Holding

Only the two accused who directly fired at the victims were convicted; all other accused were acquitted due to reasonable doubt, and the benefit of the judgment extends to the non‑appealing accused.

Summary

The case concerned a mass murder on 25 August 1991 in which Vijay Singh was killed and Sanuj Singh injured; twelve men were charged under IPC sections 302, 149 and 307 and the Arms Act. The trial court convicted all accused, but on appeal the Supreme Court examined procedural lapses such as delay in lodging the FIR, delay in sending the FIR copy to the magistrate, and a nine‑day delay in recording the statement of the material injured witness. The Court also noted inconsistencies in eye‑witness testimony, the failure to register the case despite a doctor’s report, and the lack of any forensic proof linking most of the accused to the shooting. It held that only Jawahar Singh (A‑2) and Upender Singh (A‑3) were proved beyond reasonable doubt, while the remaining accused were entitled to the benefit of doubt. Consequently, the convictions of A‑2 and A‑3 were upheld and all other accused, including the non‑appealing A‑11, were acquitted, with the appeal partly allowed.

Issues considered

The effect of delay in lodging the FIR and in sending its copy to the magistrate under Section 157 Cr.P.C.
The impact of a nine‑day delay in recording the statement of the material injured witness on the prosecution case.
The reliability of inconsistent eye‑witness statements and their effect on convictions under Section 149 IPC.
Whether all accused can be convicted on a common object when evidence against many is lacking.
Whether an accused who did not file an appeal is entitled to the benefit of the judgment.

Legislation cited

Arms Act, 1959s. 27
Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973s. 154, s. 157
Indian Evidence Act, 1872s. 145, s. 161
Indian Penal Code, 1860s. 149, s. 302, s. 307

Subjects

murderattempt to murdercommon objectSection 149 IPCFIR delaywitness statement delaybenefit of doubtacquittalcriminal procedureArms Actevidentiary reliability

Judgment

BIJOY SINGH AND ANR. A
v.
STATE OF BIHAR

APRIL 17, 2002

[R.P. SETHI AND D.M. DHARMADHIKARI, JJ.] B
•
Penal Code, 1860 : Sections 302, 149 and 307:

Murder-Twelve accused-Evidence indicating involvement of two
accused in commission of crime-Death of one and injury to other victim- C
Delay in recording statement of material injured witness-Delay in lodging
FIR and sending report-Inconsistency in evidence of eye-witness-Held in
the circumstances involvement of only two accused was established-Their
conviction and sentence upheld-Other accused held entitled to benefit of
~ D
C<ide of Criminal Procedure, 1973: Sections 154 and 157:

FIR-Delay in lodging and sending report-Effect of-Magistrate
receiving report-Duty to note date and time of receipt.

Criminal trial-Party factions and group rivalries-:Tendency to implicate
E
innocent persons-Duty of Court to sift evidence.

Criminal trial-Number of accused-All except one preferring appeal-
Benefit ofdoubt given to accused-Held accused who has not preferred appeal
is also entitled lo benefit of judgment. F
Evidence-Related witnesses-Testimony of-Admissibility.

12 persons including the appellants were tried under Sections 302, 149
and 307 1.P.C. and Section 27 of the Arms Act, 1959. They were charged for
having committed the murder of one V and attempt to murder S, PW-5. The G
prosecution story was that on 25th August, 1991 V and S were offering Puja
in the temple at about 5 P.M. All the accused persons, armed with fire arms,
came firing from all the directions. On the exhortation of A-1, A-2 fired at V
who succumbed to his injuries. A-3 fired at S, PW 5; and when the latter fell
down A-3 assaulted him with butt of his fire arm. Besides examining S eye-
179
H
180 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2002) 3 S.C.R.

