari Mhato B
and Ramdulal Mahato, were examined by the prosecution being PWs. 16 and
19. Tthey came to the place of occurrence immediately after the incident had
taken place ~nd found the dead body of Prankrishna and injured Napa! in an
unconscious state. Lalbehari Mahato (PW-16) found the mother of Prankrishna
and Nepal weeping as also Chepulal and Shambhu present there. He heard C
about the entire incident from Chepulal including the role played by each of
the Appellants and others. PW-19 also corroborated the testimonies of the
prosecution witnesses. He heard about the incident from Subhas Mahato.

       The evidence of these two witnesses corroborate the evidence of the
prosecution witnesses as also the allegations made in the F.I.R. Their evidence D
is admissible in terms Section 6 of the Indian Evidence Act. The evidence of
other independent witnesses who are not inimically disposed of towards the
accused is sufficient to concur with the findings of fact arrived at by the High
Court.

     Mr. Gupta made strong criticism as regard the following findings of the   E
High Court:

            "From the evidence discussed above we have seen that almost all
       the eye-witnesses have named Mathan and Bishma as having assaulted
       Prankrishna with tabla and lathi respectively. So far as the accused,
       Ramanath, is concerned, the PWs. 2, 3, 13, 14, 18, 22 and 25 have F
       stated that when Prankrishna fell down on being assaulted by Mathan
       and Bishma, the accused Ramanath took a table (Tangi or spear is
       called Tabla by these people) from Haralal and assaulted Prankrishna
       on his shoulder (some say "shoulder'', some say "neck") causing
       bleeding injury there. It is to be noted that in the cross-examination G
       of the PWs. 2, 13, 14 & 18, against such statements of them they have
       been asked if they made such statements to the 1.0., when all of them
       have answered in the affirmative. But as against such positive
       statements no further cross-examination has been made. What is done
       by the defence is putting the same question to the 1.0. when he has
       said that no such statement was made by these witnesses to him. But H
     910                    SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2005] SUPP. 4 S.C.R.

A           this answer of the 1.0. will not have any legal effect in favour of the
            defence, because in such a case the legal requirement is that the
            defence should have to cross-examine this statement by first giving
            a suggestion to such a witness to the contrary effect that he has not
            made any such statement to the 1.0. and then would put the question
            to the 1.0. and take his answer. Otherwise the statement made by the
B           witnesses concerned in his cross-examination in positive from will
            confirm to be taken as admitted. But, what is more in support of the
            prosecution in this regard is the fact that the evidence of P.W.3,
            Ambuj, P.W.22, Gandhi Mahatani, and P.W.25 Nepal Mahato, on this
            point has not been challenged in the lest... ... "
c         Section 145 of the Indian Evidence Act is attracted when a specific
    contradiction is required to be taken; but we may point out that in certain
    cases omissions are also considered to be contradictions [See Shri Gopal
    and Anr. v. Subhash and Ors. JT (2004) 2 SC 158; Sekar alias Raja Sekharan
    v. State Represented by Inspector of Police, TN.; and State of Maharashtra
D   v. Bharat Chaganlal Raghani and Ors., [2001] 9 SCC I, para 51.

          But It is not necessary for us to dilate on the said ques:ion in this case.
    The High Court noticed that the evidence of PW-3. Ambuj, and PW-25, Nepal
    Mahato, had not been put to test of cross-examination, in that behalf. It found
    that Ambuj has not been subjected to any cross-examination at all in regard
E   to his statement that Ramanath took a tabla from Haralal and with it hit the
    deceased. As we have not placed any reliance on the statement of PW-22,
    we need not refer to her statement, although even her statement in this behalf
    was not challenged. As regard PW-5, the High Court noticed that it had only
    been put to the 1.0., PW-28 in the cross examination, stating :
F           ".... P. W.25 did not state before me that Kalipada issued orders for
            finishing the complainant's party prior to Ramanath assaulted Pran
            Krishna with tangi on his shoulder".

           When an incident takes place in a village in the morning and that too
G at the harvesting time, presence of the villagers and in particular those who
  claim right, title, ownership as well as possession of the land in question is
  not unnatural. An occurrence took taken place on the previous day. The
  witnesses did not say that they had run away from their land to some other
  place. They merely said that they retreated to some extent and thereafter they
  were chased. The assault on the deceased as also other prosecution witnesses
H took place almost at the same place. The investigating officer found the dead
        BISHNA@BHISWADEB MAHA TO v. STATE OF WEST BENGAL [SINHA, J]      91 J

body of Prankrishna as also Nepal Mahato in an unconscious condition near A
about the same place.

      The presence of the accused with deadly weapons at the place of
occurrence and the fact that they had been harvesting the paddy grown by
the complainant being not in dispute, there is absolutely no reason as to why
the account of the prosecution witnesses should be discarded particularly B
when sufficient material have been brought on record to show that despite
the fact that they retreated to some extent, they were chased and caused
death to Prankrishna and injuries to others which would lead to only one
conclusion that the said act was in furtherance of their common intention.

      It is not, therefore, possible to accept the submission of Mr. Gupta that C
we should ignore the testimonies of all the eye-witnesses including the
injured witnesses.

      Considered as a whole, we find the evidence of the prosecution witnesses
to be clear and cogent. They are consistent and creditworthy. Some of the D
witnesses, as noticed hereinbefore, are independent and disinterested. There
may be certain omissions on their part but if considered as a whole and in
particular with the medico-legal evidences, we do not find any reason to
disbelieve the same.

      First Information Report, it is well settled, need not be an encyclopedic E
one. It need not contain all the details of the incident.

      Furthermore, little bit of discrepancies or improvement do not necessarily
demolish the testimony. (See Arjun and Ors. v. State of Rajasthan, AIR (1994)
SC 2507]. Trivial discrepancy, as is well-known, should be ignored. Under
circumstantial variety the usual character of human testimony is substantially F
true. Similarly, innocuous omission is inconsequential.

