Holding

Acceptance of a gift may be inferred from the deed’s recital of possession and related circumstances, creating a rebuttable presumption that places the burden on the donor, and a completed gift cannot be rescinded.

Summary

The parents executed registered deeds of gift in 1984 transferring specific land to their son, expressly stating that possession had been handed over and accepted. The parents later attempted to cancel the gifts on the condition that the son pay Rs 1,00,000 for a sister's marriage, which he did not do, and filed cancellation deeds in 1985. The trial court held the gifts valid under Sections 122 and 123 of the Transfer of Property Act, ruling that a completed gift cannot be rescinded, but the appellate courts reversed this finding, insisting on overt evidence of possession. The Supreme Court held that acceptance of a gift may be inferred from the deed’s recital of possession, the donor’s silence, and the presumption arising from a registered document, placing the burden of proof on the donor. It further held that Sections 91 and 92 of the Evidence Act do not bar such inference and that a completed gift cannot be rescinded on the donor’s later change of mind. Consequently, the appeal was allowed, setting aside the appellate and High Court judgments and restoring the trial court’s decision.

Issues considered

Whether an averment in a deed of gift that possession was handed over is sufficient proof of acceptance by the donee.
Whether Sections 91 and 92 of the Indian Evidence Act preclude evidence contradicting the recitals in a deed of gift.
Whether a completed gift can be rescinded on the basis of a subsequent condition or the donor’s change of mind.
Who bears the burden of proof for delivery of possession in a gift transaction.

Legislation cited

Indian Evidence Act, 1872s. 91, s. 92
Transfer of Property Acts. 122, s. 123

Subjects

giftacceptancedeed of giftpossessionpresumptionburden of proofTransfer of Property ActEvidence Actrescission

Judgment

ASOKAN A
v.
LAKSHMIKUTTY & ORS.

DECEMBER 14, 2007
B
[S.B. SINHA AND HARJIT SINGH BEDI, JJ.]

Transfer ofProperty Act; Ss.122 & 123:

Gift-Donor-parents executed a deed of gift transferring c
possession ofproperty gifted in favour of his son-donee-Averment
in a deed of gift in regard to handing over ofpossession-Whether
amounts to sufficient proofof acceptance thereof by donee-Held:-
In order to constitute a valid gift, acceptance thereofis essential-Even
a silence may sometimes indicate acceptance-Overt act not necessary D
as express acceptance need not be required for completing the
transaction of gift-When a registered document is executed,
presumption arises in regard to the correctness thereof-Onus lies on
the donor and not on the donee-The fact that possession had been
given to do nee raises a presumption of acceptance-Thus, the gift in E
question is a valid gift-Once a gift is complete, it cannot be rescinded
on the ground ofsubsequent conduct ofthe donee-Moreover, on facts,
S.91 of the Evidence Act not attracted-Evidence Act, 1872.

Evidence Act, 1872; Ss. 91 & 92:
F
Gift-Plea against recitals in the deed ofgift-Permissibility of
-Held: Not permissible.

The question which arose for determination in this appeal was
as to whether an averment made by the donor-Parents in the deed
of gift executed in favour of his son in regard to handing over G
possession of certain property is sufficient proof of acceptance
thereof by the donee to constitute a valid gift.
Appellant contended that the first Appellate Court as also the
901 H
902 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007] 13 (Addi.) S.C.R.

A High Court had failed to take into consideration the fact that the
deeds of gift being not onerous ones and the factum of handing over
of possession of the properties which were the subject matter of the
gift, having been stated in the deeds of gift themselves, it was not
necessary for him to prove that he accepted the same; and that
B keeping in view the provisions of Sections 91 and 92 of the Indian
Evidence Act, no plea contrary to or inconsistent with the recitals
made in the deeds of gift is permissible to be raised.

Respondents submitted that acceptance of gift being a condition
precedent for a valid gift and the first Appellate Court and the High
C Court having arrived at a finding that the same was not accepted,
the impugned judgments should not be interfered with; that the
recitals made in the deeds of gift are not conclusive and, thus,
evidence to show that the same were not correct is admissible in
evidence; and that even assuming that Sections 91 and 92 of the
D Indian Evidence Act would be applicable, by reason thereof, only
the onus has shifted on the donor and as they have discharged the
same, the impugned judgments are unassailable.
Allowing the appeal, the Court
E HELD: 1.1. Gifts do not contemplate payment of any
consideration or compensation. It is, however, beyond any doubt or
dispufo that in order to constitute a valid gift acceptance thereof is
essential. However, the Transfer of Property Act does not prescribe
any particular mode of acceptance. It is the circumstances attending
F to the transaction which may be relevant for determining the
question. There may be various means to prove acceptance of a gift.
The document may be handed over to a donee, which in a given
situation may also amount to a valid acceptance. The fact that
possession had been given to the donee also raises a presumption
G of acceptance. [Para 14) (907-C-DJ