A witnesses, who witnessed the occurrences from nearby field, the prosecution ...
examined six other witnesses including doctors who conducted post mortem
of deceased. It also examined the injured PW-5 and the Investigation Officer.
There was delay in lodging the FIR and sending its copy to the Magistrate.
Statement of the material injured witness, PW-5, was recorded for about 9 -
·~
days. In testimony of one of the eye-witness, PW-7, there was contradiction
B between bis statement made in the Court and bis Fardbayan statement The
.
trial court convicted all the accused persons of the offences charged and
sentenced them to rigorous imprisonment for life. Appeals preferred by
accused persons were dismissed by High Court All the accused persons except
A-11 preferred appeals before this Court
c In appeals to this Court it was contended on behalf of the appellants
that (i) there was delay in lodging the FIR and sending its copy to Magistrate
(ii) no satisfactory explanation bas been offered by prosecution for non-
recording the statement of material injured witness, PW-5, for about 9 days;
(iii) except accused Nos. 2 and 3 no other accused person bad done any overt
D act in furtherance of the alleged common object; and (iv) witnesses being
related witnesses no reliance can be placed on their testimony.

Allowing the appeal in part, the Court t"'t

HELD: 1. The First Information Report is a report giving information
E of the commission of a cognizable crime which may be made by the
complainant or by any other person knowing about the commission of such
an offence. It is not the requirement of law that the minutest details be
recorded in the FIR lodged immediately after the occurrence. The fact of the
state of mental agony of the person making the FIR who generally is the victim
himself, if not dead, or the relation or associates of the deceased victim
F apparently under the shock of the occurrence reported bas always to be kept
in mind. (185-G; 186-D)

VNK Meharaj Singh v. State o/U.P., [1995) Criminal Law Journal 457,
referred to.
G
2. Immediate sending of the report mentioned in Section 157 Cr.P.C. is
the mandate of law. The delay in sending the copy of the FIR may by itself
not render the whole of the case of the prosecution as doubtful but shall put
J..
the court on guard to find out as to whether the version as stated in the Court
was the same version as earlier reported in the FIR or was the result of
H deliberations involving some other persons who were actually not involved
BIJOYSINGHv. STATEOFBIHAR 181
in the commission of the crime. Delay wherever found is required to he A,
explained by the prosecution. Insisting upon the accused to seek an explanation
of the delay is not the requirement of law. It is always for the prosecution to
explain such a delay and if reasonable, plausible and sufficient explanation is
tendered, no adverse inference can be drawn against it. [186-H; 187-A-B)

3. In this case, the prosecution has apparently failed to explain the delay B
in sending the copy of the report in terms of Section 157 Cr.P.C. to the
Magistrate of the area. Thus there is substance in the submission ofappellant
that this delay suggesls that many of the accused were innocent and wrongly
roped in the case allegedly on account of enmity existing between the
complainant and the accused party. [187-E] C
4. The Magistrates receiving reports under Section 157 Cr.P.C.,
Particularly when it relates to the commission of heinous crime are required
to note not only the date bot also the time of the receipt of the copy thereof:
[187-D)
D
5. There is no doubt regarding the involvement of A-2 and A-3 in the
commission of the crime which resulted in the death ofV and injuries to PW-
5. However, there are circumstances which, when taken together, cast a reason-
able doubt regarding the involvement of the crime for which they have been
charged, convicted and sentenced. Such circumstances are as under. [187-G]
(i) After the occurrence injured (PW-5) was taken to Primary Health E
Centre by witnesses but no report was lodged in the police station which is
very near to the Health Centre. [187-H)

(ii) No reasonable explanation bas been assigned for not recording the
vital and important statement of PW-5 for about 9 days who was concededly
injured in the occurrence. The nature of the injuries on the person of (PW- F
S), as noticed by Dr. (PW-9) would also indicate that the injured could not
have remained unconscious for such a long period. The delay in recording
the statement of the most material witness has cast a cloud of suspicion on ils
credibility in so far as involvement of persons of other than A-2 and A-3 are
concerned. [188-D, H; 189-B) G
(iii) There is inconsistency between the statement made by PW-7 in the
Court and his fardbayan. The improvement made at the time of deposition in
the court is suggestive of the fact that the prosecution witnesses including PW-
7 bad attempted to implicate some persons other than the real culprils as
accused persons responsible for the death of V and injuries to PW-5. [190-B) H
182 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2002] 3 S.C.R.
-J
A (iv) Failure on the part of the officer-in-charge of the police station to
register the case despite receiving information in the form of DO from the
doctor (PW-9) also casts a doubt about the involvement ofsome of the accused
persons in the commission of the crime. (190-C)
'
..-'("