      The testimony of an injured witness vis-a-vis improvement and
inconsistencies in their evidence as regard part played by each of the accused
may not itself be a ground to disbelieve the witnesses when having regard
to prove injuries on them it would have been impossible to give a detail G
ground of the incident. (See Navganbhai Somabhai and Ors v. State of
Gujarat, AIR (1994) SC 1187].

     It has been established that even when the first protest was made,
Nilkantha shouted "Mar Salake" whereupon the prosecution witnesses H
    912                     SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2005] SUPP. 4 S.C.R.

A retreated and different accused pe;sons chased them with respective weapons.
    Once again, Kalipada gave an order to finish all whereupon Ramanath took
    a tabla from Haralal and struck Prankrishna and Prankrishna succumbed to his
    injuries. Subhas Mahato (PW-13) also deposed to the similar effect that
    Ramanath took a table from Haralal and assaulted the deceased on his shoulder
B   whereupon Prankrishna fell down. PW-14 is also an injured witness. PW-14
    stated:

            "Nilkantha and others then shouted, 'mar salaki'. We retreated, but
            Nilkantha and his companions threw arrows towards us. Nilkantha
            and others gheraoed us on the bank of Uparbunds. Mathan struck
            Nepal with tabla on his leg. Pata! struck Nepal with sword. Nepal fell
c           down on the ground. Haralal struck Nepal with sword. Biswa assaulted
            Nepal with lathi and so also Nilkantha. Prankrishna left to rescue
            Nepal, but Mathan struck Prankrishna with tabla at his right leg.
            Biswa assaulted Prankrishna with lathi on left leg. Kalipada was present.
            Prankrishna fell down on the ground. Kalipada gave order to finish.
D           Ramnath took a table from Haralal and struck Prankrishna at his
            shoulder."

          Siju Mahato (PW-18) who was also an injured witness categorically
    stated that Kalipada was present with a gun and Bikal and Kalipada gave
    order to finish whereupon Ramanath took a table from Haralal an_d assaulted
E   Prankrishna at his neck. In his cross-examination, Siju Mahato also categorically
    stated that Kalipada and Bikal gave order to finish.

          Another injured witness was Nepal Mahato (PW-25). In his deposition
    before the court he corroborated the prosecution case stating:

F               "Then Mathan came and struck me at my left leg with a tabla from
            back side. Simultaneously Haralal struck me with a tabla on my back.
            Bhiswa assaulted me with a lathi on my head. I fell down on the
            ground. Thereafter Nilkantha assaulted me with lathi. My elder brother
            Prankrishna tried to save me. While he was trying to come near me,
            Mathan struck Prankrishna at his right leg with tabla. Bhiswa assaulted
G           Prankrishna with lathi at his left leg. Prankrishna fell down on the
            ground. Kalipada, Nilkantha, Bishwa shouted to finish. Thereafter,
            Ramanath took a table from Haralal and struck Prankrishna at his neck.
            I was thereafter assaulted and lost my senses. Prankrishna succumbed
            to his injuries. I regained my senses at hospital after 5/6 days. I was
H           examined by police later on. I narrated the incident to police. I was
        BISHNA@BHISWADEB MAHATO v. STATE OF WEST BENGAL [SINHA, J.]            913

        detailed at the hospital for about 24 days."                                   A
      Thus, about incitement by Kalipada, five witnesses, namely, Sambhu
Mahato (PW-I), Subhas Mahato (PW-13), Chepulal Mahato (PW-14), Siju
Mahato (PW-18) and Nepal Mahato (PW-25), categorically stated the role
played by Kalipada whereafter only Ramanath took a tabla from Haralal and
assaulted Prankrishna at his neck.                                                     B
      Sambhu Mahato (PW-I), Chepulal Mahato (PW-14), Siju Mahato (PW-
18) and Nepal Mahato (PW-25) categorically stated that all the accused persons
shouted "marosaladiga".

      The depositions of the said witnesses clearly establish that the accused         C
persons armed with deadly weapons went to the plot of complainant party
with a common object to harvest the paddy and when asked not to do so they
were attacked and when they retreated to some extent they chased and caused
injuries to the deceased and other witnesses. This clearly establishes that the
said act was in furtherance of a common intention.
                                                                                       D
      As the Appellants herein and other accused persons were aggressors,
no right of private defence could be claimed by them particularly when it has
been proved beyond any reasonable doubt that the prosecution witnesses
were first chased and then assaulted.
                                                                                       E
      The prosecution evidences further clearly establish that the land was in
possession of Joyram, who was bargadar of Kartick Chodhury.

       The First Information Report, it is well-settled, need not be encyclopedia
of the events. It is not necessary that all relevant and irrelevant facts in details
should be stated therein. In the First Information Report, it has been specifically    F
stated that Kalipada Mahato was standing behind armed with a gun and when
they objected, all the accused persons attacked the prosecution witnesses
saying 'Maro Saladigokay' (assault the salas). The prosecution witnesses in
their statements before the court had categorically stated that Kalipada Mahato
also exhorted more than once. It may be true that he had no axe to grind. He
was not claiming ownership of the plot in question; but there are materials            G
on record to show that the complainant party and the accused belong to two
rival political groups. Thus, Kalipada Mahato might have a political score to
settle, as otherwise it is difficult to accept that although those claiming the
ownership of the land in question would go there with lathis, he would be
present at the spot with a gun.                                                        H
    914                       SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2005] SUPP. 4 S.C.R.

A         It must be taken note of that the exhortation by Kalipada Mahato might
    be general in character. From the evidence of the witnesses, it appears that
    Kalipada Mahato has used the word 'finish' only after Prankrishna fell down
    having been assaulted by the other accused persons, named by them.

