Holding

Partisan eyewitness testimony, when credible and corroborated by medical and police evidence, cannot be discarded, and a reasonable delay in forwarding the FIR does not merit quashing the prosecution, so the convictions stand.

Summary

The appellants, six convicted accused, appealed against their life sentences for murder under Sections 302, 149, 148 and 506 IPC, arguing that the prosecution's case relied on partisan eyewitnesses, lacked independent witnesses, showed no dragging injuries, and suffered an alleged delay in forwarding the FIR to the magistrate. The Supreme Court examined whether such factors warranted overturning the convictions. It held that eyewitnesses, even if partisan, cannot be discarded when their testimony is credible and corroborated by medical reports and police findings; the non‑examination of other witnesses is not fatal; the absence of dragging marks does not negate the assault; and a reasonable delay in sending the FIR under Section 157(1) CrPC does not justify dismissal of the case. Consequently, the Court found no error in the High Court’s judgment and upheld the convictions.

Issues considered

The credibility of partisan eyewitnesses and whether lack of medical corroboration warrants discarding their testimony.
Whether the failure to examine independent witnesses defeats the prosecution case.
The significance of the absence of dragging marks or injuries on the deceased.
The effect of alleged delay in forwarding the FIR to the magistrate under Section 157(1) of the CrPC.
Whether the High Court erred in upholding convictions of the appellants based on the same evidence used to acquit others.

Legislation cited

Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973s. 157(1)
Indian Evidence Act, 1872
Indian Penal Code, 1860s. 148, s. 149, s. 302, s. 506

Subjects

eyewitness testimonypartisan witnessFIR delaySection 157 CrPCIndian Penal Codeconvictionappealevidence corroborationcriminal law

Judgment

ALLA CHINA APPARAO AND ORS. A
v.
STATE OF ANDHRA PRADESH

OCTOBER 10, 2002

[U.C. BANERJEE AND B.N. AGRAWAL, JJ.] B

Evidence Act, 1872:

Testimony of interested eye-witnesses-Credibility of-Held, in the
absence of any infirmity in their evidence, their sworn testimony cannot be C
discarded -Penal Code, 1860; Sections 148, 3021149 and 506.

Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973; Section 157(1):

Delay in sending FIR to Magistrate-Effect of-Held, Ipso facio it can
not be a ground for throwing out the prosecution case if the same is found D
trustworthy on appreCiation of evidence.

According to prosecution, accused persons, members of prosecution
, party and the deceased, were residents of same village. There were two
groups in the village, one led by Appellant No. I and another by the
deceased. In an election for a co-operative society, candidate supported
by the deceased got elected. Accused group bore grudge against the
deceased, and on the fateful day, they attacked the deceased with weapons.
When PWs. 1 to 4, eyewitnesses, raised alarm, accused fled away. FIR was
lodged, and nine accused persons were charge-sheeted by the police. Trial
Court convicted them under Sections 302/149, 145 IPC and sentenced to F
life imprisonment. On appeal, High Court confirmed the conviction and
sentence against the appellants but acquitted 3 accused persons. Hence
this appeal by six convicted accused persons.

It was contended for the appellants that since High Court acquitted
three accused persons having doubted the evidence of prosecution in G
relation to their complicity with the crime, conviction of other accused
persons/appellants, relying upon the same evidence, was not justified; that
PWs. were partisan witnesses and no independent witness was examined;
that PWs stated that the deceased was dragged but no injury was found
on the person of the deceased; that since inordinate delay was caused in H
175
176 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2002] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A forwarding of FIR to the Magistrate, accused-·appellants were entitled to
acquittal.

