Holding

A revision order under Section 53 is invalid without a hearing to the affected party, and age determination of a juvenile must be based on a comprehensive assessment of all relevant evidence, not merely on a medical opinion or a voter‑list, as mandated by Rule 22(5) of the Jharkhand Juvenile Justice Rules.

Summary

Rajesh Mahatha was arrested for offences under Sections 304B and 306 of the IPC and claimed to be a juvenile, seeking protection under the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000. The Juvenile Justice Board, after obtaining a medical board opinion that his age was between 17‑18 years and noting a voter‑list entry showing age 20, concluded he was an adult and ordered his transfer to a regular jail. The accused filed a revision under Section 53 of the Act; the High Court reversed the Board’s order, declaring him a juvenile, without hearing the complainant who was a party‑respondent. The Supreme Court held that the High Court violated the proviso to Section 53 and the principles of natural justice by not affording a hearing, and that the Board’s age determination was flawed because it relied mechanically on a voter‑list and treated the medical opinion as conclusive, contrary to Rule 22(5) of the Jharkhand Juvenile Justice Rules. The Court set aside both the Board’s and High Court’s orders and remitted the matter to the Chief Judicial Magistrate to re‑determine the accused’s age using a proper holistic assessment of evidence. The appeal was allowed.

Issues considered

The High Court, exercising revisional jurisdiction under Section 53 of the Juvenile Justice Act, may pass an order prejudicial to a party without affording a hearing.
Whether the Juvenile Justice Board correctly applied Rule 22(5) of the Jharkhand Juvenile Justice Rules in determining the accused's age.
The evidentiary value of a voter‑list entry and the weight of a medical board opinion in age determination under the Act.
Whether reliance on physical appearance and a voter‑list violates the evidentiary standards of Section 35 of the Indian Evidence Act.

Legislation cited

Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973s. 401(2)
Indian Evidence Act, 1872s. 35
Indian Penal Code, 1860s. 304B, s. 306
Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000s. 49, s. 53, s. 54

Subjects

juvenile justiceage determinationnatural justiceaudi alteram partemrevisional jurisdictionmedical opinionvoter list evidenceIndian Evidence ActCriminal Procedure CodeIPC 304BIPC 306

Judgment

[2008] 14 S.C.R. 161

BABLOO PASI A
v.
STATE OF JHARKHAND & ANR.
(Criminal Appeal No. 1572 of 2008)
OCTOBER 3, 2008
'·~
B
[C.K. THAKKER AND D.K. JAIN, JJ.]

·Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act,
2000; Ss. 49, 53 and 54:
S.53 rlw S.54 - Revisional Jurisdiction - Exercise of- C
Held: High Court, in exercise of its revisional jurisdiction, can
not pass an order prejudicial to any person without affording
him a reasonable opportunity of being heard - Complainant
was impleaded as party respondent and prejudiced by the
impugned order passed by the High Court declaring the ac- · D
cused Juvenile - Hence, High Court erred in reversing the
order passed by the Board without affording him an opportu- ·
nity of being heard - 'Audi alteram partem' - Applicability of -
Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 - S.401(2).
"
S.49/Rule 22(5) of Jharkhand Juvenile Justice Rules - E ·
Juvenile - Age - Determinatiol) of - Accused husband alleg-
edly committed offences u/ss. 304B and s. 306 /PC - Claim of
accused that he is a Juvenile - Held: The Act does not lay
down any fixed norms for determination of age of a person -
Board has mechanically accepted the entry in the voter list as F
conclusive and determined the age of accused without appre-
ciating its probative value in terms of s. 35 of the Evidence Act
- Order of the Board falls short of proper inquiry as envisaged
under s. 49 of the Act - Thus, the Board determined the age of
the accused in a casual manner ignoring the principles of law, G
on the subject - High Court erred in accepting the opinion of
Medical Board as conclusive in terms of r. 22(5)(iv) of the Rules
without appreciating requisite evidence determining the age
of the accused and holding him Juvenile - Hence, impugned
161 H
162 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2008] 14 S.C.R.