          For the purpose of attracting Section 149 and/or 34 !PC, a specific
B   overt act on the part of the accused is not necessary. He may wait and watch
    inaction on the part of an accused may some time go a long way to hold that
    he shared a common object with others.

          Mr. Gupta laid emphasis on the fact that serious injuries on the accused
C Mathan have not been explained. We may, at this juncture, only notice that
    in the first information report, Sambhu Mahato (PW-I) stated:

            "Amongst us, some one might have assaulted some of the aggressors
            with lathi in order to save life."

          The witnesses indisputably in their cross-examinations did not accept
D the said fact presumably because they were accused in the counter-case,
    presumably on the premise that if they admitted the same, they would have
    accepted their guilt. It is now well-settled that it is not imperative to prove
    the injuries on the person of the accused irrespective of the facts and
    circumstances of the case including the admitted facts. Normally such a plea
E   is entertained when the right of self defence is accepted by the court.

           The fact as regard failure to explain injuries on accused vary from case
    to case. Whereas non-explanation of injuries suffered by the accused
    probabilises the defence version that the prosecution side attacked first, in a
    given situation it may also be possible to hold that the explanation given by
F   the accused about his injury is not satisfactory and the statements of the
    prosecution witnesses fully explain the same and, thus, it is possible to hold
    that the accused had committed a crime for which he was charged. Where
    injuries were sustained by both sides and when both the parties suppressed
    the genesis in the incident, or where coming out with the partial truth, the
    prosecution may fail. But, no law in general terms can be laid down to the
G   effect that each and every case where prosecution fails to explain injuries on
    the person of the accused, the same should be rejected without any further
    probe. [See Bankey Lal and Ors. v. The State of U.P. AIR (1971) SC 2233
    and Mohar Rai v. The State of Bihar AIR (1968) SC 1281.]

          hi Lakshmi Singh (supra), whereupon Mr. Gupta placed strong reliance,
H
       BISHNA@BHfSWADEB MAHA TO v. STATE OF WEST BENGAL [SINHA, l]      915

the law is stated in the following terms:                                     A
       " .. .It seems to us that taking the entire picture of the narrative given
        by the witnesses, in the peculiar facts of this case, the contention
       cannot be said to be without substance. The most important fact
       which reinforces this conclusion is that the accused headed by Jagdhari
       Singh had absolutely no motive, no reason and no concern with the B
       deceased or their relations and there was absolutely no earthly reason
       why they should have made a common cause with Ramsagar Singh
       and Dasrath Singh over what was a purely domestic matter between
       Dasrath Singh and his cousins. It seems to us that having regard to
       the serious enmity which PWs I to 4 had against the appellants headed C
       by Jagdhari Singh, they must have made it a condition precedent to
       depose in favour of the prosecution or support the case only if Dasai
       Singh PW 6 would agree to implicate the appellants Jagdhari Singh
       and others and to assign them vital roles in the drama staged so that
       the witnesses could get the best possible opportunity to wreak
       vengeance on their enemies. In fact the prosecution evidence itself D
       shows that to begin with a dispute started only between Dasrath Singh
       and Ramsagar Singh on the one hand and Chulhai Singh and Brahmdeo
       on the other and the other accused persons appeared on the scene
       later on. This dramatic appearance of the other accused persons seems
       to have been introduced as an embellishment in the case at the instance
       of PWs I to 4. There are other infirmities in the prosecution case also E
       which throw a serious doubt on the prosecution case."

     In Dashrath Singh v. State of UP. [2004] 7 SCC 408, it was stated:

       "19 ... lt is here that the need to explain the injuries of serious nature
       received by the accused in the course of same occurrence arises. F
       When explanation is given, the correctness of the explanation is liable
       to be tested. If there is an omission to explain, it may lead to the
       inference that the prosecution has suppressed some of the relevant
       details concerning the incident. The Court has then to consider whether
       such omission casts a reasonable doubt on the entire prosecution G
       story or it will have any effect on the other reliable evidence available
       having bearing on the origin of the incident. Ultimately, the factum
       of non-explanation of injuries is one circumstance which has to be
       kept in view while appreciating the evidence of prosecution witnesses.
       In case the prosecution version is sought to be proved by partisan or
                                                                              H
    916                       SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2005] SUPP. 4 S.C.R.

A           interested witnesses, the non-explanation of serious injuries may prima
           facie make a dent on the credibility of their evidence. So also where
           the defence version accords with probabilities to such an extent that
            it is difficult to predicate which version is true, then, the factum of
           non-explanation of the injuries assumes greater importance. Much
           depends on the quality of the evidence adduced by the prosecution
B          and it is from that angle, the weight to be attached to the aspect of
           non-explanation of the injuries should be considered. The decisions
           abovecited would make it clear that there cannot be a mechanical or
           isolated approach in examining the question whether the prosecution
           case is vitiated by reason of non-explanation of injuries. In other
C          words, the non-explanation of injuries of the accused is one of the
           factors that could be taken into account in evaluating the prosecution
           evidence and the intrinsic worth of the defence version."

          In Shriram v. State of MP., (2004] 9 SCC 292, it was observed:

            "8. We shall next deal with the aspect relating to injuries on the
D
            accused and the question of right of private defence. The number of
            injuries is not always a safe criterion for determining who the aggressor
            was. It cannot be stated as a universal rule that whenever the injuries
            are on the body of the accused persons, a presumption must necessarily
            be raised that the accused persons had caused injuries in exercise of
E           the right of private defence. The defence has to further establish that
            the injuries found were suffered in the same oc~urrence and that such
            injuries on the accused probal?ilise the version of the right of private
            defence. Non-explanation of the injuries sustained by the accused at
            about the time of occurrence or in the course of altercation is a very
            important circumstance. But mere non-explanation of the injuries by
F
            the prosecution may not affect the prosecution case in all cases. This
            principle applies to cases where the injuries sustained by the accused
            are minor and superficial or where the evidence is so clear and cogent,
           ·so independent and disinterested, so probable, consistent and
            creditworthy, that it far outweighs the effect of the omission on the
G           part of the prosecution to explain the injuries. (See Lakshmi Singh v.
            State of Bihari.) A plea of right of private defence cannot be based
            on surmises and speculation. While considering whether the right of
            private defence is available to an accused, it is not relevant whether
            he may have a chance to inflict severe and mortal injury on the
            aggressor. In order to find whether the right of private defence is
H
       BISHNA @BHISWADEB MAHATO '' STATE OF WEST BENGAL [SINHA, J.]       9 J7

        available to an accused, the entire incident must be examined with       A
        care and viewed in its proper setting,,,."

