Holding

Order VI Rule 16 cannot be used to strike out any part of an election petition unless the specific grounds under the rule are met, and only paragraph 14M was struck out as irrelevant.

Summary

The appellant, a returned MLA, challenged an election petition alleging corrupt practices and excess expenditure under the Representation of the People Act, 1951. He filed an application under Order VI Rule 16 of the CPC seeking to strike out several paragraphs of the petition as frivolous, scandalous or vexatious. The High Court dismissed the application. The Supreme Court held that the Rule can be invoked only when its specific grounds are satisfied and that the allegations in an election petition are presumed true until proved otherwise. Consequently, none of the pleadings could be struck out except paragraph 14M, which concerned helicopter travel that was not for campaigning within the appellant’s constituency and therefore irrelevant. The Court also clarified that only travel expenses of a star campaigner for propagating the party programme are exempt under Section 77 of the Act, and that preliminary objections must be raised early and successive petitions dismissed. The appeal was partly allowed, with only paragraph 14M struck out.

Issues considered

The applicability of Order VI Rule 16 CPC to strike out pleadings in an election petition.
Whether the allegations in the election petition can be presumed true for the purpose of striking out.
Whether paragraph 14M concerning helicopter expenditure is irrelevant and can be struck out.
The scope of exemption under Explanation 1(a) to Section 77 of the Representation of the People Act, 1951 for star campaigners.
The procedural requirement for raising preliminary objections in election petitions.

Legislation cited

Code of Civil Procedure, 1908s. Order VII Rule 11, s. Order VI Rule 16
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961s. Rule 90
Representation of the People Act, 1951s. 123(1), s. 123(3), s. 123(6), s. 77, s. 78

Subjects

Election petitionOrder VI Rule 16Striking out pleadingsRepresentation of the People ActCorrupt practicesExcess election expenditureStar campaignerPreliminary objectionsCPCEx debito justitiae

Judgment

[2016] 5 S.C.R. 151

AJAY ARJUN SINGH A
v.
SHARADENDU TIWARI & OTHERS
(Civil Appeal No. 8254of2016)
AUGUST 23, 2016 B
(J. CHELAMESWAR AND ABBAY MANOHAR SAPRE, JJ.)
Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 - Or. VL r. 16 - Striking out
pleadings - Application u/Or. VJ, r. 16 - For striking out certain
pleadings in election petition - Dismissed - On appeal, held: The
purpose of the Rule is to ensure that parties to a legal proceeding c
are entitled to ex debito justitiae to have the case against them
presented in an intelligible form - The court should exercise the
power under the'Rule with circumspection and on the basis of
rational principle - The averments in the election petition are
presumed to be }actually correct until proved otherwise - In the
D
present· cases, the applicant did not disclose on which grounds
contemplated u/Or. VL r. 16, various pleadings were required to be
struck out - He rather gave explanalion with respect to each
allegation - The moment the court is a~ked to examine the defence
of returned candidate in an election petition, the petition can neither
be dismissed for want of cause of action nor any part of the pleading E
cqn be struck out u/Or. VL r. 16 - None of the pleadings except the
pleading contained in Paragraph 14M of the election petition can
be said to be irrelevant in the -context of the prayer in the election
petition - Therefore, only Paragraph 14M of the election petition is
struck out - Representation of the People Act, 195I: '
F
Representation of the People Act, 1951 - s. 77, Explanations
1 and 2 - Expenditures in connection with election - Exempted
expenditure - Held: While computing the expenditure in election,
the expenditure incurred by Star Campaigner is exempted, but such
exemption is limited only on account of travel for propagating the
programme of the political party and that too when the travel G
expenditure is incurred by star campaigner himself - Other
expenditures are not exempted. ·
Practice and Procedure - Preliminary objections - In Election
petition - When to be raised- Held: Preliminary objections in election
H
151

j
152 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2016) 5 S.C.R.

A petition, if are more than one, are to be taken at the earliest point of
time and in one go - Such course would avoid delay in adjudication
of the election petition which are mandated to be decided within a
period of six months - Later of such successive petitions must be
dismissed by High Courts in limine on that count alone - Election
Laws - Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 - Or. Vl r. 16 and Or. Vil,
B
r. II.
Partly allowing the appeal, the Court
HELD: 1. Order VI Rule 16 of CPC authorises the court to
order that any matter in any pleading before it be struck out on
the grounds specified under clauses (a), (b) and (c) thereof. Each
c one of them is a distinct ground. Clause (a) authorises the court
to strike out the pleadings which may be (i) unnecessary, (ii)
scandalous, (iii) frivolous, (iv) vexatious. If a pleading or part of
it is to be struck out on the ground that it is unnecessary, the test
to be applied is whether the allegation contained in that pleading
D is relevant and essential to grant the relief sought. Allegations
which are unconnected with the relief sought in the proceeding
fall under this category. Similarly, if a pleading is to be struck
out on the ground that it is scandalous, the court must first record
its satisfaction that the pleading is scandalous in the legal sense
and then enquire whether such scandalous allegation is called
E for or necessary, having regard to the nature of the relief sought
in the proceeding. The authority of the court under clause (c) is
much wider. Obviously, such authority must be exercised with
circumspection and on the basis of some rational principles. The
very purpose of the Rule is to ensure that parties to a legal
F proceeding are entitled ex debito justitiae to have the case against
them presented in an intelligible form so that they may not be
embarrassed in meeting the case. [Paras 5 and 6)(157-D, F-G;158-
A-C)
2.1 The allegations regarding the commission of corrupt
practices falling under Section 123(1) of Representation of the
G People Act, 1951 are to be found in para 19 of the election petition.
The allegations are not disputed by the appellant. He chose to
explain his conduct. Whether the explanation is factually correct
and, if so, what are the legal implications of the said explanation
are matters to be decided in trial of the election petition. If the
H
AJAY ARJUN SINGH v. SHARADENDU TIWARI & OTHERS 153