A judgment not only suffers from the basic infirmity of being viola-
tive ofprinciples of naturaljustice, it cannot be sustained on merits
as well - Matter remitted to Chief Judicial Magistrate to deter-
mine the age of the, accused as on the date of occurrence in
accordance with the law, as enunciated and to be dealt accord-
s ingly - Jharkhand Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Chil-
dren) Rules, 2003; r.22(5) - Indian Evidence Act, 1872 - S.35 -
Principl~s of Natural Justice - Compliance of - Jharkhand Ju-
venile Justice {Care andProteciton of Children) Rules, 2003 -
R. 22 (v) - Penal Code, 1860 - Ss. 3048 and 306.
C· Respondent No.2, accused was apprehended for
having committed offences under Sections 304B and 306
of the Indian Penal _Code, 1860. When he was produced
before the Chief Judicial Magistrate, he claimed himself
to be a "juvenile" and prayed protection and privileges
D under the .Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Chil-
dren) Act, 2000. The Chief Judicial Magistrate directed the
r
accused to produce evidence/certificate in support of his
claim, which he failed to do. The Magistrate without re-
cording any opinion, whether ttie accused was a Juve-
E nile or not, referred him to the Juvenile Justice Board. The
Board referred him to a Medical Board for· examination
a!"d determination of his age. The Board concluded that
the accused was above eighteen years of age on the date
ofoccurrence; that he was not a juvenile and, therefore,
F not required to be dealt with under the Act. Accordingly, ;

the Child Rehabilitation Centre was directed to transfer
the accused to the regular jail with a dfrection to its Su-
perintendent to produce him before the Court of Chief
Ju<:Ucial Magi~trate. The accused challenged the order
G . passed by the Board by filing a Revision petition in the
High Co-urt. Quashing the order of the Board, the High
Court held the accused juvenile observing that the Board _.,.,
had. ignored the opinion of the Medical Board in deter-
mining t.he age of the accused between 17-18 years.
Hence, the present appeal.
H
'
BABLOO PASI v. STATE OF JHARKHAND 163
&ANR.
J-
- 1
Allowing the appeal, the Court A
HELD: 1. The order of the High Court as also by the
Board are unsustainable in law as well on facts. (Para-7)
[170,D]
2.1 Section 53 of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Pro- B
tection of Children) Act, 2000 confers on the High Court
the revisional jurisdiction to satisfy itself as to the legality
or propriety of any order passed by the competent au-
thority or Court of Sessions. From a bare reading of pro-
viso to the Section, it is plain that in exercise of its
revisional jurisdiction the High Court cannot pass an or-
c
der, prejudicial to any person without affording him a rea-
sonable opportunity of being heard. (Paras -8 & 9) [170,E;
170,H; 171,A]
2.2 Section 54 of the Act also prescribes the proce- D
dure to be followed while dealing with inquiries, appeals
~ and revisions under the Act. Sub-section (2) thereof stipu-
lates that save as otherwise expressiy provided under the
Act, the procedure to be followed in hearing revisions
under the Act, shall be as far as practicable in accordance
E
with the provisions of ttie Code of Criminal Procedure,
1973. Sub-section (2) of Section 401 of the Code contem-
plates that no order under the said Section shall be made
to the prejudice of the accused or other person unless
\ he has had an opportunity of being heard either person-
J ally or by pleader in his own defence. (Para -9) [171,A-C] F
2.3 It is well settled that save in certain exceptional
situations, the principle of audi alteram partem mandates
that no one shall be condemned unheard. (Para-10)
[171,D] G
...;__ 2.4 Having regard to the nature of controversy be-
fore the High Court and the scheme of the relevant statu-
tory provisions whereunder the High Court was exercis-
ing its.jurisdiction, the 'fairness in action'. did demand that
the complainant was given an opportunity of hearing in H
164 SUPREME COURT REPORTS . [2008] 14 S.C.R.

·r-.
A the Revision Petition preferred by the accused. Moreover, \

he was impleaded as a party respondent and was obvi-
ously prejudiced by the order passed by the High Cqurt
when the accused was declared to be a juvenile. There-
fore, the High Court was clearly in error in reversing the
B - order passed by the Board without giving an opportunity
of being heard to the appellant. Hence, the order of the
High Court is set aside on this.short question alone. (Para-
11) [171,F-H; 172,~]
3.1 Determination of age of a delinquent, particularly
C in borderline cases, is rather a complex exercise. The Act
as such does not lay down any fixed norms, which could
be applied for determining the age of a person. Sub-Sec-
tion (1) of s. 49 of the Act provides for presumption and
determination of age. From a bare reading of the provision,
D it is clear that it merely provides that when it appears to the
competent authority viz., the Juvenile Justice Board, that
the person brought before it is a juvenile, the Board is
obliged to make an enquiry as· to the age of that person;
for that purpose it shall take evidence as may be neces~
E sary and then record a finding whether the person in ques-
tion is a juvenile or not. (Paras-12 &13) [172,B-C; 172,E-F]
,..
Bhola Bhagat vs. State of Bihar (1997) 8 SCC 720 and
Jitendra Ram alias Jitu vs. State of Jharkhand (2006) 9 SCC
428 - referred to. · f
F '·
3.2 Rule 22 of the Jharkharid Juvenile Justice (Care \
and Protection of Children) Rules, lays down the proce-
dure to be followed by the Board in holding enquiries and
the determination of age. It is clear from Sub-Rule (5) of
G Rule 22 that although the Board is bound to obtain the .
opinion of the Medical Board but the opinion per se is not
a conclusive proof of age of the person concerned. The
date of birth is to be determined on the basis of material
on record and on appreciation of evidence adduced by
H the parties. (Paras 15, 16 & 17) [173,F; 174,E; 175,C]
-BABLOO PASI v. STATE OF JHARKHAND 165
&ANR:

