Supreme Court of India
BAKUL OIL INDUSTRIES & ANR.versusSTATE OF GUJARAT & ANR.
- Citation
- 1986 INSC 231
- Decided
- 11 November 1986
- Disposal
- Dismissed
- Bench
- M P THAKKAR
Holding
The appellants were entitled to tax exemption only for the limited period during which the concession was offered; no vested right or promissory estoppel claim arose.
Summary
The Gujarat Government, under the Gujarat Sales Tax Act, 1969, issued a series of notifications granting tax exemption to new industries, the second of which promised a five‑year exemption prospectively. Bakul Oil Industries set up an oil mill and commissioned it on 17 May 1970, applied for an eligibility certificate under the second notification, and was denied. The High Court held that the July 1971 amendment, which excluded oil mills, was only prospective and that the appellants were entitled to exemption only until that date, not for the full five‑year period. On appeal, the Supreme Court examined whether the appellants had acquired a vested right to the exemption and whether the doctrine of promissory estoppel could bar the Government from withdrawing it. The Court concluded that the first notification did not specify a time limit, the second notification was prospective and could not create vested rights for industries commissioned before it, and the appellants failed to satisfy the requirements for promissory estoppel. Consequently, the exemption was limited to the period during which the concession was in force, and the appeal was dismissed.
Issues considered
- Whether the appellants acquired a vested right to a five‑year tax exemption under the Gujarat Sales Tax Act, 1969.
- Whether the appellants could claim the benefit of the exemption on the basis of the doctrine of promissory estoppel.
Legislation cited
- Gujarat Sales Tax Act, 1969s. 15, s. 49(2)
Subjects
tax exemptionGujarat Sales Tax Actvested rightpromissory estoppelgovernment notificationretrospective effectconcession withdrawal
Judgment
BAKUL OIL INDUSTRIES & ANR.
v.
STATE OF GUJARAT & ANR.
NOVEMBER l l, 1986
[M.P. THAKKAR AND S. NATARAJAN, JJ.) 8
Gujarat Sales Tax Act, 1969: ss. 15 & 49(2)-Tax exemption for a
period of five years from commissioning of industry- Withdrawal of-
Effect and validity of Government notification.
~,- Promissory estop~e/-Doctrine of-Grant of exemption from
1
sales ta~ to new industry-With~rawal of-Whether permissible. C
By a notification dated April 29~.J 970 issued under s. 49(2) of the
Gujarat Sales Tax Act, 1969 the State Government exempted wholly or
partly from payment of sales ,tax or purchase tax certain specified clas;
ses of sales and purchases·described in entries I to 52 in the Schedule.
This notification was subsequently amended by another dated D
No-vember 11, 1970 by adding a new entry No. 53 in the Schedule·
exempting a manufacturer, who established a new industry, from the
whole of (a) purchase tax under s. IS of the.Act, (b) sales tax leviable
under. the Act, for a period of five years from the date or commissioning
the industry. By another notification issued on July 17, 1971 the
Government amended the explanation cootained in the second notifica- E
tion therebj taking out certain industries, including oil mills, out of the
purview of the Act.
The appellants' oil mill set up in a conforming area, was commis-
sioned oo May 14, 1970. Their application for eligibility certificate for
claiming exemption from payment of sales tax as per the second notifi- F
cation having been rejected by the Industries Commissioner, they filed
~ special civil application under Art. 226 of the Coostitution for an
urder directing the Industries Commissioner to grant them eligibility
~ertificate. It was contended for them that the notification dated July
J7, I97 I would have no effect on the eligibility already acquired by
them io.tenns oftbe second notification. G
The High Court took the view that the notification dated July 17,
1971 was oDly prospective in operation and not retrospecti~e, that it did
oot affect the exemption enjoyed by thi petitioners under the s«ood
notification in respect or the purchases and sales effected prior·to July
r7 1971 and that the second notification created only exiSting rights
··and not vested rights and such existing rigbtS could be taken away by H
185
l
186 SUPREME ·COURT REPORTS [1987) I 'S.C.R~
A the subsequent notification. It, therefore, held that the appellants were
entitled tc) exemption from payment of tax only for the period anterior
to July 17, 197 l, and for the period thereafter they had no rights to
claim exemption.