Dismissing the appeal, the Court

HELD: 1.1. Testimony of witnesses in relation to complicity of the
B acquitted accused persons has been doubted by the High Court on the
ground that their evidence in relation to them is not corroborated by
medical evidence, which cannot be taken to be a ground while considering
cases of the appellants against whom the evidence of the eyewitnesses has
been found to be credible and corroborated by medical evidence as well
as objective findings of the investigating Officer. [179-F-GJ
c
L2. Trial Court observed that non-examination of independent
witnesses would not be fatal. All the four eyewitnesses have consistently
supported the prosecution case unfolded in the first information report
and their evidence is corroborated by medical evidence as well as objective
1,
D findings of the police and the same has been found to be credible by trial
Court as well as the High Court. Witnesses being partisan alone cannot
be a ground to discard their sworn testimonies. Trial Court was quite
justified in observing that non-examination of the other witnesses by the
prosecution would not be fatal to the prosecution case in view of the
reasons enumerated l>y it and the High Court rightly did not consider this
E to be a ground against the prosecution. [179 -H; 180-B-CJ
1

1.3. The view taken by the trial Court on the basis of evidence on
record that when a person is dragged on a metal road there is no possibility
to form dragging marks or dragging injuries as deceased was dragged only
to a maximum distance of 4 or 5 yards and when the person was dragged
F to such a distance, there may not be any in.iuries was reasonable one, as
such the High Court was quite justified in not taking this to be a ground
for doubting the truthfulness or otherwise of the prosecution case.
• [180-E-Fl

1.4. The expression 'forthwith' used in Section 157(1) Cr.P.C would
G undoubtedly mean within a reasonable time and without any unreasonable
delay. It is a matter of common experience that there has been tremendous
rise in the crime resulting into enormous volume of work, but increase in
the police force has not been made in the same proportion. In view of the
aforesaid factors, the expression 'forthwith' within the meaning of Section
H 157(1) Cr.P.C. obviously cannot mean that the prosecution is required to
ALLACHINAAPPARAOv.STATEOF A.P.[AGRAWAL, J.] 177

explain every hour's delay in sending the first information report to the A
Magistrate, of course, the same has to be sent with reasonable despatch,
which would obviously mean within a reasonable possible time in the
circumstances prevailing. Therefore, the first information report was sent
to the Magistrate with reasonable promptitude and no delay at all was
caused in forwarding the same to the Magistrate. [181-B-C-D•E-Fl
B
1.5. Where first information report is shown to have actually been
recorded without delay and investigation started on its basis, if any delay
is caused in sending the same to the Magistrate which the prosecution fails
to explain by furnishing reasonable explanation, the same cannot be taken
to be a ground for throwing. out the prosecution case if the sa_me.:;i~·. · C
otherwise trustworthy upon appreciation of evidence which is found?ft~~-
credible. However, if it is otherwise, an adverse inference may be dra~( ·
against the prosecution and the same may affect the veracity of tl!ib,·~(L;
prosecution case, more so when there are circumstances from which an .·;\·, (
inference can be drawn that there were chances of manipulation in the ~·
first information report by falsely roping in the accused persons after due D
deliberations. (182-A-B-C]

Pala Singh, v. State of Punjab, [1972[ 2 SCC 640; Sarwan Singh v.
State of Punjab, [1976) 4 SCC 369; State of Karnataka v. Main Patel, [1996)
8 SCC 167; Harpal Singh v. Devinder Singh and Anr., [1997) 6 SCC 660;
Shiv Ram v. State of U.P., [19981 I SCC 149; Anil Rai v. State of Bihar, E
[2001] 7 SCC 318 and Munshi Prasad and Ors. v. State of Bihar, [2002] I
sec 351, referred to.
CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No.
698 of 2000.
F
From the Judgment and Order dated 12.8.1999 of the Andhra Pradesh
High Court in Crl. A. No. 1604 of 1997.

Satyapal Khushal Chand Pasi, for the Appellants.

Mrs. K. Amreshwari, Miss T. Anamika and G. Prabhakar, for the G
Respondent.

The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

B.N. AGRA WAL, J. The six appellants along with three other accused
H
178 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2002] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A persons, namely, Ramineni Gopalarao, Ala China Subba Rao and Kallikonda
Venkateswarlu were convicted by the trial court under Sections 302/149 and
each of them was sentenced to undergo imprisonment for life and pay a fine
of Rs. 500, in default to undergo simple imprisoriment for a period of three
months. They were further convicted under Section 148 of the Penal Code
B and each one of them was sentenced to undergo rigorous imprisonment for
a period of one year. Appellant nos. 2 and 3, namely, Nallamekala
Venkateswarlu and Gogasani Ramaiah, who were also charged under Section
506 of the Penal Code, were acquitted of the same. All the sentences were,
however, ordered to run concurrently. On appeals being preferred before
Andhra Pradesh High Court, convictions and sentences of the appellants have
C been confirmed whereas the three accused persons referred to above have
been acquitted of the charges levelled against them.