Ramdeo Chauhan alias Raj Nath vs. State of Assam A
-(2001) 5 sec 714 - relied on.
3.3 This Court is not oblivious of the fact that being a
welfare legislation, the Courts should be zealous to see
that a juvenile derives full benefits of the provisions of
the Act but at the same time it is also imperative for the 8
courts to ensure that the protection and privileges under
the Act are not misused by unscrupulous persons to es-
cape punishments for having committed serious of-
fences. (Para-18) [175,E-F] -
c
Amit Das vs. State of Bihar (2000) 5 sec 488 - relied on.
3.4 In the instant case, neither a date of birth certifi-
cate nor a matriculation or equivalent certificate from a
school was produced before the Board and, therefore,
the Board was required to obtain a medical ~opinion of a D
<tJt' duly constituted Medical Board, which was done. The
Medical Board carried out the ossification tests of the
accused· and opined that his age was between ·17-18
years. Therefore, with a margin of one year, as stipulated
in Rule 22(5)(iv) of the Rules, his age could also be 16 E
years or 19 years. In addition to the said opinion, the pros-
ecution also placed before the Board,- a Voters List of the
Constituency of Deoghar for the year 2005. In that list, the
name of the accused appeared at SI. No. 317 and his age
" was recorded as 20 years. Taking into consideration this. F
~ material .and the physical appearance of the accused, the
Board opined him as an adult. The High Court has re-
versed the opinion of the Board. (Paras - 19 & 20) [175,G-
H; 176,A-B; 176,F]
3.5 It is evident that the Board has mechanically ac- G
...;. cepted the entry in Voters List as conclusive-without ap-
preciating its probative value in terms of the provisions
of Section 35 of the Indian Evidence Act. From the orders
of the Board as well as the High Court, it is manifest that
the question of determination of age of the accused has H
166 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2008] 14 S.C.R.

A been decided by both the Courts in a casual manner, ig- j
noring the principles of law on the subject. An entry relat-'
ing to date of birth made in. the school register is relevant
and admissible under s.35 of the Act but the entry regard-
ing the age of the person in a school register is' of not
B much evidentiary value to prove the age of the person in
the absence of the material on which the age was re-
corded. (Paras - 21 & 22) [177,D; 177,C; 177,G]
Birad Mal Singhvi vs. Anand Purohit 1988 (Supp) SCC
604 - relied on.
c
3.6 On facts, in the absence of evidence to show on
what material the entry in the Voters List in the name of
the accused was made, a mere production of a copy of
the Voters List, though a public document, in terms of
Section 35, was not sufficient to prove the age of the ac-
D cused. Similarly, though a reference to the ·report of the
Medical Board, showing the age of the accused as 17-18
years, has been made but there is no indication in the or-
der whether the Board had summoned any of the mem-
bers of the Medical Board and recorded their statement.
E It also appears that the physical appearance of the ac-
cused, has weighed with the Board in coming to the afore-
noted conclusion, which again may not be a decisive fac-
tor to determine the age of a deli_nquent. Insofar as the
·--High Court is concerned, there.is no indication in its or-
F der as to in what manner Rule 22(5)(iv) has been ignored
by the Board. The Judge seems also to have accepted
the opinion of the Medical Board in terms of the said Rule
as conclusive. Therefore, the afore- stated ground on
which the High Court has set aside the opinion of the
G Board and. holding the accused to be a juvenile, cannot
be sustained. Apart from the fact that the impugned order >_,
suffers from the basic infirmity of being violative of the
principles of natural justice, it cannot be sustained 'On
merits as well. At the same time, this Court is also con-
H vinced that the order of the Board falls short of a proper
BABLOO PASI v. STATE OF JHARKHAND 167
& ANR. [D.K. JAIN, J.]