Sanjukta Ray v. Bimelendu Mohanty, AIR (1997) Orissa 131;
Kamakshi Ammal v. Rajalakshmi, AIR (1995) Mad 415 and Samrathi
Devi v. Parsuram Pandey, AIR (1975) Patna 140, referred to.
H 1.2. While determining the question as to whether delivery of
ASOKAN v. LAKSHMIKUTTY 903

possession would constitute acceptance of a gift or not, the A
relationship between the parties plays an important role. It is not a
case that the appellant was not aware of the recitals contained in
deeds of gift. The very fact that the par.ents-donor contended that
the donee, son, was to perform certain obligations, is itself indicative
of the fact that the parties were aware thereabout. Even a silence B
may sometime indicate acceptance. It is not necessary to prove any
overt act in respect thereof as an express acceptance is not
necessary for completing the transaction of gift.
[Para 16] [907-F-G]

Narayani Bhanumathi and Anr. v. Karthyayani Lelitha Bhai,
c
(1973) Kerala LJ 354, referred to.
1.3. When a registered document is executed and the executors
are aware of the terms and nature of the document, a presumption
arises in regard to the correctness thereof. When such a presumption D
is raised coupled with the recitals in regard to putting the donee in
possession of the property, the onus should be on the donor and not
on the donee. [Para 20] [909-C-D]
Prem Singh and Ors. v. Birbal and Ors., [2006] 5 SCC 353, relied
on. E

1.4. The deeds of gift categorically state, as an ingredient for a
valid transaction, that the property had been handed over to the
donee and he had accepted the same. Even assuming that the legal
presumption therefore may be raised, the same is a rebuttable one F
but in a case of this nature, a heavy onus would lie on the
donors. [Para 23] (910-C-D]
2. Once a gift is complete, the same cannot be rescinded. For
any reason whatsoever, the subsequent conduct of a donee cannot
be a ground for rescission of a valid gift. [Para 31] [912-D] G
CIVIL APfELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 5942 of
2007.
From the Final Judgment and Order dated 9.7.2002 of the High
Court ofKerala at Ernakulam in S.A. No. 606 of 1993 (E). H
904 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007] 13 (Addi.) S.C.R.

A M.P. Vinod and Sanjith P. Warrier for the Appellant.
T.L.V. Iyer, Subramonium Prasad, Jai Kishore Singh and Vivek
Gupta for the Respondents.
The Judgment of the Court was delivered by
B
S.B. SINHA, J. 1. Leave granted.
2. Whether an averment made in the deed of gift in regard to handing
over of possession is sufficient proof of acceptance thereof by the donee
is the question involved in this appeal which arises out of a judgment and
C order elated 9.07.2002 passed by the High Court ofKerala at Ernakulam
in S.A. No. 606of1993.
3. Defendant Nos. 1 and 2 are the parents of the appellant herein.
A deed of gift was executed by Defendant No. 2 - Respondent No. 1
D (mother of the appellant) herein in favour of the appellant on or about
4.01.1984. He was said to have been put in possession of the properties
covered by the deed of gift. It was a registered document. Defendant No.
1 (father of the appellant) (since deceased) also executed a registered
deed of gift dated 17.03.1984 in his favour which was marked as Exhibit
A-2 before the learned Trial Judge; relevant averments wherein were:
E
" ... The said 28 cents was divided into two equal portions. On the
southern extreme side of the southern 14 cents after the said
division there existed a kudikidappu (hut) of one Konnothu George.
Three cents and the said hut was demarcated and given to the said
F George. Lakshmikutty, your mother, purchased the rights of George
over the said three cents and the hut thereon vide registered
document No. 2214 of 1980. The said property was later gifted
by her to you vide Document No. 78 of 1984. The 11 cents of
land, remaining after demarcating the abovesaid three cents from
the 14 cents, namely the southern one half portion of the 28 cents
G
that originally belonged to me, is still in my possession and
enjoyment with all rights. Out of my love and affection for you and •
in view of the fact that you are my son and successor the said
property having a value of Rs. 5,500/- is gifted to you for leading
a good family life. I am hereby relinquishing all my rights over the
H
ASOKAN v. LAKSHMIKUTTY [SINHA, J.] 905

property. The possession of the property is handed over to you A
and you have accepted the same ... "
4. Defendants, however, on the premise that the said gift was an
onerous one and the appellant did not fulfil the conditions therefor, viz.,
failure to contribute a sum of Rs. 1,00,000/- at the time of marriage of B
his sister, cancelled the said deeds of gift by two documents executed on
15.06.1985.
5. Appellant filed a suit inter alia for a declaration that he was the
absolute owner of the suit properties. Prayer for setting aside the said
two deeds of cancellation was also made therein. C
6. Contentions of the defendants in their written statements were
that:
(i) Appellant had not been rendering any financial help to the
family although he was employed in Sultanate of Oman; D
(ii) Appellant had not accepted the said gifts.