(v) So other accused excepting A-2 and A-3 is involved in the
B commission of the crime for allegedly having come on the spot armed with
fire arms and indulging in indiscriminate firing. Concededly no fire allegedly
shot by those accused has hit any person, building of structure. No fire arm
used, cartridge, splinters and wads have been recovered by the prosecution.
In the absence of any proof regarding their participation in the commission
-
c of the crime, they are entitled to the benefit of reasonable doubt in their
favour. [190-D-E)

6. Consequently, the conviction and sentence awarded to A-2 and A-3
is upheld. All the remaining accused are given benefit of doubt and acquitted
accordingly. [191-H; 192-A)
D
7. In cases of party factions and group rivalries there is a tendency on
the part of the prosecution witnesses to implicate some innocent persons also
along with the guilty ones. Generally in such cases the witnesses of the
prosecution cases are prone to exaggerate the culpability of the actual
assailants and to extend the participation in the occurrence of some possible
E innocent members of the opposite party as well In such cases a duty is cast
upon the court to sift the evidence and after a close scrutiny with proper care
and caution to come to a judicial conclusion as to who out of the accused
persons can be considered to have actually committed the offence. [189-C-D)

8. Where on evaluation of the case if the court reaches the conclusion
F that no conviction of any accused is possible, the benefit of that decision must
be extended to the co-accused, similarly situated, though he bas not challenged
the order by way of an appeal. A-11 who was also convicted with the aid of
Section 149 IPC has not filed an appeal in this court is also entitled to the
benefit of this judgment. [191-G, F)
G Raja Ram and Ors. v. State of MP., (1994) 2 SCC 568; Dandu Lakshmi
Reddy v. State ofA.P., (1999) 7 SCC 69 and Anil Rai v. State ofBihar, JT (2001)
6 SC 2001, relied on. A.

9. For merely being relatives of the deceased or the injured is no ground
H to reject the testimony of the witnesses who are otherwise found to be
BUOY SINGH v. STATE OF BIHAR [SETHI, J.) 183
trustworthy and reliable. In the instant case two courts have rightly found A
that the presence of prosecution witnesses on tbe spot at the time of occurrence
is established. Despite ignoring their exaggerated version, it is felt that their

- testimony inspires confidence to hold the real culprits guilty for the
commission of the crime. (190-G-H)

Deep Chand v. State ofHaryana, (1969) 3 SCC 890 and Ranbir and Ors. B
v. State of Punjab, AIR (1973) SC 1409, referred to.
&

- CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal Nos.
1339-1340 of 1999.

From the Judgment and Order dated 5.2.99 of the Patna High Court in c
Crl.A. No. 106 and 113 of 1994.

WITH
Crl. A. No. 1341 of 1999.
D
U.R. Lalit, Subodh Lalit and K.L. Taneja for the Appellants.

~ Il.B. Singh, Kumar Rajesh Singh for the Respondents

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
E
SETHI, J. Though sad, yet it is a fact that people do not hesitate in
resorting to vengeance even on the unfortunate deaths of their nears and
dears. There is a tendency to rope in as many people as possible for facing
the trial relating to the death or injuries to the unfortunate victims. Sometimes
it is over-enthusiasm and many a times designed effort to harass the relations
... and friends of the real culprits. It has been found that on occasions innocent F
persons including aged, infirm, ladies and children are booked for standing
at the dock and remain confined in jails till the pendency of the cases. Some
are acquitted by the trial court and many by the appellate courts but only
after their languishing in confinements for years. Such efforts of unscrupulous
survivors of the crime or the relations of the victims invariably but
G
unfortunately helps the real culprits as it becomes difficult for the court to sift
the grain out of the chaff. Under such circumstances and in view of the
prevalent criminal jurisprudential system in the country, the doctrine of
presumption of innocence in favour of the accused makes the justice itself a
victim which ultimately weakens the criminal justice dispensation system. Be
that as it inay, an onerous duty is cast upon the criminal courts in the country H
184 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2002) 3 S.C.R.