enquiry as envisaged in Section 49 of the Act. Hence, the A
matter is remitted to the Chief Judicial Magistrate heading
the Board, with a direction to re-determine the age of the
accused, as on the date of commission of the alleged of-
fences, in accordance with law, enunciated above. In the
event he is found to be a juvenile within the meaning of the B
Act, he shall be dealt with accordingly. However, if he is
-y not found to be a juvenile, he would face trial under the
ordinary criminal law. (Paras-23, 24 & 25) [177,H; 178,A-G]
CASE LAW REFERENCE
(1997) 8 SCC 720 Referred to Para - 13 C
(2006) 9 SCC 428 Referred to Para - 14
(2001) s sec 714 Relied on Para - 16
(2000) s sec 488 Relied on Para - 18
D
1988 (Supp) sec 604 Relied on Para - 22
CRIMIN,L\LAPPELLATE JURISDICTION: Criminal Appeal
No. 1572 of 2008

-- From the Judgment and final Order dated 21/12/2006 of
the High Court of Jharkhand at Ranchi in Criminal Revision No.
E

836 of 2006

O.P. Bhadani, Brij Bhusan and Ajay Shanker for the Ap-
pellant.
F
-y ~ Manish Kumar Saran, A.K. Roy and B.K. Satija for the
Respondents.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
D.K. JAIN, J. 1. Leave granted.
G
2. This appeal, by special leave, is directed against the
...;. judgment and order dated 21st December, 2006 rendered by
\he High Court of Jharkhand at Ranchi in Criminal Revision No.
836 of 2006. By the impugned order, the High Court has allowed
the revision petition preferred by the accused under Section 53 H
168 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2008] 14 S.C.R.

A of the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act,
2000 (for short 'the Act') against the order passed by the Juvenile
Justice Board, Dumka (hereinafter referred to as 'the Board').
The learned Single Judge has held that on the date of commission
of the alleged offences, the accused was a "juvenile" within the
B meaning of the Act.
3. Rajesh Mahatha, the accused and respondent No.2" in
this appeal, was apprehended for having committed off~rices 'r--
under Sections 304B and 306 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860
(for short 'l.P.C. '), in relation to the death of his wife, on the basis
G_ ·of the statement made to the police by the brother of the
deceased, the appellant herein. It appears that when the
accused was produced before the Chief Judicial Magistrate,
Deoghar, he claimed himself to be a "juvenile" as having not
attained the age of eighteen years and, therefore, entitled to
D the protection and privileges under the Act. Accordingly, he was
sent to the Child Rehabilitation Centre, Dumka. Since the claim \.
of the accused was disputed on behalf of the prosecution, on y
81h February, 2006, the Chief Judicial Magistrate directed the
accused to produce evidence/certificate in support of his claim,
E which he failed to do. It seems that without recording any opinion
whether the accused was a Juvenile or not, the Magistrate
referred him to the Board. Since the accused failed to produce
any evidence regarding his age, the Board referred him to a
Medical Board for examination and determination of his age.
F Taking into consideration, the documentary evidence adduced.
by the prosecution and observing his physical built up, the Board r~
concluded that the accused was above eighteen years of age ""
on the date of occurrence; was not a juvenile and, therefore,
was not required to be dealt with under the Act. Accordingly, the
Child Rehabilitation Centre, Dumka was directed to transfer the
G accused to the regular jail with a direction to its Superintendent·
to produce the accused before the Court of Chief Judicial \p.
Magistrate. The order passed by the Board was challenged by
the accused in the High Court. The High Court was of the view
that the Board had ignored the opinion of the Medical Board
H
BABLOO PASI v. STATE OF JHARKHAND 169
& ANR. [D.K. JAIN, J.]