explanation is either found to be untrue or legally unacceptable, A
the allegation made in para 19 of the election petition is sufficient
to hold that the appellant is guilty of the corrupt practice under s.
123(1). Therefore, there is no error in the order of the High Court
in refusing to strike off the pleadings in para 19 of the election
petition. [Paras 12 and 13) (161-A, D-E; 162-A]
B
3.1 Various sub-paragraphs of paragraph 14 and paragraphs
15, 16 and 17 of the election petition indicate that the excess
expenditure have been incurred by the appellant and the same
falls under three heads. The appellant furnished inaccurate
information to the District Election Officer: (i) regarding the
quantity and quality of the material used in the campaign by him; c
(ii) regarding the cost of the various items so used by giving
false information based on deliberate under-valuation of the
material actually used, and (iii) Total non-disclosure of certain
expenditure incurred by him for (a) organizing a meeting of one
of the top functionaries of the political party at the election, and
D
(b) the use of a helicopter by him during the relevant period.
[Para 14][162-B-D]
3.2 The allegations and counter allegations regarding the
quantity and quality of the material used by the appellant during
the course of his election campaign and value of such material
are pure questions of fact which are required to be established E
on evidence. The law in this regard is that until proved otherwise,
the allegations in the election petition must be presumed to be
true. The burden of establishing the truth of all those allegations
is essentially on the respondent/election petitioner. The values
fixed by the Election Commission or its functionaries are not F
conclusive. There is no statutory basis for such an exercise. The
valuation made by the Election Commission obviously would be
based on the samples supplied by the candidates. There can never
be any presumption that the candidates used the same quality of
material in the actual process of campaigning. The High Court
rightly rejected the application of the appellant on this count. G
[Paras 15 and 18][162-E-F; 164-G-H; 165-A]
3.3 Section 77 of the Representation of the People Act, 1951
obligates every candidate in an election to keep a separate current
account of all expenditures in connection with the election
H
154 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2016] 5 S,C.R.

A between the dates on which such a candidate has been nominated
and the date of the declaration of result of that election. However, -
clause (a) of explanation 1 to Section 77 of the Act declares "the
expenditure incurred by leaders of a political party on account of
travel by air or by any other means of transport for propagating
programme of the political party" shall not form part of the
B
expenditure of the candidate. The expression "leaders of political
party" occurring in explanation 1 is itself explained in explanation
2 to the said Section. It can be seen from explanation 2, to qualify
to be called 'a leader of the political party' for the purpose of
such an election under Section 77, the name of such a person is
c communicated to the Election Commission and the Chief Electoral
Officer of th.e State by the concerned political party. Persons
whose names have been so communicated to the Election
Commission popularly came to be called 'star campaigners' in
connection with an election. [Paras 25, 26, 27 and 28][168-C-D;
D . 169-B-C)
3.4 However, the entire expenditure incurred (on
whatsoever count) by such star campaigners or on behalf of such
star campaigners is not exempted under Section 77 for the
purpose of determining the total expenditure incurred by any
candidate in an election. The language of explanation 1 to Section
E 77 makes it clear that only the expenditure incurred by the star
campaigner that too on account of travel for propagating the
program~e of the political party is ex<;luded for the purpose of
computing the expenditure incurred by the candidate. In other
words, the expenditure incurred in connection with arrangements
F like erection of pandals etc. for a meeting of a star campaigner
does not form part of the exempted expenditure under explanation
1. Secondly, under explanation 2, the star campaigners' travel
expenditure must have been incurred by the star campaigner
himself. It is obvious from the opening clause of explanation 1
"the expendit-ute incurred by leaders of a political party". If such
G expenditure is incurred by any person other than the star
campaigner, different considerations would arise. [Para 29)[169-
D-F]
3.5 The specific pleading in the election petition at
paragraph 14M is that the appellant used the helicopter on many
H
AJAY ARJUN SINGH v. SHARADENDU TIWARI & OTHERS 155

occasions during the relevant period outside his constituency. A
The admitted fact is that the appellant was one of the star
campaigners for the said election for the State of Madhya Pradesh.
Therefore, he was required to campaign for his political party,
not only in his constituency but also in other constituencies of
the _State. In the absence of any allegation that the appellant
B
used the helicopter for traveling within his constituency for the
purpose of campaigning, the expenditure incurred on that account,
cannot be included in the election expenditure of the appellant.
Therefore, paragraph 14M of the election petition is liable to be
struck off and is, accordingly, struck off. [Para 31)(170-D-E; 171-
A] c
3.6 The application i.e. filed by the appellant u/Or. VI Rule
16 CPC does not disclose on which one of the grounds
contemplated under Order VI Rule 16, the various paragraphs
of the election petition are required to be struck out. On the
other hand, the appellant gave an elaborate explanation with D
respect to each of the allegations contained in the various
paragraphs of the election petition which are prayed to be struck
out. The moment court is asked to examine the defence of the
returned candidate in an election petition, the election petition
can neither be dismissed for want of cause of action nor any part
of the pleading can be struck out under Order VI Rule 16. In the E
absence of the availability of any one of the grounds mentioned
in Order VI Rule 16, CPC striking out is impermissible. [Para
30)(169-G-H; 170-A)
3. 7 The averments contained in the election petition at this
stage must be presumed to be factually correct. The only possible F
scrutiny of such statement is whether those allegations are
relevant in the context of the relief sought in the election petition.
None of the allegations contained in the various sub paragraphs
of paragraph 14, except paragraph 14M can be said to be
irrelevant in the context of the prayer in the election petition.
[Para 30][170-B-C] G

4. The procedure adopted by the appellant in initially filing
a petition under Order VII Rule 11 praying that the election
petition be dismissed and filing the instant application after a long
gap is to be deprecated. Preliminary objections, if any, (in cases
H
156 SUPREME COURT REPORTS f2016] 5 S.C.R.

