ADU RAMversusMUKNA AND ORS.

A                                  ADU RAM
                                      v.
                                MUKNA AND ORS.

                                OCTOBER 8, 2004

B                 [ARIJIT PASAYA T AND C.K. THAKKER, JJ.]


           Penal Code, 1860-Sections 304 Part-// r/w Sections 148, 149 and
    341-Murder-Prosecution-Multiple injuries on deceased- But not on vital
    parts-Conviction for offence punishable u/s 301 by trial Court-High Court
C   altered the conviction to section 304 Part I and reduced the custodial sentence
    to period already undergone-On appeal, held: Conviction liable to be altered
    to Section 304 Part /I-Hence in view offacts of the case custodial sentence
    of six years would serve the ends ofjustice.

D         Sentencing-Principles for-Held: For sente!2cing principle -of
    proportionality should be adhered to-Law should adopt the corrective
    machinery or the deterrence based on factual matrix-Imposition of sentence
    without considering its effect on the social order may be in reality a futile
    exercise.

E       There was altercation between informant and deceased on one side
  and the accused persons on the other side. Accused surrounded the
  deceased and started beating him with lathis and axes resulting in his
  instantaneous death. As per medical evidence there were multiple fracture
  injuries on the body of the deceased but they were not on vital parts of
  the body. Injuries on vital parts were simple in nature. Trial Court in view
F of the evidence of witnesses and in view of the multiple injuries, convicted
  the accused u/s 302 r/w Sections 149, 148 and 341 IPC. High Court altered
  the conviction u/s 304 Part I r/w Sections 149, 148 and 341 IPC on the
  ground that injuries were not on vital parts and those on vital parts were
  simple in nature. Custodial sentence was reduced to period already
G undergone. Hence these two appeals by informant and the State.
         Disposing the appeals, the Court

         HELD: 1. High Court has recorded adequate reasons for altering
    conviction. The number of injuries is always not determinative of the
H                                   314
                           ADU RAM v. MUKNA                             315

offence. It would depend on the weapon used, place where the injuries were     A
inflicted and the nature of the injuries. Further, the assaults appear t9
have been made in the course of quarrel. That being so, no serious
infirmity is noticed in the High Court's view regarding the conviction. lfi
fact, this is a case which falls under Section 304 Part II IPC. r3t9-A-B)

     2.l. In operating the sentencing system, law should adopt the             B
corrective machinery or the deterrence based on factual matrix. By deft
modulation sentencing process be stern where it should be, and tempered
with mercy where it warrants to be. The facts and given circumstances in
each case, the nature of the crime, the manner in which it was planned
and committed, the motive for commission of the crime, the conduct of          C
the accused, the nature of weapons used and all other attending
circumstances are relevant facts which would enter into the area of
consideration. [319-D-F)

      Mahesh v. State of MP., (1987) 2 SCR 710, referred to.
                                                                               D
      2.2. Undue sympathy to impose inadequate sentence would do more
harm to the justice system to undermine the public confidence in the
efficacy of law and society could not long endure under such serious
threats. It is, therefore, the duty of every Court to award proper sentence
having regard to the nature of the offence and the manner in which it was
executed or committed etc. (320-A-B)                                           E
      Sevaka Peruma/ etc. v. State of Tamil Nadu, AIR (1991) SC 1463, relied
on.

      2.3. The criminal law adheres in general to the principle of
proportionality in prescribing liability according to the culpability of each F
kind of criminal conduct. It ordinarily allows some significant discretion
to the Judge in arriving at a sentence in each case, presumably to permit
sentences that reflect more subtle considerations of culpability that are
raised by the special facts of each case. Judges in essence affirm that
punishment ought always to fit the crime; yet in practice sentences are G
determined largely by other considerations. Sometimes it is the
correctional needs of the perpetrator that are offered to justify a sentence.
Sometimes the desirability of keeping him out of circulation, and
sometimes even the tragic results of his crime. Inevitably these
considerations cause a departure from .just desert as the basis of
punishment and create cases of apparent injustice that are serious and H
    316                    SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2004] SUPP. 5 S.C.R.