obtained in terms of Rule 22(5)(iv) of the Jharkhand Juvenile A
Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Rules, 2003 (for short
'the Rules'), wherein the age of the accused was shown as 17-
18 years. Thus, exercising its revisional jurisdiction, the High
Court allowed the revision petition; quashed the order of the
Board and held that at the relevant time the accused was a B
juvenile. The brother of the victim has preferred this appeal by
special leave.
4. We have heard learned counsel for the parties.
5. Learned counsel appearing for the appellant submitted c
that the order of the High Court having been passed without
notice to the appellant, who was admittedly a party in the revision
petition, is violative of the principles of natural justice as also
the statutory provisions, is illegal and deserves to be set aside
on this short ground alone. In support of the proposition that an
0
adverse order cannot be passed without hearing the party
concerned, reliance was placed on a decision of this Court in
~ P Sundarrajan & Ors. Vs. R. Vidhya Sekar1 • On merits, it was
contended that the High Court has failed to consider in its correct
perspective the scope of Rule 22 (5). According to the learned
counsel, the medical opinion obtained under the said rule is E
only a guiding factor and not the sole criterion for determination
of age and, therefore, before returning any finding on the age of
the accused, the High Court could not ignore other relevant
factors and the evidence on record. It was also pleaded thatthe
1 scope of the revisional jurisdiction being limited, without pointing F
out any material irregularity committed by the Board, the High
court erred in interfering with a well reasoned order passed by
the Board, more so when the accused chose not to avail of
remedy available to him by way of an appeal under Section 52
of the Act, whereunderthejurisdiction of the High Court is much G
wider. In support of the contention that the powers of the
~ revisional court are limited and should be exercised sparingly
and cautiously, reliance was placed on the decisions of this court
in Krishnan & Anr. Vs. Krishnaveni & Anr. 2 , State of
Maharashtra & Anr. Vs. Jagmohan Singh Ku/dip Singh Anand H
170 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2008] 14 S.C.R.
l
I
. ;

A & Ors. 3 . Reference was also made to State of A.P. Vs. M. ~- '
Poshetty4, wherein this Court had adversely commented on
High Court's interference with the concurrent findings of fact,
entered by the trial court, in exercise of revisional powers, without
recording any reasons. It was, thus, argued that the High Court
B exceeded its powers of revisionary jurisdiction.

6. Learned counsel appearing on behalf of the accused
while strenuously supporting the order passed by the High Court Y-
'
submitted that since the entire relevant material was available
on record, there was no necessity for the High Court to issue
c notice to the appellant/complainant.
7. Having bestowed our anxious consideration to the
material on record, in our judgment, the order of the High Court
as also by the Board are unsustainable in law as well as on
facts.
D
8. Section 52 of the Act provides that any person aggrieved '- i
by an order made by a competent authority under the Act may
prefer an appeal to the Court of Sessions. Section 53 of the Act
Y•
confers on the High Court the revisional jurisdiction to satisfy
E itself as to the legality or propriety of any order passed by the
competent authority or Court of Sessi_ons. The_ Section reads
as under:
"53.Revision.- The High Court may, at any time, either of
its own motion or on an application received in this behalf,
F call for the record of any proceeding in which any
competent authority or Court of Session has passed an
order for the purpose of satisfying itself as to the legality
or propriety of any such order and may pass such order
in relation thereto as it thinks fit:
G
Provided that the High Court shall not pass an order under
this section prejudicial to any person without giving him a
reasonable opportunity of being heard."
9. From a bare reading of proviso to the Section, it is plain
•
H that in exercise of its revisional jurisdiction the High Court cannot
BABLOO PASI v. STATE OF JHARKHAND 171
& ANR. [D.K. JAIN, J.]
~·
pass an order, prejudicial to any person without affording him a A
reasonable opportunity of being heard. At this juncture, it would
be profitable to note that Section 54 of the Act also prescribes
the procedure to be followed while dealing with inquiries, appeals
and revisions under the Act. Sub-section (2) thereof stipulates
that save as otherwise expressly provided under the Act, the B
procedure to be followed in. hearing revisions under the Act,
shall be as far as practicable in accordance with the provisions
of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (for short 'the Code').
Sub-section (2) of Section 401 of the Code contemplates that
no order under the said Section shall be made to the prejudice c
of the accused or other person unless he has had an opportunity
of being heard either personally or by pleader in his own defence.

10. Furthermore, by now it is well settled that save in certain
exceptional situations, the principle of audi a/teram partem
mandates that no one shall be condemned unheard. It is a part D

• of rules of natural justice and the soul of natural justice is 'fair
play in action', which demands that before any prejudicial or
adverse order is passed or action is taken against a person,
he must be given an opportunity to be heard.
11. The question for consideration is that when the statutory E
provisions mandate and principles of natural justice demand a
pre-decisional hearing, whether or not the High Court was
justified in not granting an opportunity of hearing to the appellant/
complainant? In our opinion, having regard to the nature of
I
. controversy before the High Court and the scheme of the relevant F
statutory provisions whereunder the High Court was exercising
its jurisdiction, the 'fairness in action' did demand that the
Complainant was given an opportunity of hearing in the Revision
petition preferred by the accused. Moreover, he was impleaded
as a party respondent and was obviously prejudiced by the order G
passed by the High Court when the accused yvas declared to
~
be a juvenile. We have, therefore, no hesitation in holding that
the High Court was clearly in error in reversing the order passed
by the Board without giving an _opport_unity of hearing to the
appellant. Accordingly, we uphold the contention of learned H
172 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2008] 14 S.C.R.