A to ensure that no innocent is convicted and deprived of his fundamental
1;berties. However, in cases of group clashes and organised crimes, persons
.. beyond the screen, executing the crime should not be allowed to get scot free .
In cases involving number of accused persons, a balance approach by the
courts is required to be insisted upon. Neither any innocent person should be
convicted nor a guilty acquitted under the cloak and cover of the loose and
B liberal interpretations of the statutory provisions and the technicalities of
procedural wrangles. In cases of arson and murder where large number of
people are accused of committing the crime, the courts should be cautious to
rely upon the testimony of witnesses speaking generally and in an omnibus
way without specific reference to the accused or the role played by them.
c For the death of Vijay Singh aged I 6 years and for attempting to
murder Sanuj Singh (PWS) I2 persons including the appellants were tried for
offences punishable under Sections 302, I49, 307 of the Indian Penal Code
and Section 27 of the Arms Act. All the accused belong to one clan and very
closely related to each other. The trial court convicied all of them under
D Section 302, 307 read with Section I49 IPC and under Section 27 of the
Arms Act and sentenced them to rigorous imprisonment for life under Section
302 and 3 years rigorous imprisonment under Section 27 of the Arms Act.
No separate sentence was passed for the offence under Section 307 in view
of the life imprisonment. Appeals filed by the accused persons were dismissed
E by the High Court vide judgment impugned in this case. In these appeals all
the accused persons, except Awadhesh Singh (A-I I) have challenged the
judgments of the courts below.

It was alleged by the prosecution that on the day of Shravan Purnima
falling on 25th August, I99I at about 5 P.M. the deceased Vijay Singh along
F with Sanuj Singh (PWS) had gone to Thakurbari situated at Tarawanna Khanda
of Village Dhanawana for offering puja in the temple on the occasion of
Raksha Bandan. While they were in the temple, all the accused persons,
armed with fire anris, came firing from all the directions. On the exhortation
ofRam.Nandan Singh (AI), Jawahar Singh (A-2) fired from his gun at Vijay
Singh who was injured and fell near the well outside Thakurbm:i. When
G Sanuj Singh (PW5) started running towards South, he was also fired at by
Upender Singh (A-3), in consequence of which he also fell in the field.
Thereafter Upender Singh further assaulted Sanuj Singh by the butt of his
fire arm. The occurrence is stated to have been witnessed by witnesses,
namely, Kamala Singh (PW2), Bankey Singh (PW2) Gano Singh (PW4) and
H Brij Nandan Singh (PW7) who claimed to be working in nearby fields and
#
BIJOY SINGH v. STATEOFBIHAR [SETHI, J.] 185
., had seen the occurrence from behind the "Punj" of husk near the Thakurbari. A
On commotion the accused persons ran away towards the village. Vijay
Singh succumbed to his injuries on the spot and Sanuj Singh was taken to
Hospital at Sarmera. After reaching the hospital, the witnesses came back to
the place of occurrence where the dead body of Vijay Singh was lying. The
police is stated to have come at the place of occurrence at about 2. 30 A.M.
when the statement of Brij Nandan Singh was recorded and FIR registered. B
Besides the five eye-witnesses, the prosecution examined six other witnesses.
Dr. B. P. Verma (PW3) has conducted the PQSt-mortem on the dead body of
Vljay Singh and Dr. Anjani Kumar (PW9) examined the injured person Sanuj
Singh. Dr. S. K. Jha (PWll) treated Sanuj Singh after he was referred to
Biharsharif Hospital for treatment. The evidence of PW6 was tendered by the c
prosecution whereas PWS is the Investigating Officer and PWI 0 is the X-
Ray Technician.