      Such is not the position here.

       We have furthermore noticed the concurrent finding of both the courts
that the accused were guilty of commission of an offence under Section 148       B
of the IPC. The fact that they were aggressors and initiated the attack on the
deceased and other witnesses on the land in question and thereafter at ihe bed
of the tank, thus, stands established.

     At this juncture, we may notice some of the decisions relied upon by
Mr. Gupta.                                                                C
      In Mohar Rai (supra) the prosecution case is that the Appellant therein
was chased and caught and at that time he was having revolver in his hand.
The defence plea was that no shot was fired from his revolver and in fact he
having been seriously injured was not in a position to fire any shot from the
revolver. The reports of the ballistic expert examined by the prosecution and    D
defence were contradictory in nature. He was also acquitted under the
provisions of the Arms Act. In that situation, it was observed:

       "6. The trial court as well as the High Court wholly ignored the
       significance of the injuries found on the appellants. Mohar Rai had E
       sustained as many as 13 injuries and Bharath Rai 14. We get it from
       the evidence of PW 15 that he noticed injuries on the person of
       Mohar Rai when he was produced before him immediately after the
       occurrence. Therefore the version of the appellants that they sustained
       injuries at the time of the occurrence is highly probablised. Under
       these circumstances the prosecution had a duty to explain those F
       injuries .... "

     In Amar Malla and Ors. v. State of Tripura, [2002] 7 SCC 91, this
Court held:

       "9 .. .lt is well settled that merely because the prosecution has failed G
       to explain injuries on the accused persons,- ipso facto the same cannot
       be taken to be a ground for throwing out the prosecution case,
       especially when the same has been supported by eyewitnesses,
       including injured ones as well, and their evidence is corroborated by
       medical evidence as well as objective finding of the investigating
       officer."                                                                H
    918                       SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2005] SUPP. 4 S.C.R.

A         The said decision runs counter to the submissions of Mr. Gupta.

          In Subramani and Ors. v. State of TN. [2002] 7 SCC 210 again a
    positive case of exercise of right of private defence was made out. Therein
    the question was as to whether the accused persons exceeded the right of
    private defence. They were held to have initially acted in exercise of their
B   right of private defence of property and in exercise of the right of private
    defence of person, observing :

           "21....In the instant case we are inclined to hold that the appellants
           had initially acted in exercise of their right of private defence of
           property, and later in exercise of the right of private defence of person.
c          It has been found that three of the appellants were also injured in the
           same incident. Two of the appellants, namely, Appellants 2 and 3 had
           injuries on their head, a vital part of the body. Luckily the injuries did
           not prove to be fatal because if inflicted with more force, it may have
           resulted in the fracture of the skull and proved fatal. What is, however,
D          apparent is the fact that the assault on them was not directed on non-
           vital parts of the body, but directed on a vital part of the body such
           as the head. ln these circumstances, it is reasonable to infer that the
           appellants entertained a reasonable apprehension that death or grievous
           injury may be the consequence of such assault. Their right of private
           defence, therefore, extended to the voluntarily causing of the death of
E          the assailants."

          Dharminder V. State of H.P. [2002] 7 SCC 488 was also a case where
    a plea ofright of private defence as regard property was put forward. Although
    in view of a decision of this Court in Takhaji Hiraji v. Thakore Kubersing
    Chamansing, [2001] 6 SCC 145, it was observed that the prosecution is
F   under duty to explain the injuries on the accused persons but the court noticed
    the following observations in paragraph 17 thereof:

            "Where the evidence is clear, cogent and creditworthy and where the
            court can distinguish the truth from falsehood the mere fact that the
            injuries on the side of the accused persons are not explained by the
G           prosecution cannot by itself be a sole basis to reject the testimony of
            the prosecution witnesses and consequently the whole of the
            prosecution case."

          Despite a serious injury on the person of the accused and despite the
H fact that the factum of injury has not been disclosed in the first information
        BISHNA @ BHISWADEB MAHA TO 1·. STATE OF WEST BENGAL [SINHA, J ]     919
report but only in the statement under Section 161 of the Code of Criminal A
Procedure by one of the witnesses, the court held that the factum of the
accused was not improper. The said decision also is of no assistance to the
prosecution.

       In Raghunath v. State of Haryana and Anr.. [2003) 1 SCC 398, this
Court did not rely upon only two witnesses having regard to the fact that the B
nature of injuries sustained by the complainants party would clearly suggest
that such injuries could only be caused in a melee which is the version of the
defence that injuries sustained by the deceased and other members of the
complainant party have been caused by a mob consisting of 300-350 people
while trying to rescue accused No. I. It was further held:                     C
        "32 ... Considering the nature of the injuries sustained by the
        complainant party it is quite probable that they sustained injuries
        accidentally while being involved in a mob fight"

       For the purpose of attracting Section I49 of the !PC, it is not necessary   D
that there should be a pre-concert by way of a meeting of the persons of the
unlawful assembly as to the common object. If a common object is adopted
by all the persons and shared by them, it would serve the purpose.