_,.
A counsel for the appellant that the order of the High Court
deserves to be set aside on this short question alone.
12. We may now take up the pivotal point, viz., whether or I '
•
not the Board had applied the correCt parameters for
determining the age of the accused, who is claiming to be a
B juvenile on the date of occurrence. Determination of age of a
delinquent, particularly in borderline cases, is rather a complex
.exercise. The Act as such does not lay down any f.ixed norms,
r-
which could be applied for determining the age of a persori.
Sub-Section (1) of the Act provides for presumption and
c determination of age and reads thus:
:•
"49. Presumption and determination of age>(1) Where it t
appears to a competent authority that person brought ~

before it under any of the provisions of this Act (otherwise
than for the purpose of giving evidence) is a juvenile or the
D I
child, the competent authority shall make due inquiry so
. as to the age of that person and for that purpose shall take
such evidence as may be necessary (but not an affidavit)
\ __
and shall record a finding whether the person is ajuvenile
or the child or not, stating his age as nearly as may be. ~
E
(2) xxx xxx xxx'' I
I

13. From a bare reading of the provision, it is clear'that it
merely provides that when it appears to the· competent authority
viz., the Board, that the person brought before it is a juvenile,
F The Board is obliged to make an enquiry as to the age,of.that r
.
person; for that purpose it shall take evidence as may be
necessary and then record a finding whether the person in
·question is a juvenile or not. Explaining the scope _and purpose
of Section 32 of the Juvenile Justice Act, 1986 which is almost
;.
G pari materia with Section 49 of the Act in Bhola Bhagat Vs.
State· of Bihar6, this Court had observed as under:- ·~
" ..... when a plea is raised on behalf of an accused that he
was a "child" within the meaning of the definition of the
expression under the Act, it becomes obligatory for the
H
BABLOO PASI v. STATE OF JHARKHAND 173
& ANR. [D.K. JAIN, J.]

court, in case it entertains any doubt about the age as A
claimed by the accused, to hold an· inquiry itself for
determination of the question of age of the accused or
cause an enquiry to be held and seek a report regarding
the same, if necessary, by asking the parties to lead
evidence in that regard. Keeping in view: the beneficial s
nature of the socially-oriented legislation, it is an obligation
of the court where such a plea is raised to examine that
plea with care and it cannot fold its hands and without
returning a positive finding regarding that plea, deny the
benefit of the provisions to an accused. The court must c
hold an enquiry and return a finding regarding the age,
one way or the other."
14. Nevertheless, in Jitendra Ram alias Jitu Vs. State of
Jharkhand6 , the Court sounded a· note of caution that the
aforestated observations in Bhola Bhagat ($upra) would not :D
mean that a person who is not entitled to the benefit of the ,said
Act would be dealt with leniently only because_ s_uch a plea is
raised. Each plea must be judged on its own merit and each
case has to be considered on the basis of the materials brought
on record.
15. At this juncture, it is relevant to note that in exercise of
power conferred by Section 68 of the Act, f.he State G~vernment
of Jharkhand has framed the Jharkhand Juvenile Justice (Care
and Protection of Children) Rules, 2003. Rule 22 fh.ereof iays
.., down the procedure to be followed by a Board in" holdfng F
enquiries and the determination of age. Sub-Rule (5) of ihe said
Rule which is material for the present case reads thus:- · ·
.;

"22. Procedure to be followed by a Board in holding
inquiries and the determination of age. - ( 1) ........ .
·.G
(5) In every case concerning ajuvenile or a child, t_he Board
shall either obtain.-
(i) a birth certificate given by a corporation or a
municipal authority; or
H
174 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2008] 14 S. C.R.