A where there is more than one) in an election petition are to be
taken at the earliest point of time and in one go. The practice
snch as the one adopted by the appellant only tends to delay the
adjudication of the election petition which are mandated by the
Parliament to be decided within a period of six months. The
later of such successive petitions must be dismissed by High
8
Courts ill limille on that count alone. [Para 32Jl l 71-A-C]
Bhikaji Keshao Joshi and Another Vs. Brijlal Nandlal
Biya11i and Ors. AIR 1965 SC 610 : 1964 SCR 642;
Ponnala Lakshmaiah Vs. Kommuri Pratap Reddy and
Ors. (2012) 7 SCC 788 : 2012 (6) SCR 851; Liverpool
c & London SP. and I Assn. Ltd. VI·. M V. Sea Success I
(2004) 9 SCC 512 : 2003 (5) Suppl. SCR 851 - relied
on.
GoldinR J".~. Wharton Salt Works (1876) 1 Q B D 374 -
referred to.
D Case Law Reference
1964 SCR 642 relied on Para 7
2012 (6) SCR 851 relied on Para 7
2003 (5) Suppl. SCR 851 relied on Para 8
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION: Civil Appeal No. 8254
E
of2016.
From the Judgment and Order dated 17.11.2014 of the High Court
of Madhya Pradesh Principal Seat at Jabalpur in I. A. No. 12911 of
2014 in Election Petition No. I of2014.
Salman Khurshid. Sr. Adv., Vikramaditya Singh. Navin Prakash,
F
Ms. Mee1L1 Singh. Ms. Sakshi Kotiyal, Alishn Panda. Advs. for the
Appellant.
Naman Nagrath. Sr. Adv .. Praknsh Upadhyay, Vikas Upadhyay.
Niha Gaur, Kaustubh Anshuraj, Advs. for the Respondems.
Mahendra Bhaiya Dixit, Respondent-in-person.
G
The Judgment of the Court wns delivered by
ClrnLAMESWAR, .J. I. Leave granted.
:?.. Aggrieved by the Order dated 17.11.2014 of the order of the
High Court of Madhya Prndesh in I.A. No. 12911 of:?.014 in Election
Petition No. I of2014. the unsuccessful applicant therein preferred the
H
AJAY ARJUN SINGH v. SHARADENDU TIWARI & OTHERS 157
[CHELAMESWAR, J.]

instant appeal. A
3. The appellant herein is the returned candidate from 76-Churhat
Assembly constituency of the State of Madhya Pradesh in the General
Elections held in the year2013. He was a candidate sponsored by the
Indian National Congress Party and won by margin of 19,356 votes.
Challenging the legality ofthe election ofthe appellant, the first respondent
B
herein, one of the other candidates at the said election, filed Election
Petition No. I of2014.
4. The appellant herein filed I.A. No.129 l l of2014 invoking Order
VI Rule 16 ofthe Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (CPC) praying various
paragraphs of the election petition be struck oft' on the ground that the
I
allegations contained in those paragraphs are frivolous and vexatious c
etc. By the order impugned in this appeal, the said I.A. was dismissed.
Hence the instant appeal. ·
s: Before we examine the various questions that arise in this
appeal, we think it profitable to examine the scheme of Order VI, Rule
16.
D
. "16. Striking out pleadings - The Court may at any stage of
· the proceedings order to be struck out or amended any matter in
any pleading-
: (a) which may be unnecessary, scandalous, frivolous or vexatious,
or
(b) which may tend to prejudice, embarrass or delay the fair trial E
: of the suit, or
· (c) which is otherwise an abuse of the process of the Court."
It authorises the cou1t to order that any matter in any pleading
before it be struck out on the grounds specified under clauses (a), (b)
and (c). Each one of them is a distinct ground. For example, clause (a)
F
authorises the court to strike but the pleadings which may be (i)
unnecessary, (ii) scandalous, (iii) frivolous, (iv) vexatious. If a pleading
or part of it is to be struck out on the ground that it is unnecessary, the
test to be applied is whether the allegation contained in that pleading is
relevant and essential to grant the relief sought. Allegations which are
unconnecied with the relief sought in the proceeding fall under this G

1 Para 25 .. That. thi.: <.1nswerin£, respondent. thcrcfon:. resp~ctfully submi{s tl1at
paragraphs 14(A). 14(0) from pays241o 29 hi.:ginning fro1n ··in 1hi.: Shado\\
Expense Register ... Ann<AAre P/l~f". 14{f,), J4(F). 14(G) (i). 14{H) (i). 14(1).
f41LJ.14{1vl). 14iNJ. ft(O). paral?[<lphs 15to 17 and 19 bestru<k <>ff from Jhc
pleading; ao;. t!lc. same are. irtelevan~ uMecessary. frivolQUs and ve:;xatious. H
158 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2016] 5 S.C.R.