Mr. U.R. Lalit, Senior counsel appearing for the appellants submitted
that the prosecution has tried to implicate innocent persons as accused persons
only on account of enmity with the object of taking revenge. It is submitted D
that except Accused Nos. 2 and 3 no other accused person is proved to have
,. done any overt act in furtherance of the alleged common object. It is submitted
that there was a delay in lodging the FIR and sending its copy to the Magistrate.
The prosecution did not assign any reason for not recording the statement of
Sanuj Singh (PW5), admittedly, the injured person in the occurrence for a E
period of about 9 days. No reliance can be placed upon the witnesses who

- are related with each other and interested in the success of the prosecution
case. It is submitted that even though none of the aforesaid circumstance by
itself was sufficient to discredit the testimony of the witnesses or making the
prosecution unsustainable, yet the overall conspectus and the effect of those
circumstances would make the involvement of all the accused persons except F
Jawahar Singh (A-2) and Upender Singh (A-3) in the commission of crime,
doubtful.

The First Information Report is a report giving information of the
commission of a cognizable crime which may be made by the complainapt
or by any otl1er person knowing about ihe commission of such an offence.
G
> It is intended to set the criminal law in motion. Any information relating to
,\ the commission of a cognizable offence is required to be reduced to writing
by the officer-incharge of the Police Station which has to be signed by the
person giving it and the substance thereof is required to be entered in a book I
to be kept by such officer in such form as the State Government may prescribe H
186 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2002] 3 S.C.R.
~
A in that behalf. The registration of the FIR empowers the officer incharge of
the police station to commence investigation with respect to the crime reported
to him. A copy of the FIR is required to be sent forthwith to the Magistrate
empowered to take cognizance of such offence. After recording the FIR, the
officer incharge of the police station is obliged to proceed in person or
depute one of his subordinate officers not below such rank as the State
B Government may, by general or special order, prescribe in. that behalf to
proceed to the spot to investigate the facts and circumstances of the case and
if necessary to take measures for the discovery and arrest of the offender. It
has been held time and again that the FIR is not a substantive piece of ...
evidence and can only be used to corroborate the statement of the maker
c under Section 161 of the Evidence Act or to contradict him under Section
145 of that Act. It cannot be used as evidence against the maker at the trial
if he himself becomes an accused nor to corroborate or contradict other
witnesses. It is not the requirement of law that the minutest details be recorded
in the FIR lodged immediately after the occurrence. The fact of the state of
mental agony of the person making the FIR who generally is the victim
D himself, if not dead, or the relations or associates of the deceased victim
l'.lpparently under the shock of the occurrence reported has always to be kept
in mind. "1

This Court in VNK. Meharaj Singh v. State of U.P., [1995] Criminal
Law· Journal 457] held that FIR in a criminal case and particularly in a
E
murder case is a vital and valuable piece of evidence for the purpose of
appreciating the evidence led at the trial. The object of insisting upon lodging
of the FIR is to obtain the earliest information regarding the circumstance in
which the crime was committed, including the names of the actual culprits
and the TJarts played by them, the weapons, if any, used as also the names of
-
F the eye--w itnesses, if known to the informant. Delay in lodging the FIR often
results in embellishment, which is a creature of an afterthought.

Sending the copy of the special report to the Magistrate as required
under Section 157 of the Criminal Procedure Code is the only external check
on the working of the police agency, imposed by law which is required to be
G strictly followed. The delay in sending the copy of the FIR may by itself not
render the whole of the case of the prosecution as doubtful but shall put the ~

court on guard to find out as to whether the version as stated in the Court was ~
the same version as earlier reported in the FIR or was the result of deliberations
involving some other persons who were actually not involved in the
H commission of the crime. Immediate sending of the report mentioned in
BIJOY SINGH v. STA TE OF BIHAR [SETHI, J.] 187

"' Section 157 Cr. P.C. is the mandate of law. Delay wherever found is required
to be explained by the prosecution. If the delay is reasonably explained, no
A

adverse inference can be drawn but failure to explain the delay would require
the court to minutely examine the prosecution version for ensuring itself as
to whether any innocent person has been implicated in the crime or not.
Insisting upon the accused to seek an explanation of the delay is not the
requirement of law. It is always for the prosecution to explain such a delay B
and if reasonable, plausible and sufficient explanation is tendered, no adverse
inference can be drawn against it.