A (ii) a date of birth certificate from the school first
attended; or
r
(iii) matriculation or equivalent certificates, if available;
and
(iv) in the absence of (i) to (iii) above, the medical opinion 1-:
B
by a duly constituted Medical Board, subject to a
margin of one year, in deserving cases for the 'r
reasons to be recorded by such Medical Board,
(regarding his age and, when passing orders in such
c case shall, after taking into consideration such
evidence as may be available or the medical opinion,
as the case may be record a finding in respect of his
age)."
16. Thus, as per Rule 22, in the absence of birth or
D matriculation certificates, in order to record a finding in respect
of age of a person, the Board is required to obtain the opinion "-

of a duly constituted Medical Board. It is clear from a bare
reading of the Rule that although the Board is bound to obtain
the opinion of the Medical Board but the opinion per se is not a ·
E conclusive proof of age of the person concerned. It is no more \)•

than an opinion. More so, when even the Medico-Legal opinion
is that owing to the variation in climatic, dietic, hereditary and
other factors, affecting the people of different States in the
country, it would be imprudent to formulate a uniform standard
,..
F for the determination of the age. True, that a Medical Board's
opinion based on the radiological examination is a useful guiding
factor for determining the age of a person but is not
incontrovertible.· Commenting on the evidentiary value of the
opinion of a doctor, based on x-ray tests, as to the age of a
person, in Ramdeo Chauhan alias Raj Nath Vs. State of
G
Assam7 , RP. Sethi, J., speaking for the majority in a three-Judge
Bench,·had observed that:- ~
" .... An X-ray ossification test may provide a surer basis ~:
for determining the age of an individual than the opinion ~
,-
H of a medical expert but it can by no means be so infallible ~
BABLOO PASI v. STATE OF JHARKHAND 175
& ANR. [D.K. JAIN, J.]
>j
I and accurate a test as to indicate the exact date of birth A
of the person concerned. Too much of reliance cannot be
placed upon textbooks, on medical jurisprudence and
toxicology while determining the age of an accused. In
this vast country with varied latitudes, heights, environment,
vegetation and nutrition, the height and weight cannot be B
expected to be uniform."
~ 17. It is well settled that it is neither feasible nor desirable
to lay down an abstract formula to determine the age of a person.
The date of birth is to be determined on the basis of material on
record and on appreciation of evidence adduced by the parties. c
The Medical evidence as to the age of a person, though a very
useful guiding factor, is not conclusive and has to be considered
along with other cogent evidence.
18. It is true that in Amit Das Vs. State of Biha~, this Court
D
has, on a review of judicial opinion, observed that while dealing
with a question of determination of age of an accused, for the

•
(

purpose of finding out whether he is a juvenile or not, a hyper-
technical approach should not be adopted while appreciating
the evidence adduced on behalf of the accused in support of
the plea that he was a juvenile and if two views may be possible E
on the same evidence, the Court should lean in favour of holding
the accused to be a juvenile in borderline cases. We are also
not oblivious of the fact that being a welfare legislation, the Courts
should be zealous to see that a juvenile derives full benefits of
.., the provisions of the Act but at the same time it is also imperative F
for the courts to ensure that the protection and privileges under
the Act are not misused by unscrupulous persons to escape
punishments for having committed serious offen_ces.
19. Bearing in mind these broad principles, we may now
G
advert to the facts at hand. Indubitably, neither a date of birth

• certificate nor a matriculation or equivalent certificate from· a
school was produced before the Board and, therefore, thel3oard
was required to obtain a medical opinion of a duly constituted
Medical Board, which was done. The Medical Board carried
H
176 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2008] 14 S.C.R.