A categoiy. Similarly, if a pleading is to be struck out on the ground that
it is scandalous, the court must first record its satisfaction that the
pleading is scandalous in the legal sense and then enquire whether such
scandalous allegation is called for or necessaiy having regard to the
nature of the relief sought in the proceeding. The authority of the court
under clause (c) is much wider. Obviously, such -authority must be
B
exercised with circumspection and on the basis of some rational principles.
6. The veiy purpose of the Rule is to ensure that parties to a legal
proceeding are eqtitled ex debito justitia to have the case against them
presented in an intelligible form so that they may not be embarrassed in
meeting the case: ·
c 7. In the context of the application of Order VI Rule 16, CPC to
the election petition, this Court in Bliikaji Kesliao Joslti anciAnotlter
Vs. Brijlal Nandlal Biyani and Others, AIR 1965 SC 610 held that a
court examining an election petition may order striking out of charges
which are vague'
D
8. In Ponnala Laksl1mai<tli Vs. Kommuri Pratap Reddy and
Otliers (2012) 7 SCC 788, this Court considered the scope of an
application under Order VII Rule 11 CPC. Such an application was
filed by the returned candidate praying that the election petition be
dismissed for non-disclosure of any cause of action. This Court opined
E that for the purpose of determining such an application, the averments in
the election petition must be taken to be factually correct and thereafter
examine whether such averments furnish the cause of action for granting
the relief to the petitioner. Such a conclusion was recorded on the basis
of the law laid down in an earlier judgment of this Court'. We are of the
F : Golding Vs. Wharton Salt Works, (1876) 1 QB D 374
' it should have ordered a striking out of such of the charges which remained
vague and called upon the petitioners to substantiate the allegations in respect of
those which were reasonably specific.
' Liverpool & London S.P. and l Assn. Ltd. Vs. M. V. Sea Success l, (2004) 9 SCC
512,
Para 8.'" To the same effect is the decision of this Court in Liverpool & London S.P.
G. and I Assn. Ltd. Vs. M. V. Sea Success I where this Court held that the disclosure of
a cause of action in the plaint is a questfon of fact and the answer to that question
must be found only from the reading of the plaint itself. The court trying a suit or
an election petition, as the position is in the present case. shall while examining
whether the plaint or the petition discloses a cause of action, to assume that the
averments made in the plaint or the petition are factually correct. It is only if
despite the averments being taken as factually correct, the court finds no cause of
H
AJAY ARJUN SINGH v. SHARADENDU TTWARI & OTHERS 159
rcHELAMESWAR, J.l

opinion the same principles oflaw are applicable even while adjudicating A
the application under Order VI Rule 16.
'
9. In the light of the above principles oflaw, we proceed to examine
the case on hand. The election of the appellant is challenged on the
ground of commission of various corrupt practices falling under Section
123(1), 123(3)and 123(6)oftheRepresentationofthePeopleAct, 1951 B
(hereinafter referred to as "the Act"):
"123. Corrupt practices.-The following shall be deemed to
be corrupt practices for the purposes of this Act:-
(1) "Bribery", that is to say-
( A) any gift, offer or promise by a candidate or his agent or by c
any other person with the consent of a candidate or his election
agent of any gratification, to any person whomsoever, with the
object, directly or indirectly of inducing-
(a) a person to stand or not to stand as; or to withdraw or not
to withdraw from being a candidate at an election, or
D
(b) an elector to vote or refrain from voting at an election, or
as a reward to-
( i) a person for having so stood or not stood, or for having
withdrawn or not having withdrawn his candidature; or
(ii) an elector for having voted or refrained from voting;
(8) the receipt of, or agreement to receive, any gratification, E
whether as a motive or a reward-
(a) by a person for standing ornot standing as, or for withdrawing
or not withdrawing from being, a candidate; or
(b) by any person whomsoever for himself or any other person
for voting or refraining from voting, or inducing or attempting
F
to induce any elector to vote or refrain from voting, or any

action emerging from the averments that it may be justified in rejecting the plaint ....

Para I 0. Applying the above principles to the case at hand, we do not see any error
in the order passed by the High Court refusing to dismiss the petition in limine on
the ground that the same discloses no cause of action. The averrnents made in the G
election petition if taken to be factually correct, as they ought to for purposes of
determining whether a case for exercise of powers under Order 7 Rule 11 has been
made out, do in our opinion, disclose a cause of action. The High Court did not,
therefore, commit any error much less an error resulting in miscarriage of justice, to
warrant interference by this Court in exercise of its extraordinary powers under Article
136 of the Constitution.
H
160 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2016] 5 S.C.R.

A candidate to withdraw or not to withdraw his candidature.

(3) The appeal by a candidate or his agent or by any other person
with the consent of a candidate or his election agent to vote or
refrain from voting for any person on the ground of his religion,
race, caste, community or language or the use of, or appeal to
B
religious symbols or the use of, or appeal to, national symbols,
such as the national flag or the national emblem, for the furtherance
of the prospects of the election of that candidate or for prejudicially
affecting the election of any candidate:
Provided that no symbol allotted under this Act to a candidate
c shall be deemed to be a religious symbol or a national symbol for
the purposes of this clause.
;·

(6) The incurring or authorizing of expenditure in contravention of
section 77."
D
i.e. bribery, soliciting votes on the ground ofreligion and incurring
of expenditure in contrav.ention of Section 77 of the Act.
I 0. The allegations regarding the commission of corrupt practices
falling under Section 123( I) are to be found in para 19 of the election
E petition. The allegations regarding commission ofcorrupt practices falling
under Section 123(3) are contained in paragraph 18 of the election petition,
which is not one of the paragraphs which was prayed to be struck offS.
11. All the remaining paragraphs which were prayed to be struck
off, pertain to the allegation of corrupt practice falling under Section
F 123(6). The allegations contained in each one of these paragraphs pertain
to the expenditure incurred under different heads by the appellant in
connection with the election campaign 6 • According to the Respondent
the total amount of expenditure so incurred by the appellant is iii excess
of the limit prescribed under Section 77 of the Act.