Prosecution case, in short, is that the accused persons as well as members
of the prosecution party were residents of village Kovelamudi within the
district of Guntur and the deceased was also a resident of the same village.
D There were two groups in the village; one led by appellant no. I Alla China
Apparao and the deceased led the other. The deceased had worked as Sarpanch
of the village for 7 years, but subsequently, appellant no. I became the
Sarpanch. \Jn the co-operative society elections the candidate supported by
the deceased got elected. As a result of this, the accused bore grudge against
E the deceased. On 25.2.1993 at about 9.30 A.M. when the deceased was
coming from his fields to the village on his bicycle along with PW. I - Thota
Venkateswara Rao, the informant, who was riding on.the pillion seat, all the
accused are alleged to have attacked the deceased near the house of one
Dasari Ankamma. Appellant no. I is said to have hacked him on the right
wrist and accused Ramineni Gopalarao speared on the back. After receiving
F injuries the deceased is alleged to have fallen down from the bicycle
whereafter, other appellants, viz., Nallamakala Venkateswarlu, Gogasan i
Ramaiah, Sinka Venkataramiah, Gairiboyina Sivaramaiah and Thota Sivaiah
besides accused Ala China Subba Rao and Kallikonda Venketeswarlu dragged
the deceased to a nearby wall. Then appellant no. I hacked the deceased on
his head and appellant no. 2 hacked him on the left side of the neck with
G coconut cutting knives. Appellant nos. 3 to 6 hacked the deceased on his
head and accused Ali China Subba Rao and Kallikorida Venkateswarlu speared
on his back. The incident is said to have been witnessed by PWs. I to 4 who
raised alarm whereafter the accused persons took to their heels. Stating the
aforesaid facts, a first information report was lodged by the informant at the
H police station on the same day at 12 Noon.
ALLA CHINA APPARAOv.STATEOF A.P. [AGRAWAL, J.] 179

The police after registering the case took up investigation:,and on A
completion thereof submitted chargesheet against all the nine accused.lpersons,
including the appellants on receipt .whereof, the learned Magistrat~ took
cognizance and committed all of them to the Court of Sessions ta>face-.tiial.

Defence of the accused persons was that they were inno.ce,nt< f~ls,ely
implicated in the case on hand and no occurrence much less the!q~c.~rrence B.
alleged had taken place.

During trial the prosecution examined 15 witnesses in all ci'u~ ~f'which
PWs. I to 4 are eyewitnesses to the alleged occurrence and the oth~~~~it~~sse~
n J,L•>.;:;_. . ,
are Dr. G. Veera Nagi Reddi, who held postmortem examination on the dead
body of the deceased, and the Investigating Officer besides formal,}o/,itnesses.
C·
Upon conclusion of the trial, the accused persons were convi~te~, l\~; s.ta~J'idi
above, and on appeals being preferred convictions and sentenc;e,s :\1~' the,
appellants have been confirmed by the High Court whereas 3 .ac~use? p,ers()i:i,~,.
as stated above, have been acquitted. Hence this appeal by special,.Jeav~ ...· .
D
Shri Satyapal Khushal Chand Pasi, learned counsel appeari~g in.,s,~pport ·
of the appeal submitted that the High Court having acquitted tlie' ihree'~c:used.
1

persons after doubting the· evidence of the four eyewitnesses, PWs·. ·1·. i~ ·4, in
relation to their complicity with the crime on the ground that the 's~1~e did
1

not fit in with the medical evidence, was riot justified in upholding.t~~victio11s
of the appellants by placing reliance upon the very same evidenc~'.· If appear~ . E ·
that according to the evidence of these witnesses the aforesaid three a~cused
persons inflicted injuries on the back of the deceased and in the opi'nion of
the High Court the deceased received only one injuryon the'.. ba6k sipe: '
therefore, the veracity of evidence of these witnesses inr'elation th. the. said
1 '.,:,; .";<•' 'IL/!: ., . '! ' ,