7. Defendants in their evidence stated that the appellant had
promised to pay Rs. 1,00,000/- to them but after returning to Oman, but
he changed his mind and was not prepared to send the said sum. E
8. The learned Trial Judge decreed the said suit opining that the
ingredients of Sections 122 and 123 of the Transfer of Property Act had
been fulfilled and, thus, the same could not hav~ been rescinded "by the
mere fact that the donors' feeling towards the donee underwent a change".
F
9. Before the learned Trial Judge, an apprehension was expressed
that in the event a decree is passed, the appellant may evict his parents
which was refused to be gone into on the ground that such a question
might arise only in the future.
The First Appellate Court, however, reversed the said findings G
opining that there had been no overt act of possession on the part of the
• appellant as he had not paid any tax nor he got his name mutated in the
revenue records. It was noticed that even the deeds of gift were produced
by the defendants.
H
906 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007) 13 (Addl.) S.C.R.

A 10. The High Court by reason of the impugned judgment affinned
the said view.
11. Mr. M.P. Vinod, learned counsel appearing on behalf of the
appellant, submitted that the first Appellate Court as also the High Court
committed a serious error in arriving at the aforementioned findings insofar
B as they failed to take into consideration the fact that the deeds of gift being
not onerous ones and the factum of handing over of possession of the
properties which were the subject matter of the gift, having been stated
in the deeds of gift themselves, it was not necessary for the appellant to
prove that he accepted the same. It was furthermore urged that keeping
C in view the provisions of Sections 91 and 92 of the Indian Evidence Act,
no plea contrary to or inconsistent with the recitals made in the deeds of
gift is permissible to be raised.
12. Mr. T.L.V. Iyer, learned senior counsel appearing on behalf of
D the respondents, on the other hand, submitted:
(i) Acceptance of gift being a condition precedent for a valid gift
and the first Appellate Court and the High Court having arrived
at a finding that the same was not accepted, the impugned
judgments should not be interfered with.
E
(ii) The recitals made in the deeds of gift are not conclusive and,
thus, evidence to show that the same were not correct is
admissible in evidence.
(lii) Sections 91and92 of the Indian Evidence Act control only
F the terms of a contract and not a recital. Even assuming that
Sections 91 and 92 of the Indian Evidence Act would be
applicable, by reason thereof, only the onus has shifted on the
donor and as they have discharged the same, the impugned
judgments are unassailable.
G 13. We have noticed the terms of the deeds of gift. Exfacie, they
are not onerous in nature.
•
The definition of 'gift' contained in Section 122 of the Transfer of
Property Act provides that the essential elements thereof are:
H
ASOKAN v. LAKSHMIKUTTY [SINHA, 1.] 907

(i) the absence of consideration; A
(ii) the donor;
(iii) the donee;
(iv) the subject matter
B
(v) the transfer; and
(vi) the acceptance.

14. Gifts do not contemplate payment of any consideration or
compensation. It is, however, beyond any doubt or dispute that in order C
to constitute a valid gift acceptance thereof is essential. We must, however,
notice that the Transfer of Property Act does not prescribe any particular
mode of acceptance. It is the circumstances attending to the transaction
which may be relevant for determining the question. There may be various
means to prove acceptance of a gift. The document may be handed over
to a donee, which in a given situation may also amount to a valid D
acceptance. The fact that possession had been given to the donee also
raises a presumption of acceptance. [See Sanjukta Ray v. Bimelendu
Mohanty, AIR (1997) Orissa 131, Kamakshi Ammal v. Rajalakshmi,
AIR (1995) Mad 415 and Samrathi Devi v. Parsuram Pandey, AIR
1975 Patna 140] E
15. Concept of payment of consideration in whatever form is
unknown in the case of a gift. It should be a voluntary one. It should not
be subjected to any undue influence.
;

16. While determining the question as to whether delivery of F
possession would constitute acceptance of a gift or not, the relationship .
between the parties plays an important role. It is not a case that the
appellant was not aware of the recitals contained in deeds of gift. The
very fact that the defendants contend that the donee was to perform
certain obligations, is itself indicative of the fact that the parties were aware G
thereabout. Even a silence may sometime indicate acceptance. It is not
necessary to prove any overt act in respect thereof as an express
acceptance is not necessary for completing the transaction of gift.
17. In Narayani Bhanumathi and Anr v. Karthyayani Lelitha H
908 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007] 13 (Addi.) S.C.R.