A widespread. But in fact, quite apart from those considerations that make
    punishment unjustifiable when it is out of proportion to the crime,
    uniformly disproportionate punishment has some very undesirable
    practical consequences. (320-B-E; 320-G]

          2.4. After giving due consideration to the facts and circumstances
B of each case, for deciding just and appropriate sentence to be awarded
    for an offence, the aggravating and mitigating factors and circumstances
    in which a crime has been committed are to be delicately balanced on the
    basis of really relevant circumstances in a dispassionate manner by the
    Court. [320-G-H; 321-A)
c        Dennis Councle MCGDautha v. State of Cal/ifornia, 402 US 183: 2B
    L.D. 2d 711, referred to.

        2.5. Imposition of sentence without considering its effect on the social
  order in many cases may be in reality a futile exercise. The social impact
D of the crime, e.g. where it relates to offences against women, dacoity,
  kidnapping, misappropriation of public money, treason and other offences
  involving moral turpitude or moral delinquency which have great impact
  on social order, and public interE;st, cannot be lost sight of and per se
  require exemplary treatment. An~ liberal attitude by imposing meager
  sentences or taking too sympathetic view merely on account of lapse of
E time in respect of such offences will be result-wise counter productive in
  the long run and against societal interest which needs to be cared for and
  strengthened by string of deterrence inbuilt in the sentencing system.
                                                                     (321-C-E)

          2.6. In the instant case taking note of the background facts and
F   special features of the case custodial sentence of six years would serve the
    ends of justice. [321-E)

         CRIMINAL APPELLATE JURISDICTION : Criminal Appeal No.
    646 of 1999.
G        From the Judgment and Order dated 11.2.98 of thP. Rajasthan High
    Court in Crl. No. 460 of 1996.
                                       WITH

          Crl. A. No. 647 of 1999.

H         B.D. Sharma for the Appellant in Crl. A. No. 646/99.
                    ADURAMv. MUKNA [PMAYAT, J.]                           317

     Ms. Madhurima Tatia and Aruneshwar Gupta for the Appellant in Crl.           A
A.No. 647/99.

    Sushi! Kumar Jain, Ms. Pratibha Jain, H.D. Thanvi, Sarad Singhania,
Ram Niwas and Alok Bachawat for the Respondents.

     Ms. Madhurima Tatia, Aruneshwar Gupta for Respondent in Crl. A.No.           B
646/99

     The Judgment of the Court was delivered by

      ARIJIT PASAYAT, J. In our country where large number of people
live below the poverty line, destruction of a small quantity of crops, that too   C
by animals in many cases lead to fights and invariably loss of lives. These
are normally not pre-meditated and tempers rise at the spot, physical force is
used and by the time sanity prevails, damage is done. Neighbours or even
friends and relatives forget the existing comity, and animal instincts take
over. The case at hand belongs to such category of cases.
                                                                                  D
      These two appeals are inter-linked being directed against the same
judgment rendered by a Division Bench of the Rajasthan High Court at
Jodhpur. By the impugned judgment the High Court altered conviction of the
5 respondents from Section 3 02 read with Sections 149 and 148, 341 of the
Indian Penal Code, 1860 (in short 'the IPC') to Section 304 Part I read with      E
Sections 149, 148 and 341 IPC. Criminal appeal no.646/1999 has been filed
by the informant while criminal appeal no.647/1999 has been filed by the
State of Rajasthan.

      Five respondents (hereinafter referred to as the 'accused') were found
guilty of the offences punishable under Section 302 read with Sections 149        F
and 148, 341 of the IPC by the trial Court. Instead of life imprisonment as
awarded for the first offence, the High Court restricted the custodial sentence
to the period undergone which was about 3 years. Accused persons had not
seriously contested the occurrence before the High Court. They have only
contended that the offence was not covered by Section 302 read with Section
149.                                                                              G

      A brief reference to the factual aspects would be necessary.

      On 9.3.1995 over a trifle issue of damage of crop by goats there was
altercation between Adu Ram-informant (appellant in criminal appeal no.646/
                                                                                  H
    318                       SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2004] SUPP. 5 S.C.R.

A   1999) and Poora Ram (hereinafter referred to as the 'deceased') on one side
    and the accused persons on the other. According to the informant, when he
    noticed that the goats of the accused Chola had damaged part of the crop,
    there was exchange of hot words and the respondents-accused surrounded the
    deceased with the intention to kill him, started beating him with lathies and
B   axes resulting his instantaneous death. Information was lodged at the police
    station and investigation was undertaken and on completion thereof the charge
    sheet was placed.