In this appeal by certificate under Art. 133(l)(c) of the Constitu-
B tion it was contended for the appellants that by virtue of the first and
the second notifications they had acquired a vested right to a tax ho9iday
for a period of five years and the Government acting in exercise of the
delegated powers did not have competence to nullify the exemption by
giving retrospective effect to its notification dated July 17, 1971, and\
that in any event they were entitled to the benefit of tax exemption for a ·
C , period of five years on the ground of promissory estoppel and the
Government was obligated to give tax exemption for the full period of
the claim.
Dismissing the appeal, the Coort,
D HELD: l. The appellants are entitled to the benefit of tax exemp-
tion only for the limited period during which the concession was offered
by the Government. [l94F]
2. Since the first notification dated April 29, 1970 did not stipu-
late as to how long the exemption from sales tax would remain in opera-
E tion the concession granted thereunder was to have operative force only
till such time that it was allowed to remain in force before being with-
drawn by the subsequent notification. The second notification dated
November I I, 1970 which set out that the exemption granted would be
operative for a period of five years from the date or commissioning or
the industry at any time during the period from April I, I970 to March _j
F 31, 1975, was prospective in operation. It woold, therefore, apply on~
to those new industries which were commissioned subsequent to
issuance thereof. As the appellants' unit was commissioned several ~
months before the second notification the same cannot be invoked by
them for claiming benefit of tax exemption for a period or five years
from the date of commissioning of their mill . [l9IE-l92A) ·
G
3. The State Government was under no obligation in any manner
known to law to grant exemption from sales tax. What was granted _
under the first notification was only by way of concession for encourag-
ing entrepreneurs to start industries in rural and undeveloped areas.
Such a concession could be withdrawn or revoked at any time and no
H time limit coold be insisted before doing so. The State Government was,
BAKUL OIL INDUS. v. STATE OF GUJARAT 187
r' therefore, fully within its powers to revoke the exemption by ·means of A
a subsequent notification. [I92C , I93A, 1928, 192D]
4~ I The Government could withdraw an exemption granted by it
earlier only if such withdrawal could be made without offending the
rule of promissory estoppel and without depriving an industry entitled
to claim exemption. If the Government grants exemption to a new in- B
dustry and if on the basis of the representation made by the Govern-
ment an industry is established in order to avail the benefit of exemp-
tion then the new industry can legitima.tely ·raise a grievance that the
--- exemption could not be withdrawn except by means of legislation
( ·Jlaving regard to the fact that promissory estoppel cannot be claimed
against a statute. (1938-DJ .
4.2 In order to claim the benefit of promissory estoppel it was
C
......) : necessary to establish: (i) that a representation was made to grant the
exemption for a particular period to a new industry established in view
of the· representation held out by the State Government,. and (ii) that the
new industry was established acting upon the representa..on made by D
the State Government. In the instant case, however, the appellants have
failed to prove that hut for the concession offered in the first notification
they would not have estahlistied the industry in question and that the entire
venture was attributable only to the inducement offered by the Govern-.
ment. That Qotification was made on April 19, !970 while the oil mill
J constructed by the appellants came to~ commissioned on May 17. 1970 E
itself. The issuance of the notification granting tax exemption onl_y consti-
tuted a.fortuitous circumstance in appellants' case and it could not be said
that the commis.sioning of their industry was directly the outcome of the
Government'snotification granting tax exemption. [ 193FG. H, .t 9.iAB, D)
}._...:, CIVIL APPELLATE JURISD ICTION: Civil Appeal No . 206 1 F
;. of 1972
I
.../ ·,
From the Judgment and Order dated 8/9.~. 1972 of the Gujarat
High Court in Spl. Civil Appl. No. 562 of 1971.