A Bhai, [1973 Kerala LJ 354], a learned Single Judge of the Kerala High
Court stated the law, thus:
"If the earlier settlement deed was executed on an assurance
that defendants 2 and 3 will be looked after, that pre-supposes
the knowledge of the gift by the donees and an understanding
B reached between them at the time of execution of the settlement
deed which could be sufficient to support the plea of acceptance
especially when there is no question of the donee getting possession
of properties since there as reservation of right to enjoy the property
in the <loners during their life time.
c
The evidence bearing on the question of acceptance of the gift
deed will have to be appreciated in the background of the
circumstance relating to the execution of such a deed. There may
be cases where slightest evidence of such acceptance would be
D sufficient. There may be still cases where the circumstances
themselves eloquently speak to such acceptance. Normally when
a person gifts properties to another and it is not an onerous gift,
one may expect the other to accept such a gift when once it comes
to his knowledge, since normally, any person would be only too
E willing to promote his own interest. May be in particular cases there
may be peculiar circumstances which may show that the donee
would not have accepted the gift. But these are rather the
exceptions than the rule. It is only normal to assume than the rule.
It is only normal to assume that the donee would have accepted
the gift deed. One would have to look into the circumstances of
F
the case in order to see whether acceptance could be read. Mere
silence may sometimes be indicative of acceptance provided it is
shown that the donee knew about the gift. Essentially, this is a
question of fact to be considered on the background of
circumstances of each case."
G
18. Mr. Iyer, however, submitted that it would be open to the donors
1
to prove that in fact no possession had been handed over. Strong reliance
in this behalfhas been placed on S. VS. Muhammad Yusuf Rowther and
Anr. v. Muhammad Yusuf Rowther and Ors., [AIR 1958 Madras 527]
H and Alavi v. Aminakutty & Ors., [1984 KL T 61 (NOC)].
ASOKAN v. LAKSHMIKUTTY [SINHA, J.] 909

19. In S. VS. Muhammad Yusuf Rowther (supra), the Madras High A
Court was dealing with a case of gift under the Mohammadan Law.
· Therein it was opined:
"In my judgment, learned counsel for the appellants is justified
in his complaint that the courts below have wrongly thrown the onus
of proving that this requirement as to delivery of possession had B
been complied with on the contesting defendants. It is no doubt
true that delivery of possession of gifted properties is an essential
condition of the validity of the gift and its operative nature under
the Muslim Law and it would be for the donees to establish it."
c
20. When a registered document is executed and the executors are
aware of the terms and nature of the document, a presumption arises in
regard to the correctness thereof. [See Prem Singh and Ors. v. Birbal
and Ors., (2006] 5 SCC 353]
When such a presumption is raised coupled \\'ith the recitals in regard D
to putting the donee in possession of the property, the onus should be on
the donor and not on the donee.
21. In Alavi (supra), Paripooman, J. (as His Lordship then was)
held: E
"It is settled law that where the deed of gift itself recites that the
donor has given possession of the properties gifted to the donee,
such a recital is binding on the heirs of the <loner. It is an admission
-o/
binding on the donor and those claiming under him. Such a recital
raised a rebuttable presumption and is ordinarily sufficient to hold F
that there was delivery of possession. Therefore, the burden lies
on those who allege or claim the contrary to prove affirmatively
that in spite of the recitals in the gift deed to the effect that
possession has been delivered over, in fact, the subject matter of
the gift was not delivered over to the donees." G

22. Section 91 of the Indian Evidence Act covers both contract as
also grant and other types of disposal of property. A distinction may exist
in relation to a recital and the terms of a contract but such a question
does not arise herein inasmuch as the said deeds of gift were executed
H
910 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007] 13 (Addl.) S.C.R.