In the instant case the copy of the report referred to in Section 157 Cr.
P.C. is shown to have been received by the Magistrate on 27th August, 1991.
Even though there is a mention in the FIR that its copy was sent through
c
special messenger, yet no date or time of sending the said report is mentioned.
The Magistrate, receiving the copy of the report, has also not noted the time
of its receipt on 27th August, 1991. We are of the opinion that the Magistrates
receiving reports under Section 157 Cr. P. C., particularly when it relates to
the commission of heinous crime are required to note not only the date but D
also the time of the receipt of the copy thereof. Mr. B.B. Singh, learned
counsel appearing for the State has pointed out the existence of various

" circumstances which may perhaps be the cause of delay in sending the copy
of the report and its receipt by the Magistrate but surely there is a difference
between the "may be" and "must be". The prosecution has apparently failed
E

-
to explain the delay in sending the copy of the said report in terms of Section
157 Cr. P. C. to the Magistrate of the area. This aspect has been highlighted
by the learned counsel for the appellant to contend that many of the accused
were innocent and wrongly roped in the case allegedly on account of enmity
existing between the complainant and the accused party. There is some
• substance in such a submission . F
We have no doubt in our mind regarding the involvement of Jawahar
Singh (A-2) and Upender Singh (A-3) in the commission of the crime which
resulted in the death of Vijay Singh and injuries to Sanuj Singh (PW5).
However, there are circumstances which, when taken together, cast a
G

-"
reasonable doubt in our mind regarding the involvement of the other accused
persons in the commission of the crime for which they have been charged,
convicted and sentenced. Such circumstances are as under:

(i) After the occurrence injured Sanuj Singh (PW5) was taken to
Primary Health Centre at Sarmera by Shiv Nandan Singh, Kamala
Singh and Gano Singh but no report was lodged in the police H
188 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2002] 3 S.C.R.

A. station which is stated to be tOO yards away from the Health ~

Centre. The explanation offered is that as the doctor on duty had
informed the police station about the arrival of the injured in the
Hospital, no necessity was felt for reporting the matter in detail
at the police station. Be that as it may such a conduct would put '1

the court on alert to find out whether time was bargained by the
B relations of the deceased and the injured to deliberate before
lodging the report or not. The injury to Sanuj Singh (PWS) and
death of Vijay Singh being not in dispute, the only possibility of
not getting the matter reported is the doubt regarding the
involvement of the other accused persons.
c (ii) Statement of Sanuj Singh (PW5) was ilot recorded till 4th
September, 1991. No reasonable explanation has been assigned
for not recording the vital and important statement of PWS who
was concededly injured in the occurrence. The delay has been
tried to be explained on the ground of his being unconscious
D when brought to the Hospital at Sarmera. Assuming that PWS
was unconscious or under shock at the time when brought in the
Hospital, there is nothing on the record to show that he continued
to be unconscious thereafter or the investigating officer tried to "1
find out about his health or his mental condition to make the
statement. Dr. Anjani Kumar (PW9) who examined PW5 at
E Primary Health Centre, Sarmera has stated that he examined the
patient and sent the DO slip to the police station. He noted the
injuries on ihe person of PW5 but states that "I have also not
mentioned in the report regarding the condition of the patient". In
his cross examination he has stated that in the injury report it is
F not mentioned as to whether the injured was conscious or not. Dr. ..,,
Shanker Kumar Jha, (PWI I), who was Medical Officer in Sadar
Hospital, Biharsharif where Sanuj Singh (PW5) was taken from
Primary Health Centre, Sarmera for treatment has stated that in
the bed-head ticket of Sanuj Singh it is stated that he was
conscious. In reply to a question as to whether doctor at Primary