      In Mizaji and Anr v. The State of UP., [1959] Supp 1 SCR 940, it was
observed:
                                                                                   E
       ".... Even if the offence committed is not in direct prosecution of the
       common object of the assembly, it may yet fall under Section 149 if
       it can be held that the offence was such as the members knew was
       likely to be committed. The expression 'know' does not mean a mere
       possibility, such as might or might not happen. For instance, it is a F
       matter of common knowledge that when in a village a body of heavily
       armed men set out to take a woman by force, someone is likely to be
       killed and all the members of the unlawful assembly must be aware
       of that likelihood and would be guilty under the second part of Section
       149. Similarly, if a body of persons go armed to take forcible
       possession of the land, it would be equally right to say that they have G
       the knowledge that murder is likely to be committed if the
       circumstances as to the weapons carried and other conduct of the
       members of the unlawful assembly clearly point to such knowledge
       on the part of them all ... "
                                                                                   H
    920                        SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2005) SUPP. 4 S.C.R.

A          In Masai ti v. State of UP., [I 964] 8 SCR 13 3, a contention on the basis
    ofa decision of this Court in Baladin v. State of Uttar Pradesh, AIR (1956)
    SC 181 stating that it is well-settled that mere presence in an assembly does
    not make a person, who is present, a member of an unlawful assembly unless
    it is shown that he had done something or omitted to do something which
    would make him a member of an unlawful assembly, that an overt act was
B   mandatory, was repelled by this Court stating that such observation was
    made in the peculiar fact of the case. Explaining the scope and purport of
    Section 149 of the lPC, it was held:

            " .... What has to be proved against a person who is alleged to be a
            member of an unlawful assembly is that he was one of the persons            .:.
c           constituting the assembly and he entertained long with the other
            members of the assembly the common object as defined by Section
            141 !PC Section 142 provides that whoever, being aware of facts
            which render any assembly an unlawful assembly intentionally joins
            that assembly, or continue in it, is said to be a member of an unlawful
D           assembly. In other words, an assembly of five or more persons actuated
            by, and entertaining one or more of the common object specified by
            the five clauses of Section 141, is an unlawful assembly. The crucial
            question to determine in such a case is whether the assembly consisted
            of five or more persons and whether the said persons entertained one
            or more of the common objects as specified by Section 141. While
E           determining this question, it becomes relevant to consider whether
            the assembly consisted of some persons who were merely passive
            witnesses and had joined the assembly as a matter of idle curiosity
            without intending to entertain the common object of the assembly .... "

          It was further observed:
F
            "In fact, Section 149 makes it clear that if an offence is committed
            by any member of an unlawful assembly in prosecution of the common
            object of that assembly, or such as the members of that assembly
            knew to be likely to be committed in prosecution of that object, every
G           person who, at the time of the committing of that offence, is a member
            of the same assembly, is guilty of that offence; and that emphaticaliy
            brings out the principle that the punishment prescribed by Section
            149 is in a sense vicarious and does not always proceed on the basis
            that the offence has been actually committed by every member of the
            unlawful assembly."
H
          BISHNA @ BHISWADEB MAHA TO "· ST ATE OF WEST BENGAL [SINHA, l]         92 J
         Yet again in Bhajan Singh and Ors. v. State of Uttar Pradesh [1974]            A
    4 sec 568, it was held:

            "13. Section 149 IPC constitutes, per se, a substantive offence although
            the punishment is under the section to which it is tagged being
            committed by the principal offender in the unlawful assembly, known
            or unknown. Even assuming that the unlawful assembly was formed             B
            originally only to beat, it is clearly established in the evidence that
            the said object is well-knit with what followed as the dangerous finale
            of, call it, the beating. This is not a case where something foreign or
            unknown to the object has taken place all of a sudden. It is the
            execution of the same common object which assumed the fearful               C
            character implicit in the illegal action undertaken by the five accused."

           In Shri Gopal and Anr. v. Subhash and Ors. JT (2004) 2 SC 158, it was
    stated:

           "15. The essence of the offence under Section 149 of the Indian
           Penal Code would be common object of the persons forming the                 D
           assembly. It is necessary for constitution of the offence that the object
           should be common to the persons who compose the assembly, that is,
           that they should all be aware of it and concur in it. Furthermore, there
           must be some present and immediate purpose of carrying into effect
           the common object. A common object is different from a common                E
           intention insofar as in the former no prior consent is required, nor a
           prior meeting of minds before the attack would be required whereas
           an unlawful object can develop after the people get there and there
           need not be a prior meeting of minds."

          Sections 149 and 34, however, stand on some different footings although       F
    application of both the sections may be held to be mandatory.

          In Ram Taha/ and Ors. v. The State of UP., [1972] 1 SCC 136, a
    Division Bench of this Court noticed:

           " ... A 5-Judge Bench of this Court in Mohan Singh v. State of Punjab        G
           has further reiterated this principle where it was pointed out that like
           Section 149 of the !PC Section 34 of that Code also deals with cases
           of constructive liability but the essential constituent of the vicarious
•          criminal liability under Section 34 is the existence of a common
           intention, but being similar in some ways the two sections in some
                                                                                        H
    922                       SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2005] SUPP. 4 S.C.R.

A           cases may overlap. Nevertheless common intention, which Section
            34 has its basis, is different from the common object of unlawful
            assembly. It was pointed out that common intention denotes action in
            concert and necessarily postulates a pre-arranged plan, a prior meeting
            of minds and an element of participation in action. The acts may be
            different and vary in character but must be actuated by the same
B           common intention which is different from same intention or similar
            intention ... "

          It may be true that the right of private defence need not specifically be
    taken and in the event the court on the basis of the materials on records is
C   in a position to come to such a conclusion, despite some other 1plea had been
    raised that such a case had been made out, may act thereupon.