G ' See Footnote I.
'' That is the admitted case (rightly) even of the appellant at para 3 of the I.A.
12911 of2014. it is stated,
.. The entire election petition is based on :-
(a) Under valuation of the items used in the election campaign
(b) Non disclosure of expenses in respect of certain items alleged to have
been used in such election"
H
- AJAY ARJUN SINGH v. SHARADENDU TIWARI & OTHERS 161
. fCHELAMESWAR, J.]

12. The allegations contained in para 19 7 of the election petition A
are not disputed by the appellant. On the other hand, he chose to explain
his conduct in para 24 of the I.A.
"24. The answering respondent hereby respectfully submits
that an amount of Rs .. 20 lacs is earmarked for expenditure
by every member of the M.P. Legislative Assembly every B
year in his constituency. A Minister and Leader of
Opposition are provided Rs. 20 lacs per year for voluntary
grant. The manner in which this grant is to be distributed is
the sole discretion of such Minister/Leader of Opposition.
The Minister/Leader of Opposition gives a list to the
Secretary of the Vidhan Sabha containing the names of the
c
persons and the amount to whom the grant is to be made.
Accordingly, the drafts are issued to the persons
concerned as per procedure."
13. Whether the explanation is factually correct and, if so, what
are the legal implications of the said explanation are matters to be decided D
in trial of the election petition. If the explanation is either found to be
untrue or legally unacceptable, the allegation made in para 19 of the
election petition is sufficient to hold that the Appellant is guilty of the
corrupt practice under S. 123( I). Therefore, we do not find any error in
the order of the High Court in refusing to strike off the pleadings in para E
7
19. That during model code of conduct, to bribe voters, INC Candidate/respondent
no.I through his representative Shri Bharat Singh. (Vidhayak Pratinidhi) has
distributed large quantity of demand drafts/cheques issued by different account
maintained at T.T. Nagar Bhopal. The petitioner came across with one of the
said cheques/demand draft issued in favour of one Charka Kol who is voter from
polling station Dhanaha. E\'en during election the dratis \\"ere distributed by
Bharat Singh as I ldhayak pratinidhi. since INC Candidate Respondent No. I is F
Member of Legislati\'e Assembly continuously and known as Vidhayak. The
Election agent of petitioner has made a complaint to observer in this regard. The
copy of complaint made to observer by election Agent is being filed herewith a~
Annexure P-53. HoweYer e\'en then the same corrupt practice continued b)
representative of INC Candidate/Respondent no.I representative Shri Bharat Singh
and anti dated cheques/Demand Drafts were given to \'Oters to influence their
votes. Another such drat! drawn in favour of Rajkumari Saket has been brought
G
to the notice of petitioner who was not able to encash it as she don't have any
account. When the petitioner enquired from her she disclosed that the same has
been given to her by Shri Bharat Singh on 12/ I I/2013 with a request that "Rah ul
Bhaiya.. has arranged the fund for her employment and ha\'e requested for vote
of her and her family member. The copy of demand drall is being filed herewith
as Annexure P-54. H
162 SUPREME COURT REPORTS (2016] 5 S.C.R.

A 19 of the election petition.
14. We now examine the validity of the impugned order insofar as
it pertains to the incurring of expenditure (by the appellant herein) beyond
the permissible limits prescribed by law. An analysis of the allegations
contained in various sub-paragraphs of paragraph 14 and in paragraphs
B 15, 16 and 17 of the election petition indicates thatthe excess expenditure
said to have been incurred by the appellant falls under three heads.
Furnishing of inaccurate information8 to the District Election
Officer:
(i) regarding the quantity and quality of the material used in the
c campaign by the appellant herein,
(ii) regarding the cost of the various items so used by the returned
candidate by giving false information based on deliberate under-valuation
of the material actually used by the appe II ant,
D (iii) Total non disclosure of certain expenditure incurred by the
· appellant for (a) organizing a meeting of one of the top functionaries of
the political party (Shri Rahul Gandhi) which sponsored the appellant at
the election, and (b) the use of a helicopter by the appellant during the
relevant period.
15. The allegations and counter allegations regarding the quantity
E
and quality of the material used by the appellant during the course of his
election campaign and value of such material are pure questions of fact
which are required to be established on evidence. The law in this
regard as already noticed is that until proved otherwise the allegations in
the election petition must be presumed to be true. The burden of
F establishing the truth of all those allegations is essentially on the
respondent/election petitioner. We have meticulously gone through the
various ailegations in this regard contained in various sub-paragraphs of
·paragraph 14 and we are of the opinjon that there is nothing which
warrants striking out of all those pleadings invoking Order VI Rule 16
' An obligation flowing from Section 78 of the RP Act. 1951
G "Section 78. Lodging of account with the district election officer.-Every
contesting candidate at an election shall, within thirty days from the date of
election of the returned candidate or, if there are more than one returned
candidate at the election and the dates of their election are different, the later
of those two dates, lodge with the district election officer an account of his
election e·xpenses which shall be a true copy of the account kept by him or
by his election agent under section 77."
H
AJAY ARJUN SINGH v. SHARADENDU TIWARI & OTHERS 163
fCHELAMESWAR, J.l

