ANANTA DEB SINGHA MAHAPATRA AND ORS.versusSTATE OF WEST BENGAL

A               ANANTA DEB SINGHA MAHAPATRA AND ORS.
                                   v.
                        STA TE OF WEST BENGAL

                                     JUNE 6, 2007

B                   [DR. ARIJIT PASAYAT AND D. K. JAIN, JJ.]


          Penal Code, 1860 :

          ss. 96, 97, 99, JOO and JOI-Exception to offence-Right of private
C   defence-Limit and extent of-Death of the victim of assault-Accused
    convicted u/ss. 304 (Part 11)1149 and 3231149, claiming right of private
    defence-Held: On facts, as a result of assault by accused, when victim fell
    down and there was none to attack the accused, and even then they went
    on assaulting him, and caused more harm than was necessary, they were
D   rightly found by Courts below guilty of death of the victim-Evidence Act,
    1872-s. 105                                                                         '(



          Evidence Act, 1872:

          s. 105-Plea ofprivate defence-Burden of proof-Held: Burden is on '
E   the accused to show that he had a right of private defence which extended .
    to causing of death-In absence of proof, it is not possible for court to
    presume truth of plea of self-defence-Court shall presume absence of such
    circumstances-Relevant factors to be considered-Explained-Penal Code,
    1860-ss 304 (Part-11)/149.

F          Appellants were prosecuted for offences punishable, inter alia, under
    ss. 304(Part11)/149, 324/34 IPC. The prosecution case was that the appellants
    accompanied by 15 others started cutting paddy from the fields of P.W. 2 the
    informant, and when his father protested they assaulted him and also cut his
    fingers. Hearing the alarm raised by him, P.W. 2 and his mother, P. W. 4,
    reached there, but the accused also assaulted them. The victim succumbed to
G   his injuries the following day. The trial court found five persons, guilty of the
    offences. Four of them were convicted u/s. 304(Part11)/149, two of these four
    were additionally convicted u/s. 323/149 while the fifth was convicted u/s. 323/
                                                                                        (
    149 IPC. In the appeal filed before the High Court, the primary stand of the
    accused was that the FIR was manipulated and ante dated and it was a tampered
H                                         974
              ANANTA DEB·SINGHA MAHAPATRA v. STATE OF WEST BENGAL               975

    document. A plea of right of private defence was also raised. The High Court        A
    having rejected both the please, three of the accused filed the instant appeal

          Allowing the appeal in part, the Court

          HELD: 1. So far as the plea relating to FIR is concerned, it can be seen
    that the High Court has referred to the evidence of PW-16 and PW-4 and              B
    rightly concluded that there was no substance in the plea relating to

-   manipulation of the FIR [Para 811978-CJ

          2.1. To claim a right of private defence extending to voluntarily causing
    of death, the accused must show that there were circumstances giving rise to
    reasonable grounds for apprehending that either death or grievous hurt would        C
    be caused to him The burden is on the accused to show that he had a right of
    private defence which extended to causing of de'lth. Sections 100 and 101,
    IPC define the limit and extent of right of private defence.
                                                              !Para 121 [981-A, BJ

          Jai Dev v. State of Punjab, AIR (1963) SC 612, relied on.
                                                                                        D