         In Laxman Singh v. Poonam Singh and Ors., [2004] IO SCC 94, this
    Court observed:

           "7 ... But mere non-explanation of the injuries by the prosecution may
D          not affect the prosecution case in all cases. This principle applies to
           cases where the injuries sustained by the accused are minor and
           superficial or where the evidence is so clear and cogent, so independent
           and disinterested, so probable, consistent and creditworthy, that it far
           outweighs the effect of the omission on the part of the prosecution to
E          explain the injuries. (See Lakshmi Singh v. State of Bihar) A plea of
           right of private defence cannot be based on surmises and speculation.
           While considering whether the right of private defence is available to
           an accused, it is not relevant whether he may have a chance to inflict
           severe and mortal injury on the aggressor. In order to find whether
           the right of private defence is available to an accused, the entire
F          incident must be examined with care and viewed in its proper setting"

         Yet again in Chacko alias Aniyan Kunju and Ors. v. State of Kera/a,
    [2004J 12 sec 269,

            "7 ... Undisputedly, there were injuries found on the body of the accused
G           persons on medical evidence. That per se cannot be a ground to
            totally discard the prosecution version. This is a factor which has to
            be weighed along with other materials to see whether the prosecution
            version is reliable, cogent and trustworthy. When the case of the
            prosecution is supported by an eyewitness who is found to be truthful
            as well, mere non-explanation of the injuries on the accused persons
H
        BISHNA @ BHISWADEB MAHA TO v. STATE OF WEST BENGAL [SINHA, J.]        923
         cannot be a foundation for discarding the prosecution version.               A
         Additionally, the dying declaration was found to be acceptable."

      In Vajrapu Sambayya Naidu and Ors. v. State of A.P. and Ors., [2004]
 JO SCC I 52, whereupon Mr. Gupta placed strong reliance, is distinguishable
 on facts. Therein a finding of fact was arrived at that not only the complainant's
-decree for eviction was obtained against the informant, actual delivery of           B
 possession was also effected and accused No. 13 came in a possession of
 land. In the said factual backdrop, this Court observed that the complexion
 of the entire case changes because in such an event the Appellants cannot be
 held to be aggressors. The fact of the present case, however, stands on a
 different footing.
                                                                                      c
       Once it is established that the complainant party were in possession of
the land in question as also cultivated the same and grew paddy thereupon
the question of the Appellant's exercising of right of private defence as
regard property does not arise. Such a right could only be claimed by the
complainant. So far as the purported right of private defence of a person is          D
concerned, it has been proved beyond any shadow of doubt that the accused
were the aggressors. They came to the land in question to harvest paddy
through hired labourers. They were armed fully when they were asked not to
harvest paddy, they chased and assaulted the prosecution witnesses. In this
situation the Appellants were not entitled to claim right of private defence.
                                                                                      E
SELF-DEFENCE

       'Right of private defence' is not defined. Nothing is an offence in terms
of Section 96 of the Indian Penal Code, if it is done in exercise of the right
of private defence. Section 97 deals with the subject matter of private defence.
The plea of right of private defence comprises the body or property. It,              F
however, extends not only to person exercising the right; but to any other
person. The right may be exercised in the case of any offence against the
body and in the case of offences of theft, robbery, mischief or criminal
trespass and attempts at such offences in relation to property. Sections 96 and
98 confer a right of private defence against certain offences and acts. Section       G
99 lays down the limit therefor. The right conferred upon a person in terms
of Section 96 to 98 and JOO to 106 is controlled by Section 99. In terms of
Section 99 of the Indian Penal Code, the right of private defence, in no case,
extends to inflicting of more harm than it is necessary to inflict for the
purpose of defence. Section I 00 provides that the right of private defence of
the body extends under the restrictions mentioned in the last preceding section       H
    924                       SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2005] SUPP. 4 S.C.R.

A to the voluntary causing of death or of any other harm to the assailant if the
    offence which occasions the exercise of the right be of any of the descriptions
    enumerated therein, namely, "First Such an assault, as may reasonably cause
    the apprehension that death will otherwise be the consequence of such assault;
    Secondly-Such an assault as may reasonably cause the apprehension that
    grievous hurt will otherwise pe the consequence of such assault". To claim
B   a right of private defence extending to voluntary causing of death, the accused
    must show that there were circumstances giving rise to reasonable grounds
    for apprehending that either death or grievous hurt would be caused to him.
    The burden in this behalf is on the accused.


c of the Sections  I 02 and I 05 !PC deal with commencement and continuance
          right of private defence of body as well as property. It commences as
    soon as a reasonable apprehension of danger to the body arises from an
    attempt, or threat, to commit the offence, although the offence may not have
    been committed, but not until there is reasonable apprehension. In other
    words, the right lasts so long as the reasonable apprehension of the danger
D   to the body continues.

          So far as exercise of right of private defence of property extended to
    causing death is concerned, the same is covered by Section I 03 of the Indian
    Penal Code. Such a right is available if the offence, the commission of which,
    or the attempting to commit which, occasions the exercise of the right, be an
E   offence of any of the descriptions enumerated, viz., robbery, house-breaking
    by night, mischief by ·fire committed on any building, theft, mischief or
    house-trespass. The said provision, therefore, has no application.

          Section I 04 provides that in relation to the offences as enumerated in
    Section I 03, the right of private defence can be exercised to the voluntary
F   causing to the wrong-doer of any harm other than ·death. Section I 05 provides
    for commencement and continuance of the right of private defence of property
    which reads as under:

           "105. Commencement and continuance of the right of private defence
           of property-The right of private defence of property commences
G
           when a reasonable apprehension of danger to the property commences.