CPC. Each of the paragraphs contains allegations that the appellant A
incurred some expenditure (specified) under some head or the other.
The sum total of such amount would exceed the permissible limits of
expenditure under Section 77 of the Act.
16. The only question which deserves our attention in this regard
is that it .is the case of the appellant that under the procedure that is B.
being followed by the Election Commission a rate list has been finalized
with respect to each one of the items to be utilized in the campaign by
any one of the candidates at an election. The appellant's declaration of
his expenditure with regard to the various items used during the process
of campaign is consistent with such determination made by the Election
Commission. Therefore there cannot be any further enquiry regarding c
the correctness of the declaration made by him about the expenditure
incurred in connection with those materials. The appellant's pleading in
this regard in I.A. is as follows:-
"5. That, under Rule 90 of Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
the maximum election expenses to be incurred by a D
candidate in respect of M.P. State Legislative Assembly
election has been fixed at Rs. 16 lacs. In order to have a
check over the limit of election expenses the Collector/
District Election Officer prepared a rate list of various items
which were sought to be used in the election campaign by E
appointing a Sub Committee of three responsible officers.
The Committee pursuant thereto ascertained the rates of .
such material from open market in consultation with the
representatives of major political parties and thereafter
prepared a final rate list of various items used in the election.
The answering respondent is filing copy of proceedings of F
the Collector/District Election Officer fixing the rates of
different items used in the election as Document No. 1.
The petitioner has filed a copy of rate list as Annexure-P-
3. The publication of rate list preceded the proceedings held
in that behalf by the_ District Election Officer, which the G
answering respondent has now filed as Document No. I.
The rate list so prepared by the Election Officer has not
been disputed by any of the political party or their
representatives.

H
164 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2016] 5 S.C.R.

A 6. That, certain items which could not find place in the rate
list so prepared by the Collector have since been included
in the 'shadow register' of each candidate prepared by the
Election Expense Observers. Such rate list and the shadow
register are final and conClusive. The rate list and the
'shadow register' are not open to challenge and the valuation
B
in respect of such items cannot be reassessed and revalued
by this Court in an election process."
******** ******** *******
9. That, the present election petition will not be maintainable
c in respect of expenses incurred by the answering respondent
which have been accepted by the District Election Officer
(for short, 'DEO') inasmuch as this Court will not sit over
rate list or shadow register to give its own valuation of the
election material, as the same would be beyond the scope
of trial of election petition under the Representation of
D People Act of 1951 (hereinafter referred to as the "1951
Act").
17. On the other hand, it is the case of the respondent that the
determination made by the Election Commission is not conclusive of the
prices of the material used by any candidate at the election. Apart from
E that, the actual quantity of the campaign material used by any candidate
at an election and its cost is always a question of fact. After an election
is concluded, it is always open to any election petitioner to demonstrate
in an election petition that the campaign material used by the returned
candidate is more expensive than what was determined by the Election
F Commission, after all the value of the material qepends both upon the
quality and quantity of the material used. All these are questions of fact
which are required to be examined and determined by the court in an
election petition.
18. We accept the submission of the election petitioner. The values
G fixed by the Election Commission or its functionaries are not conclusive.
There is no statutory basis for such an exercise. The valuation made by
the Election Commission obviously would be based on the samples supplied
by the candidates. There can never be any presumption that the
candidates used the same quality of material in the actual process of
campaigning. Apart from that the quantity and the quality of the material
H
AJAY ARJUN SINGH v. SHARADENDU TIWARI & OTHERS 165
rcHELAMESWAR, J.l

used in the election campaign and the real cost of the material actually A
used by any candidate are always questions of fact, which are required
to be established in evidence. We are of the opinion that the High Court
rightly rejected the application of the appellant on this count.
19. The only major issue which requires an examination is
regarding the third head mentioned (Para 14) above. It is once again B
required to be divided into two sub-headings,
(a) The expenditure allegedly incurred in connection with the public
meeting of Shri Rahul Gandhi at the District Headquarters, Sidhi
on 20'h November, 2013. The allegations in the regard are to be
found in para I 4(L) of the election petition. c
The substance of the allegation is that though the meeting was
held at Sidhi which is beyond the territorial limits of Churhat
Constituency (from which the parties herein contested), the
appellant was not only present at such meeting but also shared
the dais with Shri Rahul Gandhi (Vice-Chairman of the Indian D
National Congress). The appellant mobilized lot of voters from
his constituency and hired vehicles for that purpose incurring
expenditure. The appellant also incurred expenditure in connection
with the erection of the pandals, security arrangement etc.
According to the respondent, suc_h expenditure would be
Rs.13,88,073/- and the same is required to be added to .the election E
expenditure of the appellant.
(b) Thatthe appellant between 4.11.2013 to 19.11.2013 9 traveled
on 8 occasions by chartered flights between Bhopal to' Sidhi.
According to the respondent, on this count alone the appellant
incurred an expenditure ofRs.40 lakhs. The details of such flights F
and the allegations are to be found at para 14(M) of the election
petition.
20. The response of the appellant as disclosed by IANo.12911 of
2014 with regard to the abovementioned two allegations is found at
paragraph nos.19 and 20. It can be seen therefrom that the appellant G
does not dispute thatthere was a public meeting in the grounds of Sanjay
Gandhi College at Sidhi on 20.11.2013 attended by Shri Rahul Gandhi.
According to the appellant, the venue of the meeting is within the
9
Periods relevant for the purpose of deciding the expenditure incurred under
Section 77. H
166 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2016] 5 S.C.R.

A territorial limits of 77 Sidhi Assembly Constituency but not within the
territory of 76 - Churhat Assembly Constituency. The meeting was
organized by one Shri Kamleshwar Dwivedi who was the candidate of.
the Indian National Congress Party contesting from the said constituency.
The said Kamleshwar Dwivedi lodged the account under Section 78 of
the Act disclosing the details of the expenditure incurred by him for
B
conducting the aforesaid meeting which was duly accepted by the
Returning Officer of77 - Sidhi Assembly Constituency. It is the specific
plea of the appellant that he was present in the said meeting because he
was also one of the "star campaigners" forthe Indian National Congress
Party in the said election. According to the appellant, the appellant is
c under no legal obligation to account for the expenditure incurred for
organizing the said meeting 10 •
21. It is significant to notice that there is no specific denial by the
appellant of the allegation in the election petition that the appellant herein
had hired a large number of-vehicles 11 to facilitate voters from his
D constituency to attend the said public meeting. IA No.12911 of2014 is
absolutely silent regarding that allegation. The appellant does not even
deny the allegation. We must not be understood to be holding that ifthe
appellant had denied the allegation, such denial would suffice to strike
out of the pleadings.