           2.2. Under Section 105 of the Evidence Act, 1872, the burden of proof
    is on the accused, who sets up the plea of self-defence, and, in the absence of
    proof, it is not possible for the Court to presume the truth of the plea of self-
    defence. The Court shall presume the absence of such circumstances. It is           E
    for the accused to place necessary material on record either by himself
    adducing positive evidence or by eliciting necessary facts from the witnesses
    examined for the prosecution. In order to find whether right of private defence
    is available or not, the injuries received by the accused, the imminence of
    threat to his safety, the injuries caused by the accused and the circumstances
    whether the accused had time to have recourse to public authorities are all         F
    relevant factors to be considered. 1979-B, C; 981-D, E)
                                                                 IParas 10 and 14]
          Salim Zia v. State of UP. AIR (1979) SC 391; Munshi Ram & Ors. v.
    Delhi Administration AIR, (1968) SC 702; State of Gujarat v. Bai Fatima,
    AIR (1975) SC 14'78; State of UP. v. Mohd. Musheer Khan, AIR (1977) SC              G
    2226; Mohinder Pal Jolly v. State of Punjab, AIR (1979) SC 57; Lakshmi
    Singh v. State of Bihar, AIR (1976) SC 2263; Biran Singh v. State of Bihar,
    AIR (1975) SC 87and Sekar @ Raja Sekharan v. State represented by
    Jnspector of Police, Tamil Nadu, (2002) 7 Supreme 124, relied on.
                                                                                        H
    976                    SUPREME COURT REPORTS                      [2007] 7 S.C.R.

A         2.3. In the instant case, the High Court noted that the victim fell down           A,

    in the Paddy field after receiving lathi blows and PW-2 went to a safe place to
    save his life; and there was none to attack the appellants. In spite of this fact,
    the appellants went on assaulting the victim and in that process caused more
    harm to him than was necessary to exceed the right of private defence. Thus,
    the appellants were guilty for the death of the victim. The High Court has,
B   therefore, rightly rejected the plea relating to exercise of right of private
    defence. (Paras 9 and 14] (978-F, G; 981-F)
                                                                                             ,
          2.4. As regards the sentence, 8 years sentence has been awarded for
    the offence punishable under Section 304 (Para II). The incident is of the
                                                                                                  \..
    year 1990. Considering this fact and the background in which the occurrence
c   took place, custodial sentence of 6 years would meet the ends of justice. So
    far as appellant no. 3 is connected, the conviction is in terms of Section 323
    read with Section 149 and the sentence is 6 months. It appears from the record
    that he has already suffered custody of nearly 5 months. Keeping this in view,
    the sentence is reduced to the period already undergone.
D                                                [Para 15 and 161 [981-G; 982-A)
                                                                                             \"
            CRIMrNAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No. 828 of
    2007.

         From the Judgment and Order dated 28.11.2006 of the High Court of
E   Calcutta in C.R.A. No. 370of1998.

            Rukhsana Chouhury for the Appellants.

          " Tara Chandra Sharma and Rajeev Sharma for the Respondent.

F           The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

            DR. ARIJIT PASAYAT, J. I. Leave granted.

          2. Challenge in this appeal is to the judgment of a Division Bench of
    the Calcutta High Court dismissing the appeal filed· by the appellants
G   questioning their conviction for the offence punishable under Sections 304
    Part II read with Section 14 9 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (in short the
    'IPC'). Appellants I to 4 before the High Court were sentenced to suffer RI
    for 8 years and to pay a fine of Rs.1,000/- each with default stipulation.           ,
    Appellants I, 2 and 5 before the High Court were also convicted under
    Section 323 read with Section 149 and sentenced to undergo imprisonment for
H
         ANANT A DEB SINGHA MAHAPATRA v. STATE OF WEST BENGAL (PASA YAT, J.J977

,)
     six months and to pay a fine of Rs.200/- each with default stipulation. Appellants   A
     1, 2 and 5 before the High Court are appellants 1, 2 and 3 respectively in this
     appeal.

          ·3. Background facts in a nutshell are as follows:

            On 13.9.1990 at about 2:30 P.M. the appellants accompanied by 15 B
     others as named in the FIR started cutting paddy from the land of the
      informant Niranjan Singa Mahapatra (P.W. 2) in plot no. 122/470 ofmouza
      Dakshinbaid within P.S. Khatra. Seeing this Madhusudan Singha Mahapatra
     (hereinafter referred to as 'deceased') reached there and raised protest, and
     over this the accused persons assaulted on the head of the deceased with
     lathis and also cut the fingers of hand of the deceased with sharp sickle. C
     Hearing the alarm by the deceased, P.W. 2 and his mother Monorama Singha
     Mahapatra (P.W. 4) reached there, but the accused persons also assaulted
     P.W. 2 and P.W. 4 and in their presence gave further blows on the head of
     the deceased Madhusudan Singha Mahapatra with sickles. Madhusudan
     Singha Mahapatra fell down on the land and thereafter, P.W. 2 with the help D
     of the other villages brought his father and mother to the police station. The
     police officer on duty told them to go to the Khatra hospital and as instructed
     they came to the Khatra PHC. After primary treatment the doctor of the said
     PHC sent all the injured persons to the Bankura Medical College and Hospital
     where parents of P.W. 2 were admitted and P.W. 2 was discharged after
     primary treatment. P.W. 2 sent the written complaint FIR (ext. 2) through his E
     brother in law Dwijapada Kar (P.W. 5) to the Khatra Police Station and on the
     basis of such written complaint Khatra P.S Case no. 40 dated 13.9.90 under
     sections 147/148/149/48/324/325/379 of !PC was started against the accused
     persons. The injured Madhusudan Singha Mahapatra succumbed to the injuries
     on 14.9.90, and thereafter, Section 304 ofIPC was added and after completing E
     the investigation Officer (in short 1.0.) submitted charge sheet against the
     accused persons under section 1471148/149/48/324/325/379 and 304 !PC. The
     trial that followed ended in the conviction and sentence of the appellants as
     mentioned above.

          5. Before the High Court the primary stand was that the FIR was                 G
     manipulated and ante dated and it was a tampered document. Reference was
     made to evidence of PW-2 in this regard. It was also contended that the
     accused persons were seriously prejudiced because case and counter case
     were not tried by the same court. The plea of right of private defence was
     also raised.
                                                                                          H
    978                     SUPREME COURT REPORTS                     [2007) 7 S.C.R.

A         The learned counsel for the State on the other hand submitted that the
    FIR was not manipulated, and the right of private defence was also not
    available.

          6. The High Court analysed the evidence elaborately and came to hold
    that the trial court's conclusions were irreversible.
B
          7. In support of the appeal learned counsel for the parties reiterated the
    submissions before the High Court. Learned cotrnsel for the appellant
    additionally submitted that the sentence imposed by the trial Court and the
    High Court are expressly harsh.
                                                                                         "
c          8. So far as the plea relating to FIR is concerned, it can be seen that
    the High Court has referred to the evidence of PW-16 and PW-4 to conclude
    that there was no substance in the plea relating to manipulation of the FIR.
    The High Court noted as follows:

            'The formal FIR (ext. 7) shows that the original written complaint/FIR
D           was received on 13.9.90 at 4.05 P.M. and the police officer made an
            eqdorsement on the back of ext. 7 to the effect that the original written
            compliant was attached herewith. There is endorsement of the same
            police officer on the reverse page or the second page of the original
            FIR with his signature and date 13.9.90 which shows that he received
E           the same on 13.9.90 at 4.05 P.M. and started Khatra P.S. Case No.40
            dated 13.9.90 and the said endorsement on the original written complaint
            is ext. 2. The original written complaint was written by P.W.2 in
            Bengali and in it the Bengali digits '14' was changed to '13'. This
            overwriting concerning date in Bengali in the original complaint cannot
            establish that FIR was ante-dated, ante-timed and manufactured."
F
           9. Coming to the plea relating to right of private defence the High Court
    noted that the Madhusan fell down in the Paddy field after receiving lathi
    blows and PW-2 went to a safe place to save his life and there was none
    to attack the appellants. In spite of this fact, the appellants went on assaulting
    the deceased and in that process caused more harm to the deceased than was
G   necessary to exceed the right of private defence. Thus the appellants were
    guilty for the death of Madhusudan.