S.T. Desai. H.S. Parihar: M.N. Tandan and Vipin C handra for G
the Appellants.
~- G.A. Shah. Mrs. H. Wahi and M.N, Shroff for the Respondents.
I
The Judgment of the Court was de livered by.
H
1
188 SUP~EME COURT REPORTS [ 1987] 1 S.C.R.
NATARAJAN, J. In this appeal by certificate under Article
A
133( l)(c) of the Constitution two questions fall for consideration viz;
( 1) Whether the appellants had acquired a vested right of
exemption from payment of sales tax under the
Gujarat Sales Tax Act, 1969 (for short the ' Act') for a
B period of 5 years from the date of commissioning of
their oil mill in respect of purchases and sales relating
to the business of their oil mill? and
(2). whether in any event the appellants are entitled to ,
claim tax exemption for a period of 5 years under cover"'l;
of the doctrine of Promissory Estoppel? '
c
In order to achieve dispersal of industries to rural areas and to
provide fillip to accelerate development of industries the Government ·\ -
of Gujarat ('Government' in short) issued a Notification on 29.4.1970
in exercise of its powers under Section 49(2) of the Act exempting
D wholly or partly from payment of sales tax or purchase tax, as the case
may be, certain specified classes of sales and purchases described in
the entries at Serial Nos. l to 52 in the Schedule. The said Notification
was subsequently .amended by another Notification dated 11. l l. 1970
and a new Entry, Entry No. 53, was added in the Schedule below
Entry at Serial No. 52. The new entry consistea of two parts, one part
E giving exemption from purchase tax and the other, from sales tax. The
Notification provided that subject to the conditions specified therein a
manufacturer who establishes a new industry would be given exemp-
tion of "the whole of purchase tax under Section 15 of the Act" in
respect of " purchase of raw materials, processing materials, machinery
or packing materials from a person ·who is not a registered dealer''. It
F was similarly provided that subject to the conditions prescribed in the/"'"",
Notification a manufacturer who establishes a new industry .would be
given exemption of the whole of sales tax leviable under the Act in
respect of "sales of raw materials, processing materials by a registered
dealer". One of the conditions imposed was that the new industry
should have been commissioned on or after l.-l.1970 in areas beyond
G 24 kilometers from the Municipal limits of the cities of Ahmedabad
and Baroda and 16 kilometers from the Muni<;ipal limits of Surat.
Bhavnagar, Rajkot and Jamnagar and that the manufacturer should
obtain an eligibility certificate from the Industries Commissioner, ~
Gujarat State certifying the fulfilment of these conditions. The Notifi-
cation provided that a certified manufacturer "shall be entitled to the
H exemption for a period of five years from the date of commissioning of
BAKUL OIL INDUS. v. STATE OF GUJARAT (NATARAJAN, J.) 189
the industry as certified by. the Industries Commissioner in the eligibi- A
lity certificate" . There was an Explanation in the Notification to define
what a "new industry" means and it was in the following terms:-
"For the purpose of items ( l) and (2) above 'new industry'
means and includes' an industry. which has been cornmis-·
sioned at any time during the period from 1st April, 1970 to B
/
~- 31st March, 1975(both days inclusive); but shall not include
such industrial undertaking established by transferring or
shifting or dismantling an existing industrial unit" .
7~-
•· >
The appellants had set up a plant for decorticating and crushing
cotton and groundnut seeds for manufacture -of oil at a place called c
Kadi beyond 24 k.ilometers from Ahmedabad and commissioned the
..... plant on May 17, 1970. On the strength of the location of the oil mill at
a place more than 24 · kilometers from · the Municipal limits of
Ahmedabad and the commissioning of the plant on May 17, 1970, the
appellants applied to the Industries Commissioner for an "eligibility
certificate" for claiming exemption from payment of sales tax as per D
the Notification dated November 11, 1970. The Industries Commis-
sioner rejected the application giving certain reasons therefor. The
appellants thereupon filed Special Civil Application No. 562 of 1971 .'