-
G Health Centre, Sarmera had sent him a report as to whether the
patient was unconscious, the witness had replied, "such reports
are not sent normally. No report of such type was received by
~
me". The nature of the injuries on the person of Sanuj Singh
(PW5), as noticed by Dr. Anjani Kumar (PW9) would also indicate
that the injured could not have remained unconscious for such a
H
' BUOY SINGH v. STATE OF BIHAR [SETHI, J.) 189
long period. The injuries found are lacerated injury on the forehead, A
left side of the scalp, bruise on the forehead, bruise on the left
hand above wrist joint etc., and also multiple small irregular
wounds on lateral aspect of left side of buttock and also small
irregular wounds on left side of back and left forearm . The delay
in recording the statement ofSanuj Singh (PW5), the most material
witness has cast a cloud of suspicion on its credibility in so far B
as involvement of persons other than Jawabar Singh (A-2) and
Upender Singh (A-3) are concerned. In cases of party factions
and group rivalries there is a tendency on the part of the
prosecution witnesses to implicate some innocent persons also
along with the guilty ones. Generally in such cases the witnesses C
of the prosecution cases are prone to exaggerating the culpability
of the actual assailant$ and to extend the participation in the
occurrence of some possible innocent members of the opposite
party as well. In such cases, as noticed earlier, a duty is cast upon
the court to sift the evidence and after a close scrutiny with proper
care and caution to come to a judicial conclusion as to who out D
of the accused persons can be considered to have actually
committed the offence. This Court in Deep Chand v. State of
Haryana, [1969) 3 SCC 890 pointed out that the maxim " falsus
in uno falsus in omnibus" is not a sound rule to apply in the
conditions in this country and, therefore, it is the duty of the court E
in cases where a witness has been found to have given unreliable
evidence in regard to certain particulars, to scrutinise the rest of
his evidence with care and caution. If the remaining evidence is
trustworthy and the substratum of the prosecution case remains
intact, then the court should uphold the prosecution case to that
extent. To the same effect is the judgment of this Court in Ranbir F
>
and Ors. v. State of Punjab, AIR (1973) SC 1409. We are,
therefore, of the opinion that non recording of the statement of
Sanuj Singh (PW5) for about 9 days left the said witness with no
option but to make statement according to the already tailored
FIR. Though his testimony is trustworthy and cannot be totally G
brushed aside, yet after sifting the grain out of the chaff we find
the exaggerated version regarding the involvement of accused
persons except A-2 and A-3 .
(iii) In his statement recorded in the court, Brij Nandan Singh (PW7)
has stated that Rarnnandan Singh (A- l) had ordered Jawahar Singh
190 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2002] 3 S.C.R.
'
A (A-2) to fire bullets on Vijay Singh and Upender Singh (A-3) to - ·~.
fire bullets on Sanuj Singh (PW5). However, in his fardbayan,
the basis of the FIR. the witness nowhere stated that the bullets
were fired at the behest of Ramnanandan Singh. Had it been a
fact, such an omission could not have occurred at the time of
lodging the FIR. The improvement made at the time of deposition
B in the court is suggestive of the fact that the prosecution witnesses
including PW? had attempted to implicate some persons other
than the real culprits as accused persons responsible for the death
of Vijay Singh and injuries to Sanuj Singh.
(iv) Failure on the part of the officer-incharge of the police station to
c register the case despite receiving information in the form of DO
from Dr. Anjani Kumar (PW9) at about I 0.30 p.m. on 25th August,
1991 also casts a doubt about the involvement of some of the
accused persons in the commission of the crime.
(v) No other accused excepting A-2 and A-3 is shown involved in
D the commission of the crime for allegedly having come on the
spot armed with fire arms and indulging in indiscriminate firing,
Concededly no fire allegedly shot by those accused has hit an:
person, building or structure. No fire-arm used, cartridge, splinter
and wads have been recovered by the prosecution. The prosecutio
E has also not assigned any reason for not effecting the recovery f
the fire arms from the aforesaid persons. It appears that such
evidence was led only to implicate the aforesaid persons but
the absence of any proof regarding their participation in ·
commission of the crime, they are entitled to the benefit
reasonable doubt in their favour.
F
We are not in agreement with the arguments of Mr. U.R. Lalit, Senior
Advocate appearing on behalf of the appellants that all the witnesses being
related to each other and interested in the success of the prosecution cannot
be relied upon for holding the appellants guilty for the commission of the
offence. For merely being relatives of the deceased or the injured is no
G ground to reject the testimony of the witnesses who are otherwise found to
be trustworthy and reliable. In the instant case two courts have rightly found
that the presence of prosecution witnesses being PWs I, 2, 4, 5 and 7 on spot -<
at the time of occurrence is established. Despite ignoring their exaggerated >-...
1
version, we feel that their testimony inspires confidence- to hold the real
H culprits guilty for the commission of the crime. The whole of the case of the
'
t
BUOY SINGH v. STATE OF BIHAR [SETHI, J.] 191
•
~
prosecution cannot be discarded and all the accused are not entitled to be A
.acquitted.
<
There is no denial of the fact as it has been proved beyond any shadow
of doubt that Jawahar Singh (A-2) and Upender Singh (A-3) had come on
spot with fire arms and had actually fired at the deceased and Sanuj Singh
as a consequence of which Vijay Singh died and Sanuj Singh was injured. B
Whereas A-2 is held guilty for the commission of offence under Section 302
and 307 read with Section 34, A-3 is held responsible for the commission of
the offence under Section 307 and 302 read with Section 34. The conviction
and sentence awarded to Jawahar Singh (A-2) and Upender Singh (A-3) by
the trial court and upheld by the High Court is confirmed. So far as the c
presence of other accused persons are concerned, the same being doubtful,
they cannot be convicted on the ground of sharing common object as held by
the courts vide the judgments impugned in these appeals. Merely because the
aforesaid accused persons are related to A-2 and A-3 and were on inimical
terms with the deceased and the injured is no ground to hold them guilty
despite the fact that their presence on spot is not free from doubt. There is D
reasonable doubt in our mind regarding the involvement of rest of the accused
persons in the commission of crime in which Vijay Singh died and Sanuj
. Singh was injured. Giving the benefit of doubt, to Rarnanandan Singh (A-1),
Chulhan Singh @ Ramswarath Singh (A-4), Kamta Singh (A-5), Mahendra
'
Singh (A-6), Ashok Singh (A-7), Navin Singh (A-8), Devondra Singh (A-9),
Manoj Singh (A-IO) and Vijay Singh (A-12), their conviction and sentence
E.
as awarded by the trial court and confirmed by the High Court is liable to be
set aside.