          10. Section 96, IPC provides that nothing is an offence which is done
    in the exercise of the right of private defence. The Section does not define
H   the expression 'right of private defence'. It merely indicates that nothing is
          ANANTA DEB SINGHA MAHAPATRA"· STATE OF WEST BENGAL (PASAYAT. J.] 979

        an offence which is done in the exercise of such right. Whether in a particular A
                                 a
        set of circumstances, person acted in the exercise of the right of private'
        defence is a question of fact to be detennined on the facts and circumstances
        of each case. No test in abstract for detennining such a question can be laid
        down. In detennining this question of fact, the Court must consider all the
        surrounding circumstances. It is not necessary for the accused to plead in B
        so many words that he acted in self-defence. If the circumstances show that
        the right of private defence was legitimately exercised, it is open to the Court
        to consider such a plea. In a given case the Court can consider it even if
        the accused has not taken it, if the same is available to be considered from!
        the material on record. Under Section 105 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872,
        the burden of proof is on the accused, who sets up the plea of self-defence, C
        and, in the absence of proof, it is not possible for the Court to presume the
        truth of the plea of self-defence. The Court shall presume the absence of sucH
        circumstances. It is for the accused to place necessary material on record
        either by himself adducing positive evidence or by eliciting necessary facts
        from the witnesses examined for the prosecution. An accused taking the plea
        of the right of private defence is not required to call evidence; he can D
/   1   establish his plea by reference to circumstances transpiring from the
        prosecution evidence itself. The question in such a case would be a question
        of assessing the true effect of the prosecution evidence, and not a question
        of the accused discharging any burden. Where the right of private defence
        is pleaded, the defence must be a reasonable and probable version satisfying E
        the Court that the hann caused by the accused was necessary for either
        warding off the attack or for forestalling the further reasonab_le apprehension
        from the side of the accused. The burden of establishing the plea of self-
        defence is on the accused and the burden stands discharged by showing
        preponderance of probabilities is favour of that plea on the basis of the
        material on record. (See Munshi Ram and Ors. v. Delhi Administration, AIR F
        (1968) SC 702; State of Gujarat v. Bai Fatima, AIR (1975) SC 1478; State of
        UP. v. Mohd Musheer Khan, AIR (1977) SC 2226 and Mohinder Pal Jolly
        v. State of Punjab, AIR ( 1979) SC 577. Sections 100 to 101 define the extent
        of the right of private defence of body. If a person has a right of private
        defence of body under Section 97, that right extends under Section I 00 to G
        causing death if there is reasonable apprehension that death or grievous hurt
        would be the consequence of the assault. The oft quoted observation of this
        Court in Salim Zia v. State of UP., AIR (1979) SC 391, runs as follows:

                   11
                        It is true that the burden on an accused person to establish the
                                                                                           H
    980                    SUPREME COURT REPORTS                   (2007) 7 S.C.R.

A           plea of self-defence is not as onerous as the one which lies on the
            prosecution and that, while the prosecution is required to prove its
            case beyond reasonable doubt. the accused need not establish the
            plea to the hilt and may discharge his onus by establishing a mere
            preponderance of probabilities either by laying basis for that plea in
            the cross-examination of the prosecution witnesses or by adducing
B           defence evidence."

          11. The accused need not prove the existence of the right of private
    defence beyond reasonable doubt. It is enough for him to show as in a civil
    case that the preponderance of probabilities is in favour of his plea.