under Article 226 of the Constitution ~or an order directing the In-
dustries Commissioner to grant them an eligibility certificate in terms
--y of the Notification. E
During the pendency of the petition, the State Government
- issued another Notification dated July 17, 1971 amending the Explana._
tion contained in the Ndtification dated November 11 , 1970. The
amendment provided inter alia that "new industry" shaH·not include
F
/··~., "any of the ~ndustries, whether so commissioned or not,. mentioned in
, the table appended hereto". The table set out some 14 industries of
which the twelfth was " decorticating, expelling, crushing, roasting~
..r1- parching, frying of oilseeds and colouring, decolouring and scenting of
oil". It would appear that the effect of the exemption was reviewed by
the Government and on such reconsideration " the Government .was
satisfied that certain industries and the oil industries in ·particular were G
sufficiently dispersed in rural areas, in respect of which the existing
capacity of the existing industries was also more than ·adequate" and
~- " the Government reached the conclusion that certain industries re-
quired to be excluded from the purview of the Act". As the oil mill
commissioned by the l;lppellants, fell within the denotified industries
the appellants obt_ained the leave of the court and amended their peti- H
190 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [1987] 1 S.C .R.
A tion suitably in order to contel)d that the Notification dated July 17,
1971 would have no effect on the eligibility already acquired by them
to claim exemption from payment of sales tax ~n the light of the provi-
sions contained in the second Notification dated November l L, 1970.
The appellants' petition and a connected matter viz. Special Civil
13
Application No. 1307 of 1971 filed by a third party came to be con-
sidered together by a Division Bench of the Gujarat High Court. The
High Court, by its judgment dated 8-9/3(72 , held that the Notification
dated l7. 7.71 was only prospective in operation and not retrospective,
that it did not affect the exemption enjoyed by the petitioners under
the Notification dated 11. 11.1970- in respect of purchases and sales
C effected prior to 17.7.1971, that the Notification dated 11 .11.1970
created only existing rights and not vested rights and such existing
rights could be taken away by the Notificatfon dated 17.7. 1971. The
High Court, therefore, ruled that the appellants were entitled to ex-
emption from payment of tax only for the period anterior to 17.7.1971
D and for the period thereafter they had no right to claim exemption.
Being aggrieved by the non-grant of relief of tax exemption for the full
period of 5 years the appellants have preferred this appeal after
·obtaining a ~ertificate under Article 133( 1)(c) of the Constitution.
Mr. Desai, learned counsel for the appellants formulated his
arguments under three heads to contend before us that the High Court
E ought to have granted relief to the appellants to the full extent of their
claim and it should not have restricted the relief of tax exemption only
for the period 17.5. 1970 to 17.7. 1971. The propositions put forward
F
were in the following terms:-
1. By virtue of the Notifications dated 29.4.70 and
-
11.11. 70 the appellants had acquired a vested right to a
, tax holiday for a period of 5 years and the Government,
acting in exercise of its delegated powers did not have·
competence to nullify the exemption by giVing retros-
. pective effect to its Notification dated 17.7. 71.
G
2. The High Court was not justified in drawing a fine dis-
tinction between vested rights and existing rights and
. holding that the Notifications created only existing
rights and such rights are subject to defeasance by
means of subsequcmt Notifications.
H
3. In any event the appellants are entitled to the benefit of
BAKUL OIL INDUS. v. STATE OF GUJARAT (NATARAJAN, J.) l9l
tax exemption for a period of five years on the ground of A
""'-''
Promissory Estoppel and the Government is obligated
to give tax exemption for the full period of claim.
Elaborating the first two ·contentions Mr. Desai argued that the
Government by virtue. of the first and second· Notifications had
irretrievably committed itself to grant exemption from payment of B
sales tax and purchase tax to the notified industries commissioned at
any time after 1.4.1970 and .before 31.3.1975 at places beyond the
prescribed distances from the Municipal limits of the cities named in
. the Notification. Inasmuch as the appellants had established ihei{ oil
___.. r· mill at a place more than 24 kilometers away from the Municipal limits
of Ahmedabad City and had commissioned the plant on 17.5.1970 Mr.