           Fourteen witnesses were examined to further the prosecution version.
    While the accused persons took the plea that they have found tl1e dead body
C   of the deceased in their fields and with the suspicion that they had caused his
    murder, they have been implicated. The trial court placed reliance on the
    evidence of eye-witness i.e. Ruparam (PW-I), Prahlad (PW-5) and Lata (PW-
    11). it is to be noted that doctor (PW-2) who conducted the post mortem
    found 34 .injuries including several fracture injuries. Accordingly, the trial
    Court recorde~ conviction as aforesaid. The High Court noted the fact that
D   the fracture injuries were all seen on the hand and other non-vital parts of the
    body and there was no grievous injury oil the head. All the injuries on the
    head were simple in nature. Accordingly, the conxiction was altered to Section
    304 Part I IPC. Taking note of the fact that sometime has been spent during
    trial, custodial sentence was reduced to the period undergone. The fine from
E   Rs.2,000 was enhanced to Rs.10,000. It was directed that the fine as awarded
    if deposited, is to be paid to the widow of the deceased as compensation.

          Learned counsel for the ap~ellants submitted that alteration of conviction
    is indefensible. In any event, the imposition of sentence to period undergone
    is clearly irrational.
F
           Learned counsel for the respondents-accused, however, submitted that
    there was no injury noticed on any vital part. On the other hand injuries on
    different part of the body clearly indicate that no particular injury was intended.
    As a matter of fact, there were only simple injuries on the vital parts of the
    body.
G
          It was further submitted that considering long passage of time the
    custodial sentence as imposed is proper. It was pointed qut that grievances
    of the prosecution party have been taken care of by the direction to pay
    compensation to the widow of the deceased by enhancing fine amount.

H         So far as the alteration of conviction is concerned, we find that the
                     ADURAMv. MUKNA [PASAYAT, J.]                           319
High Court has recorded adequate reasons for altering conviction. The number A
of injuries is always not determinative of the offence. It would depend on the
weapon used, place where the injuries were inflicted and the nature of the
injuries. Further, the assaults appear to have been made in the course of
quarrel. That being so, no serious infirmity is noticed in the High Court's
view regarding the conviction. In fact, this is a case which falls under Section ..$
304 Part II IPC.

      The law regulates social interests, arbitrates conflicting claims and
demands. Security of persons and property of the people is an essential
function of the State. It could be achieved through instrumentality of criminal
law. Undoubtedly, there is a cross cultural conflict where living law must         C
find answer to the new challenges and the courts are required to mould the
sentencing system to meet the challenges. The contagion of lawlessness would
undermine social order and lay it in ruins. Protection of society and stamping
out criminal proclivity must be the object of law which must be achieved by
imposing appropriate sentence. Therefore, law as a comer-stone of the edifice      D
of "order" should meet the challenges confronting the society. Friedman in
his "Law in Changing Society" stated that, "State of criminal law continues
to be - as it should be - a decisive reflection of social consciousness of
society". Therefore, in operating the sentencing system, law should adopt the
corrective machinery or the deterrence based on factual matrix. By deft
modulation sentencing process be stem where it should be, and tempered             E
with mercy where it warrants to be. The facts and given circumstances in
each case, the nature of the crime, the manner in which it was planned and
committed, the motive for commission of the crime, the conduct of the accused,
the nature of weapons used and all other attending circumstances are relevant
facts which would enter into the area of consideration. For instance a murder      F
committed due to deep-seated mutual and personal rivalry may not call for
penalty of death. But an organised crime or mass murders of innocent people
would call for imposition of death sentence as deterrence. In Mahesh v. State
of MP., [I 987] 2 SCR 710, this Court while refusing to red11ce the death
sentence observed thus:
                                                                                   G
            "It will be a mockery of justice to permit the accused to escape
        the extreme penalty of law when faced with such evidence and such
        cruel acts. To give the lesser punishment for the accused would be to
        render the justicing system of the country suspect. The common man
        will lose faith in courts. In such cases, he understands and appreciates   H
    320                      SUPREME COURT REPORTS [2004] SUPP. 5 S.C.R.