                 The right of private defence of property against theft continues
           till the offender has effected his retreat with the property or either the
           assistance of the public authorities is obtained, or the property has
           been recovered.
H
            BISHNA@BHISWADEB MAHATOv. STATE OF WEST BENGAL [SINHA, l]        925

                The right 01 private defence of property against robbery continues A
            as long as the offender causes or attempts to cause to any person
            death or hurt, or wrongful restraint or as long as the fear of instant
            death or of instant hurt or of instant personal restraint continues.

               The right of private defence of property against criminal trespass
            or mischief continues as long as the offender continues in the          B
            commission or criminal trespass or mischief.

               The right of private defence of property against house-breaking
            by night continues as long as the house-trespass which has been
            begun by such house-breaking continues."
                                                                                    c
           Section I 05 of the Indian Evidence Act casts the burden of proof on the
     accused who sets up the plea of self-defence and in the absence of proof, it
     may not be possible for the court to presume the correctness or otherwise of
     the said plea. No positive evidence although is required to be adduced by the
     accused; it is possible for him to prove the said fact by eliciting the necessary
     materials from the witnesses examined by the prosecution. He can establish D
     his plea also from the attending circumstances, as may transpire from the
     evidence led by the prosecution itself.

            In a large number of cases, this Court, however, has laid down the law
     that a person who is apprehending death or bodily injury cannot weigh in E
     golden scales on the spur of the moment and in the heat of circumstances, the
     number of injuries required to disarm the assailants who were armed with
     weapons. In moments of excitement and disturbed equilibrium it is often
     difficult to expect the parties to preserve composure and use exactly only so
•.   much force in retaliation commensurate with the danger apprehended to him
     where assault is imminent by use of force. All circumstances are required to F
     be viewed with pragmatism and any hyper-technical approach should be
     avoided.

           To put it simply , if a defence is made out, the accused is entitled to
     be acquitted and if not he will be convicted of murder. But in case of use of
     excessive force, he would be convicted under Section 304 !PC.                 G
           A right of private defence cannot be claimed when the accused are
     aggressors, when they go to complainant's house well prepared for a fight
     and provoke the complainant party resulting in quarrel and taking undue
     advantage that the deceased was unarmed causes his death. It cannot be
     inferred that there was any sudden quarrel or fight, although there might be H
    926                       SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2005] SUPP. 4 S.C.R.

A mutual fight with weapons after the deceased was attacked. In such a situation,
    a plea of private defence would not be available [See Preetam Singh and Ors.
    v. State of Rajasthan (2003) 12 SCC 594.]

          In Sekar alias Raja Sekharan v. State Represented by Inspector of
    Police, T.N. [2002] 8 SCC 354, a Bench in which one of us was a member,
B observed :
                "10. In order to find whether right of private defence is available
            or not, the injuries received by the accused, the imminence of threat
            to his safety, the injuries caused by the accused and the circumstances
            whether the accused had time to have recourse to public authorities
c           are all relevant factors to be considered."

          In Laxman Singh (supra), this Court opined:

            "6 .... Where the right of private defence is pleaded, the defence must
            be a reasonable and probable version satisfying the court that the
D           harm caused by the accused was necessary for either warding off the
            attack or for forestalling the further reasonable apprehension from the
            side of the accused. The burden of establishing the plea of self-
            defence. is on the accused and the burden stands discharged by showing
            preponderance of probabilities in favour of that plea on the basis of
            the material on record ..... "
E
         In Gpttipulla Venkatasiva Subbarayanam and Ors. v. The State of
    Andhra Pradesh and Anr., [1970] l SCC 235, Dua, J. speaking for the Bench
    stated the law thus :

            " ... Section I 00 lays down the circumstances in which the right of
F           private defence of the body extends to the voluntary causing of death
            or of any other harm to the assailants. They are: (!) if the assault
            which occasions the exercise of the right reasonably causes the
            apprehension that death or grievous hurt would otherwise be the
            consequence thereof and (2) if such assault is inspired by an intention
G           to commit rape or to gratify unnatural lust or to kidnap or abduct or
            to wrongfully confine a person under circumstances which may
            reasonably cause apprehension tha:t the victim would be unable to
            have recourse to public authorities for his release. In case of less
            serious offences this right extends to causing any harm other than
            death. The right of private defence to the body commences as soon
H
            BISHNA@BHISWADEB MAHA TO v. STATE OF WEST BENGAL [SINHA. J.]         927
             as reasonable apprehension of danger to the body arises from an             A
             attempt or threat to commit the offence though the offence may not
             have been committed and it continues as long as the apprehension of
             danger to the body continues. The right of private defence of property
             under Section 103 extends, subject to Section 99, to the voluntary
             causing of death or of any other harm to the wrongdoer if the offence
             which occasions the exercise of the right is robbery, house-breaking        B
             by night, mischief by fire on any building etc. or if such offence is,
             theft, mischief or house trespass in such circumstances as may
             reasonably cause apprehension that death or grievous hurt will be the
             consequence, if the right of private defence is not exercised. This
             right commences when reasonable apprehension of danger to the               C
             property commences and its duration, as prescribed in Section 105,
             in case of defence against criminal trespass or mischief, continues as
             long as the offender continues in the commission of such offence.
             Section I 06 extends the right of private defence against deadly assault
             even when there is risk of harm to innocent persons."
                                                                                         D
           [See also State of MP. v. Ramesh (2005] 9 SCC 705]

            Private defence can be used to ward off unlawful force, to prevent
     unlawful force, to avoid unlawful detention and to escape from such detention.
     So far as defence of land against trespasser is concerned, a person is entitled
     to use necessary and moderate force both for preventing the trespass or to          E
     eject the trespasser. For the said purposes, the use of force must be the
     minimum necessary or reasonably believed to be necessary. A reasonable
     defence would mean a proportionate defence. Ordinarily, a trespasser would
     be first asked to leave and if the trespasser fights back, a reasonable force can
     be used.
                                                                                         F
           Defence of dwelling house, however, stand on a different footing. The
     law has always looked.with special indulgence on a man who is defending
     his dwelling against those who would unlawfully evict him; as for "the house
     of every one is to him as his castle and fortress".
                                                                                         G
           In Hussey (I 924) 18 Cr. App. Rep. 160, it was stated it would be lawful
     for a man to kill one who would unlawfully dispossess him of his home.