Desai argued that the appellants had acquired a vested right of exemp-
c
tion and it was not, therefore, open to the Government under law to
nullify the exemption by issuing the Notification dated 17. 7. 1971 in
exercise of its delegated powers.
The merit of these contentions has to be determined with refer- D
ence to the date of commissioning of the appellants' oil mill as well as
the dates of the Notifications and their contents. Admittedly, the ap·
pellants' oil mill was commissioned on 17.5.1970 and, therefore, it
follows that the oil- mill was commissioned after the first Notification
but long before the second Notification. It is indisputable that the first
- Notification, though it provided for exemption of tax under the Act, E
.. did nofprovide any period of exemption. In other words, the Notifica·
tion did not stipulate as to how long the exemption from sales tax
would remain in operation. The position emerging therefrom is that
the exemption granted under the Notification was to have operative
force only till such. time that the exemption was allowed to remain
·/·1.. before being withdrawn by a subsequent Notification. The second F
i Notification no doubt set out that the exemption granted would be for
,.J., a period of 5 years from the date of the commissioning of the industry
at any time during the period from !st April, 1970 to 31st March, 1975
(both days inclusive). But this provision cannot be invoked by the
appellants for claiming the beeefit of tax exemption for five years
.because the second Notification was prospective in operation as has G
been rightly pointed out by the High Court in its judgment. Since the·
second Notification was prospective in operation the period of5 years
I'-- mentioned therein would apply only to those new industries which
were commissioned subsequent to the issuance of that Notification. As
admittedly, the appellants' unit was commissioned several months be·
fore the second Notification was made, the second Notification cannot H
192 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (1987] 1 S.C.R.
A afford a basis to the appellants to raise a claim for exemption for a
period of 5 years from the date of the commissioning of their plant.
• Viewed from another perspective, it may be noticed that the
State Government was under no obligation to grant exemption from
sales tax. The appellants could not, therefore, have insisted on the
B· State Government granting exemption to them from payment of sales
tax. What consequently follows is that the exemption granted· by the
Government was only by way of concession. Once this position
emerges it goes without saying that a concession can be withdrawn at
any time and no time limit can be insisted upon before the concession .
is withdrawn. The Notifications of the Government clearly manifest \
. c that the State Government had earlier granted the exemption only by · -·
way of concession and subsequently by means of the revised Notifica-
tion issued on 17.7.1971, the concession had been withdrawn. As the
State Government was under no obligation, in any manner known to ....
law, to grant exemption it was fully within its powers to revoke the
exemption by means of a subsequent Notification. This is an additional
D factor militating against the contentions of the appellants.
Much of the arguments of the appellants' counsel proceeded on
the assumption that the appellants had acquired a vested right under
the Notification issued by the Government on l l. 11. 1970 to claim
exemption from payment of sales tax for a period of five years and
E consequently the Government had no right .to take away the appel- -
!ants' vested right. The contentions are untenable because of the •
fallacy contained in them viz. the wrong assumption that the appellants
had acquired a v.ested right. The High Court has rightly repelled the
plea that the appellants had acquired a vested right and were, there-
fore, entitled to claim exemption from payment of tax for a period of
F five years notwithstanding the revocation of the exemption under the ~i
Notification dated 17.7.1971. The High Court has further taken the 1
view that the earlier Notifications granting exemption of tax only .l.._
created existing rights and such existing rights can always be with-
drawn by means of a revocation Notification and that is exactly what
has happened in this pise.