Awadesh Singh (A-11) who was also convicted with the aid of Section
149 !PC has not filed an appeal in this Court. In view of the judgments of F
• this Court in Raja Ram and Ors. v. State of MP., (1994) 2 SCC 568, Dandu
Lakshmi Reddy v. State of A.P., (1999) 7 SCC 69 and Am1 Rai v. State of
Bihar, IT (2001) 6 SC 2001 he is also entitled to the benefit of this judgment.
This Court has set up a judicial precedent that where on evaluation of the
case if the court reaches the conclusion that no conviction of any accused is
possible, the benefit of that decision must be extended to the co-accused,
G

-· A
similarly situated, though he has not challenged the order by way of an
appeal.

Under the circumstances the appeals are partly allowed. The conviction
and sentence awarded to Jawahar Singh (A-2) and Upender Singh (A-3) is H
t I

192 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2002) 3 S.C.R.

A upheld. Giving them the benefit of doubt Ramanandan Singh (A·l), Chulhan
Singh @ Ramswarath Singh (A-4), Kamta Singh (A-5), Mahendra Singh (A-
r
.. _

6), Ashok Singh (A-7), Navin Singh (A-8), Devendra Singh (A-9), Manoj
Singh (A-10), Awdesh Singh (A-11) and Vijay Singh (A-12) are acquitted.
The acquitted persons shall be set at liberty forthwith unless required in some
other case.
B
T.N.A. Appeals Partly allowed.

...