A out of love and affection as well as on the ground that the donee is the
son and successor of the donor and so as to enable him to live a good
family life.
23. Could they now tum round and say that he was to fulfill a
B promise? The answer thereto must be rendered in the negative. It is one
thing to say that the execution of the deed is based on an aspiration or
belief, but it is another thing to say that the same constituted an onerous
gift.
What, however, was necessary is to prove undue influence so as to
C bring the case within the purview of Section 16 of the Indian Contract
Act. It was not done. The deeds of gift categorically state, as an ingredient
for a valid transaction, that the property had been handed over to the donee
and he had accepted the same. In our opinion, even assuming that the
legal presumption therefore may be raised, the same is a rebuttable one
D but in a case of this nature, a heavy onus would lie on the donors.
24. Keeping in view the relationship of the parties and further in view
of the fact that admittedly the appellant had not been residing in India for
a long time, neither the possession of the document nor the payment of
tax nor non-mutation of the name by itself would be sufficient to show
E that the execution of the deeds of gift by the defendants was not voluntary
acts on their part. It can never be the intention of a son to drive away the
parents from the house as soon as the deeds of gift are executed. Parents
while gifting the property to a successor out oflove and affection as also
with a view to enable him to live a peaceful life, would not like to lose
F both the property as also their son.
25. Our attention has been drawn to a decision of the Privy Council
in Nawab Mirza Mohammad Sadiqu Ali Khan and Ors. v. Nawab
Fakr Jahan Begam and Anr. AIR (1932) PC 13 wherein again while
G dealing with a case of gift governed by Muhammadan law, it was stated:
"The first objection being against the tenor of the deed, the burden
of proof is clearly upon those who dispute the gift. No possible
reason is suggested why Baqar Ali should have desired to put a
portion of this property in anyone else's name except, possibly, an
H inherent propensity for benami or 'ism farzi' transactions. On the

.
ASOKANv. LAKSHMIKUTTY[SINHA,J.] 911

other hand, the reason recited in the deed that he desired to A
provide his favourite wife 'With an alternative residence at Kairabad
is to say the least of it, understandable. The portion assigned to
her contained the zenana quarters, where she ordinarily put up
when accompanying her husband on his apparently not infrequent
visits to the kothi, and it is clear from the evidence of his other B
gifts to her which are now established, that he had a great desire
to provide for her future comfort on a generous scale. Against this,
all that can be said is that during his life time she exercised no
individual acts of proprietorship over any portion of the Kairabad
establishment; that in her and her husband's absence the serai was C
occupied by the servants of the estate; that such repairs as were
necessary were done at Baqar Ali's expense, and that no mutation
of names was made in the Government records. In their Lordships'
opinion these facts are not sufficient to establish that the transaction
was merely colourable. The deed was handed over to the donee D
and remained in her possession, and their Lordships have no doubt
that Baqar Ali intended to make a genuine gift of the property to
her."
26. In regard to handing over of the possession, it was held:
E
"In the second place, the deed of gift was handed over to the
donee as soon as it was registered. In the case of a gift by a
husband to his wife, their Lordships do not think that Mahomedan
law requires actual vacation by the husband and an actual taking
of separate possession by the wife. In their opinion the declaration F
made by the husband, followed by the handing over of the deed
are amply sufficient to establish a transfer of possession."

27. It will bear repetition to state that we are in this case concerned
with the construction of recitals made in a registered document.
G
28. Mr. Iyer also relied upon a decision of Oudh High Court in
Jhumman v. Husain and Ors., AIR (1931) Oudh 7 to show that a
declaration that possession had been given is not conclusive. Therein again,
the court was dealing with a case of gift under Mohammadan law. In that
case, the gift was accepted after the death of the donor and it was in that H
912 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2007] 13 (Addi.) S.C.R.

A situation that emphasis was laid on handing over of possession as a
condition of valid gift.
29. In Smt. Gangabai v. Smt. Chhabubai, AIR (1982) SC 20,
wherein also reliance has been placed by Mr. Iyer, it was held that the
bar created under Sections 91 and 92 of the Indian Evidence Act would
B
operate unless it comes within the purview of the exceptions specified
therein. Therein the question which arose for consideration related to the
nature of transaction and not the terms of the grant.
30. Mr. Iyer places reliance on Tyagaraja Mudaliyar and Anr. v.
C Vedathanni, AIR (1936) PC 70 wherein again correctness or otherwise
of the nature of document itself was in question and in that view of the
matter adduction of oral evidence was not held to be a bar in terms of
Section 91 of the Indian Evidence Act.
31. Once a gift is complete, the same cannot be rescinded. For any
D
reason whatsoever, the subsequent conduct of a donee cannot be a ground
for rescission of a valid gift.
32.. For the reasons aforementioned, the impugned judgment cannot
be sustained and, thus, judgments of the High Court as also the first
E Appellate Court are set aside and that of the Trial Court restored. The
appeal is allowed. No costs.
S.K.S. Appeal allowed.