E 22. Coming to the second limb of that head regarding the cost
incurred for the construction of pandals or barricades in connection with
the abovementioned meeting of Shri Rahul Gandhi, the stand taken by
the appellant in the abovementioned IA is that the said meeting was held
0
' If expenses of such meeting have already been shown by the candidate in whose

constituency the meeting was held, it \Vas not necessary or 9bligatory upon the
F answering respondent to account for the expenses of such meeting which had not
'taken place in his Constituency. [See: IA No.12911 of2014. para 19)

11
The perusal of permission application which was obtained by INC for the said
meeting, would make it clear that presence of first respondent was the individual act
of the first respondent, his presence was as a candidate of76 Churhat of INC, a large
numbers of vehicle were illegally hired by INC Candidate/respondent no. I in order
G to facilitate voters from his constituency 76-Churahat to attend the said public meeting.
There are around 44 buses and number of taxi permit vehicle along with private vehicle
were used for transportation of voters to attend said public meeting. The posters
used there have photo/picture of respondent no. I, therefore, the entire expenditure
of the said meeting would be included in the expenditure of first respondent, as no-
other candidate of any other adjoining constituencies shared the dais with Mr. Rahul
H Gandhi. (See: Para 14-L of the Election Petition)
AJAY ARJUN SINGH v. SHARADENDU TlWARI & OTHERS 167
[CHELAMESWAR, J.]

beyond the territorial limit of the assembly constituency from which the A
appellant contested. The Indian National Congress Party's candidate
contesting from Sidhi constituency had declared the expenditure incurred
in connection with the said meeting. The appellant is under no legal
obligation to make any declaration of the expenditure incurred by him in
connection with the said meeting.
B
23. It may be noted that the appel !ant does not make any categoric
assertion that he did not incur any expenditure in connection with the
said meeting.
24. Coming to the use of the Helicopter, once again it is not a case
of the appellant that he did not use the helicopter as alleged by the c
respondent - election petitioner. His defence is that he is one of the
'star campaigners' contemplated under Section 77 of the Act. The
expenditure was incurred by him for the use of the Helicopter as a 'star
campaigner'. In that capacity he had to travel throughout the State
holding public meetings propagating programme of the Indian National
Congress Party. The expenditure for the use of the helicopter was D
-"borne by the Indian National Congress" and, therefore, outside the
purview of the election expenditure of the appellant. The relevant portion
of the pleading at para 20 of the IA No.12911 of2014 reads as follows:
"In this view of the mater, the expenses so incurred in
the use of helicopter has since been borne by the E
Indian National Congress, New Delhi and the same is _
outside the purview of election expense so far as the
answering respondent is concerned by virtue of Explanation
I (a) to Section 77 referred to above. It is, however further
added that the answering respondent besides being a star F
campaigner was also a leader of opposition in the last M.P.
State Legislative Assembly. The answering respondent is
otherwise a veteran leader of the Indian National Congress
Party and on account of his capacity as such, he was
appointed as Star Campaignenmd has traveled throughout
the State, holding public meetings, propagating programme G
of the Indian National Congress Party. The expenditure so
incurred in use of helicopter in propagating the programme
of the party throughout the State cannot be included in the
election expense of the answering respondent in respect of
his election from 76, Churhut Vidhan Sabha Constituency. H
168 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2016] 5 S.C.R.

A It is further made clear that he never used helicopter for
his election campaign in 76, Churhut Vidhan Sabha
Constituency. Thus, in view of Explanation 1(a) to Section
77 of the 1951 Act, the entire pleadings contained in
paragraph l 4(M) are liable to be struck off being absolutely
vexatious and frivolous providing no cause of action for
B
trial of election petition."
(emphasis supplied)
25. Section 77'" of the Act obligates every candidate in an election
to keep a separate current account of all expenditures in connection
c with the election between the dates on which such a candidate has been
nominated and the date of the declaration of result of that election.
However, clause (a) of explanation (I) to Section 77 of the Act declares
"the expenditure incurred by leaders of a political party on account of
travel by air or by any other means of transport for propagating programme
of the political party" shall not form part of the expenditure of the
D candidate.
26. The expression "leaders of political party" occurring in
explanation I is itself explained in explanation 2 to the said Section.

E "Explanation 2.-For the purpose of clause (a) of
Explanation I, the expression "leaders ofa political party",
in respect of any election, means,-
(i) where such political party is a recognised political party,
such persons not exceeding forty in number, and
F (ii) where such political party is other than a recognised
political party, such persons not exceeding twenty in
number,
whose names have been communicated to the Election
Commission and the Chief Electoral Officers of the States
G by the political party to be leaders for the purposes of such
election, within a period of seven days from the date of the
12 Section 77. Account of election expenses and maximum thereof.-( 1) Every
candidate at an election shall, either by himself or by his election agent, keep a separate
and correct account of all expenditure in connection with the election incurred or
authorized by him or by his election agent between the date on which he has been
H nominated and the date of declaration of the result thereof, both dates inclusive.
AJAY ARJUN SINGH v. SHARADENDU TIWARI & OTHERS 169
rcHELAMESWAR, J.]