accused persons has been doubted. In our view, it is noi po~sibfo to accept, F
1
the submission. The testimony of witnesses in relation i6 coni'pii6i\Y 6/t1icise
accused persons has been doubted on the ground that their eviden~~'\\:;'~~fation .
, • I '~ - j '. ', '"q. • 1 • _ '

to them is not corroborated by medical evidence, which cannot'b;e taken to
be a ground while considering cases of the appella~·t's"agaln.~t·'wti'biii the.
n-.: ~ \) ,,·j 1·_,._.~1·t N"f" ··
evidence of the eyewitnesses has been found to be credilili: and. corroborated
by medical evidence as well as objective findings or'ihe I~v~stigifirig 6¥fi~~r, G)
1

.! . ·.., ;· v- '.;j t: i . ·. ,;J... ·:1. ': :· 1 1,

Learned counsel next submitted that all the f9~.r. eye~itnesses., n.~1pely,
• • - I: '. \;.
• '(' "-'
I•' ,) ~ . ' '" \
Pws. I to 4 were partisan witnesses and no mdeperiden(.person was exammed,
although many independent villagers arrived at the' piab~ of occ·~&'bn'6~.' Whii/
considering the submission on this score, the trial'~~iirt 6b~~i0·~ij th~t fli~'i'r'
non-examination would not be fatal. All the four ey~~itk~'ssi~ h~~e·~6~sis\enlly'' H
1
)80 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2002] SUPP. 3 S.C.R.

A -supported the prosecution case unfolded in the first information report and
·their evidence is corroborated by medical evidence as well as objective findings
of the police and the same has been found to be credible by trial court as well
as the High Court. Learned counsel appearing on behalf of the appellants
could not point out any infirmity in their evidence, excepting saying that they
are partisan witnesses which alone, in our view, cannot be a ground to discard
B their sworn testimonies. According to us, the trial com1 was quite justified in
observing that non-examination of the otlier witnesses by the prosecution
would not be fatal to the prosecution case in view of the reasons enumerated
by it and the High Court rightly did not consider this to be a ground against
the prosecution.
c Learned counsel then submitted that according to the evidence of PWs .
.to 4 the deceased was dragged to some distance and latter portion of the
incident had taken place thereafter, but curiously enough neither any dragging
marks were found at the place of occurrence nor any injury was found on the
person of the deceased as a result of dragging. While considering this
D submission, the trial court observed that, "It is true that PWs. I to 4
unanimously deposed that the deceased was dragged to dilapidated wall and
thereafter all accused inflicted injuries and major portion of the incident took
place there itself. But it is also pertinent to note the distance to which the
accused dragged the deceased. It was elicited in the cross-examination of
E PW. I and other witnesses that the deceased was dragged to 4 to 5 yards.
PW. I s~ys the distance as 5 to 6 yards while PWs. 2 and 3 say it as three
yards. Thus it indicates that the deceased Basari Sankararao was dragged for
about 3 to 4 yards and it is a hard surface road. It can be seen from the
evidence of PW.3 that it is a metal road. In such a. case there is no possibility
to form dragging marks or dragging injuries as deceased was dragged only
F to a maximum distance of 4 or 5 yards and when the person was dragged to
such a distance, there may not be any injuries and therefore the contention
raised on behalf of the accused that there are no injuries by dragging or
• otherwise do not render any assistance to their contention". In our opinion,
the view taken by the trial ·court was reasonable one, as such the High Court
G was quite justified in not taking this to be a ground for doubting the truthfulness
or otherwise of the prosecution case.