           Private defence and prevention of crime are sometimes indistingui~hable .
.I   Such a right is exercised because "there is a general liberty as between
     strangers to prevent a felony", The degree of force permissible should not          H
    928                       SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2005] SUPP. 4 S.C.R.

A differ, for instance, the in the case of a master defending his servant from the     :;.:...
    case of a brother defending his sister, or that of a complete stranger coming
    to the defence of another under unlawful attack.

          In .Kenny's 'Outlines of Criminal Law' by J.W. Cecil Turner, it is
    stated :
B
                "It is natural that a man who is attacked should resist, and his
            resistance, as such, will not be unlawful. It is not necessary that he
            should wait to be actually struck, before striking in self-defence. If
            one party raise up a threatening hand, then the other may strike. Nor
            is the right of defence limited to the particular person assailed; it
c           includes all who are under any obligation, even though merely social
            and not legal, to protect him. The old authorities exemplify this by
            the cases of a husband defending his wife, a child his parent, a master
            his servant, or a servant hi.s master (and perhaps the courts would
            now take a still more general view of this duty of the strong to protect
D           the weak)."

          The learned author further stated that self-defence, however, is not
    extended to unlawful force :

            "But the justification covers only blows struck in sheer self-defence
            and not in revenge. Accordingly if, when all the danger is over and
E
            no more blows are really needed for defence, the defender nevertheless
            ~trikes one, he commits an assault and battery. The numerous decisions
            that have been given as to the kind of weapons that may lawfully be
            used to repel an assailant, are merely applications of this simple
            principle. Thus, as we have already seen, where a person is attacked
F           in such a way that his life is in danger he is justified in even killing
            his assailant to prevent the felony. But an ordinary assault must not
            be thus met by the use of fire-arms or other deadly weapons .... "

          In Browne ((1973) NI 96 at 107], Lowry LCJ with regard to self-
    defence stated :
G
            "The need to act must not have been created by conduct of the accused
            in.the immediate context of the incident which was likely or intended
            to give rise to that need."

          As regard self-defence and prevention of crime in 'Criminal Law' by
H J.C. Smith & Brian Hogan, it is stated :
           BISHNA@BHISWADEB MAHA TO v. STATE OF WEST BENGAL [SINHA, J.]     929

                "Since self-defence may afford a defence to murder, obviously it A
           may do so to lesser offences against the person and subject to similar
           conditions. The matter is now regulated by s. 3 of the Criminal Law
           Act 1967. An attack which would not justify D in killing might
           justify him in the use of some less degree of force, and so afford a
           defence to a charge of wounding, or, a fortiori, common assault. But B
           the use of greater force than is reasonable to repel the attack will
           result in liability to conviction for common assault, or whatever offence
           the degree of harm caused and intended warrants. Reasonable force
           may be used in defence of property so that D was not guilty of an
           assault when he struck a bailiff who was unlawfully using force to
           enter D's home. Similar principles apply to force used in the prevention C
           of crime."

          The case at hand has to be considered having regard to the principles
    of law, as noticed hereinbefore. We have seen that in what circumstances and
    to what extent the right of private defence can be exercise would depend
    upon the fact situation obtaining in each case.                                D
    CONCLUSION :

         Except the Appellants, the other accused have not preferred any appeal.

         In view of our findings aforementioned, ordinarily we would have E
    upheld the conviction of the Appellants under Sections 302/l 09 and 302/34
    IPC, but the High Court has found the accused guilty as under :

           (i)   Mathan, Bhishwa and Ramanath Mahato under Section 302/34
                 IPC for committing the murder of Prankrishna Mahato;
           (ii) Kalipada Mahato under Section 302/109 IPC;                         F
           (iii) Mathan, Haralal, Ramal)ath and Pata! Mahato under Section 326/
                 34 IPC for causing grievous hurt to Nepal Mahato;
           (iv) Bulu Mahato under Section 324 !PC for causing hurt to Nepal
                and Chepualal Mahato;                                              G
           (v) Lalbas Mahato under Section 325 for causing grievous hurt to
               Shambhu Mahato; and

f          (vi) Pata! Mahato under Section 324 IPC for causing hurt to Siju
                Mahato.
                                                                                   H
    930                       SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2005] SUPP. 4 S.C.R.

A         It is difficult to reconcile this part of the judgment of the High Court.
    If common object/common intention of an offence under Section 149 or 34
    IPC was to be invoked, the same should have been invoked against those
    who shared common object/intention. The High Court has also not assigned
    any reason as to why Mathan, Bhiswa and Ramanath Mahato have been
B   found guilty under Section 302/34 IPC and not under Section 3021149 IPC.

          Furthermore, although in this case right of private defence was not
    exercisable; having regard to the peculiar facts and circumstances of the case,
    we are of the opinion that the possibility of the Appellants committing the
    crime without any intention to cause death cannot be ruled out.
c         We are, therefore, of the opinion that keeping in view the peculiar facts
    and circumstances of this case, the Appellant Nos. I and 2 should be convicted
    for an offence under Section 304 Part I read with Section 34 IPC instead of
    Section 302134 and 302/109. They are directed to undergo a sentence of
    rigorous imprisonment for seven years. The conviction and sentence of
D   Appellant Nos. 3, 4, 5 and 6 by the High Court is not disturbed. The judgment
    of conviction and sentence of the Appellants under Section 148 is upheld. All
    the sentences shall run concurrently.

          The appeals are allowed to the extent as mentioned hereinabove.

E   V.S.S.                                                   Appeal disposed of.