A           the language of deterrence more than the reformative jargon."

           Therefore, undue sympathy to impose inadequate sentence would do
    more harm to the justice system to undermine the public confidence in the
    efficacy of law and society could not long endure under such serious threats.
    It is, therefore, the duty of every court to award proper sentence having
B   regard to the nature of the offence and the manner in which it was executed
    or committed etc. This position was illuminatingly stated by this Court in
    Sevaka Perumal etc. v. State of Tamil Nadu, AIR (1991) SC 1463.

          The criminal law adheres in general to the principle of proportionality
C in prescribing liability according to the culpability of each kind of criminal
    conduct. It ordinarily allows some significant discretion to the Judge in arriving
    at a sentence in each case, presumably to permit sentences that reflect more
    subtle considerations of culpability that are raised by the special facts of each
    case. Judges in essence affirm that punishment ought always to fit the crime;
    yet in practice sentences are determined largely by other considerations.
D   Sometimes it is the correctional needs of the perpetrator that are offered to
    justify a sentence. Sometimes the desirability of keeping him out of circulation,
    and sometimes even the tragic results of his crime. Inevitably these
    considerations cause a departure from just desert as the basis of punishment
    and create cases of apparent injustice that are serious and widespread.
E
          Proportion between crime and punishment is a goal respected in
    principle, and in spite of errant notions, it remains a strong influence in the
    determination of sentences. The practice of punishing all serious crimes with
    equal severity is now unknown in civilized societies, but such a radical
    departure from the principle of proportionality has disappeared from the law
F   only in recent times. Even now for a single grave infraction drastic sentences
    are imposed. Anything less than a penalty of greatest severity for any serious
    crime is thought then to be a measure of toleration that is unwarranted and
    unwise. But in fact, quite apart from those considerations that make punishment
    unjustifiable when it is out of proportion to the crime, uniformly
G   disproportionate punishment has some very undesirable practical consequences.

          After giving due consideration to the facts and circumstances of each
    case, for deciding just and appropriate sentence to be awarded for an offence,
    the aggravating and mitigating factors., and circumstances in which a crime
    has been committed are to be delicately balanced on the basis of really
H
                          ADURAMv.MUKNA [PASAYAT, .I.]                           321
     relevant circumstances in a dispassionate manner by the Court. Such act of A
     balancing is indeed a difficult task. It has been very aptly indicated in Dennis
     Councle MCGDautha v. State of Callifornia, 402 US 183: 28 L.D. 2d 711
     that no formula of a foolproof nature is possible that would provide a
     reasonable criterion in determining a just and appropriate punishment in the
     infinite variety of_ circumstances that may affect the gravity of the crime. In B
     the absence of any foolproof formula which may provide any basis for
     reasonable criteria to correctly assess various circumstances germane to the
     consideration of gravity of crime, the discretionary judgment in the facts of
     each case, is the only way in which such judgment may be equitably
     distinguished.

            Imposition of sentence without considering its effect on the social order
                                                                                        c
     in many cases may be in reality a futile exercise. The social impact of the
     crime, e.g. where it relates to offences against women, dacoity, kidnapping,
     misappropriation of public money, treason and other offences involving moral
     turpitude or moral delinquency which have great impact on social order, and
     public interest, cannot be lost sight of and per se require exemplary treatment.   D
     Any liberal attitude by imposing meagre sentences or taking too sympathetic
     view merely on account of lapst, of time in respect of such offences will be
     result-wise counter productive in the long run and against societal interest
     which needs to be cared for and strengthened by string of deterrence inbuilt
     in the sentencing system.
                                                                                        E
            In the instant case taking note of the background facts and special
./
     features of the case custodial sentence of six years would serve the ends of
     justice. Normally, sentence for conviction for offence relatable to Section
     304 Part I IPC would be more. But this is a case which could be, on the facts
     of the case covered under Section 304 Part II IPC. Though there is no appeal       F
     on behalf of the accused persons, the same is apparently because of reduction
     of sentence. The enhanced fine has to be deposited, if not already done,
     within two months from today. In case the fine is not deposited the default
     custodial sentence will be two years RI.

           Appeals are accordingly disposed of.                                         G
     K.K.T.                                                    Appeal disposed of.