Learned counsel further submitted that though the occurrence is said to
have taken place on 25.2. 1993 at about 9.30 A.M. and first information
report was lodged at 12 Noon, but it was received by the Magistrate at 6.00
.H P.M., as such there was inordinate delay in sending the first information,
ALLA CHINAAPPARAO v.STATEOF A.P. [AGRAWAL. J.] 181

report to the Magistrate on which ground alone the appellants were entitled A
to an order of acquittal in their favour. What is required under Section 157(1)
of the Code of Criminal Procedure is that if from information received or
otherwise, an officer in charge of a police station has reason to suspect the
commission of an offence which he is empowered under Section 156 to
investigate, he shall, forthwith send a report of the same to a Magistrate B
empowered to take cognizance of such an offence upon a police report. The
expression 'forthwith' used in Section 157(1) would undoubtedly mean within
a reasonable time and without any unreasonable delay. In the case on hand,
distance from the police station to Magistrate's court was about 20 to 25
Kms. PW. I I - Constable was entrusted with the first information report by·
the then Sub-inspector of Pol ice for being made over to the Magistrate. This C
witness stated that after handing over the first information report, the Sub-
inspector of Police sent him to the place of occurrence where as per his
instructions he stayed till 5 P.M. Later, the Inspector of Police made over the
dead body of the deceased to this witness with instructions to take the same
to the Government Hospital, Guntur, and to hand it over to the hospital
' authorities and after handing over the dead body to the hospital authorities, D
he went to the Magistrate and delivered the first information report to him at
6 P.M. This witness further stated that there were only six constables attached
to the police station on the relevant date which goes to show that at the
concerned police station there was no full strength of constables. This apart,
it is a matter of common experience that there has been tremendous rise in E
the crime resulting into enormous volume of work, but increase in the police
force has not been made in the same proportion. In view of the aforesaid
factors, the expression 'forthwith' within the meaning of Section 157(1)
obviously cannot mean that the prosecution is required to explain every hour's
delay in sending the first information report to the Magistrate, of course, the
same has to be sent with reasonable despatch, which would obviously mean F
within a reasonable possible time in the circumstances prevailing. Therefore,
in our view, the first information report was sent to the Magistrate with
reasonable promptitude and no delay at all was caused in forwarding the
same to the Magistrate. In any view of the matter, even if Magistrate's court
was close by and the first information report reached him within six hours G
from the time of its lodgment, in view of the increase in work load, we have
no hesitation in saying that even in such a case it cannot be said that there
was any delay at all in forwarding the first inforniation report to the Magistrate.
Thus, we do not find any substance in this submission as, according to us,
the first information report was promptly despatched to the Magistrate and
received by him without any delay whatsoever. A question that now arises H
182 .l SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2002] SUPP. 3 S.C.R .

A is that where first information report is shown to have actually been recorded
without delay and investigation started on its basis, if any delay is caused in
sending the same to the Magistrate which the prosecution fails to explain by
furnishing; reasonable explanation, what would be its effect upon the
prosecution case. In our view, ipso facto the same cannot be taken to be a
ground for throwing out the prosecution case if the same is otherwise
B trustworthy upon appreciation of evidence which is found to be credible.
However, if it is otherwise, an adverse inference may be drawn against the
prosecution and the same may affect veracity of the prosecution case, more
so when there are circumstances from which an inference can be drawn that
there were chances of manipulation in the first information report by falsely
C roping in the accused persons after due deliberations. Reference in this
connection may be made to decisions of this Court in the cases of Pala Singh
v. State of Punjab, [1972] 2 SCC 640,. Sarwan Singh v. State of Punjab,
[1976] 4 SCC 369, State of Kamataka v. Moin Patel, [1996] 8 SCC 167,
Harpal Singh v. Devinder Singh and Anr., [1997] 6 SCC 660, Shiv Ram v.
State of U.P., [1998] I SCC 149, Anil Rai v. State of Bihar, [2001] 7 SCC
D 318, and Munshi Prasad and Ors. v. State of Bihar, [2002] I SCC 351.

Lastly it was submitted that no blood was found on the weapons of
assault recovered by the Investigating Officer. It may be stated that the trial
court in its judgment has taken note of this fact and did not draw any inference
E therefrom. against the prosecution in view of the fact that the weapons were
recovered from a pipe in which water was flowing, as such non-existence of
blood th~reon was quite natural. We do not find any infirmity in reasoning
of the trial court on this score.

In view of the foregoing discussion, we are of the opinion that the High
F Court has not committed any error in upholding convictions and sentences
awarded against the appellants.

Accordingly the appeal fails and the same is thus dismissed.

S.K.S: Appeal dismissed.

~. iJ

.' r