G
For the purposes of this appeal we do not think it necessary to go
into the question whether the earlier Notification had created existing
rights and whether the impugned Notification had the effect of only
taking away the existing rights. We are taking this view because we
have already 'pointed out that the State Government was under no
H obligation to grant exemption and that the. granting of tax exemption
BAKUL OIL INDUS. v. STATE OF GUJARAT [NATARAJAN, J.] 193
was only by way of a concession. Having regard to this conclusion A
there is no need for any probe to be made lo determine whether the
· Notification had created vested rights or only existing riglits. The ex-
emption granted by the Government, as already stated, was only by
way of concession for encouraging entrepreneurs to start industries in
rural and undeveloped areas and as such it was always open to the
State Government to withdraw or revoke the concession. We must, B
.X however, observe that the power of revocation or withdrawal would be
subject to one limitation viz. the power cannot be exercised in viola-
tion of the rule of Promissory Estoppel. In other words, the GoveTQ-
. __ ment can withdraw an ~xemption granted by it earlier if such with-
( draw al could be done· without offending the rule of Promissory Estop-
pel and depriving an industry entitled to claim exemption from pay- c
ment of tax under the said rule. If the Government grants exemption
a
to n_ew industry and if on the basis of the representation made by the
Government an industry is established in order to avail the benefit of
exemption. it may then follow that the new industry can legitimately
raise a grievance that the exemption could not be withdrawn except by
means of legislation having regard to the fact that Promissory Estoppel D
cannot be claimed against a statute. In the present. case the appellants
had not raised the plea of Promissory Estoppel before the High Court.
This is understandable because the principle of Promissory Estoppel
had not found crystalised acceptance by courts of law when the Special
Civil Applic'!tion came to be heard by the High Court in the year 1972.
Be that as it may, we find that the appellants have not made out any E
case of Promissory Estoppel either on the basis of the averments made
in their petition or with reference to the facts which have emerged
from the affidavits filed in the case. In order to claim the benefit of
Promissory Estoppel tlie appellants must establish:-
(i) that a representation wasmade to grant the exemption F
for a particular period to a new industry established in
view of the representation held out by the State
Government; and
(ii) that the appellants had established the new industry
acting upon the representation made by the State G
;
Government.
The facts in the present case do not go to establish that the appellants
had put up the new industry in question subsequent to. and in
pursuance of the promise held out by Notification dated 29.-1. 1970
granting exemption. Putting it differently the appellants have not H
•
194 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [ 1987] 1 S.C.R.
A proved that but for the concession offered in the first Notification, ~,..
they would not have established the industry in question and that the
entire venture was attributable only to the inducement offered by the
Government. From the facts set out supra it may be seen that the first
Notification was made on 29.4.1970 while the oil mill constructed by
the appellants came to be commissioned on 17.5.1970 itself. It is not
B the appellants' case and indeed it can never be so contended that they
launched the project and commenced the construction of the oil mill
only after the Notification of 29.4.1970 was made and that the entire
construction was completed in about two weeks' time so as to enable
the appellants to commission the plant on 17.5.1970. What is envi-
saged under the Notification is that the project must have been under- ~1 ..
c taken and construction work itself should have been started in res-
ponse to and acting on the Notification. It is not sufficient to rely on
the commissioning of an industry after completion of construction
work which had been commenced long before the Notification was
made by the Government. In respect of such an industry as.the present
one, the issuance of a Notification granting tax exemption would only
D constitute a fortuitous circumstance and by no stretch of imagination
can it ever be said that the commissioning of the industry was directly
the outcome of the Government's Notification granting tax exemp-
tion. The concession offered by the Government under the first Notifi-
cation dated 29.4.70 did not prescribe any period or time limit, and
hepce the appellants cannot claim anything more than the benefit of
E the Notification for such period the exemption was in force. Once the
Government decided, in exercise of the powers vested in it, to revoke
the original Notification, the benefit of exemption from sales tax en-
joyed by the appellants came to an automatic end. The period of five
years mentioned in the second Notification will have no reference to
....
the appellants' oil mill commissioned much earlier because the Notifi-
F cation had only prospective effect. We have, therefore, to affirm the
f\
view of the High Court that the appellants will be entitled to the
benefit of tax exemption only for the limited period during which the ~
concession was offered by the Government.
We find no merit in the appeal and accordingly it stands dismis-
G sed. No order as to costs.
P.S.S. Appeal dismissed.
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