c        12. The number of injuries is not always a safe criterion for detennining
   who the aggressor was. It cannot be stated as a universal rule that whenever
   the injuries are on the body of the accused persons, a presumption must
  ~ecessarily be raised that the accused persons had caused injuries in exercise
   of the right of private defence. The defence has to further establish that the
D injuries so caused on the accused probabilities the version of the right of
   private defence. Non-explanation of the injuries sustained by the accused at
   about the time of occurrence or in the course of altercation is a very important
   circumstance. But mere non-explanation of the injuries by the prosecution
   may not affect the prosecution case in all cases. This principle applie~ to
   cases where the injuries sustained by the accused are minor and superficial
E or where the evidence is so clear and cogent, so independent and disinterested,
   so probable, consistent and credit-worthy, that it far outweighs the effect of
   the omission on the part of the prosecution to explain the injuries. [See
   Lakshmi Singh v. State of Bihar, AIR (I 976) SC 2263). In this case, as the
   Courts below found there was not even a single injury on the accused
F persons, while PW2 sustained large number of injuries and was hospitalized
   for more than a month. A plea of right of private defence cannot be based
   on sunnises and speculation. While considering whether the right of private
   defence is available to an accused, it is not relevant whether he may have a
   chance to inflict severe and mortal injury on the aggressor. In order to find
   whether the right of private defence is available to an accused, the entire
G incident must be examined with care and viewed in its proper setting. Section
   97 deals with the subject matter of right of private defence. The plea of right
   comprises the body or property (i) of the person exercising the right; or (ii)
   of any other person; and tile right may be exercised in the case of any offence
   against the body, and in the case of offences of theft, robbery, mischief or
H criminal trespass, and attempts at such offences in relation to property.
       ANANTA DEB SINGHA MAHAPATRA,.. STATE OF WEST BENGAL (PASAYAT, J.] 981


     Section 99 lays down the limits of the right of private defence. Sections 96        A
>·   and 98 give a right of private defence against certain offences and acts. The
     right given under Sections 96 to 98 and I 00 to I 06 is controlled by Section
     99. To claim a right of private defence extending to voluntary causing of
     death, the accused must shows that there were circumstances giving rise to
     reasonable grounds for apprehending that either death or grievous hurt wou19        B
     be caused to him. The burden is on the accused to show that he had a right
     of private defence which extended to causing of death. Sections lOO and 101,
     IPC define the limit and extent of right of private defence.

            13. Sections 102 and I 05, IPC deal with commencement and continuance
     of the right of private defence of body and property respectively. The right        C
     commences, as soon as a reasonable apprehension of danger to the body
     arises from an attempt, or threat, or commit the offence, although the offence
     may not have been committed but not until that there is that reasonablb
     apprehension. The right lasts so long as the reasonable apprehension of the
     danger to the body continues. In Jai Dev. v. State of Punjab AIR (1963) SC
     612, it was observed that as soon as the cause for reasonable apprehension          D
     disappears and the threat has either been destroyed or has been put to route,
     there can be no occasion to exercise the right of private defence.

            14. In order to find whether right of private defence is available or not,
     the injuries received by the accused, the imminence of threat to his safety,
     the injuries caused by the accused and the circumstances whether the accused        E
     had time to have recourse to public authorities are all relevant factors to be
     considered. Thus, running to house, fetching a tabli and assaulting the
     deceased are by no means a matter of course. These acts bear stamp ofi a
     design to kill and take the case out of the purview of private defence. Similar
     view was expressed by this Court in Biran Singh v. State of Bihar, AIR (197 5)      p
     SC 87 and recently in Sekar @Raja Sekharan v. State represented by Inspector
     of Police, Ta.mil Nadu, (2002) 7 Supreme 124.

           The High Court has, therefore, rightly rejected the plea relating to
     exercise of right of private defence.
                                                                                         G
           15. Coming to the question of sentence we find that 8 years sentence
     has been awarded for the offence punishable under Section 304 Part II. The
     incident is of the year 1990. Considering this fact and the background in
     which the occurrence took place, custodial sentence of 6 years would m¢et
     the ends of justice.
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    982                   SUPREME COURT REPORTS                   (2007) 7 S.C.R.

A         16. So far as appellant no.3 is concerned. the conviction is in terms of
                                                                                     ,Z,
    Section 323 read with Section 149 and the sentence is 6 months. It appears
    from the record that he has already suffered custody of nearly 5 months.
    Keeping this in view the sentence is reduced to the period already undergone.

          17, The appeal is allowed to the aforesaid extent.
B
    RP.                                                         Appeal allowed.

                                                                                     ,