notification for such election published in the Gazette of A
India or Official Gazette of the State, as the case may be,
under this Act."
27. It can be seen from explanation 2, to qualify to be called 'a
leader of the political party' for the purpose of such an election under
Section 77, the name of such a person is communicated to the Election B
Commission and the Chief Electoral Officer of the State by the concerned
political party. Such a communicat'ion is required to be made within a
period of 7 days from the notification of such election published in the
gazette of India etc.
28. Persons whose names have been so communicated to the c
Election Commission popularly came to be called 'star campaigners' in
connection with an election. It is the admitted case of the parties before
us that both Shri Rahul Gandhi and the appellant are star campaigners/
leaders of the Indian National Congress Party for the election in question.
29. However, the entire expenditure incurred (on whatsoever D
count) by such star campaigners or on behalf of such star campaigners
is not exempted under Section 77 for the purpose of determining the
total expenditure incurred by any candidate in an election. The language
of explanation I to Section 77 makes it clear that only the expenditure
incurred by the star campaigner that too on account of travel for
propagating the programme of the political party is excluded for the E
purpose of computing the expenditure incurred by the candidate. In
other words, the expenditure incurred in connection with arrangements
like erection of pan dais etc. for a meeting of a star campaigner does not
form part of the exempted expenditure under explanation 1. Secondly,
under explanation II, the star campaigners' travel expenditure must have F
been incurred by the star campaigner himself. It is obvious from the
opening clause of explanation 1 "the expenditure incurred by leaders of
a political party". If such expenditure is incurred by any person other
than the star campaigner, different considerations would arise.
30. The application i.e. IA No. 12911 of2014 does not disclose on G
which one of the grounds contemplated under Order VI Rule 16, the
various paragraphs of the election petition are required to be struck out.
On the other hand, the appellant gave an elaborate explanation with
respect to each of the allegations contained in the various paragraphs of
the election petition which are prayed to be stru~k out. The moment
H
170 SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2016) S S.C.R.

A court is asked to examine the defence of the returned candidate in an
election petition, the election petition can neither be dismissed for want
of cause of action nor any part of the pleading can be struck out under
Order VI Rule 16. In the absence of the availability of any one of the
grounds mentioned in Order VI Rule 16, CPC striking out is impermissible.
As observed by this Court in the context of the application under Order
B
VU Rule 11, the averments contained in the election petition at this stage
must be presumed to be factually correct. The only possible scrutiny of
such statement is whether those allegations are relevant in the context
of the relief sought in the election petition. None of the allegations
contained in the various sub paragraphs of paragraph 14, except
c paragraph l 4M, can be said to be irrelevant in the context of the prayer
in the election petition.
31. The specific pleading in the election petition at paragraph 14M
is that the appellant herein used the helicopter on many occasions during
the relevant period only between Bhopal and Sidhi, both of which are
D outside the constituency of the appellant 13 • The admitted fact is that the
appellant was one of the star campaigners for the said election for the
State of Madhya Pradesh. Therefore, he was required to campaign for
his political party, not only in his constituency but also in other
constituencies of the State. In the absence of any allegation that the
appellant used the helicopter for traveling within 76-Churahat constituency
E for the purpose of campaigning, the expenditure incurred on that account,
in our opinion, cannot be included in, the election expenditure of the

13 '"M ........ , . During election between 4/ I I /2013 to 1911112013 there were eight
charter flights between Bhopal to Sidhi/Churhat which respondent no. I has used these
flights to come from his Kerwa Kothi Bhopal to assembly constituency 76-Churahat
·F for his election campaign. In fact the firsnespondent on the date of filing of
nomination has used charter flight to arrive at District Head Quarter at' Sidhi and
thereafter proceeded to Churahat. The details are as under:
i) 4/11/2013 (Panwar) Sidhi to Bhopal
ii) 05/11/2013 Bhopal to Sidhi (Panwar)
iii) 08/11/2013 Bhopal to Sidhi (Pamrnr)
iv) 1111112013 Bhopal to Sidhi (Panwar)
G v) 12/11/2013 Sidhi (Panwar) to Bhopal
vi) 16/1112013 Bhopal to Sidhi (Panwar)
vii) 18/1112013 Bhopal to Sidhi (Panwar)
viii) 19/11/2013- Sidhi (Panwar) to Bhopal
The estimated cost of these charter flight would be Rs.40,00,000/- (Forty Lac) (@
Rs.Five Lakh per flight). True copy of permission of these flights are cumulatively
H filed as Annexure P-42.
AJAY ARJUN SINGH v. SHARADENDU TIWARI & OTHERS 171
[CHELAMESWAR, J.]

appellant. Therefore, paragraph 14M of the election petition is liably to A
be struck off and is, accordingly, struck off.
32. Before parting with this case, we would like to place on record
that the procedure adopted by the appellant in initially filing a petition.
under Order VII Rule 11 petition 14 , praying that the election petition be
dismissed and filing the instant application after a long gap'; is to be B
deprecated. Preliminary objections, if any, (in cases where there is
more than one) in an election petition are to be taken at the earliest point
of time and in one go. The practice such as the one adopted by the
appellant only tends to delay the adjudication of the election petition
which are mandated 16 by the Parliament to be decided within a period of
six months. We declare that the later of such successive petitions must .
c
be dismissed by High Courts in limine on that count alone.
33. The appeal is, therefore, partly allowed striking out only
paragraph l~M of the election petition.

D
Kalpana K. Tripathy Appeal partly allowed.

14
Filed on I. 7.2014
"I.A. No. 12911/2014 in Election Petition No.1/2014 was filed on 11.9.2014
16
S. 86(7). The Representation of the People Act. 1951