A· out the ossification tests of the accused and opined that his r
age' was ·between 17-18 years. Therefore, with a margin of one
year;· as stipulated in Rule 22(5)(iv), his a_ge could also be 16
years or 19 years. In addition to the said opinion, the prosecution
also 'placed before the Board, a Voters List of the Constituency
B of Deogharforthe year 2005. In that list, the name of the accused
appeared at SI. No. 317 and his age was recorded as 20 years.
Taking into consideration this material and the physical ~
appearance of the accused, the Board opined as under:-
"Applicant Rajesh Mahatha is present before the Juvenile
c Justice Board. By observing his physical built up, it
·appears that he is an adult.Also in the medical examination
report his age has been shown as 17-18 years.
His adulthood can be verified from the Voter List 2005
. where the applicant age has been shown as 20 years. It
D
is also the opinion of the other Board members that the
applicant Rajesh Mahatha appears to be adult and in the
·background of the date of the incident he was an adult.
.. Therefore, by the concurring opinion of the members of
E· the Board, it is declared that Rajesh Mahatha the accused
.. applicant is an "adult" of more than 18 years of age in the
... . baCkgrountj of.the date.of the occurrence of the incident."
20. As noted supra, the High Court has reversed the opinion
of the Board. The-relevant portion of the High Court's order reads
F thus::.. ·, r-
'I J.
. . . "Having regard to the facts and circumstances of the case,
I find that Jharkhand Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection
of Children) Rules 2003 has devised Rule 22 being the
procedure to be followed by the Juvenile Justice Board in
G
holding enquiry in determination of the age of a Juvenile
Rule 22(5) (iv) provides that the opinion of the Medical
Board, duly constituted; wou)d be the guiding factor in
determination of the age of a Juvenile, subject to margin
. of one year in absence of the birth certificate of Juvenile
H
BABLOO PASI v. STATE OF JHARKHAND 177
& ANR. [D.K. JAIN, J.]
"Y
in conflict with law. I find that the said provision of Rule has A
been ignored by the Juvenile Justice Board as well as by
the Session Court.
In the circumstance, the order impugned passed by the
Juvenile Justice Board on 3.6.2006 whereby and
whereunder the age of the petitioner was determined more B
than 18 years is set aside and the 1st Addi. Sessions
Judge, Deoghar is directed to pass appropriate order
returning back the records of the Juvenile to the Juvenile
Justice Board in accordance with law as early as possible."
c
21. From the afore-extracted orders of the Board as well
as the High Court, it is manifest that the question of determination
of age of the accused has been decided by both the Courts in a
casual manner, ignoring the principles of law on the subject.
22. Insofar as the Board is concerned, it is evident that it D
__,
has mechanically accepted the entry in Voters List as conclusive
without appreciating its probative value in terms of the provisions
of Section 35 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872. Section 35 of the
said Act lays down that an entry in any public or other official book,
register, record, stating a fact in issue or relevant fact made by a E
public servant in the discharge of his official duty especially
enjoined by the law of the country is itself a relevantfact. It is trite
that to render a document admissible under Section 35, three
conditions have to be satisfied, namely: (i) entry that is relied on
must be one in a public or other official book, register or record; F

' (ii) it must be an entry stating a fact in issue or a relevant fact, and
(iii) it must be made by a public servant in discharge of his official
duties, or in performance of his duty especially enjoined by law.
An entry relating to date of birth made in the school register is
relevant and admissible under Section 35 of the Act but the entry
G
regarding the age of a person in a school register is of not much
~....,; evidentiary value to prove the age of the person in the absence
of the material on which the age was recorded. (See: Birad Mal
Singhvi Vs. Anand Purohit9 )

23. Therefore, on facts at hand, in the absence of evidence H
178 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2008] 14 S.C.R.

,~
A to show on what material the entry in the Voters List in the name
of the accused was made, a mere production of a copy of the
Voters List, though a public doc_ument, in terms of Section 35,
was not sufficient to prove the age of the accused. Similarly,
though a reference to the report of the Medical Board, showing
B the age of the accused as 17-18 years, has been made but
there is no indication in the order whether the Board had
summoned any of the members of the Medical Board and
recorded their statement. It also appears that the physical
appearance of the accused, has weighed with the Board in
coming to the afore-noted conclusion, which again may not be
c a decisive factor to determine the age of a delinquent. Insofar
as the High Court is concerned, there is no indication in its order
as to in what manner Rule 22(5)(iv) has been ignored by the
Board. The learned Judge seems also to have accepted the
opinion of the Medical Board in terms of the said Rule as
D conclusive. Therefore, the afore-stated ground on which the High
Court has set aside the opinion of the Board and holding the
r-
accused to be a juvenile, cannot be sustained.
24. In our judgment, apart from the fact that the impugned
order suffers from the basic infirmity of being violative of the
E
principles of natural justice, it cannot be sustained on merits as
well. At the same time, we are also convinced that the order of
the Board falls short of a proper enquiry as envisaged in Section
49 of the Act.

F 25. For the aforementioned reasons, the appeal is allowed
and· the matter fs remitted to the Chief judicial Magistrate,
Deoghar, heading the Board, with a direction to re-determine
-
(

the age of the accused, as on the date of commission of the
alleged offences, in accordance with law, enunciated above. In
G
the event he is found to be a juvenile within the meaning of the
Act, he shall be dealt with accordingly. However, if he is not found
to be a juvenile, he would face trial under the ordinary criminal ...>
law. The inquiry shall be completed expeditiously, preferably
within six months of receipt of a copy of this judgment.

H S.K.S. Appeal allowed.
)

'